WO2017155011A1 - 全固体リチウム硫黄電池およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
全固体リチウム硫黄電池およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017155011A1 WO2017155011A1 PCT/JP2017/009358 JP2017009358W WO2017155011A1 WO 2017155011 A1 WO2017155011 A1 WO 2017155011A1 JP 2017009358 W JP2017009358 W JP 2017009358W WO 2017155011 A1 WO2017155011 A1 WO 2017155011A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery using a solid electrolyte as an electrolyte and a method for manufacturing the same. Specifically, the present invention relates to a positive electrode containing a mixture of sulfur and conductive carbon black, a negative electrode containing lithium metal, and an all-solid lithium-sulfur battery comprising a solid electrolyte made of a lithium composite oxide and a method for producing the same.
- Li-S battery lithium-sulfur battery (hereinafter referred to as a Li-S battery) using sulfur as a positive electrode material theoretically has the highest energy density. A battery that has the potential to be achieved. The development of this Li-S battery is in the basic research stage, but is being tackled by many universities and manufacturers.
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte is generally employed as the solid electrolyte of the Li—S battery (see Patent Document 3).
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes have lower internal resistance than other solid electrolytes and tend to exhibit high energy density, but battery performance is severely deteriorated by charge / discharge cycles, and there are still problems in life and safety. .
- sulfide-based solid electrolytes have low chemical stability, and there are cases where the decrease in conductivity becomes severe due to reaction with electrode materials. Furthermore, since sulfide-based solid electrolytes react with moisture and oxygen to generate toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur oxide, the production of sulfide-based solid electrolytes and the assembly of batteries enable the management of moisture and oxygen. Safety measures such as implementation in the glove box are required. Moreover, since the strength is low, it is easy to crack and peel off, and handling is necessary.
- the present invention has little deterioration in battery performance even after repeated charge / discharge cycles, and does not generate toxic gas when the battery is damaged, and does not require special equipment for managing the concentration of moisture and oxygen.
- An object is to provide an all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the present inventors have intensively studied to use an oxide solid electrolyte as an electrolyte, and preferably employ a lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide as the oxide solid electrolyte.
- an oxide solid electrolyte as an electrolyte
- a lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide as the oxide solid electrolyte
- the present invention is as follows.
- An all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery having a positive electrode containing sulfur and a conductive material, a negative electrode containing lithium metal, and a solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the solid electrolyte is oxidized
- An all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery which is a physical solid electrolyte and does not have an electron conductive layer between a positive electrode and a solid electrolyte layer.
- the positive electrode further contains a binder.
- a method for producing an all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery comprising a positive electrode containing sulfur, a negative electrode containing lithium metal, and an oxide-based solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, On the positive electrode side of the oxide-based solid electrolyte molded body, a step of applying a masking tape leaving a portion for forming the positive electrode; Apply the positive electrode slurry containing sulfur to the portion of the oxide-based solid electrolyte molded body that is not covered with the masking tape on the positive electrode side, spread it evenly, vacuum dry, solidify, and then remove the masking tape.
- the lithium foil is placed on the negative electrode current collector, the oxide solid electrolyte molded body is placed so that the negative electrode surface is in contact with the lithium foil, and the positive electrode current collector is further placed on the positive electrode to assemble the cell.
- Steps The manufacturing method of the all-solid-state lithium sulfur battery characterized by including. (12) The method according to (11), including the step of placing the oxide-based solid electrolyte molded body so that the negative electrode surface is in contact with the lithium foil, and then heat-treating the lithium foil to adhere to the solid electrolyte molded body. Manufacturing method of all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery.
- the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery of the present invention uses a solid electrolyte made of a lithium composite oxide as a solid electrolyte, so there is little risk of reacting with an electrode material like a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, and suppresses a decrease in battery performance. It becomes possible. Since the operating temperature is 110 ° C. or lower, safety is high.
