WO2017164332A1 - 生体試料を生存状態で観察する顕微鏡および方法 - Google Patents
生体試料を生存状態で観察する顕微鏡および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017164332A1 WO2017164332A1 PCT/JP2017/011837 JP2017011837W WO2017164332A1 WO 2017164332 A1 WO2017164332 A1 WO 2017164332A1 JP 2017011837 W JP2017011837 W JP 2017011837W WO 2017164332 A1 WO2017164332 A1 WO 2017164332A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/76—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/06—Means for illuminating specimens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/36—Microscopes arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes or digital imaging or video purposes including associated control and data processing arrangements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N2021/751—Comparing reactive/non reactive substances
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N2021/757—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated using immobilised reagents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a microscope and a method for observing a biological sample in a living state.
- luminescence generated from substances contained in a sample has been observed using a microscope.
- a microscope For example, in a conventional fluorescence microscope, the sample is irradiated with ultraviolet rays, X-rays or visible light to excite the substance in the sample, and the sample is detected by detecting the fluorescence emitted when the excited substance returns to the ground state. Observe. Therefore, the conventional fluorescence microscope requires a light source of excitation light for exciting the substance in the sample.
- the microscope for observing chemiluminescence described in Patent Document 1 does not require an excitation light source, it has a simple structure and can be obtained at low cost. However, in order to suppress chemiluminescence from outside the observation region, the microscope described in Patent Document 1 irradiates erase light with such high intensity illuminance that the cells die instantly, so that the cells are observed in a living state. I can't. For example, when it is desired to observe the activity of a nerve cell and which protein molecule of many protein molecules constituting the cell reacts, it is naturally required to observe the cell in a living state. .
- an object of the present invention is to provide a microscope and a method capable of observing a biological sample in a living state with high sensitivity and low cost.
- a first aspect of the present invention is a microscope for observing a biological sample in a living state, wherein the biological sample includes a chemiluminescent substance that generates chemiluminescence, and the microscope indicates the chemiluminescent state.
- a light source that emits control light to be changed, a demarcating unit that demarcates an irradiation pattern of the control light that is irradiated onto the observation surface of the biological sample, and a detector that detects the chemiluminescence emitted from the biological sample; It is characterized by providing.
- the second aspect of the present invention is a method for observing a biological sample in a living state, comprising a self-luminescent protein fusion containing a luminescent enzyme and a fluorescent protein and generating chemiluminescence in cooperation with a luminescent substrate; An addition step of adding the luminescent substrate to the biological sample, the luminescence control part controlling the chemiluminescence according to the presence or absence of control light illumination that is coupled to the luminescent enzyme and changes the state of the chemiluminescence An illumination step of defining an irradiation pattern of the control light, and illuminating the biological sample with the control light defined in the irradiation pattern; and a detection step of detecting the chemiluminescence emitted from the biological sample. It is characterized by including.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a microscope and a method capable of observing a biological sample in a living state with high sensitivity and low cost.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a microscope of Example 1.
- FIG. FIG. 6 shows a microscope of Example 2.
- the chemiluminescent substance 20 used in the present embodiment has a characteristic that the state of chemiluminescence changes by irradiation of control light, and as shown in FIG. 4, a luminescent substrate (luciferin) 25 and a luminescent substrate. And a self-luminous protein fusion 24 that generates chemiluminescence in cooperation with 25.
- the self-luminous protein fusion 24 includes a fluorescent protein 21 and a luminescent enzyme (luciferase) 22.
- Chemiluminescence is generated when the luminescent enzyme 22 catalyzes the chemical reaction (oxidation) of the luminescent substrate 25. If the fluorescence quantum yield of the fluorescent protein 21 is higher than that of the luminescent enzyme 22, the light intensity of chemiluminescence increases due to Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the luminescent enzyme 22 and the fluorescent protein 21. . Therefore, the self-luminescent protein fusion 24 of the luminescent enzyme 22 and the fluorescent protein 21 is called a nano-lantern in the sense of a nanoscale light source that generates chemiluminescence with high light intensity.
- FRET Forster resonance energy transfer
- the self-luminous protein fusion (nanolantern) 24 the chemiluminescence wavelengths (colors) generated from each other are different from each other: yellow-nanolantan, cyan-nanolantan, orange-nanolantan, green-nanolantan, At least one of red-nanolantan and variants thereof can be used. If a plurality of self-luminous protein fusions (nanolantan) 24 having different colors are used, the behavior of a plurality of types of proteins in a cell can be observed simultaneously. For example, it becomes possible to simultaneously observe the expression of three genes important for maintaining the universality of universal cells (ES cells).
- ES cells universality of universal cells
- the light emission control portion 23 causes the self-luminous protein fusion 24 to take a first three-dimensional structure that causes a chemiluminescent reaction in a state where the control light is not irradiated (state 41 in FIG. 4). On the other hand, the light emission control portion 23 causes the self-luminous protein fusion 24 to take the second three-dimensional structure in which the occurrence of the chemiluminescence reaction is suppressed in the state where the control light is irradiated (state 42 in FIG. 4). That is, the light emission control part 23 controls chemiluminescence according to the presence or absence of illumination of control light.
