WO2017152674A1 - 地下工程防水结构 - Google Patents

地下工程防水结构 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017152674A1
WO2017152674A1 PCT/CN2016/108622 CN2016108622W WO2017152674A1 WO 2017152674 A1 WO2017152674 A1 WO 2017152674A1 CN 2016108622 W CN2016108622 W CN 2016108622W WO 2017152674 A1 WO2017152674 A1 WO 2017152674A1
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Prior art keywords
layer
waterproof
waterproof structure
wall
bentonite
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PCT/CN2016/108622
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English (en)
French (fr)
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何发林
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何发林
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Publication of WO2017152674A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017152674A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/02—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against ground humidity or ground water
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/02—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against ground humidity or ground water
    • E02D31/04—Watertight packings for use under hydraulic pressure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0037—Clays
    • E02D2300/004—Bentonite or bentonite-like

Definitions

  • the underground engineering waterproof structure of the invention relates to a waterproof structure of a building underground space (basement, underground tunnel, garage).
  • Underground engineering waterproofing refers to various technologies such as underground design, protective engineering, tunnels and underground railways for industrial and civil construction, waterproof design, waterproof construction and maintenance management.
  • Waterproof engineering is a systematic project involving various aspects such as engineering waterproof materials, waterproof design, waterproof construction and other building management. The purpose is to ensure that the building is protected from water, the internal space is not harmed, and the function and life of the building are improved. With the development of the times and the advancement of science and technology, underground engineering has gradually increased. To this end, underground waterproofing is an important project of underground engineering. Its quality will directly affect the function and service life. However, in the past ten years, according to the comparison of unit projects, the leakage of the basement and underground garage roof works can reach 60 degrees. %the above. The main reason is that the current waterproof materials and construction structures are not suitable and unreasonable. Corrosion of underground engineering structures is also huge due to leakage.
  • Asphalt waterproofing materials there are many kinds of waterproof materials for underground engineering. According to their main raw materials, they are divided into two types of coils: 1. Asphalt waterproofing materials. Asphalt linoleum, paper tire asphalt linoleum, etc. made of natural asphalt, petroleum asphalt and coal tar pitch. 2, bentonite waterproof blanket according to the production process can be divided into: acupuncture sodium-based bentonite waterproof blanket, needle-punched film sodium-based bentonite waterproof blanket and adhesive method sodium-based bentonite waterproof blanket.
  • Bentonite waterproof blanket is a kind of geosynthetic material specially used for artificial lake waterscape, landfill, underground garage, roof garden, pool, oil depot and chemical yard. It is made of high expansion sodium.
  • the bentonite is filled between the special composite geotextile and the non-woven fabric.
  • the bentonite anti-seepage pad made by the needle punching method can form a lot of small fiber space, so that the bentonite particles can not flow in one direction, and form in the mat when water is encountered.
  • a uniform high-density gel-like waterproof layer that effectively prevents water from leaking.
  • Bentonite has the characteristics of swelling with water. Generally, when bentonite expands, its expansion is only about 3 times its own volume, while bentonite absorbs five times its own weight when it meets water, and its volume expands to 15-17 times or more. Bentonite Locked in the middle of two layers of geosynthetics, it acts as a protection and reinforcement, so that the bentonite blanket has a certain overall shear strength.
  • Most of the application of underground waterproofing technology for building construction is to provide a waterproof layer of water on the surface of the building and structure, and a protective layer such as a protective layer outside the waterproof layer.
  • Bentonite blankets are not suitable for frost heaving in cold areas. Because the coil is formed by freezing in the frozen soil Integration, the coil loses the elongation index, and it is estimated that when the frozen soil is subjected to frost heaving deformation, it will inevitably lead to fracture and leakage.
  • the object of the present invention is to study and design a new type of underground engineering waterproof structure. Using the properties of bentonite itself to achieve the waterproof performance of the building;
  • Natural bentonite is not caused by aging flexible materials. According to the material characteristics, combined with underground engineering structures, different degrees of technology are adopted to achieve the construction profile, which is not affected by the environment and temperature, and can self-heal under the condition of slight cracks in various factors. The combined effect, at the same time, always guarantees the overall effect of the underground waterproof layer, which can completely solve the leakage problem of underground engineering. At the same time, it will create favorable conditions for the maintenance of underground works.
  • Bentonite forms a high-density diaphragm under water pressure. When the thickness is about 3mm, its water permeability is below ⁇ 10-11m/sec, which is equivalent to 100 times the compactness of 30cm thick clay. It is very strong. Self-protecting water performance.
  • Bentonite is a natural inorganic material that is harmless and non-toxic to the human body, has no special impact on the environment, and has good environmental performance.
  • the underground engineering waterproof structure of the invention comprises a waterproof structure of the bottom plate, a waterproof structure of the wall body, and a waterproof structure of the ceiling;
  • the utility model is characterized in that: the waterproof structure of the underground engineering is divided into an underground engineering waterproof structure of an independent foundation and a raft foundation, and an underground engineering waterproof structure of a cap foundation and a raft foundation:
  • the underground waterproof structure of the independent foundation and the raft foundation comprises an independent base waterproof structure, a wall waterproof structure and a ceiling waterproof structure;
  • the underground engineering waterproof structure of the cap foundation and the raft foundation comprises a base waterproof structure of the base platform, a waterproof structure of the wall and a waterproof structure of the ceiling.
  • the waterproof structure of the underground engineering of the cap foundation and the raft foundation of the present invention is analyzed from the node structure form, and the load-bearing mode of the node belongs to the force mode in which the load of the bottom plate is transmitted to the cap and then passed through the cap to the cast-in-situ pile.
  • the strength of the structural concrete reaches a certain strength, the structural floor and the water level of the platform do not belong to the force surface, and a small number of suspended layers are formed according to different geological conditions.
