WO2017095878A1 - Synthèse et projection de profil de faisceau pour antennes en métamatériau - Google Patents

Synthèse et projection de profil de faisceau pour antennes en métamatériau Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017095878A1
WO2017095878A1 PCT/US2016/064145 US2016064145W WO2017095878A1 WO 2017095878 A1 WO2017095878 A1 WO 2017095878A1 US 2016064145 W US2016064145 W US 2016064145W WO 2017095878 A1 WO2017095878 A1 WO 2017095878A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
aperture
antenna
pattern
modulation
elements
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2016/064145
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English (en)
Inventor
Eric J. Black
Brian Mark Deutsch
Alexander Remley Katko
Melroy Machado
Jay Howard MCCANDLESS
Yaroslav A. Urzhumov
Original Assignee
Searete Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US14/954,726 external-priority patent/US10050344B2/en
Priority claimed from US14/954,732 external-priority patent/US10050345B2/en
Application filed by Searete Llc filed Critical Searete Llc
Publication of WO2017095878A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017095878A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/08—Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart

Definitions

  • the principal function of any antenna is to couple an electromagnetic wave guided within the antenna's structure to an electromagnetic wave propagating in free space.
  • a determined object wave at the radiating aperture surface of an antenna can be approximately formed by applying a modulation pattern to metamaterial elements receiving RF energy from a feed network.
  • the object wave at the radiating surface of an antenna is selected so that when propagated into a far- field, the resulting radiation pattern is of a desired shape.
  • a computing system can compute an approximation of the object wave by calculating a modulation pattern to apply to metamaterial elements receiving RF energy from a feed network. The approximation can be due to a grid size of the metamaterial elements (discrete sampling of a continuous quantity).
  • the process can be further divided into five operations.
  • a first operation the fields in a field network are calculated.
  • the field network includes a reference wave, desired far field pattern and determined object wave.
  • an ideal hologram modulation pattern is calculated from the object and reference wave components of the field network.
  • phase information in the ideal hologram modulation pattern is discarded.
  • an aperture taper function is summed with the real portion of the ideal hologram.
  • the sum pattern is normalized to form an aperture modulation pattern.
  • FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram of beam forming using a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of a parallel-plate waveguide that can be used in conjunction with a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram of a rectangular waveguide that can be used in conjunction with a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram of a microstrip line that can be used in conjunction with a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a method of beam pattern synthesis.
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an alternative method of beam pattern synthesis.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a method of beam pattern projection.
  • FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an alternative method of beam pattern projection.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a method of beam pattern projection with beam synthesis.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a computing system.
  • a field description of a desired far-field beam pattern is prescribed.
  • an object wave at an antenna's aperture plane is calculated that results in the desired far-field beam pattern being radiated.
  • a modulation function is determined which will scatter the reference wave into the desired object wave.
  • the modulation function is applied to radiating elements, which are excited by the reference wave, to form an approximation of the determined object wave which in turn radiates from the aperture plane into the far field pattern.
  • determinations can include the antenna system.
  • the fields in a field network are calculated.
  • An ideal hologram modulation pattern is calculated.
  • Phase information of the hologram modulation pattern is discarded.
  • An aperture taper function is scaled and multiplied with the magnitude portion of the ideal hologram.
  • the sum pattern is normalized to form an aperture modulation pattern.
  • the modulation pattern is formed by a product of the aperture modulation pattern and the desired object wave.
  • the guided wave in the antenna is referred to as the
  • reference wave or “reference mode”
  • the desired free space propagating wave pattern is referred to as the "radiated wave” or “radiative mode.”
  • An “object wave” is simply the far- field radiated wave back-propagated to the aperture where both the modulation pattern and reference wave are present.
  • the general method for selecting the modulation pattern in MSA-T is derived from holographic principles where the surface modulation function ⁇ T uoio) is simply the beat of the reference wave (E re f) and the object wave (E ob j). This relationship can be expressed compactly as:
  • Equation 1 if both E re f and E ob j are normalized, the function r oio can take on any value in the complex plane in a circle with a magnitude less than one. It is assumed that the reference wave is well conditioned to not possess any zeros in the region of interest. This is frequently true as the reference wave is usually a phasor quantity with non-zero magnitude.
  • the modulating elements used in MSA-Ts can be incapable of completely covering this complex unit circle.
  • the modulation function can be adjusted to reflect the achievable modulation values the antenna elements can provide.
  • the surface can be discretely sampled at fixed locations, leading any choice of modulation pattern to be a sampled approximation of the ideal modulation pattern (also known as an idealized modulation pattern).