- blue light having a one-photon absorption wavelength of 380 to 480 nm or two-photon absorption light having a wavelength of 850 to 950 nm is used as control light.
- the self-luminous protein fusion 24 is irradiated with the blue light of the control light, even if the luminescent substrate 25 is present, the occurrence of the chemiluminescence reaction is suppressed, and when the blue light irradiation is stopped, Photoprotein fusion 24 is returned to state 41 by thermal relaxation.
- the luminescence control part 23 includes, for example, Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain 2 (LOV2 domain) of phototropin, LOV2-I427V which is a mutant of LOV2 domain, AppA domain (1-133) of BLUF protein, BLUF protein PapB domain (1-147), YcgF domain (1-97) of BLUF protein.
- LOV2 domain Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain 2
- LOV2-I427V which is a mutant of LOV2 domain
- AppA domain (1-133) of BLUF protein
- BLUF protein PapB domain (1-147
- YcgF domain (1-97) of BLUF protein.
- Control light The action of the control light for controlling the chemiluminescence of the chemiluminescent substance 20, that is, the chemiluminescence by the cooperation of the self-luminous protein fusion 24 and the luminescent substrate 25 will be described.
- the observation surface of the biological sample is divided into a first region 7a that allows the generation of chemiluminescence and a second region 7b that suppresses the generation of chemiluminescence, as indicated by 51 in FIG.
- the first region 7a is not irradiated with control light that suppresses generation of chemiluminescence.
- the second region 7b is irradiated with control light to suppress generation of chemiluminescence.
- the control light is donut light that is applied only to the donut-shaped second region 7b surrounding the first region 7a.
- chemiluminescence is emitted from the first region 7a, and chemiluminescence is suppressed from the second region 7b surrounding the first region 7a.
- chemiluminescence is emitted from the entire observation surface, that is, both the first region 7a and the second region 7b. Therefore, when the observation surface of the biological sample 7 is observed with a microscope, the intensity of chemiluminescence Are distributed broadly as indicated by the dotted line 53.
- the second region 7b is irradiated with the control light, only the chemiluminescence in the first region 7a is mainly observed, so that the intensity of the chemiluminescence is sharp as shown by the solid line 53.
- control light increases the chemiluminescence contrast and improves the detection sensitivity.
- a large number of images are taken by repeating the detection of chemiluminescence by changing the position of the first region 7a where chemiluminescence is generated, and an image of the entire observation surface is obtained by superimposing these images.
- FIG. 5 shows an example in which the number of the first regions 7a not irradiated with the control light is one.
- the number of the first regions 7a not irradiated with the control light is plural, it is efficient because a plurality of chemiluminescences from the plurality of first regions 7a can be detected simultaneously.
- two adjacent chemiluminescence generating regions are sufficiently separated from each other. The position can be accurately determined for each region.
- the distribution of the first region 7a and the second region 7b in the entire observation surface is determined by a demarcating unit 4 described later that demarcates the illumination shape of the control light.
- the diameter of the first region 7a can be about half the wavelength of the control light.
- the diameter of the first region 7a is about 50 nm
- the diameter of the second region 7b is about 250 nm.
- chemiluminescent substance a substance containing a self-luminescent protein fusion 24 of a fluorescent protein 21 and a luminescent enzyme 22 and a luminescence control part 23 such as a LOV2 domain, a LOV2 domain mutant or the like is used. Therefore, chemiluminescence can be controlled using weak control light of 1 W / cm 2 or less, preferably 18 mW / cm 2 to 1 W / cm 2 . Therefore, the degree of damage to the biological sample 7 is higher than that of the microscope described in Patent Document 1 that uses erase light that is so strong that the biological sample 7 of KW / cm 2 to GW / cm 2 level instantly dies.
- control light blue light having a wavelength of 380 to 480 nm with one photon absorption or light having a wavelength of 850 to 940 nm with two photon absorption is used.
- FIG. 1 shows a microscope of Example 1.
- the light source 1 emits control light that suppresses the generation of chemiluminescence from the chemiluminescent substance 20 contained in the biological sample 7. Since the intensity of the control light is as weak as 1 W / cm 2 or less, the degree of damage to the biological sample 7 is slight, and the biological sample 7 to be observed can be observed in a living state.
- the shutter 2 turns on and off the incidence of control light on the biological sample 7.
- the demarcating unit 4 allows the generation of chemiluminescence on the observation surface of the biological sample 7 and irradiates control light to the first region 7 a that should detect chemiluminescence from the chemiluminescent material 20.
- the illumination shape (irradiation pattern) of the control light is defined so as to irradiate the second region 7b surrounding the region 7a and suppressing the generation of chemiluminescence.
- the control light is changed to donut-shaped donut light by the demarcating portion 4.
- a Voltex phase plate helical phase plate
- a spatial light modulator or a transparent plate in which a material that blocks control light is applied to a portion corresponding to the first region 7a can be used as the defining portion 4.