  • the anti-seepage requirements cannot be achieved here.
  • the waterproof structure of the base base plate of the present invention is designed with two parts: a waterproof structure of the bottom plate area and a waterproof structure of the bearing platform.
  • the bottom layer of the waterproof structure of the floor area is a plain soil layer, a concrete cushion layer, a bentonite waterproof layer, a non-woven fabric, a concrete protective layer and a bottom layer of the underground structure.
  • the layer of the waterproof structure of the cap area is a plain soil layer, a concrete cushion layer, a bentonite waterproof layer, a non-woven fabric, a concrete protective layer and a concrete cap from bottom to top.
  • the independent base waterproof structure of the present invention is technically identical in the range in which the bottom plate portion intersects the cap. It is only the independent base area that uses the usual coil waterproof technology. Because the independent foundation is to pass the load directly to the earth. For this reason, when the foundation is stressed, the surface of the waterproof coil surface is pressed, and it is estimated that there will be no leakage and drowning. And so on, thus, this node has two different waterproof structures of the basement floor and the geographical base. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve the purpose of inserting the independent base coil into the bentonite anti-seepage layer of the basement >200MM at the intersection of the basement floor and the independent foundation water-facing surface.
  • the independent base floor waterproof structure includes the floor area waterproof structure and the independent base area waterproof structure. ;
  • the bottom layer of the waterproof structure of the floor area is a plain soil layer, a concrete cushion layer, a bentonite waterproof layer, a non-woven fabric, a concrete protective layer and a base structure floor layer from bottom to top;
  • the layered structure of the independent basic zone waterproof structure according to the present invention is followed by a plain soil compact layer, a concrete cushion layer, a waterproof coiled material, a concrete protective layer and a concrete cap;
  • the waterproofing membrane of the present invention is embedded in the bentonite waterproof layer and embedded at least 200 mm.
  • the wall waterproof structure of the invention comprises a waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall, a waterproof structure of the middle part of the wall and a waterproof structure of the outer bottom of the wall, which can solve the above problems in an all-round way:
  • the waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall is located outside the bottom layer of the underground structure; the spacer is placed 300-800 mm outside the bottom layer of the underground structure, and the block is located at the position of the waterproof layer of the bentonite under the floor layer of the underground structure; A lintel is placed on the bolster, and a brick wall is set on the lintel.
  • the vertical brick wall is located at a lower part of the reinforced concrete siding above the ground level of the underground engineering; a horizontal brick wall is constructed outside the vertical brick wall, and the brick wall and the horizontal wall are respectively The distance between the brick walls is 50-150mm, the horizontal brick wall is 50-150mm higher than the vertical brick wall; the concrete cover is placed on the upper part of the cross-brick brick, and the concrete cover extends to the side of the vertical brick wall, and the extension distance is two bricks.
  • the gap between the walls is completely covered; between the vertical brick wall and the horizontal brick wall is a waterproof layer of bentonite, and the bentonite waterproof layer of the bentonite waterproof layer and the waterproof structure of the bottom plate communicate with each other through the spacing between the blocks;
  • the waterproof structure of the middle part of the wall is located at the upper part of the waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall, and the layer of the waterproof structure of the middle part of the wall is a bentonite waterproof layer and a protective layer of benzene board from the inside to the outside of the basement structure wall. Backfilling the soil;
  • the waterproof structure of the outer floor of the wall of the invention is located at the top of the waterproof structure of the middle part of the wall, and the layer of the waterproof structure of the outer floor of the wall is made of a bentonite waterproof layer and a protective layer of benzene board from the inside to the outside;
  • the bentonite waterproof layer is thick a water-repellent layer of bentonite in a waterproof structure in the middle of the lower wall; a layer of scattered water outside the protective layer of the benzene board; a waterproof structure on the outer side of the wall and a layer of a loose water layer on the outer layer of the water-dispersing structure;
  • the waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall, the waterproof structure of the middle part of the wall and the waterproof layer of the bentonite of the outer floor waterproof structure of the wall are connected.
  • the waterproof structure of the ceiling according to the present invention is divided into: a waterproof structure of the roof of the building body and a waterproof structure of the roof of the building body according to the position of the basement in the building body.
  • the outer layer waterproof structure of the outer wall of the invention is composed of a bentonite waterproof layer, a non-woven fabric, a concrete protective layer, a backfill layer and a planting soil backfill layer in the order from the bottom to the top;
  • the layer is outwardly directed by the wall
  • the second is: bentonite waterproof layer, benzene board protective layer; the benzene board protective layer is placed on the upper part of the protective layer of benzene board, and the bentonite waterproof layer and non-woven fabric are laid in the upper part of the protective layer of 30-80mm benzene board from bottom to top. , concrete protective layer and scattered water layer.
  • the bentonite waterproof layer of the invention adopts a 200 mesh dry-laid bentonite waterproof layer, and the bentonite waterproof layer can expand 10-25 times when it meets water, and under this condition, it becomes a permanent non-aging plastic paste anti-seepage layer, achieving permanent Waterproof requirements, and can achieve self-healing effect in cracks less than 20mm.
  • the spacer of the present invention is made of granite and has a length of 180 mm, a width of 100 mm and a height of 50 mm.
  • the spacing between every two blocks of the present invention is 300-800 mm.
  • the invention of waterproof technology for underground engineering is obtained through the experience of plugging leaks for more than 20 years. It has been verified that there has been no anti-repair phenomenon for many years. It is mainly made of natural bentonite without aging flexible material. According to the material characteristics (nano bentonite is superior to calcium base), bentonite combined with underground engineering structure and structure adopt different degrees of technology to achieve construction introduction, free from environmental and temperature effects. And it can self-healing in the case of slight crack changes in various factors. At the same time, the overall effect of the underground waterproof layer is permanently guaranteed, and the leakage problem of underground engineering can be completely solved. At the same time, it will create favorable conditions for the maintenance of underground works.