- the lithium composite oxide does not react with moisture and oxygen, and there is no possibility of generating toxic gas, so that a highly safe battery can be obtained.
- the lithium composite oxide since it is not necessary to consider the influence of moisture and oxygen when preparing the electrolyte and assembling the battery cell, it is possible to efficiently manufacture the battery without adding special equipment.
- the positive electrode can be formed in close contact with the solid electrolyte made of the lithium composite oxide, the contact failure at the interface between the electrolyte and the positive electrode is caused. An increase in interface resistance can be suppressed. There is no need to provide an electron conductive layer between the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte.
- a lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as “LLZ”) shaped body on the negative electrode side, that is, on the surface opposite to the surface on which the positive electrode material is formed,
- LLZ lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide
- a gold thin film may be formed in advance on the negative electrode side surface of LLZ by sputtering before forming the positive electrode material on the surface of the LLZ compact.
- a thin gold film and metallic lithium as a negative electrode are bonded together, and if necessary, the metal lithium and gold are alloyed by heating at 60 to 170 ° C., thereby reducing the interface resistance between the negative electrode and the solid electrolyte. be able to.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the result of having measured the discharge curve by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the all-solid-state lithium sulfur battery of Example 1.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the result of having measured the discharge curve of the all-solid-state lithium sulfur battery of Example 2 by cyclic voltammetry (CV).
- the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery of the present invention it is important to use an oxide solid electrolyte as the solid electrolyte, and preferably use a lithium composite oxide as the oxide solid electrolyte.
- lithium composite oxide examples include lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide, lithium-lanthanum-titanium composite oxide, lithium-niobium composite oxide, lithium-niobium-zirconium composite oxide, and the like.
- Lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide (LLZ) is preferred. LLZ is a stable material that is not reduced by metallic lithium.
- LLZ is a complex oxide composed of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium whose basic composition is Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , but one kind selected from aluminum, tantalum, niobium, bismuth, or the like, if necessary. The above elements may be contained.
- a well-known method can be used for the manufacturing method of LLZ of this invention.
- a method disclosed in JP-A-2015-146299 can be exemplified.
- a stoichiometric amount of a lanthanum compound powder and a zirconium compound powder are mixed while being pulverized, molded in a press machine, and then fired in an electric furnace, preferably at 1300 to 1700 ° C.
- a zirconium oxide molded body is obtained.
- This molded body preferably has a porosity of 75% or more, more preferably 80 to 90%. When the porosity is 75% or more, the lithium compound is easily impregnated. On the other hand, if the porosity is 90% or less, the strength of the molded product can be maintained.
- the porosity is a value calculated from the total pore volume (cm 3 / g) according to the mercury intrusion method (based on JIS R 1655) and the apparent density (g / cm 3 ) measured by the Archimedes method.
- the porosity can be adjusted by the firing temperature or the like.
- the LLZ of the present invention can be prepared by firing. By using microwaves as a heating source, a dense LLZ sintered body can be obtained.
- the firing temperature is preferably 200 to 500 ° C, more preferably 300 to 450 ° C.
- the microwave is irradiated with a microwave having a frequency of 1 to 300 GHz, usually 2.45 GHz.
- the microwave output is preferably adjusted in the range of 1.5 to 9.5 kW, and after reaching a predetermined firing temperature, the temperature is preferably maintained by controlling the microwave irradiation by PID control or the like.
- the lithium compound impregnated in the lanthanum-zirconium oxide molded body is used so that the molar ratio of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium is 7: 3: 2 according to the basic composition of LLZ.
- the lanthanum compound is not particularly limited.
- lanthanum hydroxide, lanthanum oxide, lanthanum chloride, lanthanum nitrate, or the like can be used.
- Lanthanum hydroxide that generates less harmful gas during firing is preferable.
- the zirconium compound is not particularly limited.
- zirconium oxide, zirconium chloride, zirconium nitrate, zirconium acetate or the like can be used.
- Zirconium oxide, which generates little toxic gas during firing, is preferred.
