WO2017035923A1 - 一种生物质气化发电系统 - Google Patents

一种生物质气化发电系统 Download PDF

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WO2017035923A1
WO2017035923A1 PCT/CN2015/092060 CN2015092060W WO2017035923A1 WO 2017035923 A1 WO2017035923 A1 WO 2017035923A1 CN 2015092060 W CN2015092060 W CN 2015092060W WO 2017035923 A1 WO2017035923 A1 WO 2017035923A1
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gas
gasification
biomass
tank
pipe
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PCT/CN2015/092060
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English (en)
French (fr)
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陈庆平
曹贵华
曹健
陈石玉
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湖南普丝环保能源有限公司
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Publication of WO2017035923A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017035923A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/82—Gas withdrawal means
    • C10J3/84—Gas withdrawal means with means for removing dust or tar from the gas

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of biomass power generation, in particular to a biomass gasification power generation system.
  • Biomass is an organic matter produced by plants through photosynthesis, including plants, animal waste, garbage and organic wastewater. It is a carrier of biomass energy and a renewable energy source that can be stored and transported. From a chemical point of view, the composition of the biomass is a C-H compound.
  • biomass can achieve CO 2 zero-emission emissions, and fundamentally solve the greenhouse effect caused by energy consumption.
  • people are mainly concerned with the role of biomass energy in reducing CO 2 emissions.
  • the development of fast-growing energy crops is conducive to improving the ecological environment, leaving no harmful substances or changing the ecological balance of nature. It is of great significance to the long-term development and living environment of human beings in the future. Therefore, many countries in the world have mostly developed biomass energy utilization technology as an important future technology, and more and more attention has been paid to the study of biomass energy.
  • China's biomass is extremely rich, and the annual amount of straw is about 700 million tons, equivalent to 400-500 million tons of standard coal.
  • the amount of firewood and forestry waste is also large, and forestry waste (excluding charcoal forests) is about 3,700 m 3 per year, equivalent to 20 million tons of standard coal.
  • China's annual biomass resources will reach 600 million tons of standard coal, and some of the biomass resources that can be developed as energy resources will be deducted.
  • With more than 300 million tons of standard coal with the development of agriculture and forestry, especially with the development and promotion of fast-growing charcoal forests, China's biomass resources will be more and more, with great potential for development and utilization.
  • Biomass energy is an ideal renewable energy source. It has a wide range of sources and produces a large amount of industrial, agricultural and forest waste every year. Even if it is not used to produce energy, the disposal of these wastes is a headache.
  • biomass is used as a fuel, since the amount of carbon dioxide required for biomass growth is equivalent to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted during combustion, the net carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere are approximately zero.
  • the sulfur content of biomass is extremely low and there is substantially no sulfide emissions. Therefore, the use of biomass as an alternative energy source has great benefits for improving the environment and reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to reduce the "greenhouse effect.” Therefore, using biomass as an alternative energy source for fossil fuels will provide society with a renewable energy source that is acceptable in all respects.
  • the development of biomass-based green energy conversion technology is in line with the theme of sustainable development of human society.
  • biomass gasification technology has achieved rapid development and has entered a practical stage.
  • biomass gas power generation technology is still in the experimental stage.
  • Accelerating the development of biomass gasification power generation technology is in line with national policies and is a good thing for the benefit of the country and the people.
  • Biomass gasification technology is a new technology that uses biomass as an energy source at the end of the 20th century. It has developed rapidly. Many researchers have conducted different technical studies in this field. In particular, in recent years, many European technicians have conducted a lot of research on biomass gasification power generation technology, and have achieved quite good results.
  • Biomass gasification power generation has better living conditions and development space.
  • Small and medium-sized biomass gasification power generation technology has the characteristics of low investment and good flexibility.
  • Vigorously developing biomass gasification power generation technology in China can maximize the superiority and economy of this technology, and it is also one of the effective methods to solve the problem of rural straw burning in China.
  • Biomass gasification power generation is a process that converts biomass into combustible gas and then uses combustible gas to drive gas-fired power generation equipment to generate electricity. It can not only solve the shortcomings of difficult to burn and distribute the biomass, but also can fully utilize the advantages of compact and less pollution of gas power generation technology.