  • the invention has good waterproof integrity: the invention fully exerts the advantages of the bentonite material, can completely achieve the integrity of the waterproof layer, and in particular, according to the advantage of strong adsorption of the material, completely solves the problem of waterproof leakage of various pile head joints.
  • This material is a flexible material that can achieve self-adjusting effect on the slight deformation of the structure. When the material meets water, it expands through the material itself, forming a very strong plastic waterproof layer in a certain period of time.
  • the invention has a long waterproof life: since the bentonite is a natural inorganic material, the aging or corrosion phenomenon does not occur even after a long period of time or changes in the surrounding environment, so the waterproof performance can last for several hundred years or more.
  • the invention is convenient for post-maintenance: during the use of the construction project, punching, rebuilding, etc. are not excluded, because the waterproof technology does not have hidden dangers of water leakage, and the cause and location of the water seepage are clear, and the material is a flexible material, and the new and old materials are estimated.
  • the combination of requirements is not high, no doubt to achieve the purpose of maintenance briefing.
  • the invention has the advantages of simple construction period and short construction period: compared with other waterproof materials, the construction is relatively simple and does not require heating and pasting. It only needs to be dry-laid. No special inspection is required after construction. If it is found to be waterproof, it is easy to repair and is not affected by climate and temperature.
  • the invention has the advantages of novel structure, simple construction, convenient post-maintenance, good waterproof performance, long service life and environmental protection of materials, and the large-scale input into the market will surely produce positive social benefits and significant economic benefits.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a waterproof structure of an underground engineering with an independent foundation and a raft foundation;
  • Figure 2 is an enlarged view of a portion A of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is an enlarged view of a portion B of Figure 1;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view showing the waterproof structure of the underground engineering of the foundation of the cap and the foundation of the raft;
  • Figure 5 is an enlarged view of a portion C of Figure 4.
  • Figure 6 is an enlarged view of a portion D of Figure 4.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic view showing the waterproof structure of the wall
  • Figure 8 is an enlarged view of a portion E of Figure 7;
  • Figure 9 is an enlarged view of a portion F of Figure 7;
  • Figure 10 is a schematic view of the waterproof structure of the ceiling.
  • the underground engineering waterproof structure of the independent foundation and the raft foundation includes the independent base waterproof structure, the wall waterproof structure and the ceiling waterproof structure;
  • the independent base plate waterproof structure comprises a waterproof structure of the bottom plate area and a waterproof structure of the independent base area;
  • the bottom layer of the waterproof structure of the bottom plate area is a plain soil layer 1, a concrete cushion layer 2, a bentonite waterproof layer 3, a non-woven fabric 4, a concrete protective layer 5 and a bottom layer 6 of the underground structure;
  • the layered structure of the waterproof structure of the independent base area is followed by the plain soil layer 1, the concrete cushion layer 2, the waterproof coil material 8, the concrete protective layer 5 and the concrete cap 7;
  • the waterproof web 8 is embedded in the bentonite waterproof layer 3, at least 200 mm.
  • the waterproof structure of the wall includes a waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall, a waterproof structure of the middle of the wall, and a waterproof structure of the outer bottom of the wall;
  • the waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall is located outside the floor layer 6 of the underground structure; the block 10 is placed outside the floor layer 6 of the underground structure, and the block 10 is located at the position of the bentonite waterproof layer 3 under the floor layer 6 of the underground structure; The lintel 11 is placed thereon, and the brick wall 9 is built on the lintel 11 .
  • the vertical brick wall 9 is located at the lower part of the reinforced concrete siding above the ground level of the underground engineering; a horizontal brick wall 12 is built outside the vertical brick wall 9
  • the brick wall 9 and the horizontal brick wall 12 are spaced 100mm apart, and the horizontal brick wall 12 is 9100mm higher than the vertical brick wall;
  • the concrete cover 13 is laid on the upper part of the horizontal brick wall 12, and the concrete cover 13 extends toward the side of the vertical brick wall 9 and extends
  • the distance is to cover the gap between the two brick walls completely; between the vertical brick wall 9 and the horizontal brick wall 12 is a bentonite waterproof layer 3, and the bentonite waterproof layer 3 and the bentonite protective layer of the waterproof structure of the bottom plate pass The spacing between the blocks 10 is communicated;
  • the waterproof structure in the middle of the wall is located at the upper part of the waterproof structure at the bottom corner of the wall.
  • the layer of the waterproof structure in the middle of the wall is the outer layer of the basement structure wall 15 and the bentonite waterproof layer 3, the benzene board protective layer 16 and the backfill soil.
  • the waterproof structure of the outer floor of the wall is located at the top of the waterproof structure in the middle of the wall.
  • the layer of the waterproof structure of the outer wall of the wall is made of bentonite waterproof layer 3 and benzene board protective layer 16 from the inside to the outside; the bentonite waterproof layer 3 is thicker than the lower part.
  • the bentonite waterproof layer 3 of the waterproof structure of the middle part of the wall; the outer layer of the protective layer of the benzene board is a water-dispersing structural layer 17, and the upper part of the waterproof structure of the bottom floor of the wall and the upper part of the scattered water structural layer 17 is a water-spraying layer 18;
  • the waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall, the waterproof structure of the middle of the wall and the waterproof layer of bentonite 3 of the waterproof structure of the outer bottom of the wall are connected.
  • the waterproof structure of the ceiling is divided according to the position of the basement in the building: the waterproof structure of the roof and the roof of the building Water structure.