  • Phased array antennas have used a number of methods to shape the radiated far-field.
  • the modulating element is capable of arbitrary phase and amplitude modulation.
  • a method can be applied to controlling beam shaping in MSA-Ts where the input is the desired far- field pattern and the output is the modulation function applied to the discrete MSA-T array elements.
  • the reference wave in a method is assumed to be a guided wave propagating through a parallel-plate waveguide, a rectangular waveguide or a microstrip line, i.e., an excitation of the form E 0 e ⁇ l x .
  • the method can be broken down into two parts, construction of an object wave and construction of a modulation pattern.
  • the process can be further divided into four operations.
  • a beam profile projection can be defined in the far-field.
  • the far-field pattern can be converted into the spatial-frequency domain.
  • the far-field pattern is back-propagated to an antenna plane.
  • the pattern at the antenna is converted to the spatial domain.
  • a computing resource such as a controller, defines a desired beam profile projected onto a two-dimensional plane located in the far-field from the antenna.
  • a grid can be defined to have sufficient sampling density to capture propagating spatial frequencies.
  • the grid can also be defined to have sufficient padding around the pattern to minimize aliasing.
  • the grid can be defined such that the coordinates of the sample points in the far-field plane will also correspond to element locations at the aperture plane.
  • the definition of sample points in such a way is not required.
  • a computing resource uses a Fourier transform to convert the spatial domain far-field pattern into the spatial-frequency domain (sometimes referred to in literature as k-space).
  • a computing resource constructs a transfer function of free space and uses the transfer function to back-propagate the k-space field description in the far-field back to the antenna plane.
  • the form of the transfer function of free space can vary depending on the choice of coordinate system used.
  • the k-space can be convenient to use because the action of the free space transfer function on the k-space fields is multiplication and Fourier transforms in the discrete domain computationally efficient.
  • an impulse response and convolution can be used, which avoids the use of Fourier transforms.
  • convolution can be computationally taxing.
  • a computing resource can use an inverse Fourier transform to convert the k-space pattern into the spatial domain.
  • the resulting spatial-domain pattern represents the fields needed at the aperture plane to produce the desired far-field pattern. This field is sometimes called the "object wave.”
  • the computing resource can then move to construction of a modulation pattern at the antenna using the determined object wave.
  • the process can be further divided into five operations.
  • a first operation the fields in a field network are calculated.
  • an ideal hologram modulation pattern is calculated.
  • an aperture taper function is multiplied with the magnitude portion of the ideal hologram.
  • phase information is discarded.
  • a fifth operation the pattern is shifted and scaled to form the aperture modulation pattern.
  • a computing resource calculates the fields in the feed network at each radiating element while stimulating the feed input port. These fields are sometimes referred to as a "reference wave.”
  • the reference wave structure is antenna dependent and can take on many forms. For MSA-Ts, it frequently has the form of a travelling wave moving along the surface of the antenna.
  • a computing resource forms an ideal hologram modulation pattern (also known as an ideal modulation pattern) by multiplying a reference wave with an object wave.
  • the computing resource can form a tapered modulation function by multiplying an aperture taper function with the ideal hologram.
  • the computing resource can take the magnitude of the ideal hologram, discarding phase information between the array elements.
  • the computing resource can normalize the tapered modulation pattern by shifting and scaling the tapered modulation pattern to lie within the upper and lower bounds of the element modulation range to form the aperture modulation pattern.
  • RF inputs can be activated to provide RF energy into the backplane or feed network.
  • the modulation pattern can be applied to a control grid that causes the metamaterial elements to form the object wave that is then propagated into free space.
  • a metamaterial can be used as a layer in a beam-forming system.
  • An array of sub-wavelength elements may be configured to transmit an
  • each sub- wavelength element may be configured with an electromagnetic resonance at one of a plurality of electromagnetic frequencies.
  • Each sub- wavelength element may also be configured to generate an electromagnetic emission in response to the electromagnetic resonance.
  • the sub- wavelength elements may be described as "sub-wavelength" because a wavelength of the electromagnetic emission of each respective sub-wavelength element may be larger than a physical diameter of the respective sub-wavelength element.
  • the physical diameter of one or more of the sub-wavelength elements may be less than one- half the wavelength of the electromagnetic transmission within a given transmission medium, such as a quarter wavelength or one-eighth wavelength.
  • a beam-forming controller may be configured to cause radio frequency energy to be transmitted by one or more radio frequency energy sources at select frequencies.
  • the select frequencies resonate with a select subset of the sub-wavelength elements. This causes the resonating sub- wavelength elements to generate electromagnetic emissions according to a selectable electromagnetic transmission pattern.