- the biological sample 7 is stored in the dish 8. Chemiluminescence is emitted toward the detector 13 from the first region 7a on the observation surface on the side opposite to the defining portion 4 side of the biological sample 7 in the dish 8 (right side in FIG. 1).
- the dish 8 storing the biological sample 7 is held on a stage (holding table) 6.
- the stage 6 is provided so as to be movable with respect to the demarcating portion 4 in a direction (vertical direction in FIG. 1) perpendicular to the optical path of the control light. Therefore, the entire region of the observation surface of the biological sample 7 can be observed by moving the stage 6 a little in the vertical direction of the paper in FIG. 1 and repeating the control light irradiation and the chemiluminescence detection.
- the microscope includes an adding unit for adding the luminescent substrate 25 to the biological sample 7 in the dish 8 held on the stage 6.
- the adding unit drops the luminescent substrate 25 onto the biological sample 7 or introduces the luminescent substrate 25 by perfusing the biological sample 7.
- the luminescent substrate 25 is added to the biological sample 7 in the dish 8 outside the microscope and the dish 8 containing the biological sample 7 to which the luminescent substrate 25 is added is placed on the stage 6, the luminescent substrate 25 is used.
- the added part to be added may be omitted.
- an objective lens 10 that converts the chemiluminescence from the first region 7 a into parallel light
- an imaging lens 12 that condenses the chemiluminescence converted into parallel light onto the detector 13, , Is arranged.
- a refractive index matching oil 9 for adjusting the refractive index is interposed between the dish 8 held on the stage 6 and the objective lens 10.
- the detector 13 detects chemiluminescence emitted from the first region 7a of the observation surface on the side opposite to the defining part 4 side of the biological sample 7 (right side in FIG. 1).
- the detector 13 detects, for example, 2 in order to simultaneously detect a plurality of chemiluminescences. It is an array type detector arranged in a dimension.
- the processing unit (computer) 16 processes the detection result sent from the detector 13 to generate a chemiluminescent image.
- FIG. 2 shows the microscope of Example 2. Since the microscope of the second embodiment is common to the microscope of the first embodiment in the basic configuration, only the following three different configurations will be described.
- the light source 1 for control light and the detector 13 for detecting chemiluminescence were arranged with the stage 6 in between.
- the light source 1 for control light and the detector 13 for detecting chemiluminescence are on the same side with respect to the stage 6 as shown in FIG. Side). Therefore, the control light optical path from the control light source 1 to the dish 8 in which the biological sample 7 is stored and held on the stage 6 and the chemiluminescence optical path from the biological sample 7 in the dish 8 to the detector 13 are: Partly overlap.
- the microscope of the second embodiment is disposed between the control light source 1 and the stage 6, guides the control light emitted from the light source 1 toward the stage 6, and is emitted from the observation surface of the biological sample 7.
- a beam splitter 11 that guides chemiluminescence toward the detector 13 is further provided.
- the microscope of Example 1 did not have a light source that emits stimulation light that stimulates the biological sample 7.
- the microscope according to the second embodiment further includes a second light source 14 that emits stimulation light that stimulates the biological sample 7, and a second defining unit 15 that defines the illumination shape of the stimulation light, for example, in a pattern shape.
- the biological sample 7 is irradiated with stimulation light having a pattern shape from the upper surface of the biological sample 7 by transmitted illumination.
- the light source 14 for stimulation light for example, an LED can be used.
- the irradiation timing of the stimulation light is the dead time of the detector 13 so that the stimulation light does not leak during detection of chemiluminescence.
- the stimulation light light having at least one of wavelength and intensity different from the control light can be used.
- the stimulation light may have a wavelength in the range of 400 to 600 nm and an intensity in the range of 0.01 to 1 W / cm 2 .
- the biological sample 7 containing one type of chemiluminescent substance 20 was observed with the microscope of Example 1.
- the biological sample 7 including a plurality of types of chemiluminescent substances 20 that respectively generate a plurality of chemiluminescences having different wavelengths is observed.
- the biological sample 7 includes at least two of yellow-nano lanthanum, cyan-nano lanthanum, orange-nano lanthanum, green-nano lanthanum, and red-nano lanthanum.
- the microscope of Example 2 further includes a wavelength filter 17 that separates the plurality of chemiluminescences based on the wavelengths.
- the detector 13 detects each chemiluminescence separated by the wavelength filter 17.
- a plurality of nanolanterns 24 having different colors are bonded to each of a plurality of types of proteins to be observed in the biological sample 7 and the microscope of Example 2 is used, a plurality of types of proteins to be observed Can be observed at the same time.
- step S1 a self-luminous protein fusion that contains a luminescent enzyme and a fluorescent protein and generates chemiluminescence in cooperation with a luminescent substrate, and a luminescence control part that controls chemiluminescence according to the presence or absence of illumination of control light
- a biological sample 7 is prepared by adding a luminescent substrate to the biological sample 7 containing.
- Step S1 can be divided into the following sub-steps, for example.
- Substep 1 A biological sample 7 such as a cell, biological tissue, or individual that expresses photoswitching chemiluminescence is prepared.