- the lithium compound is not particularly limited.
- lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium chloride, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, or the like can be used.
- lithium hydroxide (LiOH) or lithium oxide (Li 2 O) that dissolves in water to become lithium hydroxide is preferable because of its high solubility in water and low generation of toxic gas during firing.
- the method for impregnating the lanthanum-zirconium oxide compact with lithium is not particularly limited as long as it is a method capable of impregnating a stoichiometric amount of lithium.
- the following methods can be mentioned.
- (1) A lanthanum-zirconium oxide molded body is impregnated with a part of a solution obtained by dissolving a required amount of a lithium compound in a solvent, and then the molded body is dried to remove the solvent. Again, a part of the solution is impregnated into the molded body, and then dried to remove the solvent. Then, impregnation and drying are repeated until the prepared solution disappears.
- a lanthanum-zirconium oxide molded body is impregnated with a slurry in which a required amount of lithium hydroxide or the like is dispersed in a small amount of water.
- the lithium hydroxide it is preferable to use fine particles that can easily enter the pores (voids) of the molded body.
- a highly soluble Li salt for example, LiCl
- the lanthanum-zirconium oxide compact is impregnated with the aqueous solution.
- Powdered LiOH is added to the lanthanum-zirconium oxide compact and impregnated with LiOH by heat melting.
- the melting temperature is preferably equal to or higher than the melting point of LiOH (462 ° C.).
- the shape and size of the LLZ are not particularly limited. Depending on the structure of the battery, for example, it may be formed into a plate shape, a sheet shape, a cylindrical shape, or the like.
- the conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive material.
- conductive carbon blacks such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black and furnace black, natural graphite such as flake graphite and graphite such as artificial graphite, conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber, copper and silver
- Metal powders such as, organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene compounds, carbon nanotubes, and the like can be used.
- carbon blacks are preferable because they are porous and exhibit an effect as a binder by incorporating sulfur into the pores and have high conductivity, and acetylene black and ketjen black are particularly preferable.
- the conductive carbon black preferably has a BET specific surface area of 10 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 50 m 2 / g or more, still more preferably 100 m 2 / g or more, as determined by a nitrogen gas adsorption method.
- the amount of conductive carbon black used in combination with sulfur is too small, conductivity cannot be ensured and the binder effect cannot be expected.
- the amount is too large, the sulfur content decreases and the capacity density of the battery decreases.
- the conductive carbon black is preferably 5 to 30% by mass. More preferably, sulfur is in the range of 80 to 90% by mass and conductive carbon black is in the range of 10 to 20% by mass.
- the negative electrode of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it contains a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions as a negative electrode active material.
- a lithium metal such as a lithium foil, a lithium alloy that is an alloy of lithium and aluminum, silicon, tin, magnesium, or the like, a metal oxide that can occlude and release lithium ions, a metal sulfide, a carbon material, and the like can be given.
- Lithium metal is preferred because of its high theoretical capacity density, ease of handling, and ease of battery cell assembly.
- the current collector is not particularly limited.
- metals such as copper, aluminum, nickel, and stainless steel can be used.
- copper is preferably used because it is easily processed into a thin film and is difficult to be alloyed with lithium.
- stainless steel foil or aluminum foil is preferably used because it is inexpensive.
- the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery of the present invention is excellent in electron conductivity between the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte because the positive electrode material contains sulfur and a conductive material, and an oxide-based solid electrolyte is used as the solid electrolyte. . Therefore, there is no need to provide an electron conductive layer containing lithium titanate or the like between the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte and between the negative electrode and the solid electrolyte. Since lithium titanate is reduced at around 1.5 V, the anode material is limited, which may cause a decrease in energy density due to a decrease in operating voltage.
- the operating temperature is as low as 110 ° C. or lower.
- the battery can be kept warm when not in use, and the final charge / discharge efficiency is improved.
- the higher the operating temperature the more heat energy is required to keep the battery warm, and the total efficiency decreases.