  • the radio frequency energy may be conveyed to the various sub-wavelength elements via a common port, such as a waveguide or free space.
  • sub-wavelength elements can be created with different frequency sensitivities.
  • sub-wavelength elements can be created with a sensitivity to a distribution of frequencies (such as an intentional distribution created with scaling the size of the elements).
  • Each of the sub-wavelength elements in the pattern is activated by a different frequency.
  • a first pattern of energy results when a feed of 76.9 gigahertz energy is coupled to the sub- wavelength elements.
  • a second pattern of energy is emitted by the sub- wavelength elements.
  • a third pattern is emitted by the sub-wavelength elements.
  • a control layer can be used in conjunction with a metamaterial layer in the form of a grid of control elements.
  • the control layer is a liquid crystal grid (LCG, sometimes referred to as a matrix) in which a liquid crystal element can alter behavior of a transmission layer element (such as a metamaterial element).
  • the transmission layer can selectively vary a transmission coefficient of each element of the grid.
  • electromagnetic energy from the backplane structure or feed network is coupled to an array of antenna elements, which, if uniformly excited, would generate a particular electromagnetic beam pattern.
  • a pattern of electromagnetic energy from the backplane structure modulated by the electromagnetic energy, multiplied by the pattern caused by the control elements a far-field beam pattern is produced by the antenna array.
  • the far- field beam pattern is a convolution of the pattern that the antenna elements generate (as modified by the control elements) with the pattern that the electromagnetic energy generates if radiated by a uniform array of antenna elements.
  • Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of a beam-forming system 100 that includes an antenna 112 and a control system 111.
  • a desired two-dimensional beam profile 122 may be selected in a far-field 128 of the antenna 112.
  • a far-field beam pattern 126 may be determined.
  • the far-field beam pattern 126 may be converted into a spatial-frequency domain (i.e., k-space) and back-propagated to an antenna plane using a transfer function of free space.
  • the field description at the antenna plane may then be converted into the spatial domain as an object wave 108.
  • the system 100 can compute a modulation function to apply to radiating elements of the antenna to form the object wave 108, including discarding a phase portion of an ideal modulation pattern to form a real modulation pattern.
  • the antenna 112 can then apply the modulation function to the radiating elements to produce an approximation of the far-field beam pattern 126.
  • the antenna 112 includes layers that include an aperture plane 102, array elements 104 and a backplane 106 (which includes a feed network).
  • the layers work together to form the object wave 108 from the antenna 112 that can propagate into free space.
  • the backplane 106 (also known as a backplane cavity or backplane structure) can receive RF energy from radiating elements 110 that receive the RF energy from RF inputs.
  • the backplane 106 can then couple the RF energy into the array elements layerY
  • the array elements layer can include a metamaterial layer 114 and a control grid 120.
  • the control grid 120 can include individual control elements 118 that correspond to metamaterial elements 116.
  • the control grid elements 118 can be used to enable transmission of RF energy by a corresponding metamaterial element 116 or disable transmission of RF energy by a corresponding metamaterial element 116.
  • the control grid 120 is a liquid crystal grid that selectively enables or disables control elements 118.
  • each sub- wavelength metamaterial element 116 may also be configured to generate an electromagnetic emission in response to the electromagnetic resonance of RF energy coupled to the sub- wavelength metamaterial element 116 from the backplane 106.
  • an object wave 108 can be created at the aperture plane 102 of the antenna 112.
  • the control system 111 can create the desired object wave 108, such as one that has a desired far-field beam pattern, by calculating and applying a modulation pattern to the metamaterial layer 114.
  • the object wave 108 can propagate from the near-field 124 to the far-field 128.
  • construction of a modulation pattern can be determined and then applied to an antenna system.
  • the control system 111 calculates the fields in the feed network of backplane 106 at each radiating element while stimulating the feed input port.
  • the control system 111 determines an ideal hologram modulation pattern by multiplying a reference wave with the desired object wave 108.
  • the control system 111 discards a phase part and takes a magnitude part of the determined ideal hologram.
  • the control system 111 fits an aperture taper function which is multiplied to the magnitude of the ideal hologram.
  • the pattern is shifted and scaled such that all elements have values greater than or equal to a lower bound of the element modulation range (or depth) and less than the upper bound of the element modulation range (or depth) to form the aperture modulation pattern.
  • the control system 111 applies the modulation pattern to the aperture plane 102.
  • the reference wave interacts with the modulation pattern to form the object wave 108 at the aperture plane 102.
  • the control system 111 can create the desired object wave 108.