- Substep 2 The biological sample 7 is cultured on a glass dish 8 having a thickness suitable for observation of an objective lens having a high numerical aperture.
- Sub-step 3 If the culture in the dish 8 is a serum medium, replace the medium with the serum removed before starting the observation.
- step S2 the dish 8 containing the biological sample 7 is mounted on the stage 6 of the microscope.
- the stage 6 desirably has an incubation function for cell culture.
- step S3 the luminescent substrate 25, for example coelenterazine, is added to the biological sample 7 (addition process). It is possible to add the luminescent substrate 25 outside the microscope, that is, in step S1.
- step S2 or step S3 the focus of the microscope is adjusted in preparation for observation with a microscope, for example, bright field observation or fluorescence observation, or an autofocus device for observing chemiluminescence is activated.
- the self-luminous protein fusion (nanolantern) 24 contains the fluorescent protein 21, fluorescence observation is possible.
- step S4 the second region that surrounds the first region 7a and suppresses the generation of chemiluminescence without irradiating the control light to the first region 7a that allows the generation of chemiluminescence on the observation surface of the biological sample 7.
- the biological sample 7 is illuminated with the control light so that the control light is irradiated onto the light 7b (illumination process).
- the control light has a donut-shaped illumination shape that illuminates only the second region 7b surrounding the first region 7a.
- the control light is cyan (blue) light having a wavelength of 380 to 480 nm that induces a structural change of the LOV2 domain that is the light emission control portion 23.
- the control light applied to the biological sample 7 does not have to be cyan (blue) light having a wavelength of 380 to 480 nm for one-photon absorption, and may be light having a wavelength of 850 to 950 nm for two-photon absorption. Good.
- step S5 the illumination of the biological sample 7 by the control light is stopped (stop process).
- step S6 chemiluminescence emitted from the first region 7a of the biological sample 7 is detected by the detector 13 in a state where the illumination of the biological sample 7 by the control light is interrupted and the LOV2 domain is not recovered (step S6). Detection step). If the control light is prevented from entering the detector 13 in the detection step, there is no need to provide a stop step in S5.
- step S7 the stage 6 is moved in a direction orthogonal to the optical path of the control light and chemiluminescence to change the position of the biological sample 7 and the position of the first region 7a where chemiluminescence is emitted (changing step).
- step S8 the illumination process of step S4, the stop process of step S5, and the detection process of step S6 are performed in that order, and different first regions 7a of the biological sample 7 are observed. And the illumination process of step S4, the stop process of step S5, and the detection process of step S6 are repeatedly performed for each of the first regions 7a of the biological sample 7, and the entire region of the observation surface of the biological sample 7 is observed. .
- the biological sample 7 including the chemiluminescent substance 20 in which the generation of chemiluminescence is suppressed by the irradiation of the control light is observed in a living state.
- a chemiluminescent substance that can turn on / off chemiluminescence by irradiation of control light is called an optical switching type.
- the chemiluminescent substance 20 used in the present embodiment is chemically activated by irradiation of control light. Those in which the generation of luminescence is suppressed are called positive types.
- the positive-type chemiluminescent substance contains, for example, fluorescent proteins such as Padron and Kohinoor, and when irradiated with control light, the generation of chemiluminescence can be suppressed and the luminescence intensity of the fluorescent protein can be reduced.
- a biological sample includes a so-called negative chemiluminescent substance that promotes the generation of chemiluminescence by irradiation of control light among light-switching chemiluminescent substances.
- the negative chemiluminescent substance includes, for example, fluorescent proteins such as Dronpa, rsEGFP, Skylan, and rsTagRFP.
- the control light is irradiated, the generation of chemiluminescence can be promoted to increase the luminescence intensity of the fluorescent protein.
- FIG. 6A is a diagram showing a negative chemiluminescent substance 20a, in which the luminescent enzyme 22 and the luminescence control portion 23 are shown together.
- the energy of the luminescent enzyme 22 in the excited state undergoes resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the fluorescent protein 21a, thereby suppressing the generation of chemiluminescence.
- FRET resonance energy transfer
- the microscope demarcating unit 4 controls the observation surface of the biological sample 7 to an area (first area) in which chemiluminescence from the chemiluminescent substance is to be detected.
- a control light irradiation pattern is defined so as to emit light.
- the control light is converted into dot-shaped dot light by the demarcating unit 4 so that only the region is irradiated.
- the demarcation unit 4 may demarcate the control light irradiation pattern so that a plurality of dot lights are arranged.
- a biological sample is a so-called decoupled chemiluminescent substance in which generation of chemiluminescence is promoted or suppressed by irradiation of two different types of control light among light-switching chemiluminescent substances.
- the decoupled chemiluminescent substance includes, for example, a fluorescent protein such as Dreiklang or PSFP.
- the first control light is irradiated, the generation of chemiluminescence can be promoted to increase the emission intensity of the fluorescent protein.
- the second control light different from the first control light is irradiated, the generation of chemiluminescence can be suppressed and the emission intensity of the fluorescent protein can be reduced.