  • the outer layer of the external waterproof structure of the roof is from bottom to top: bentonite waterproof layer 3, non-woven fabric 4, concrete protective layer 5, backfill layer 14 and planting soil backfill layer; layering on the side of the building wall
  • bentonite waterproof layer 3, benzene board protective layer 16 in the upper part of the benzene board protective layer 16 transverse length 60mm benzene board protective layer 16, in the upper part of the 30-80mm benzene board protective layer 16 from bottom to top
  • the bentonite waterproof layer 3, the non-woven fabric 4, the concrete protective layer 5, and the water-dispersing layer 18 are laid.
  • Bentonite waterproof layer 3 uses 200 mesh dry-laid bentonite waterproof layer. Bentonite waterproof layer 4 can expand 10-25 times when it meets water. Under these conditions, it becomes a permanent non-aging plastic paste anti-seepage layer, achieving permanent waterproof requirements. And can achieve self-healing effect of cracks less than 20mm.
  • the spacer 10 is made of granite and has a length of 180 mm, a width of 100 mm and a height of 50 mm.
  • the spacing between each two blocks 10 is 600 mm.
  • the underground engineering waterproof structure of the cap foundation and the raft foundation includes a base waterproof structure of the base, a waterproof structure of the wall and a waterproof structure of the ceiling.
  • the waterproof structure of the base plate of the base platform includes a waterproof structure of the bottom plate area and a waterproof structure of the bearing platform;
  • the bottom layer of the waterproof structure of the bottom plate area is a plain soil layer 1, a concrete cushion layer 2, a bentonite waterproof layer 3, a non-woven fabric 4, a concrete protective layer 5 and a bottom layer 6 of the underground structure;
  • the layer of the waterproof structure of the cap platform is composed of plain soil layer 1, concrete cushion layer 2, bentonite waterproof layer 3, non-woven fabric 4, concrete protective layer 5 and concrete cap 7 from bottom to top.
  • the waterproof structure of the wall includes a waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall, a waterproof structure of the middle of the wall, and a waterproof structure of the outer bottom of the wall;
  • the waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall is located outside the floor layer 6 of the underground structure; the block 10 is placed outside the floor layer 6 of the underground structure, and the block 10 is located at the position of the bentonite waterproof layer 3 under the floor layer 6 of the underground structure; The lintel 11 is placed thereon, and the brick wall 9 is built on the lintel 11 .
  • the vertical brick wall 9 is located at the lower part of the reinforced concrete siding above the ground level of the underground engineering; a horizontal brick wall 12 is built outside the vertical brick wall 9
  • the brick wall 9 and the horizontal brick wall 12 are spaced 100mm apart, and the horizontal brick wall 12 is 9100mm higher than the vertical brick wall;
  • the concrete cover 13 is laid on the upper part of the horizontal brick wall 12, and the concrete cover 13 extends toward the side of the vertical brick wall 9 and extends
  • the distance is to cover the gap between the two brick walls completely; between the vertical brick wall 9 and the horizontal brick wall 12 is a bentonite waterproof layer 3, and the bentonite waterproof layer 3 and the bentonite protective layer of the waterproof structure of the bottom plate pass The spacing between the blocks 10 is communicated;
  • the waterproof structure in the middle of the wall is located at the upper part of the waterproof structure at the bottom corner of the wall.
  • the layer of the waterproof structure in the middle of the wall is the outer layer of the basement structure wall 15 and the bentonite waterproof layer 3, the benzene board protective layer 16 and the backfill soil.
  • the waterproof structure of the outer floor of the wall is located at the top of the waterproof structure in the middle of the wall.
  • the layer of the waterproof structure of the outer wall of the wall is made of bentonite waterproof layer 3 and benzene board protective layer 16 from the inside to the outside; the bentonite waterproof layer 3 is thicker than the lower part.
  • the bentonite waterproof layer 3 of the waterproof structure of the middle part of the wall; the outer layer of the protective layer of the benzene board is a water-dispersing structural layer 17, and the upper part of the waterproof structure of the bottom floor of the wall and the upper part of the scattered water structural layer 17 is a water-spraying layer 18;
  • the waterproof structure of the bottom corner of the wall, the waterproof structure of the middle of the wall and the waterproof layer of bentonite 3 of the waterproof structure of the outer bottom of the wall are connected.
  • the waterproof structure of the ceiling is divided into the waterproof structure of the roof of the building and the waterproof structure of the roof of the building according to the position of the basement in the building.
  • the outer layer of the external waterproof structure of the roof is from bottom to top: bentonite waterproof layer 3, non-woven fabric 4, concrete protective layer 5, backfill layer 14 and planting soil backfill layer; layering on the side of the building wall
  • bentonite waterproof layer 3, benzene board protective layer 16 in the upper part of the benzene board protective layer 16, a length of 60mm benzene board protective layer 16, in the upper part of the 30-80mm benzene board protective layer 16 from bottom to top
  • the bentonite waterproof layer 3, the non-woven fabric 4, the concrete protective layer 5, and the water-dispersing layer 18 are laid.
  • Bentonite waterproof layer 3 uses 200 mesh dry-laid bentonite waterproof layer. Bentonite waterproof layer 4 can expand 10-25 times when it meets water. Under these conditions, it becomes a permanent non-aging plastic paste anti-seepage layer, achieving permanent waterproof requirements. And can achieve self-healing effect of cracks less than 20mm.
  • the spacer 10 is made of granite and has a length of 180 mm, a width of 100 mm and a height of 50 mm.
  • the spacing between each two blocks 10 is 600 mm.