  • RF inputs can be activated to provide RF energy into the backplane 106 or feed network, such as through radiating elements 110.
  • the modulation pattern can be applied to the control grid 120 that causes the metamaterial elements 116 to form the object wave 108 that is then propagated into free space.
  • control system 111 discards an imaginary part and takes a real part of the determined ideal hologram.
  • the control system 111 fits an aperture taper function which has been scaled so that when it is added to the real part of the ideal hologram elements of the sum have values greater than or equal to a lower bound of the element modulation range (or depth).
  • the control system 111 normalizes the sum pattern by the upper bound of the element modulation range (or depth) to form the aperture modulation pattern.
  • the control system 111 applies the modulation pattern to the aperture plane 102 by taking the product of the modulation pattern and reference wave to form the radiated field at the aperture plane 102.
  • Fig. 2 shows a beam forming using a beam pattern synthesis system 200.
  • the beam pattern synthesis system 200 can include an antenna 210 (such as the antenna 112 of Fig. 1).
  • a user or system can determine a two-dimensional beam profile 206 that is desired in a far- field of the antenna 210.
  • the two-dimensional beam profile 206 can be back-propagated to a representation of an object wave 208 at an aperture of the antenna 210.
  • a control system 214 of an antenna system 202 can determine how to create the object wave 208 from the antenna 210 that results in the two-dimensional beam profile 206.
  • the antenna system 202 can provide an RF input 212 into the antenna 210 to create a guided wave (also known as a reference wave or reference mode).
  • the antenna 210 can then use the guided wave to produce the object wave 208 at an aperture of the antenna 210.
  • the object wave 208 then radiates from the antenna 210 to form a radiated wave (also known as a propagating wave or radiative wave).
  • the radiated wave forms a beam pattern 204 as it radiates.
  • the beam pattern 204 then approximates the desired two-dimensional beam profile 206.
  • Figs. 3-5 show a set of waveguides that can be used as part of the antenna (210 in Fig. 2 and 112 in Fig. 1).
  • Figs. 3-5 are meant to show examples of waveguides and/or antenna structures, but not limit the types of waveguides and/or antenna structures that can be used.
  • a transmission line structure and/or substrate integrated waveguide can also be used.
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram of a parallel-plate waveguide 300 that can be used in conjunction with a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • the parallel-plate waveguide 300 can provide varying angles of emission that deviate from the plate normally when used with metamaterial technology.
  • Fig. 4 is a diagram of a rectangular waveguide 400 that can be used in conjunction with a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • the rectangular waveguide 400 can provide varying angles of emission that deviate from the waveguide axis when used with metamaterial technology.
  • Fig. 5 is a diagram of a microstrip line 500 that can be used in conjunction with a beam pattern synthesis/projection system.
  • the microstrip line 500 can provide varying angles of emission when used with metamaterial technology.
  • Fig. 6 is a block diagram of a method 600 of beam pattern synthesis.
  • the method 600 can be implemented by a system 100 such as shown in Fig. 1 including control system 111, antenna 112, aperture plane 102, array elements 104, backplane 106 and feed network.
  • a control system receives a selected antenna-plane pattern (such as a desired object wave).
  • the control system determines a modulation pattern based at least in part on a reference wave from a feed network of an antenna multiplied by the antenna-plane pattern.
  • the control system applies an ideal modulation pattern to an aperture taper function and takes the magnitude to form a real modulation pattern.
  • the control system forms an aperture modulation pattern by scaling the real modulation pattern to lie within a lower bound of an element modulation range of an aperture and an upper bound of the element modulation range of the aperture.
  • the control system determines a modulation function of the aperture based at least in part on a product of the aperture modulation pattern and the reference wave.
  • the control system applies the modulation function to array elements of the antenna.
  • the control system applies RF energy to the feed network.
  • Fig. 7 is a block diagram of an alternative method 700 of beam pattern synthesis. The method 700 can be implemented by a system 100 such as shown in Fig.
  • a control system receives a spatial-domain antenna-plane pattern (such as a desired object wave).
  • the control system determines a reference wave, which includes a set of fields based at least in part on energy from a feed network coupled to the aperture that couples energy to a set of radiating elements. Each field corresponds to a radiating element in an antenna plane.
  • the control system computes a modulation pattern based at least in part on multiplying the reference wave by the spatial-domain antenna-plane pattern.
  • the control system discards a phase portion of the modulation pattern and takes a magnitude of the modulation pattern to form a real modulation pattern.
  • the control system forms a sum pattern based at least in part on fitting an aperture taper function to the real modulation pattern, the fitting based at least in part on scaling the aperture taper function to form sum elements with elements of the real modulation pattern, the values of the sum elements greater than or equal to a lower bound of an element modulation range.