- the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery of the present invention can be a safe battery with a very low risk of fire. , Durability, battery safety, cycle safety can be improved.
- the solid electrolyte, the positive electrode, and the negative electrode are brought into close contact as much as possible so as to suppress the interface resistance generated at the interface between the solid electrolyte and the electrode.
- the positive electrode is formed in close contact with a predetermined position on the surface opposite to the negative electrode side of the solid electrolyte.
- metal lithium such as lithium foil is attached to one side of an oxide-based solid electrolyte formed into a predetermined shape, and then the heat treatment is performed to adhere the lithium foil to the solid electrolyte formed body.
- the lithium foil may be attached to the surface opposite to the positive electrode of the oxide solid electrolyte and heat treatment may be performed, or the lithium foil may be oxidized.
- the positive electrode may be formed on the surface opposite to the surface to which the lithium foil of the oxide solid electrolyte is affixed.
- the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited as long as the lithium foil is softened. The temperature is preferably 60 to 170 ° C, more preferably 100 to 140 ° C.
- a gold thin film may be formed on one surface of an oxide-based solid electrolyte formed into a predetermined shape by sputtering, and then metal lithium such as lithium foil may be attached to serve as the negative electrode surface.
- metal lithium such as a lithium foil is attached to the negative electrode side surface of the oxide-based solid electrolyte molded body without gold sputtering, and then the metal lithium is heated and pressed if necessary. .
- the contact property (adhesion) between the negative electrode and the solid electrolyte is improved, and the interface resistance can be reduced.
- a manufacturing method thereof will be described by taking as an example a case where a coin-type battery cell is assembled using lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide (LLZ) as an oxide-based solid electrolyte.
- LLZ lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide
- Stoichiometric amounts of lanthanum compound powder and zirconium compound powder are mixed while being pulverized, formed into a plate shape with a die and a press, transferred to a firing container and fired in an electric furnace, and a lanthanum-zirconium oxide compact. Is made.
- the firing temperature is preferably 1300 to 1700 ° C.
- the molded body of lanthanum-zirconium oxide taken out after being allowed to cool naturally is put again in a firing container, impregnated with an aqueous solution in which a separately prepared stoichiometric amount of a lithium compound is dissolved, and then fired again.
- a shaped LLZ compact is produced.
- the firing temperature is preferably 200 to 500 ° C.
- a microwave firing furnace is preferably used as the firing furnace because the lithium compound that has penetrated into the pores of the lanthanum-zirconium oxide can be efficiently fired.
- the shape of the plate-shaped LLZ molded body to be produced is not particularly limited. What is necessary is just to select according to the magnitude
- a metal thin film is formed on one side of the produced LLZ compact by sputtering.
- the surface on which the metal thin film of the LLZ compact is formed is the negative electrode side.
- Gold, silver, aluminum and the like are preferable as a metal for forming a thin film by sputtering, and gold is particularly preferable.
- a polyimide tape cut out from the positive electrode forming part is pasted as a masking tape, and a positive electrode slurry is applied to the positive electrode forming part of the masking tape.
- the masking tape should just be a polymer which is insoluble in a slurry solvent, and does not melt
- the shape and size of the positive electrode forming portion of the masking tape is such that the formed LLZ molded body portion of at least about 2 mm in width remains around the positive electrode so that the formed positive electrode does not protrude around the solid electrolyte and short circuit occurs. Or just make it big.
- a polyimide tape having a circular positive electrode forming portion having a diameter of about 8 mm may be used as a masking tape.
- the polyimide tape Place an appropriate amount of positive electrode slurry on the positive electrode forming portion of the polyimide tape, rub it with a spatula or glass plate and spread it flat, and then remove the solvent in the positive electrode slurry by vacuum drying. . After removing the solvent, the polyimide tape can be peeled off to obtain a positive electrode in close contact with the LLZ compact.