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Abstract

一种地下工程防水结构，包括底板防水结构、墙体防水结构、顶棚防水结构；地下工程防水结构分为独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构和承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构：独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括独立基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构；承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括承台基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构。

Description

地下工程防水结构 技术领域
本发明所述的地下工程防水结构，涉及一种建筑物地下空间(地下室、地下隧道、车库)的防水结构。
背景技术
地下工程防水指是对工业与民用建筑地下工程、防护工程、隧道及地下铁道等建(构)筑物，进行防水设计、防水施工和维护管理等各项技术。防水工程是一项系统工程，它涉及到工程防水材料、防水设计、防水施工等建筑物管理等各个方面。其目的是为保证建筑物不受水侵蚀，及内部空间不受危害和提高建筑物使用功能、寿命等。随着时代的发展，科技的进步，地下工程随之逐渐加大。为此，地下防水是地下工程重要项目，它的好坏会直接影响到使用功能和使用寿命，但近十几年，按单位工程对比，地下室、地下车库顶板工程渗漏分不同程度可达到60％以上。其主要原因是当前的防水材料与建筑构造不适应和不合理所致。由于渗漏的原因，对地下工程结构腐蚀也是巨大的。
地下工程防水材料品种繁多，按其主要原料分为2类卷材：1、沥青类防水材料。以天然沥青、石油沥青和煤沥青为主要原材料，制成的沥青油毡、纸胎沥青油毡等。2、膨润土类防水毯按生产工艺可分为：针刺法钠基膨润土防水毯、针刺覆膜法钠基膨润土防水毯以及胶粘法钠基膨润土防水毯。
膨润土防水毯是一种专门用于人工湖泊水景、垃圾填埋场、地下车库、楼顶花园、水池、油库及化学品堆场等防渗漏的土工合成材料，它是由高膨胀性的钠基膨润土填充在特制的复合土工布和无纺布之间，用针刺法制成的膨润土防渗垫可形成许多小的纤维空间，使膨润土颗粒不能像一个方向流动，遇水时在垫内形成均匀高密度的胶状防水层，有效的防止水的渗漏。
膨润土的矿物学名称为蒙脱石，天然的膨润土按化学成分主要分为钠基和钙基两大类。膨润土具有遇水膨胀的特性，一般膨润土膨胀时，其膨胀仅为自身体积的3倍左右，而膨润土遇水时吸附自身重量五倍的水，体积膨胀到原来的15-17倍以上，将膨润土锁在两层土工合成材料中间，起保护和加固的作用，使膨润土毯具有一定的整体抗剪强度。
其建筑地下卷材防水技术应用，大部分都在建筑、构筑物应水面设一道卷材防水层，在防水层外增设一道保护层等构造技术方式。
由于卷材自身的结构，无法满足现有建筑的防水要求，使得现有的防水构造技术存在以下问题：
1、由于地下工程构造达不到卷材防水基层要求，估也达不到防水目的，造成大部分地下工程渗漏现象；
2、卷材防水材料本身质量寿命(15-20年)与主体寿命(一般为100年)相差太大；
3、地下工程卷材防水技术对后期维护造成很大困难；
4、膨润土毯在寒冷地区，不适应冻胀要求。因卷材在冻土范围内通过冰冻后形成 一体化，卷材失去延伸率指标，估当冻土产生冻胀变形后，势必产生断裂渗漏现象。
针对上述现有技术中所存在的问题，研究设计一种新型的地下工程防水结构，从而克服现有技术中所存在的问题是十分必要的。
发明内容
鉴于上述现有技术中所存在的问题，本发明的目的是研究设计一种新型的地下工程防水结构。利用膨润土自身所具有的性能，实现建筑的防水性能；
天然膨润土无老化柔性材料所致，其根据材料特性，结合地下工程构造采取不同程度的工艺，达到施工简介，不受环境和气温影响，并在各种因素结构有轻微裂缝变化情况下能自愈合功效，同时，时刻永久保证地下防水层整体效果，可彻底解决地下工程渗漏问题。同时，对地下工程以后维修创造有利条件。
A、密实性：膨润土在水压状态下形成高密度横隔膜，厚度约3mm时，它的透水性为&×10-11m/sec以下，相当于100倍的30cm厚度粘土的密实度，具有很强的自保水性能。
B、永久的防水性能：因为膨润土系天然无机材料，即使经过很长时间或周围环境发生变化，也不会发生老化或腐蚀现象，因此防水性能持久。
C、一体化(防水材料和对象的一体化)：膨润土遇水时，具有10-28倍的膨胀能力，即使构造发生震动和沉降，膨润土也能修补20mm以内表面的裂纹作用。
D、绿色环保：膨润土为天然无机材料，对人体无害无毒，对环境没有特别的影响，具有良好的环保性能。
本发明的技术解决方案是这样实现的：
本发明所述的地下工程防水结构，包括底板防水结构、墙体防水结构、顶棚防水结构；
其特征在于：所述的地下工程防水结构分为独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构和承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构：
本发明所述的独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括独立基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构；
本发明所述的承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括承台基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构。
本发明所述的承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构从节点结构形式分析，此节点承重方式属于底板荷载传承到承台，再通过承台传承到灌注桩的受力方式。此种承重方式当结构混凝土强度达到一定的强度后，结构底板及承台迎水面各层面不属于受力面，根据不同的地质条件出现微量多层悬空层面。尤其是结构灌注桩、抗浮桩桩头，此处无法达到防渗要求。当防水层局部或多处出现渗漏后，势必在迎水面产生多层悬空层窜水现象，导致地下工程防水层无效后果，再通过结构混凝土多方面裂缝因素，通过混凝土裂缝产生地下室漏水现象。根据以上结构承重形式及材料工艺分析，其结果是卷材防水技术不适应此类地下结构防水工程。为此，为了解决以上问题，本发明的承台基础底板防水结构设计有底板区防水结构和承台区防水结构两部分。