  • the control system normalizes the sum pattern based at least in part on an upper bound of the element modulation range of the aperture to form an aperture modulation pattern.
  • the control system determines the modulation function of the aperture based at least in part on a product of the aperture modulation pattern and the reference wave.
  • Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a method 800 of beam pattern projection.
  • the method 800 can be implemented by a system 100 such as shown in Fig. 1 including control system 111, antenna 112, aperture plane 102, array elements 104, backplane 106 and feed network.
  • a control system defines a field description of a far-field beam pattern.
  • the control system determines an object wave at an antenna plane that causes the far-field beam pattern based on a transfer function of free space.
  • the control system computes a modulation function to apply to radiating elements of an antenna to form the object wave, including discarding a phase portion of an ideal modulation pattern to form a real modulation pattern (i.e., a magnitude of the ideal modulation pattern).
  • Fig. 9 is a block diagram of an alternative method 900 of beam pattern synthesis.
  • the method 900 can be implemented by a system 100 such as shown in Fig. 1, including control system 111, antenna 112, aperture plane 102, array elements 104, backplane 106 or feed network.
  • a control system defines a desired beam profile projected onto a two- dimensional plane located in a far-field of the antenna.
  • the control system converts the desired beam profile from a spatial domain far-field pattern into a frequency domain field description.
  • the control system constructs the transfer function of free space.
  • the control system back-propagates the frequency domain field description in the far-field back to the antenna plane to form an antenna plane frequency domain field description.
  • the control system converts the antenna plane frequency domain field description into the spatial domain to form an object wave.
  • the control system computes a modulation function to apply to radiating elements of the antenna to form the object wave, including discarding a phase portion of the ideal modulation pattern to form a real modulation pattern (i.e., a magnitude of the ideal modulation pattern).
  • the control system applies the modulation function to the radiating elements of the antenna to form an approximation of the beam profile.
  • Fig. 10 is a block diagram of a method 1000 of beam pattern projection with beam synthesis.
  • the method 1000 can be implemented by a system 100 such as shown in Fig. 1 including control system 111, antenna 112, aperture plane 102, array elements 104, backplane 106 and feed network.
  • the control system defines a far- field pattern based on a beam profile projected onto a two-dimensional planar grid located in a far- field of an antenna, the grid corresponding to a set of radiating element locations at an aperture plane.
  • the control system converts the far- field pattern from a spatial domain into a frequency domain to form a k-space field description.
  • the control system back- propagates the k-space field description from the planar grid to an aperture plane of the antenna using a transfer function of free space to form a k-space aperture field description.
  • the control system converts the k-space aperture field description from the frequency domain to the spatial domain to form an object wave that represents an emission from the antenna that forms the far-field pattern.
  • the control system determines a reference wave comprising a set of fields in a feed network at each radiating element resulting from energy distributed from one or more feed input ports.
  • the control system forms an ideal hologram modulation pattern by multiplying the reference wave with the object wave.
  • the control system retains a magnitude part of the ideal hologram modulation pattern and discards a phase part of the ideal hologram.
  • the control system scales an aperture taper function such that elements of a sum of the magnitude part of the ideal hologram and the aperture taper function have values greater than or equal to a lower bound of an element modulation range.
  • the control system normalizes the elements of the sum by the upper bound of the element modulation range to form an aperture modulation pattern.
  • the control system forms a surface modulation pattern by multiplying the aperture modulation pattern and the reference wave.
  • control system applies the surface modulation pattern to a set of radiating elements of the aperture of the antenna during activation of the one or more feed input ports to cause a radiated emission that approximates the far-field pattern in the far- field of the antenna.
  • Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of a computing system 1100 consistent with
  • the computing system 1100 can be viewed as an information passing bus that connects various components.
  • the computing system 1100 includes a processor 1102 having logic 1102 for processing instructions.
  • Instructions can be stored in and/or retrieved from memory 1106 and a storage device 1108 that includes a computer-readable storage medium. Instructions and/or data can arrive from a network interface 1110 that can include wired 1114 or wireless 1112 capabilities. Instructions and/or data can also come from an I/O interface 1116 that can include such things as expansion cards, secondary buses (e.g., USB), devices, etc. A user can interact with the computing system 1100 though user interface devices 1118 and a rendering system 1104 that allows the computer to receive and provide feedback to the user.
  • Embodiments and implementations of the systems and methods described herein may include various operations, which may be embodied in machine-executable instructions to be executed by a computer system.
  • a computer system may include one or more general- purpose or special-purpose computers (or other electronic devices).