  • Chemical process of biomass gasification The chemical processes in the gasifier mainly include combustion reaction, thermal decomposition reaction and reduction reaction. After entering the gasifier, the biomass feedstock is partially burned with oxygen to provide the heat required for thermal decomposition. Most of the biomass undergoes thermal decomposition under anoxic conditions, and volatiles and coke are precipitated. The volatiles are in the high temperature reaction zone. The second reaction occurs at the residence to further crack the tar into a gas, and at the same time, the gas and the coke are further reduced between the gas and the gas. Finally, the tar and gas in the gas phase carry some fine particles of coke and dust into the gas purification processor. The requirements of the internal combustion engine are met by the purified gas.
  • the gasification power generation process includes three aspects: first, biomass gasification, conversion of solid biomass into gaseous fuel; second, gas purification, gasification of gas with certain impurities, including ash, moisture and tar, etc. It is necessary to remove the impurities through the purification system to ensure the normal operation of the gas power generation equipment; the third is gas power generation, using gas turbines or gas internal combustion engines for power generation.
  • Biomass gasification power generation technology is a unique way to distinguish biomass energy utilization from other renewable energy sources. It has three characteristics: First, the technology has sufficient flexibility. Because biomass gasification power generation can use internal combustion engines, it can also With gas turbines, even combined with waste heat boilers and steam power generation systems, biomass gasification power generation can select suitable power generation equipment according to the size of the scale to ensure reasonable power generation efficiency at any scale. The flexible performance of this technology satisfies the characteristics of biomass dispersion and utilization. Secondly, it has good cleanliness. The biomass itself is a renewable energy source, which can effectively reduce the emission of harmful gases such as CO 2 and SO 2 . The amount of NOx generated in the gasification process is small, so it can effectively control NOx emissions.
  • biomass gasification power generation technology flexibility can ensure that the technology is effective and economical on a small scale, while gas The power generation process is simple, the equipment is compact, and the biomass gasification power generation technology is smaller than other renewable energy power generation technologies. Therefore, biomass gasification power generation technology is the most economical power generation technology among all renewable energy technologies. The overall power generation cost is lower than that of small conventional energy sources.
  • Biomass gasification power generation is not only economically viable, but its main purpose is to treat waste. Because the existing small and medium-sized biomass gasification generator sets are not efficient, a small amount of carbon remains in the ash, so the ash produced after biomass gasification needs further treatment.
  • wastewater treatment The gas produced by biomass gasification contains a lot of ash and tar, and the gas must be purified first.
  • gas purification is the biggest weakness of domestic biomass gasification technology application, and more research is needed.
  • the water washing method is often used for gasification purification, and the water washing method not only reduces the system efficiency, but also produces a considerable amount of tar-containing wastewater.
  • These waste waters contain harmful substances such as ash and tar, which need to be detoxified before discharge and recycled as much as possible.
  • wastewater treatment still lacks an economically viable and effective method. In order to reduce costs, it is sometimes directly discharged. The harmful substances in the wastewater greatly exceed the requirements of environmental protection and bring secondary pollution.
  • biomass gasification power generation technology must focus on solving two major problems of gas purification and gas storage.
  • the domestic gasification and purification method and the electric tar removal method are used in biomass gasification power generation technology. These two methods of gas purification are not feasible. It is not economically desirable to use gas storage tanks to store gas. New technology Thorough improvements must be made in these areas.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a gas using a medium-conducting biomass gasification device to generate gas by using a multi-stage biomass purification technology, and a plurality of gas purification devices are used in series, and each purification device reaches a certain level. Purification effect, the various purifiers partially separate the moisture, dust and tar in the gas; the purified gas enters the gas storage bag Storage, gas storage uses gas storage bag storage technology and static technology; after the gas is allowed to stand for a period of time, the biomass gas internal combustion engine power generation system is used.
  • a biomass gasification power generation system which comprises a biomass gasification device, a gas purifier, a gas storage bag, and an internal combustion generator connected in sequence, wherein
  • the material gasification device is two to three groups and is alternately used by rail exchange;
  • the biomass gasification device is a structure that can be intermittently operated, and the gas is discharged at the middle of the gasification device, and the gasification furnace has a furnace.
  • the internal pressure material function is provided with a slag breaking and ash discharging mechanism;
  • the gas purifiers are 1 to 10 sets, which are sequentially connected in series, and the inlet pipes of all the purifiers are equal in outer diameter to the outlet pipe, except for the last purification device.