- the weight or thickness of the positive electrode to be formed can be adjusted by changing the thickness of the polyimide tape to be used.
- the conditions for vacuum drying are not particularly limited. However, when the solvent in the positive electrode slurry is rapidly evaporated, there is a risk that the positive electrode is in close contact with the surface of the LLZ compact.
- the temperature is preferably about 70 to 90 ° C.
- the time is preferably about 10 to 15 hours.
- the positive electrode slurry can be prepared by a known method, in which sulfur and carbon black such as conductive carbon black are mixed at a predetermined ratio, and then stirred to add a solvent to form a slurry.
- a known solvent for lithium ion batteries can be used. Examples thereof include amide solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethylacetamide, ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene and cyclohexane.
- the amount of these solvents used is such that the positive electrode slurry has fluidity that can be transferred to the positive electrode forming portion of the LLZ molded body using a glass rod or the like, and does not flow and spread after being transferred to the positive electrode forming portion.
- An amount showing the viscosity of the above may be used.
- the positive electrode slurry can contain a binder and other positive electrode active materials as necessary.
- the addition method of a binder is not specifically limited. For example, it can be used as a powder, and can also be used as a solution dissolved in an organic solvent or an emulsion using water as a solvent.
- the organic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is preferable.
- binder examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-pentafluoropropylene copolymer, and vinylidene fluoride.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
- vinylidene fluoride-pentafluoropropylene copolymer examples include vinylidene fluoride.
- -Perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), propylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinyl Pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), etc. Including but polyvinylidene fluoride is preferably used. These binders may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the binder is preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass in the total amount of sulfur, conductive material and binder. If the binder is 0.1% by mass or more, the retention of sulfur in the pores of conductive carbon black such as acetylene black and the fixation of the conductive carbon black on the LLZ molded body can be more effectively enhanced. . On the other hand, if it is 10 mass% or less, the fall of the electroconductivity of the positive electrode material derived from the binder itself being an insulator can be avoided.
- a battery cell is assembled by placing a metal foil such as a stainless steel foil or an aluminum foil serving as a positive electrode current collector on the positive electrode of the LLZ molded body, and a battery container is completed by covering the upper lid of the cell container.
- a metal foil such as a stainless steel foil or an aluminum foil serving as a positive electrode current collector
- a button shape, a square shape, a sheet shape, a stacked shape, a flat shape, a cylindrical shape, or the like may be used, and an LLZ molded body having a shape suitable for each battery cell can be created.
- the use of the all solid lithium lithium battery of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, it can be suitably used for hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, power storage, and the like.
- a power system is constructed in which power is supplied from the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery to the power grid.
- there is an electric power system in which electric power is supplied to the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery from an electric power network that uses natural power generation such as solar power generation and wind power generation in addition to thermal power generation, hydroelectric power generation, pumped-storage power generation, and nuclear power generation.
- natural power generation such as solar power generation and wind power generation in addition to thermal power generation, hydroelectric power generation, pumped-storage power generation, and nuclear power generation.
- Example 1 33.9 g of lanthanum hydroxide (purity 99.9%, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 14.7 g of zirconium oxide (manufactured by Tosoh Corp.) were weighed and mixed while pulverizing with a ball mill for 1 hour. 0.26 g of the obtained powder was weighed, put into a die of a predetermined size, and molded with a uniaxial press to produce 10 disk-shaped compacts having a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. . The 10 formed bodies were each transferred to a firing ceramic container, fired at 1500 ° C.
- the positive electrode on the opposite side Formed.
- the purpose of this example is to test and evaluate the positive electrode and the LLZ. Therefore, in order to reduce the influence of the battery characteristics from the negative electrode side as much as possible, the negative electrode in order to reduce the resistance by forming the contact between the LLZ and the metallic lithium reliably. Gold sputtering was performed on the side.
- the formation of the positive electrode was performed as follows.