  • the computer system may include hardware components that include specific logic for performing the operations or may include a combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.
  • Suitable networks for configuration and/or use as described herein include one or more local area networks, wide area networks, metropolitan area networks, and/or Internet or IP networks, such as the World Wide Web, a private Internet, a secure Internet, a value-added network, a virtual private network, an extranet, an intranet, or even stand-alone machines which communicate with other machines by physical transport of media.
  • a suitable network may be formed from parts or entireties of two or more other networks, including networks using disparate hardware and network communication technologies.
  • One suitable network includes a server and one or more clients; other suitable networks may contain other combinations of servers, clients, and/or peer-to-peer nodes, and a given computer system may function both as a client and as a server.
  • Each network includes at least two computers or computer systems, such as the server and/or clients.
  • a computer system may include a workstation, laptop computer, disconnectable mobile computer, server, mainframe, cluster, so-called “network computer” or "thin client,” tablet, smart phone, personal digital assistant or other hand-held computing device, "smart” consumer electronics device or appliance, medical device, or a combination thereof.
  • Suitable networks may include communications or networking software, such as the software available from Novell®, Microsoft®, and other vendors, and may operate using TCP/IP, SPX, IPX, and other protocols over twisted pair, coaxial, or optical fiber cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, microwave relays, modulated AC power lines, physical media transfer, and/or other data transmission "wires" known to those of skill in the art.
  • the network may encompass smaller networks and/or be connectable to other networks through a gateway or similar mechanism.
  • Various techniques, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD- ROMs, hard drives, magnetic or optical cards, solid-state memory devices, a nontransitory computer-readable storage medium, or any other machine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the various techniques.
  • the computing device may include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and nonvolatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • the volatile and nonvolatile memory and/or storage elements may be a RAM, an EPROM, a flash drive, an optical drive, a magnetic hard drive, or other medium for storing electronic data.
  • One or more programs that may implement or utilize the various techniques described herein may use an application programming interface (API), reusable controls, and the like. Such programs may be implemented in a high-level procedural or an object-oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) may be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
  • API application programming interface
  • Each computer system includes one or more processors and/or memory; computer systems may also include various input devices and/or output devices.
  • the processor may include a general purpose device, such as an Intel®, AMD®, or other "off-the-shelf microprocessor.
  • the processor may include a special purpose processing device, such as ASIC, SoC, SiP, FPGA, PAL, PLA, FPLA, PLD, or other customized or programmable device.
  • the memory may include static RAM, dynamic RAM, flash memory, one or more flip-flops, ROM, CD-ROM, DVD, disk, tape, or magnetic, optical, or other computer storage medium.
  • the input device(s) may include a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, light pen, tablet, microphone, sensor, or other hardware with accompanying firmware and/or software.
  • the output device(s) may include a monitor or other display, printer, speech or text synthesizer, switch, signal line, or other hardware with accompanying firmware and/or software.
  • a component may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, or off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components.
  • VLSI very large scale integration
  • a component may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, or the like.
  • Components may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors.
  • An identified component of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may, for instance, be organized as an object, a procedure, or a function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified component need not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations that, when joined logically together, comprise the component and achieve the stated purpose for the component.
  • a component of executable code may be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices.
  • operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within components, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network.
  • the components may be passive or active, including agents operable to perform desired functions.
  • a software module or component may include any type of computer instruction or computer-executable code located within a memory device.
  • a software module may, for instance, include one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may be organized as a routine, program, object, component, data structure, etc., that perform one or more tasks or implement particular data types. It is appreciated that a software module may be implemented in hardware and/or firmware instead of or in addition to software.
  • One or more of the functional modules described herein may be separated into sub-modules and/or combined into a single or smaller number of modules.
  • a particular software module may include disparate instructions stored in different locations of a memory device, different memory devices, or different computers, which together implement the described functionality of the module.
  • a module may include a single instruction or many instructions, and may be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices.
  • Some embodiments may be practiced in a distributed computing environment where tasks are performed by a remote processing device linked through a communications network.
  • software modules may be located in local and/or remote memory storage devices.
  • data being tied or rendered together in a database record may be resident in the same memory device, or across several memory devices, and may be linked together in fields of a record in a database across a network.
  • An antenna system comprising:
  • a feed network comprising a feed input port configured to provide a reference wave; an aperture coupled to the feed network and approximated by an aperture taper function, the aperture comprising a set of radiating aperture elements having an element modulation range and configured to selectively transfer energy from the reference wave, the set of radiating aperture elements configured to radiate a beam pattern based on energy received from the reference wave;
  • a processor configured to:
  • to select the antenna-plane pattern further comprises to determine the antenna-plane pattern based on a selected projected beam pattern. 4. The system of clause 3, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the set of radiating aperture elements to emit a beam pattern based on the selected projected beam pattern.