  • the intake pipe and the outlet pipe are at the same horizontal line, and the outlet pipe of the last purification device is located at the lower part, parallel to the intake pipe of the gas storage bag, and the gas storage bag is connected with the internal combustion generator to generate electricity, and the gas storage bag is 1 to 3 Made of PVC or cloth, the series is connected in series, and each gas storage bag is provided with a gas storage mechanism and a gas purification mechanism.
  • the biomass gasification device comprises a furnace cover, a sealed water tank, a storage tank, an intermediate crucible, a liner, a rotary pressing rod, a gasification tank, a bottom crucible, a furnace foot, a gasification bucket, a gas distribution plate, and an inner a cylinder, an inspection door, a ash storage box, a ash discharge door, a ash control panel, an intake pipe, an electronic ignition pipe, a slag breaking pipe, a square gas pipe, a pressure relief inspection cover, wherein the main body of the gasification device is cylindrical
  • the upper part of the main body is a storage tank, the top of the storage tank is provided with a sealed water tank, and the sealing water tank is fastened with a furnace cover; the lower part of the main body is a gasification box, and an intermediate crucible is provided between the gasification box and the storage box, and the main body cavity
  • the inner ring is provided, and the outer ring of the inner tank is connected with the inner side wall of the middle
  • the inlet of the tube is connected with the smoke shielding trough; the inlet end of the square gas pipe is provided with a pressure relief inspection cover; the bottom of the gasification tank is provided with a gasification bucket, a bottom crucible is provided between the gasification bucket and the gasification tank, and a furnace is arranged outside the bottom crucible Foot; the ash tank is provided at the bottom of the gasifier, and the access door is provided on the front side wall of the ash tank
  • the inner chamber of the ash storage tank is provided with an inner cylinder communicating with the gasification hopper, and a gas distribution plate is arranged between the inner cylinder and the gasification hopper, and an air inlet pipe communicating with the inner cylinder is arranged on one side wall of the ash storage tank; A ash discharge door is arranged on the front side wall of the bottom of the box, and an ash control plate is arranged between the ash storage box and the inner tube; an electronic ignition tube is arranged at the lower part of the gasification hopper, and a slag breaking
  • the gas purifier includes an intake pipe, a snarling plate, a sealing water tank, a partition plate, a cover, an air outlet pipe, a purifying filler, a steel mesh, a sewage pipe, a dirt collecting tank, and a sewage draining foot, wherein the bottom of the purifier main body is provided There is a sewage foot, the inner cavity of the purifier main body is separated by a partition to form a missing chamber and a clean room, the top of the clean room is sealed, and an air intake pipe is arranged on one side of the side wall of the clean room, and a plurality of relatively inclined dislocations are arranged on the wall of the clean room.
  • the escaping board is assembled, the missing room is connected with the bottom of the clean room; the top of the clean room is provided with a sealed water tank, the sealed water tank is fastened with a cover, and the air outlet pipe is arranged on the upper side wall of the clean room; the lower part of the clean room is provided
  • the steel wire mesh and the steel wire net are provided with a flue gas purifying filler, and a sewage pipe is arranged at the bottom of the main body below the steel mesh net, and a collecting tank is arranged below the sewage pipe, the water is filled in the collecting tank, and the outlet of the sewage pipe extends into the water to form water. seal.
  • the core of biomass gasification power generation equipment is gas purification. It is advisable to adopt multi-stage purification strategy to achieve the requirements of internal combustion engine power generation after biomass gasification gas purification.
  • a variety of purification devices are used in series, each device plays a certain role. The purification effect achieves a certain proportion of purification rate and finally meets the requirements for power generation of biomass gas internal combustion engines.
  • the equipment has the characteristics of small installed capacity, flexible layout, low investment, compact structure, reliable technology, low operating cost, good economic benefit, simple operation and maintenance, and low requirements for gasification materials, which is beneficial to a wide range of promotion and application.
  • the gas purification device separates the dirt in the gas, and the dirt is disposed in the gasification furnace for gasification treatment, which has good environmental protection effect.
  • This equipment may meet the following requirements in practical applications:
  • the tar overflow in the gas is less than 1% of the total biomass, which is beneficial to reduce the difficulty of tar processing.
  • biomass gasification feedstock is not More than 5 kilometers.
  • Adsorption of tar and ash in gas by using adsorbers such as built-in bamboo filaments and biomass scraps simplifying the operation process, reducing the processing cost, and reusing the biomass adsorbent that has been used for a period of time into the gasifier. Treatment to reduce secondary pollution.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a biomass gasification apparatus of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view of a gas purifier of the present invention.