- a ring-shaped masking tape in which a central portion of a circular polyimide tape having a diameter of 12 mm (thickness 0.09 mm) is concentrically cut into a circle having a diameter of 8 mm is prepared, and is applied to the surface on the positive electrode side of the LLZ molded body.
- a circular portion having a diameter of 8 mm surrounded by a ring-shaped masking tape was used as a positive electrode forming portion.
- the masking tape is peeled off, and a positive electrode having a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of about 0.09 mm is formed on the LLZ molded body. Formed.
- the mass of the LLZ compact after forming the positive electrode was 0.2673 g
- the mass of the formed positive electrode was 0.0026 g
- the sulfur content in the positive electrode was 2.34 mg.
- a copper foil (diameter 23 mm, thickness 20 ⁇ m) is placed on the container side as a current collector, and a lithium foil (diameter 8 mm, thickness) as a negative electrode on the copper foil. Then, the LLZ molded body was placed so that the gold sputter layer overlapped on the lithium foil, and then heated at 120 ° C. to adhere the lithium foil to the LLZ molded body.
- a stainless steel foil (diameter 8 mm, thickness 20 ⁇ m) was placed on the positive electrode of the LLZ molded body as a positive electrode side current collector, and the upper lid was closed to assemble a battery cell.
- the battery cell was stored at 105 ° C. for 12 hours, and then cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement was performed under the conditions of a potential scanning range of 1.0 V to 3.5 V, a scanning speed of 3 mV / min, and 60 ° C. The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 2 Using a disc-shaped LLZ molded body (diameter 11 mm, thickness 0.53 mm, mass 0.2766 g) different from the LLZ molded body used in Example 1, on the LLZ molded body in the same manner as in Example 1. A positive electrode was formed. The mass of the formed positive electrode was 0.0007 g, and the sulfur content in the positive electrode was 0.63 mg. A coin-type battery cell was assembled in the same manner as in Example 1 using the LLZ molded body on which the positive electrode was formed.
- the open circuit voltage of the battery in both Examples 1 and 2 is 3 V, so that the LLZ molded body is an excellent electrolyte without an internal short circuit.
- the lithium sulfur battery using the said LLZ molded object has a function as a storage battery. That is, it can be seen that by using lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide (LLZ) as the solid electrolyte, the lithium-sulfur battery can be made into an all-solid battery.
- LLZ lithium-lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide
- Example 2 has battery characteristics in which the potential of each discharge plateau is higher than that of Example 1 and the polarization is smaller.
- the interface between the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte and the interface between the negative electrode and the solid electrolyte can be made tight, it is possible to provide an all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery having high safety and excellent cycle characteristics. .