- FIG. 6B is a diagram showing a decoupled chemiluminescent substance 20b, in which the luminescent enzyme 22 and the luminescence control portion 23 are shown together.
- the first control light for example, 355 nm
- the energy of the luminescent enzyme 22 in the excited state undergoes resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the fluorescent protein 21b, thereby promoting the generation of chemiluminescence and light emission from the fluorescent protein 21b.
- the strength can be increased (upper figure).
- the second control light for example, 405 nm
- the generation of chemiluminescence is suppressed, and the luminescence intensity from the fluorescent protein 21b can be reduced (lower diagram).
- the demarcating unit 4 of the microscope sends the first control light to the first region of the observation surface of the biological sample 7 where chemiluminescence from the chemiluminescent substance is to be detected.
- the irradiation pattern of the first control light and the second control light is defined so that the second control light is irradiated to the second region surrounding the first region.
- the first control light is converted into dot-shaped dot light by the demarcating unit 4 so as to be applied only to the first region, and the second control light is applied only to the second region surrounding the first region. Then, a donut-shaped donut light is formed by the demarcating portion 4. Thereby, the contrast of the light emission intensity in the first region and the second region can be increased, and the detection sensitivity of chemiluminescence from the first region can be improved.
- a biological sample includes a so-called light-converting chemiluminescent substance in which the wavelength of chemiluminescence (emission color) is changed by irradiation of control light.
- Light-converting chemiluminescent substances include, for example, fluorescent proteins such as Kaede, KikGR, PS-CFP1, mEOS2, mEOS3.2, and PSmOrange.
- the wavelength of chemiluminescence is changed from the first wavelength to the second wavelength.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a light-converting chemiluminescent substance 20c, in which the luminescent enzyme 22 and the luminescence control portion 23 are shown together.
- the chemiluminescence wavelength is the first wavelength (for example, green light), whereas when the control light is irradiated, the chemiluminescence wavelength is changed from the first wavelength to the second wavelength (for example, the green light). Red light).
- the demarcation unit 4 of the microscope irradiates the control light to the region (first region) where chemiluminescence should be detected in the observation surface of the biological sample 7.
- the irradiation pattern of the control light is defined.
- the control light is converted into dot-shaped dot light by the demarcating unit 4 so that only the region is irradiated.
- the detector 13 detects chemiluminescence (second wavelength) from the biological sample 7 through a filter that transmits light of the second wavelength without transmitting light of the first wavelength. As a result, it is possible to increase the contrast of the emission intensity between the region emitting chemiluminescence at the second wavelength and the other region emitting chemiluminescence at the first wavelength, thereby improving the detection sensitivity of chemiluminescence from the region.
- chemiluminescence of the second wavelength is detected, but chemiluminescence of the first wavelength may be detected.
- the demarcating unit 4 does not irradiate the first region of the observation surface of the biological sample 7 where chemiluminescence is to be detected, but irradiates the second region surrounding the first region with the control light.
- the detector 13 detects chemiluminescence (first wavelength) from the biological sample 7 through a filter that transmits light of the first wavelength without transmitting light of the second wavelength.
- the contrast of the light emission intensity can be increased in the first region chemiluminescent at the first wavelength and the second region chemiluminescent at the second wavelength, and the detection sensitivity of chemiluminescence from the first region can be improved.
- ⁇ Fifth Embodiment> 5th Embodiment demonstrates the other method of observing a biological sample using the microscope shown in said Example 1 and Example 2.
- FIG. Biological samples contain various information ranging from low-frequency information (rough structure information) to high-frequency information (fine structure information), and it is difficult for conventional microscopes to obtain high-frequency information due to the resolution limit (diffraction limit).
- first pattern irradiation pattern
- second pattern for example, moire pattern
- the frequency component of the biological sample is obtained by the processing unit 16.
- the processing unit 16 Based on the frequency component of the control light irradiation pattern and the frequency component of the interference pattern detected by the detector 13, the frequency component of the biological sample is obtained by the processing unit 16.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example in which the observation surface of the biological sample 7 is irradiated with control light with a known striped irradiation pattern 81.
- the control light irradiation pattern 81 is defined by a spatial modulator such as LCoS (Liquid Crystals on Silicon) or DMD (Digital Mirror Device) provided in the defining unit 4. It is preferable that the spatial modulator is detachably provided on the microscope (defining part 4).
- the moire pattern 82 is detected by the detector 13, and the processing unit 16 performs processing to remove the frequency component of the control light irradiation pattern 82 from the frequency component of the moire pattern 82 detected by the detector 13.
- the high frequency component which was difficult to observe with a conventional microscope can be obtained. That is, it is possible to perform super-resolution chemiluminescence observation of high-frequency information of the biological sample 7 that cannot be observed with a conventional microscope.
- a line-and-space pattern in which line-shaped irradiation areas and non-irradiation areas are alternately and periodically arranged is used as the control light irradiation pattern 81.
- Any pattern that has a frequency component that causes an interaction with the frequency component of the biological sample 7 may be used.