  • each radiating aperture element corresponds to a radiating element.
  • the transmission line structure is a substrate integrated waveguide, a parallel-plate waveguide, a rectangular waveguide or a microstrip line.
  • each field in the set of fields in the feed network is associated with a radiating aperture element from the set of radiating aperture elements.
  • the antenna system further comprises metamaterial surface antenna technology (MSA-T).
  • MSA-T metamaterial surface antenna technology
  • the set of radiating aperture elements further comprises metamaterial elements.
  • the set of radiating aperture elements comprises sub-wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • to discard the phase portion of the ideal modulation pattern further comprises to keep a real part of the ideal modulation pattern.
  • to apply the aperture modulation pattern to the aperture further comprises to modulate an impedance of the aperture in electromagnetic contact with the reference wave.
  • a device for beam shaping comprising:
  • a processor configured to:
  • the aperture further comprises a set of aperture elements
  • each aperture element corresponds to a radiating element.
  • to select the antenna-plane pattern further comprises to determine the antenna-plane pattern based on a selected projected beam pattern.
  • the processor is further configured to cause a set of radiating elements coupled to the aperture to emit a beam pattern based on the selected projected beam pattern.
  • the reference wave is propagating through a transmission line comprising a parallel-plate waveguide, a rectangular waveguide or a microstrip line.
  • the reference wave further comprises a set of fields in the feed network.
  • each field in the set of fields in the feed network is associated with an aperture element from a set of aperture elements of the aperture.
  • the set of radiating elements comprises sub- wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • to retain a magnitude portion of the ideal modulation pattern further comprises to discard a phase portion of the ideal modulation pattern.
  • an aperture modulation pattern based at least in part on a magnitude of an aperture taper function multiplied with the modulation pattern, a lower bound of an element modulation range of an aperture and an upper bound of the element modulation range of the aperture;
  • applying the modulation function to the aperture further comprises modulating an impedance of the aperture in electromagnetic contact with the reference wave.
  • the method further comprises selecting the antenna-plane pattern.
  • selecting the antenna-plane pattern further comprises receiving the antenna-plane pattern from an external system.
  • selecting the antenna-plane pattern further comprises:
  • selecting the antenna-plane pattern further comprises determining the antenna-plane pattern based on a selected projected beam pattern.
  • the reference wave is a plane wave.
  • the method further comprises causing the reference wave to propagate through a parallel-plate waveguide, a rectangular waveguide or a microstrip line.
  • each field in the set of fields in the feed network is associated with an aperture element from a set of aperture elements of the aperture.
  • the set of radiating elements comprises sub- wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • the method of clause 43 further comprising discarding a phase portion of the aperture taper function multiplied with the modulation pattern.
  • the aperture modulation pattern by shifting or scaling the magnitude of the aperture taper function multiplied with the modulation pattern to fit within a lower bound of the element modulation range of the aperture and an upper bound of the element modulation range of the aperture.
  • a method of constructing a modulation function for an aperture in a metamaterial surface antenna technology (MSA-T) system comprising:
  • receiving the spatial-domain antenna-plane pattern further comprises receiving the spatial-domain antenna-plane pattern from an external system.
  • receiving the spatial-domain antenna-plane pattern further comprises determining the spatial-domain antenna-plane pattern based on a selected projected beam pattern.
  • each field in the set of fields in the feed network is associated with an aperture element from the aperture.
  • the set of radiating elements further comprises metamaterial elements.
  • the set of radiating elements comprises sub- wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • applying the modulation function of the aperture further comprises modulating an impedance of the aperture in electromagnetic contact with the reference wave.
  • receiving an antenna-plane pattern further comprises:
  • a method of constructing a modulation pattern for an aperture in a metamaterial surface antenna technology (MSA-T) system comprising:
  • determining a reference wave comprising a set of fields in a feed network at each radiating element resulting from energy distributed from one or more feed input ports;
  • defining the far-field pattern further comprises providing padding around the far- field pattern by defining the two-dimensional planar grid larger than the beam profile projected onto the two-dimensional planar grid.
  • back-propagating the two-dimensional k-space field representation further comprises constructing the transfer function of free space between the far-field pattern and the aperture plane of the antenna.
  • the set of radiating elements comprises sub- wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • applying the aperture modulation pattern further comprises modulating an impedance of the aperture in electromagnetic contact with the reference wave.