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Abstract
Description
そのため、電解液に塩酸や硝酸などの酸を添加して電解液を改質する方法(特許文献1参照)や、正極材料としてケッチェンブラックに硫黄ナノ粒子を内包した複合体を用いる方法(特許文献2参照)などが提案されている。しかしながら、これらの方法では、電解質自体は液状であるため、硫黄分子や多硫化物イオンが電解液に溶解することを完全には抑制することができず、十分な効果を得られない場合がある。
さらに、酸化物系固体電解質を成形して作成した成形体の片面の所定の位置に硫黄を含有する正極スラリーを塗布、乾燥して正極を形成した後、当該酸化物系固体電解質成形体の他方の面に負極となるリチウム箔などの金属リチウムを載置することで、正極と負極との間に酸化物系固体電解質を介在させた構成の電池セルを効率的に組み立てることができることを見出し、本発明に到達した。
(2)前記酸化物系固体電解質が、リチウム複合酸化物である前記(1)に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
(3)リチウム複合酸化物が、リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物である前記(2)に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
(4)リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物が、さらにアルミニウム、タンタル、ニオブおよびビスマスから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含有する複合酸化物である前記(3)に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
(5)前記正極が、硫黄と導電性カーボンブラックを70/30~95/5(質量比)で含有する前記(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
(6)前記正極が、さらにバインダーを含有する前記(1)~(5)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
(7)前記負極が、リチウム箔である前記(1)~(6)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
(8)作動温度が110℃以下である前記(1)~(7)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
(9)前記(1)~(8)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池を搭載した自動車。
(10)前記(1)~(8)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池から電力網に電力が供給され、または、前記全固体リチウム硫黄電池に電力網から電力が供給される電力貯蔵システム。
酸化物系固体電解質成形体の正極側に、正極を形成する部分を残してマスキングテープを貼付するステップと、
酸化物系固体電解質成形体の正極側のマスキングテープで覆われていない部分に、硫黄を含有する正極スラリーを塗布し、均一に押し広げ、真空乾燥して固化させた後、マスキングテープを取り除いて、酸化物系固体電解質成形体上に正極を形成するステップと、
負極集電体上にリチウム箔を載置し、負極面がリチウム箔と接するように酸化物系固体電解質成形体を載置し、さらに正極上に正極集電体を載置してセルを組み立てるステップと、
を含むことを特徴とする全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
(12)負極面がリチウム箔と接するように酸化物系固体電解質成形体を載置した後、リチウム箔を加熱処理して前記固体電解質成形体に密着させるステップを含む前記(11)に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
(13)前記酸化物系固体電解質が、リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物である前記(11)または(12)に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
(14)リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物が、さらにアルミニウム、タンタル、ニオブあるいはビスマスから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含有する複合酸化物である前記(13)に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
(15)前記正極スラリーが、硫黄70~95質量%と導電性カーボンブラック5~30質量%からなる混合物に、有機溶媒を加えてスラリー化したものである前記(11)~(14)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
(16)前記有機溶媒が、リチウムイオン電池用有機溶媒である前記(15)に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
(17)前記正極集電体がステンレス箔またはアルミ箔であり、前記負極集電体が銅箔である前記(11)~(16)のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
(1)必要量のリチウム化合物を溶媒に溶解した溶液の一部をランタン-ジルコニウム酸化物成形体に含浸させた後、該成形体を乾燥して溶媒を除去する。再度、上記の溶液の一部を上記の成形体に含浸させた後、乾燥して溶媒を除去する。そして、用意した溶液が無くなるまで、含浸と乾燥を繰り返す。
(2)少量の水に、必要量の水酸化リチウム等を分散させたスラリーを、ランタン-ジルコニウム酸化物成形体に含浸させる。この場合、水酸化リチウムとしては、成形体の気孔(空隙)に入り込むことが容易な、微粒子状のものを使用することが好ましい。
(3)溶解度の大きいLi塩(例えば、LiCl)を水に溶解して高濃度のLiCl水溶液を調製し、該水溶液をランタン-ジルコニウム酸化物成形体に含浸させる。
(4)ランタン-ジルコニウム酸化物成形体に、粉末状のLiOHを添加し、熱溶融によりLiOHを含浸させる。この場合、溶融温度は、LiOHの融点(462℃)以上とすることが好ましい。