- a total of nine images obtained by irradiating the biological sample 7 with pattern light of 3 directions ⁇ 3 phases are obtained and obtained for each direction and each phase.
- the frequency components of the obtained biological sample 7 may be synthesized (added).
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Abstract
Description
以下、図面を用いて本発明の第1実施形態を説明する。
細胞等の生体試料の中に含まれ化学発光を生成する化学発光物質について説明する。本実施形態で使用される化学発光物質20は、制御光の照射により化学発光の状態が変化する特性を有しており、図4に示されるように、発光基質(ルシフェリン)25と、発光基質25と協働して化学発光を生成する自発光タンパク質融合体24とを含む。自発光タンパク質融合体24は、蛍光タンパク質21と発光酵素(ルシフェラーゼ)22とを含む。発光酵素22が発光基質25の化学反応(酸化)を触媒することで化学発光が発生する。発光酵素22の発光量子収率よりも蛍光タンパク質21の蛍光量子収率が高ければ、発光酵素22と蛍光タンパク質21との間のフェルスター共鳴エネルギー移動(FRET)により化学発光の光強度が増加する。そこで、発光酵素22と蛍光タンパク質21との自発光タンパク質融合体24は、高い光強度の化学発光を生成するナノスケールの光源という意味を込めて、ナノランタン(Nano-lantern)と呼ばれる。
化学発光物質20の化学発光、すなわち、自発光タンパク質融合体24と発光基質25との協働による化学発光を制御する制御光の作用について説明する。生体試料の観察面を、図5の51のように、化学発光の生成を許容する第1領域7aと化学発光の生成を抑制する第2領域7bとに分ける。第1領域7aには、化学発光の生成を抑制する制御光は照射されない。一方、第2領域7bには、化学発光の生成を抑制するために制御光が照射される。制御光は、第1領域7aを取り囲むドーナツ形状の第2領域7bのみに照射されるドーナツ光である。
生体試料7を生存状態で観察するための顕微鏡について説明する。
図1は、実施例1の顕微鏡を示す。光源1は、生体試料7に含まれる化学発光物質20からの化学発光の生成を抑制する制御光を射出する。制御光の強度は、1W/cm2以下と微弱なので生体試料7を損傷する度合いがわずかであり、観察対象の生体試料7を生存状態で観察することが可能である。シャッタ2は、生体試料7に対する制御光の入射をオンオフする。画定部4は、生体試料7の観察面のうちで、化学発光の生成を許容して化学発光物質20からの化学発光を検出すべき第1領域7aに制御光を照射せずに、第1領域7aを取り囲み化学発光の生成を抑制する第2領域7bに制御光を照射するように、制御光の照明形状(照射パターン)を画定する。制御光は画定部4によってドーナツ形状のドーナツ光にされる。画定部4として、例えば、Voltex位相板(ラセン型位相板)、空間光変調器、または、制御光を遮断する材料が第1領域7aに対応する部分に塗布された透明板を使用し得る。
図2は、実施例2の顕微鏡を示す。実施例2の顕微鏡は、実施例1の顕微鏡と基本構成において共通するので、相違する以下の3つの構成だけを説明する。
図3を用いて、図1に示される実施例1の顕微鏡を用いて生体試料7を生存状態で観察する方法を説明する。まず、ステップS1で、発光酵素および蛍光タンパク質を含み発光基質と協働して化学発光を生成する自発光タンパク質融合体と、制御光の照明の有無に応じて化学発光を制御する発光制御部分と、を含む生体試料7に発光基質を添加して生体試料7を準備する。ステップS1は、例えば以下のようなサブステップに区分され得る。
・サブステップ1:光スイッチング化学発光を発現する細胞、生体組織、個体などの生体試料7を作成する。
・サブステップ2:高開口数の対物レンズ観察に適した厚さのガラス製のディッシュ8上で生体試料7を培養する。
・サブステップ3:ディッシュ8内の培養が血清培地であれば、観察開始前に血清を取り除いた培地に交換する。
第2実施形態では、光スイッチング型の化学発光物質のうち、制御光の照射により化学発光の生成が促進する、いわゆるネガティブ型の化学発光物質を生体試料が含む例について説明する。ネガティブ型の化学発光物質は、例えばDronpaやrsEGFP、Skylan、rsTagRFPなどの蛍光タンパク質を含み、制御光を照射すると、化学発光の生成を促進させて蛍光タンパク質の発光強度を増加させることができる。図6Aは、ネガティブ型の化学発光物質20aを示す図であり、該図では発光酵素22と発光制御部分23とを合わせて図示している。制御光を照射する前では(下図)、励起状態にある発光酵素22のエネルギーが蛍光タンパク質21aに共鳴エネルギー移動(FRET)することにより、化学発光の生成が抑制されている。この状態から制御光を照射すると、化学発光の生成が促進され、蛍光タンパク質21aからの発光強度を増加させることができる(上図)。
第3実施形態では、光スイッチング型の化学発光物質のうち、互いに異なる2種類の制御光の照射により化学発光の生成が促進されたり抑制されたりする、いわゆるデカップル型の化学発光物質を生体試料が含む例について説明する。デカップル型の化学発光物質は、例えばDreiklangやPSFPなどの蛍光タンパク質を含み、第1制御光を照射すると、化学発光の生成を促進させて蛍光タンパク質の発光強度を増加させることができる。一方、第1制御光とは異なる第2制御光を照射すると、化学発光の生成を抑制して蛍光タンパク質の発光強度を低下させることができる。
第4実施形態では、制御光の照射により化学発光の波長(発光色)が変化する、いわゆる光変換型の化学発光物質を生体試料が含む例について説明する。光変換型の化学発光物質は、例えばKaedeやKikGR、PS-CFP1、mEOS2、mEOS3.2、PSmOrangeなどの蛍光タンパク質を含み、制御光を照射すると、化学発光の波長を第1波長から第2波長に変化する。図7は、光変換型の化学発光物質20cを示す図であり、該図では発光酵素22と発光制御部分23とを合わせて図示している。制御光を照射する前では(下図)、化学発光の波長が第1波長(例えば緑色光)であるのに対し、制御光を照射すると、化学発光の波長を第1波長から第2波長(例えば赤色光)に変化させることができる。