本发明所述的底板区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层、混凝土垫层、膨润土防水层、无纺布、混凝土保护层及地下结构底板层。
本发明所述的承台区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层、混凝土垫层、膨润土防水层、无纺布、混凝土保护层及混凝土承台。
本发明所述的独立基础防水结构，其底板部分与承台相交范围内从技术来讲是相同的。只是独立基础范围采用通常的卷材防水技术，因独立基础是把荷载直接传承给大地，为此，当基础受力后，防水卷材面产生挤压面，估不会产生渗漏和窜水等现象，由此，此节点就出现地下室底板与地理基础两种不同防水构造。所以，需在地下室底板与独立基础迎水面相交处，采用独立基础卷材嵌入底板膨润土防渗层内＞200MM即可达到目的，其独立基础底板防水结构包括底板区防水结构和独立基础区防水结构；
本发明所述的底板区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层、混凝土垫层、膨润土防水层、无纺布、混凝土保护层及地下结构底板层；
本发明所述的独立基础区防水结构的造层依次是素土夯实层、混凝土垫层、防水卷材、混凝土保护层及混凝土承台；
本发明所述的防水卷材嵌入到膨润土防水层中，至少嵌入200mm。
通过地下墙体防水工程构造分析，由于现场施工多种原因，迎水面墙体基层很难达到卷材防水基层要求，势必会产生卷材与墙体基层空鼓因素，故导致卷材与墙体间窜水现象，尤其是地下室钢筋混凝土底板与墙体交接处，由于此处是分两个施工段施工，为此，在交接处防水很难达到防水要求。再通过结构混凝土多方面裂缝因素，通过混凝土裂缝产生地下室漏水现象。根据以上构造形式及材料工艺分析，其结果是卷材防水技术不适应此类地下墙体结构防水工程。
本发明的墙体防水结构包括墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构，可以做到全方位的解决上述问题：
本发明所述的墙体底角防水结构位于地下结构底板层的外侧；在地下结构底板层的外侧间隔300-800mm放置垫块，垫块位于地下结构底板层下的膨润土防水层的位置；在垫块上放置过梁，在过梁上砌立砖墙，立砖墙高于地下工程地面高度位于钢筋混凝土外墙板的下部；在立砖墙外侧砌一道横砖墙，立砖墙与横砖墙间距为50～150mm，横砖墙高于立砖墙50～150mm；在横砖墙上部铺有混凝土盖板，混凝土盖板向立砖墙一侧延伸，延伸距离为能将两道砖墙之间大缝隙完全盖住为准；在立砖墙与横砖墙之间为膨润土防水层，该膨润土防水层与底板防水结构的膨润土保护层通过垫块之间的间隔相通；
本发明所述的墙体中部防水结构位于墙体底角防水结构的上部，墙体中部防水结构的造层是在地下室结构墙体外侧由内之外依次是膨润土防水层、苯板保护层及回填土层；
本发明所述的墙体外侧底板防水结构位于墙体中部防水结构的顶部，墙体外侧底板防水结构的造层由内之外依次是膨润土防水层、苯板保护层；该膨润土防水层要厚于下部墙体中部防水结构的膨润土防水层；在苯板保护层的外部为散水构造层，在墙体外侧底板防水结构及散水构造层的上部为散水层；
本发明所述的墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构的膨润土防水层相通。
本发明所述的顶棚防水结构根据地下室处于楼体位置分为：楼体内棚顶防水结构和楼体外棚顶防水结构。
本发明所述的楼体外棚顶防水结构造层由下至上依次为：膨润土防水层、无纺布、混凝土保护层、回填土层及种植土回填层；在靠近建筑物墙体一侧的造层由墙体向外依 次为：膨润土防水层、苯板保护层；在苯板保护层上部横搭长度30～80mm苯板保护层，在30～80mm苯板保护层上部由下至上依次铺膨润土防水层、无纺布、混凝土保护层及散水层。
本发明所述的膨润土防水层采用200目干铺膨润土防水层，膨润土防水层遇水后，可膨胀10-25倍以上，在此条件下自行成为永久不老化塑性膏体防渗层，达到永久防水要求，并在可实现小于20mm裂缝可自愈合效果。
本发明所述的垫块由花岗岩制成，长度为180mm，宽度为100mm，高度为50mm。
本发明所述的每两块垫块之间的间距为300-800mm。
本发明的优点是显而易见的，主要表现在：
本地下工程防水技术发明，是通过堵漏20几年经验所得，经过验证，多年至今无有反修现象。其主要采用天然膨润土无老化柔性材料所致，其根据材料特性(纳基膨润土优越于钙基)，膨润土结合地下工程结构及构造采取不同程度的工艺，达到施工简介，不受环境和气温影响，并在各种因素结构有轻微裂缝变化情况下能自愈合功效，同时，时刻永久保证地下防水层整体效果，可彻底解决地下工程渗漏问题。同时，对地下工程以后维修创造有利条件。
本发明具有良好的防水整体性：本发明充分发挥膨润土材料的优势，完全可达到防水层整体性，尤其是根据材料吸附性很强的优势，彻底解决各种桩头节点防水渗漏问题。此材料属于柔性材料，对结构微量变形可达到自行调整功效。当材料遇水后，通过材料本身膨胀，在一定的时间内，形成整体性很强塑性防水层。
本发明具有较长的防水寿命：因为膨润土系天然无机材料，即使经过很长时间或周围环境发生变化，也不会发生老化或腐蚀现象，因此防水性能可持续几百年以上。
本发明方便后期维护：建筑工程在使用过程中，不排除打孔、改建等，由于此防水技术不存在窜水隐患，对渗水原因和部位表现清晰，另外此材料属于柔性材料，估对新旧材料的结合要求不高，无疑达到维修简介目的。
本发明施工简便工期短：和其他防水材料比较，施工相对比较简单，不需要加热和粘贴。只需用干铺即可，施工后不需要特别的检查，如果发现防水缺陷也容易维修，并不受气候和气温影响。
本发明具有结构新颖、施工简便、便于后期维护、具有良好的防水性能、超长的使用寿命、材料环保等优点，其大批量投入市场必将产生积极的社会效益和显著的经济效益。
附图说明
本发明共有10幅附图，其中：
附图1为独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构示意图；
附图2为附图1的A部放大；
附图3为附图1的B部放大；
附图4为承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构示意图；
附图5为附图4的C部放大；
附图6为附图4的D部放大；
附图7为墙体防水结构示意图；
附图8为附图7的E部放大；
附图9为附图7的F部放大；
附图10为顶棚防水结构示意图。
在图中：1、素土夯实层 2、混凝土垫层 3、膨润土防水层 4、无纺布 5、混凝土保护层 6、地下结构底板层 7、混凝土承台 8、防水卷材 9、立砖墙 10、垫块 11、过梁 12、横砖墙 13、混凝土盖板 14、回填土层 15、地下室结构墙体 16、苯板保护层 17、散水构造层 18、散水层