  • An antenna system comprising:
  • a set of radiating aperture elements having an element modulation range and configured to selectively transfer energy from a reference wave, the set of radiating aperture elements configured to radiate a beam pattern based on energy received from the reference wave;
  • control system comprising a processor configured to:
  • the feed network comprising a feed input port is configured to provide the reference wave to the set of radiating aperture elements
  • the transmission line structure is a substrate integrated waveguide, a parallel-plate waveguide, a rectangular waveguide or a microstrip line.
  • each field in the set of fields in the feed network is associated with a radiating aperture element from the set of radiating aperture elements.
  • the antenna system further comprises metamaterial surface antenna technology (MSA-T).
  • MSA-T metamaterial surface antenna technology
  • the set of radiating aperture elements comprises sub-wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • a device for beam shaping comprising:
  • circuitry configured to interface with the antenna and provide a modulation function to apply to radiating elements of the aperture
  • a processor configured to:
  • the reference wave is a plane wave.
  • the reference wave is propagating through a transmission line such as a parallel-plate waveguide, a rectangular waveguide or a microstrip line.
  • each field in the set of fields in the feed network is associated with an aperture element from a set of aperture elements of the aperture.
  • the set of radiating elements further comprises metamaterial elements.
  • the set of radiating elements comprises sub- wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • a method for beam shaping using a metamaterial surface antenna technology (MSA-T) system comprising:
  • the radiating elements comprise sub- wavelength antenna elements, each configured to emit an electromagnetic emission in response to received electromagnetic energy, wherein each of the sub-wavelength antenna elements comprises at least one electromagnetically resonant element, and wherein a physical diameter of individual sub-wavelength antenna elements is less than an effective wavelength of the electromagnetic emission.
  • computing the modulation function further comprises:
  • determining the modulation function of the aperture based at least in part on a product of the aperture modulation pattern and the reference wave.
  • each field in the set of fields in the feed network is associated with an aperture element from a set of aperture elements of the aperture.
  • forming the aperture modulation pattern further comprises: forming a product pattern by scaling and summing elements of the aperture taper function with elements of the magnitude modulation pattern to make elements of the product pattern greater than a lower bound of the element modulation range of the aperture; and
  • back-propagating the k-space field description to the antenna plane further comprises constructing the transfer function of free space between the far-field beam pattern and an aperture plane of the antenna.
  • the field description based on a two-dimensional beam profile on a two- dimensional planar grid located in the far-field of the antenna, the grid corresponding to a set of radiating element locations at an aperture plane of the antenna.
  • causing the modulation function to be applied to the radiating elements of the antenna further comprises modulating an impedance of an aperture of the antenna in electromagnetic contact with a reference wave.
  • selecting the far- field beam pattern further comprises determining the object wave based on a selected far-field beam pattern.

Landscapes

  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, une onde objet déterminée ou un profil de faisceau en champ lointain déterminé peuvent être approximativement formés par application d'un motif de modulation à des éléments en métamatériau recevant de l'énergie radiofréquence (RF) d'un réseau d'alimentation. Par exemple, une onde objet souhaitée au niveau de la surface d'une antenne est sélectionnée pour être propagée afin de former un profil en champ lointain, ou il est souhaité qu'une antenne produise un profil de faisceau projeté sur un plan bidimensionnel d'un champ lointain de l'antenne. Un système de calcul peut calculer un motif de modulation à appliquer à des éléments en métamatériau recevant de l'énergie RF d'un réseau d'alimentation. Une fois que le motif de modulation est déterminé, il peut être appliqué aux éléments en métamatériau et l'énergie RF peut être fournie dans le réseau d'alimentation, provoquant l'émission d'une onde objet souhaitée par l'antenne ou l'obtention d'un profil de faisceau souhaité dans le champ lointain.
PCT/US2016/064145 2015-11-30 2016-11-30 Synthèse et projection de profil de faisceau pour antennes en métamatériau WO2017095878A1 (fr)

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US14/954,726 US10050344B2 (en) 2015-11-30 2015-11-30 Beam pattern synthesis for metamaterial antennas
US14/954,732 2015-11-30
US14/954,732 US10050345B2 (en) 2015-11-30 2015-11-30 Beam pattern projection for metamaterial antennas

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CN107729640A (zh) * 2017-10-10 2018-02-23 金陵科技学院 一种使用最少阵元的稀疏天线阵列综合布阵方法
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WO2022059814A1 (fr) * 2020-09-16 2022-03-24 엘지전자 주식회사 Appareil de commande de puissance à peigne de fréquence pour formation de faisceau 4d, et procédé associé

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