第5実施形態では、上記の実施例1および実施例2に示した顕微鏡を用いて生体試料を観察する他の方法について説明する。生体試料は、低周波情報(粗い構造情報)から高周波情報(細かい構造情報)までの様々な情報を含んでおり、従来の顕微鏡では、解像限界(回折限界)により高周波情報を得ることが困難であった。そこで、本実施形態では、制御光を既知の照射パターン(第1パターン)で生体試料の観察面に照射し、生体試料の周波数成分と制御光の照射パターンの周波数成分との相互干渉(相互作用)によって該観察面に形成された干渉パターン(第2パターン(例えばモアレパターン))を検出器13で検出する。そして、制御光の照射パターンの周波数成分と検出器13で検出された干渉パターンの周波数成分とに基づいて、生体試料の周波数成分を処理部16で求める。つまり、既知の照射パターンで制御光を生体試料に照射すると、生体試料の周波数成分を干渉パターン(モアレパターン)として低周波側にずらして検出することが可能となるため、従来の顕微鏡では観察することのできなかった生体試料の高周波情報までも観察することができる。
Claims (31)
- 生体試料を生存状態で観察するための顕微鏡であって、
前記生体試料は、化学発光を生成する化学発光物質を含み、
前記顕微鏡は、
前記化学発光の状態を変化させる制御光を射出する光源と、
前記生体試料の観察面に照射される前記制御光の照射パターンを画定する画定部と、
前記生体試料から射出された前記化学発光を検出する検出器と、
を備えることを特徴とする顕微鏡。 - 前記制御光は、その照射により前記化学発光の生成を抑制し、
前記画定部は、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記制御光を照射せずに、前記第1領域を取り囲む第2領域に前記制御光を照射するように、前記制御光の照射パターンを画定することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記制御光は、その照射により前記化学発光の生成を促進し、
前記画定部は、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記制御光を照射するように、前記制御光の照射パターンを画定することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記制御光は、照射により前記化学発光の生成を促進する第1制御光と、照射により前記化学発光の生成を抑制する第2制御光とを含み、
前記画定部は、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記第1制御光を照射し、前記第1領域を取り囲む第2領域に前記第2制御光を照射するように、前記第1制御光および前記第2制御光の照射パターンを画定することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記制御光は、その照射により前記化学発光の波長を第1波長から第2波長に変化させ、
前記画定部は、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記制御光を照射するように、前記制御光の照射パターンを画定し、
前記検出器は、前記第1波長の光を透過させずに前記第2波長の光を透過させるフィルタを介して、前記生体試料から射出された前記化学発光を検出することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記画定部は、前記観察面に複数の前記第1領域を形成するように前記制御光の照射パターンを画定することを特徴とする請求項2乃至5のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記検出器の検出結果を処理して前記化学発光の画像を生成する処理部を更に備えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記検出器の検出結果を処理する処理部を更に備え、
前記画定部は、前記生体試料の観察面に照射される前記制御光の照射パターンを第1パターンに画定し、
前記検出器は、前記生体試料の周波数成分と前記第1パターンの周波数成分との相互作用により前記観察面に形成された第2パターンを検出し、
前記処理部は、前記第1パターンの周波数成分と前記第2パターンの周波数成分とに基づいて前記生体試料の周波数成分を求めることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記第1パターンは、縞状のパターンを含み、
前記第2パターンは、前記生体試料の周波数成分と前記第1パターンの周波数成分との相互干渉により得られるモアレを含むことを特徴とする請求項8に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記制御光は、1W/cm2以下の強度を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至9のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記生体試料を刺激する刺激光を射出する第2の光源をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至10のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記化学発光物質は、発光基質と、発光酵素および蛍光タンパク質を含み前記発光基質と協働して前記化学発光を生成する自発光タンパク質融合体と、前記発光酵素と結合され、前記制御光の照明の有無に応じて前記化学発光を制御する発光制御部分と、を含むことを特徴とする請求項1乃至11のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記自発光タンパク質融合体は、化学発光反応を発生させる第1の立体構造と、前記化学発光反応の発生が抑制される第2の立体構造とをとることができ、