具体实施方式
为了更清楚地说明本发明，下面结合优选实施例和附图对本发明做进一步的说明。附图中相似的部件以相同的附图标记进行表示。本领域技术人员应当理解，下面所具体描述的内容是说明性的而非限制性的，不应以此限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
本发明的具体实施例如附图所示，独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括独立基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构；
独立基础底板防水结构包括底板区防水结构和独立基础区防水结构；
底板区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层1、混凝土垫层2、膨润土防水层3、无纺布4、混凝土保护层5及地下结构底板层6；
独立基础区防水结构的造层依次是素土夯实层1、混凝土垫层2、防水卷材8、混凝土保护层5及混凝土承台7；
防水卷材8嵌入到膨润土防水层3中，至少嵌入200mm。
墙体防水结构包括墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构；
墙体底角防水结构位于地下结构底板层6的外侧；在地下结构底板层6的外侧放置垫块10，垫块10位于地下结构底板层6下的膨润土防水层3的位置；在垫块10上放置过梁11，在过梁11上砌立砖墙9，立砖墙9高于地下工程地面高度位于钢筋混凝土外墙板的下部；在立砖墙9外侧砌一道横砖墙12，立砖墙9与横砖墙12间距为100mm，横砖墙12高于立砖墙9100mm；在横砖墙12上部铺有混凝土盖板13，混凝土盖板13向立砖墙9一侧延伸，延伸距离为能将两道砖墙之间大缝隙完全盖住为准；在立砖墙9与横砖墙12之间为膨润土防水层3，该膨润土防水层3与底板防水结构的膨润土保护层通过垫块10之间的间隔相通；
墙体中部防水结构位于墙体底角防水结构的上部，墙体中部防水结构的造层是在地下室结构墙体15外侧由内之外依次是膨润土防水层3、苯板保护层16及回填土层14；
墙体外侧底板防水结构位于墙体中部防水结构的顶部，墙体外侧底板防水结构的造层由内之外依次是膨润土防水层3、苯板保护层16；该膨润土防水层3要厚于下部墙体中部防水结构的膨润土防水层3；在苯板保护层的外部为散水构造层17，在墙体外侧底板防水结构及散水构造层17的上部为散水层18；
墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构的膨润土防水层3相通。
顶棚防水结构根据地下室处于楼体位置分为：楼体内棚顶防水结构和楼体外棚顶防 水结构。
楼体外棚顶防水结构造层由下至上依次为：膨润土防水层3、无纺布4、混凝土保护层5、回填土层14及种植土回填层；在靠近建筑物墙体一侧的造层由墙体向外依次为：膨润土防水层3、苯板保护层16；在苯板保护层16上部横搭长度60mm苯板保护层16，在30～80mm苯板保护层16上部由下至上依次铺膨润土防水层3、无纺布4、混凝土保护层5及散水层18。
膨润土防水层3采用200目干铺膨润土防水层，膨润土防水层4遇水后，可膨胀10-25倍以上，在此条件下自行成为永久不老化塑性膏体防渗层，达到永久防水要求，并在可实现小于20mm裂缝可自愈合效果。
垫块10由花岗岩制成，长度为180mm，宽度为100mm，高度为50mm。
每两块垫块10之间的间距为600mm。
实施例2
本发明的具体实施例如附图所示，承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括承台基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构。
承台基础底板防水结构包括底板区防水结构和承台区防水结构；
底板区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层1、混凝土垫层2、膨润土防水层3、无纺布4、混凝土保护层5及地下结构底板层6；
承台区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层1、混凝土垫层2、膨润土防水层3、无纺布4、混凝土保护层5及混凝土承台7。
墙体防水结构包括墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构；
墙体底角防水结构位于地下结构底板层6的外侧；在地下结构底板层6的外侧放置垫块10，垫块10位于地下结构底板层6下的膨润土防水层3的位置；在垫块10上放置过梁11，在过梁11上砌立砖墙9，立砖墙9高于地下工程地面高度位于钢筋混凝土外墙板的下部；在立砖墙9外侧砌一道横砖墙12，立砖墙9与横砖墙12间距为100mm，横砖墙12高于立砖墙9100mm；在横砖墙12上部铺有混凝土盖板13，混凝土盖板13向立砖墙9一侧延伸，延伸距离为能将两道砖墙之间大缝隙完全盖住为准；在立砖墙9与横砖墙12之间为膨润土防水层3，该膨润土防水层3与底板防水结构的膨润土保护层通过垫块10之间的间隔相通；
墙体中部防水结构位于墙体底角防水结构的上部，墙体中部防水结构的造层是在地下室结构墙体15外侧由内之外依次是膨润土防水层3、苯板保护层16及回填土层14；
墙体外侧底板防水结构位于墙体中部防水结构的顶部，墙体外侧底板防水结构的造层由内之外依次是膨润土防水层3、苯板保护层16；该膨润土防水层3要厚于下部墙体中部防水结构的膨润土防水层3；在苯板保护层的外部为散水构造层17，在墙体外侧底板防水结构及散水构造层17的上部为散水层18；
墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构的膨润土防水层3相通。
顶棚防水结构根据地下室处于楼体位置分为：楼体内棚顶防水结构和楼体外棚顶防水结构。
楼体外棚顶防水结构造层由下至上依次为：膨润土防水层3、无纺布4、混凝土保护层5、回填土层14及种植土回填层；在靠近建筑物墙体一侧的造层由墙体向外依次为：膨润土防水层3、苯板保护层16；在苯板保护层16上部横搭长度60mm苯板保护层16，在30～80mm苯板保护层16上部由下至上依次铺膨润土防水层3、无纺布4、混凝土保护层5及散水层18。
膨润土防水层3采用200目干铺膨润土防水层，膨润土防水层4遇水后，可膨胀10-25倍以上，在此条件下自行成为永久不老化塑性膏体防渗层，达到永久防水要求，并在可实现小于20mm裂缝可自愈合效果。
垫块10由花岗岩制成，长度为180mm，宽度为100mm，高度为50mm。