本発明の全固体リチウム硫黄電池を用いて電力を貯蔵することにより、前記全固体リチウム硫黄電池から電力網に電力が供給される電力システムが構築される。あるいは、火力発電、水力発電、揚水発電、原子力発電の他、太陽光発電や風力発電などの自然エネルギー発電などを電力源とする電力網から前記全固体リチウム硫黄電池に電力が供給される電力システムが構築される。
水酸化ランタン(純度99.9%、信越化学工業製)33.9gおよび酸化ジルコニウム(東ソー製)14.7gを秤量し、ボールミルで1時間粉砕しながら混合した。得られた粉体0.26gを秤り取り、所定の大きさの金型ダイスに投入し、一軸プレス機で成形して、直径13mm、厚さ1mmの円板状成形体を10個作製した。作製した10個の成形体を、それぞれ焼成用セラミック容器に移し、電気炉を用いて1500℃で36時間焼成した後自然放冷し、ランタン-ジルコニウム酸化物成形体を得た。
別途、水酸化リチウム(関東化学製)2.8gを30mlの水に溶解してリチウム水溶液を調製しておき、調製したリチウム水溶液の1.0mlを秤り取り、ランタン-ジルコニウム酸化物成形体の入った焼成用セラミック容器のそれぞれに添加した。
次いで、焼成用セラミック容器をマイクロ波焼成炉に移し、マイクロ波を照射して炉内温度400℃で36時間焼成し、直径約12mm、厚さ約0.5mmのリチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物成形体(LLZ成形体)を得た。
この実施例は、正極とLLZに関する試験、評価が目的であるため、負極側からの電池特性の影響をなるべく低減すべく、LLZと金属リチウムの接触を確実に形成して低抵抗とするべく負極側に金のスパッタリングを行った。
実施例1で用いたLLZ成形体とは別の、円板状LLZ成形体(直径11mm、厚さ0.53mm、質量0.2766g)を用いて、実施例1と同様にしてLLZ成形体上に正極を形成した。形成した正極の質量は0.0007g、正極中の硫黄の含有量は0.63mgであった。正極を形成した当該LLZ成形体を用いて、実施例1と同様にしてコイン型電池セルを組み立てた。
Claims (17)
- 硫黄および導電材を含有する正極と、リチウム金属を含有する負極と、正極と負極の間に介在する固体電解質の層とを有する全固体リチウム硫黄電池であって、前記固体電解質が酸化物系固体電解質であり、かつ正極と固体電解質の層との間に電子伝導層を有しないことを特徴とする全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- 前記酸化物系固体電解質が、リチウム複合酸化物である請求項1に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- リチウム複合酸化物が、リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物である請求項2に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物が、さらにアルミニウム、タンタル、ニオブおよびビスマスから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含有する複合酸化物である請求項3に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- 前記正極が、硫黄と導電性カーボンブラックを70/30~95/5(質量比)で含有する請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- 前記正極が、さらにバインダーを含有する請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- 前記負極が、リチウム箔である請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- 作動温度が110℃以下である請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池。
- 請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池を搭載した自動車。
- 請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池から電力網に電力が供給され、または、前記全固体リチウム硫黄電池に電力網から電力が供給される電力貯蔵システム。
- 硫黄を含有する正極と、リチウム金属を含有する負極と、正極と負極の間に介在する酸化物系固体電解質の層を有する全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法であって、
酸化物系固体電解質成形体の正極側に、正極を形成する部分を残してマスキングテープを貼付するステップと、
酸化物系固体電解質成形体の正極側のマスキングテープで覆われていない部分に、硫黄を含有する正極スラリーを塗布し、均一に押し広げ、真空乾燥して固化させた後、マスキングテープを取り除いて、酸化物系固体電解質成形体上に正極を形成するステップと、
負極集電体上にリチウム箔を載置し、負極面がリチウム箔と接するように酸化物系固体電解質成形体を載置し、さらに正極上に正極集電体を載置してセルを組み立てるステップと、
を含むことを特徴とする全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。 - 負極面がリチウム箔と接するように酸化物系固体電解質成形体を載置した後、リチウム箔を加熱処理して前記固体電解質成形体に密着させるステップを含む請求項11に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
- 前記酸化物系固体電解質が、リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物である請求項11または12に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
- リチウム-ランタン-ジルコニウム複合酸化物が、さらにアルミニウム、タンタル、ニオブあるいはビスマスから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含有する複合酸化物である請求項13に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
- 前記正極スラリーが、硫黄70~95質量%と導電性カーボンブラック5~30質量%からなる混合物に、有機溶媒を加えてスラリー化したものである請求項11~14のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
- 前記有機溶媒が、リチウムイオン電池用有機溶媒である請求項15に記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
- 前記正極集電体がステンレス箔またはアルミ箔であり、前記負極集電体が銅箔である請求項11~16のいずれかに記載の全固体リチウム硫黄電池の製造方法。
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