前記制御光は、前記自発光タンパク質融合体の立体構造を前記第1の立体構造から前記第2の立体構造に変化させることを特徴とする請求項12に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記発光制御部分は、フォトトロピンのLight-oxygen-voltage-sensing ドメイン2(LOV2ドメイン)、前記LOV2ドメインの変異体であるLOV2-I427V、BLUFタンパク質のAppAドメイン(1-133)、BLUFタンパク質のPapBドメイン(1-147)、または、BLUFタンパク質のYcgFドメイン(1-97)を含むことを特徴とする請求項12又は13のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記自発光タンパク質融合体は、イエロ-ナノランタン、シアン-ナノランタン、オレンジ-ナノランタン、グリーン-ナノランタン、および、レッド-ナノランタンの少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする請求項12乃至14のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記生体試料に前記発光基質を添加する添加部をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項12乃至15のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記画定部は、Voltex位相板、空間光変調器、または、前記制御光を遮断する材料が部分的に塗布された透明板であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至16のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記生体試料を保持する保持部と、
前記光源から射出された前記制御光の前記画定部への入射をオンオフするシャッタと、
前記保持部と前記検出器との間に配置された対物レンズと、
をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至17のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記検出器は、前記生体試料の前記画定部の側とは反対の側の前記観察面から射出された前記化学発光を検出することを特徴とする請求項18に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記光源と前記保持部との間に配置され、前記光源から射出された前記制御光を前記保持部に向けて導き、前記画定部の側の前記観察面から射出された前記化学発光を前記検出器に向けて導くビームスプリッタをさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項18に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記保持部は、前記制御光の光路と直交する方向に前記画定部に対して移動可能であることを特徴とする請求項18乃至20のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記制御光は、1光子吸収の380~480nmの波長または2光子吸収の850~940nmの波長を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至21のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記生体試料は、互いに異なる波長の複数の化学発光をそれぞれ生成する複数種類の化学発光物質を含み、
前記検出器は、前記複数の化学発光を検出することを特徴とする請求項1乃至22のいずれか1項に記載の顕微鏡。 - 前記複数の化学発光を波長に基づいて分離する波長フィルタをさらに備え、
前記検出器は、前記波長フィルタによって分離された前記複数の化学発光のそれぞれを検出することを特徴とする請求項23に記載の顕微鏡。 - 生体試料を生存状態で観察する方法であって、
発光酵素および蛍光タンパク質を含み発光基質と協働して化学発光を生成する自発光タンパク質融合体と、前記発光酵素と結合され、前記化学発光の状態を変化させる制御光の照明の有無に応じて前記化学発光を制御する発光制御部分と、を含む前記生体試料に前記発光基質を添加する添加工程と、
前記制御光の照射パターンを画定し、前記照射パターンに画定された前記制御光で前記生体試料を照明する照明工程と、
前記生体試料から射出される前記化学発光を検出する検出工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記制御光は、その照射により前記化学発光の生成を抑制し、
前記照明工程では、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記制御光を照射せずに、前記第1領域を取り囲む第2領域に前記制御光を照射するように、前記制御光の照射パターンを画定することを特徴とする請求項25に記載の方法。 - 前記制御光は、その照射により前記化学発光の生成を促進し、
前記照明工程では、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記制御光を照射するように、前記制御光の照射パターンを画定することを特徴とする請求項25に記載の方法。 - 前記制御光は、照射により前記化学発光の生成を促進する第1制御光と、照射により前記化学発光の生成を抑制する第2制御光とを含み、
前記照明工程では、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記第1制御光を照射し、前記第1領域を取り囲む第2領域に前記第2制御光を照射するように、前記第1制御光および前記第2制御光の照射パターンを画定することを特徴とする請求項25に記載の方法。 - 前記制御光は、その照射により前記化学発光の波長を第1波長から第2波長に変化させ、
前記照明工程では、前記生体試料の観察面のうち前記化学発光を検出すべき第1領域に前記制御光を照射するように、前記制御光の照射パターンを画定し、
前記検出工程では、前記第1波長の光を透過させずに前記第2波長の光を透過させるフィルタを介して、前記生体試料から射出された前記化学発光を検出することを特徴とする請求項25に記載の方法。 - 前記照明工程では、前記生体試料の観察面に照射される前記制御光の照射パターンを第1パターンに画定し、
前記検出工程では、前記生体試料の周波数成分と前記第1パターンの周波数成分との相互作用により前記観察面に形成された第2パターンを検出し、前記第1パターンの周波数成分と前記第2パターンの周波数成分とに基づいて前記第生体試料の周波数成分を求めることを特徴とする請求項25に記載の方法。 - 前記制御光の光路に直交する方向における前記生体試料の位置を変更する変更工程を含み、
前記変更工程の後、前記照明工程および前記検出工程をその順序で繰り返し行うことを特徴とする請求項25乃至30のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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