每两块垫块10之间的间距为600mm。
显然，本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例，而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定，对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说，在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动，这里无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举，凡是属于本发明的技术方案所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之列。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种地下工程防水结构，包括底板防水结构、墙体防水结构、顶棚防水结构；
    其特征在于：所述的地下工程防水结构分为独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构和承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构：
    所述的独立基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括独立基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构；
    所述的承台基础与筏板基础的地下工程防水结构包括承台基础底板防水结构、墙体防水结构及顶棚防水结构。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于所述的独立基础底板防水结构包括底板区防水结构和独立基础区防水结构；
    所述的底板区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层(1)、混凝土垫层(2)、膨润土防水层(3)、无纺布(4)、混凝土保护层(5)及地下结构底板层(6)；
    所述的独立基础区防水结构的造层依次是素土夯实层(1)、混凝土垫层(2)、防水卷材(8)、混凝土保护层(5)及混凝土承台(7)；
    所述的防水卷材(8)嵌入到膨润土防水层(3)中，至少嵌入200mm。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于所述的承台基础底板防水结构包括底板区防水结构和承台区防水结构；
    所述的底板区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层(1)、混凝土垫层(2)、膨润土防水层(3)、无纺布(4)、混凝土保护层(5)及地下结构底板层(6)；
    所述的承台区防水结构的造层由下至上依次是素土夯实层(1)、混凝土垫层(2)、膨润土防水层(3)、无纺布(4)、混凝土保护层(5)及混凝土承台(7)。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于所述的墙体防水结构包括墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构；
    所述的墙体底角防水结构位于地下结构底板层(6)的外侧；在地下结构底板层(6)的外侧若干放置垫块(10)，垫块(10)位于地下结构底板层(6)下的膨润土防水层(3)的位置；在垫块(10)上放置过梁(11)，在过梁(11)上砌立砖墙(9)，立砖墙(9)高于地下工程地面高度位于钢筋混凝土外墙板的下部；在立砖墙(9)外侧砌一道横砖墙(12)，立砖墙(9)与横砖墙(12)间距为50～150mm，横砖墙(12)高于立砖墙(9)50～150mm；在横砖墙(12)上部铺有混凝土盖板(13)，混凝土盖板(13)向立砖墙(9)一侧延伸，延伸距离为能将两道砖墙之间大缝隙完全盖住为准；在立砖墙(9)与横砖墙(12)之间为膨润土防水层(3)，该膨润土防水层(3)与底板防水结构的膨润土保护层通过垫块(10)之间的间隔相通；
    所述的墙体中部防水结构位于墙体底角防水结构的上部，墙体中部防水结构的造层是在地下室结构墙体(15)外侧由内之外依次是膨润土防水层(3)、苯板保护层(16)及回填土层(14)；
    所述的墙体外侧底板防水结构位于墙体中部防水结构的顶部，墙体外侧底板防水结构的造层由内之外依次是膨润土防水层(3)、苯板保护层(16)；该膨润土防水层(3)要厚于下部墙体中部防水结构的膨润土防水层(3)；在苯板保护层的外部为散水构造层(17)，在墙体外侧底板防水结构及散水构造层(17)的上部为散水层(18)；
    所述的墙体底角防水结构、墙体中部防水结构及墙体外侧底板防水结构的膨润土防水层(3)相通。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于所述的顶棚防水结构根据地下室处于楼体位置分为：楼体内棚顶防水结构和楼体外棚顶防水结构。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于所述的楼体外棚顶防水结构造层由下至上依次为：膨润土防水层(3)、无纺布(4)、混凝土保护层(5)、回填土层(14)及种植土回填层；在靠近建筑物墙体一侧的造层由墙体向外依次为：膨润土防水层(3)、苯板保护层(16)；在苯板保护层(16)上部横搭长度30～80mm苯板保护层(16)，在30～80mm苯板保护层(16)上部由下至上依次铺膨润土防水层(3)、无纺布(4)、混凝土保护层(5)及散水层(18)。
  7. 根据权利要求2、3、4或6所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于所述的膨润土防水层(3)采用200目干铺膨润土防水层，膨润土防水层(4)遇水后，可膨胀10-25倍以上，在此条件下自行成为永久不老化塑性膏体防渗层，达到永久防水要求，并在可实现小于20mm裂缝可自愈合效果。
  8. 根据权利要求4所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于所述的垫块(10)由花岗岩制成，长度为180mm，宽度为100mm，高度为50mm。
  9. 根据权利要求4所述的地下工程防水结构，其特征在于每两块垫块(10)之间的间距为300-800mm。
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