  • the biomass gasification power generation system of the present embodiment includes biomass gasification connected in sequence. a device, a gas purifier, a gas storage bag, and an internal combustion generator, wherein the biomass gasification device is 2 to 3 sets, which are alternately used by rail exchange; the biomass gasification device is a structure that can be intermittently operated.
  • the gas is exported at the inner tank position in the middle of the gasification device, and the gasification furnace has the function of pressing the material in the furnace, and is provided with a slag breaking and ash discharging mechanism;
  • the gas purifier is composed of 1 to 10 groups, which are sequentially connected in series, all
  • the intake pipe of the purifier is equal to the outer diameter of the outlet pipe. Except for the final purification device, the intake pipe and the outlet pipe are on the same horizontal line.
  • the outlet pipe of the last purification device is located at the lower part, parallel to the intake pipe of the gas storage bag.
  • the air bag is connected to the internal combustion generator for power generation.
  • the air bag is 1 ⁇ 3, made of PVC or cloth. It adopts a series connection mechanism.
  • the biomass gasification device comprises a furnace cover (1), a sealed water tank (2), a storage tank (3), an intermediate crucible (4), a liner (5), a rotary pressing rod (6), and a gas.
  • the main body of the gasification device is cylindrical, the upper part of the main body is a storage tank (3), the top of the storage tank (3) is provided with a sealing water tank (2), and the sealing water tank (2) is fastened with a furnace cover (1); the lower part of the main body is a gasification tank (7), an intermediate crucible (4) is arranged between the gasification tank (7) and the storage tank (3), and the inner cavity is provided with a liner (5), the inner tank The outer ring of (5) is connected to the inner side wall of the middle cymbal (4), a certain distance is reserved between the inner ring of the inner liner (5) and the inner side wall of the main body to form
  • Gasification bucket (10) There is a bottom ⁇ (8) between the gasification tank (7), a furnace foot (9) on the outer side of the bottom ⁇ (8), and a ash storage box (14) at the bottom of the gasification hopper (10), and a ash storage box ( 14)
  • An inspection door (13) is arranged on the front side wall, and an inner cylinder (12), an inner cylinder (12) and a gasification bucket (10) are arranged in the inner chamber of the ash storage tank (14).
  • a gas distribution plate (11) between the side walls of one side of the ash storage box (14) and an intake pipe (17) communicating with the inner cylinder (12); the front side wall of the bottom of the ash storage box (14)
  • a ash discharge door (15) There is a ash control plate (16) is arranged between the ash storage box (14) and the inner cylinder (12), and an electronic ignition tube (18) is arranged at the lower part of the gasification hopper (10) for gasification.
  • a slag-breaking pipe (19) is arranged on the side wall of the middle side of the bucket (10); the top of the rotary pressing rod (6) is hinged at the lower part of the storage tank (3), and the bottom of the rotating pressing rod (6) extends to the gasification tank (7) The bottom of the lumen.
  • the gas purifier includes an intake pipe (A1), a swash plate (A2), a sealed water tank (A3), a partition (A4), a cover (A5), an air outlet pipe (A6), and a purifying filler (A7). , steel wire mesh (A8), sewage pipe (A9), sewage tank (A10), sewage foot (A11), wherein the bottom of the purifier body is provided with a draining foot (A11), and the interior of the purifier body passes through the partition (A4)
  • the separation chamber forms a disappearing chamber and a clean room, and the top of the clean room is sealed.
  • the upper side of the side wall of the clean room is provided with an intake pipe (A1), and the wall of the cleaned chamber is provided with a plurality of tilting plates (A2) which are relatively tilted and dislocated.
  • the missing room is connected to the bottom of the clean room; the top of the clean room is provided with a sealed water tank (A3), the sealed water tank (A3) is fastened with a cover (A5), and the air outlet pipe is provided on the upper side wall of the clean room (A6) );
  • the lower part of the clean room is provided with a steel mesh (A8), the wire mesh (A8) is provided with a flue gas purification filling (A7), and the bottom of the main body below the steel mesh (A8) is provided with a sewage pipe (A9), a sewage pipe ( There is a collecting tank (A10) under the A9), and the collecting tank (A10) is filled with Water, the outlet of the sewage pipe (A9) extends into the water to form a water seal.
  • the above structure can purify the gas generated by the gasification of agricultural and forestry waste, sorted domestic garbage, etc., and after standing for a while in the air bag, the internal combustion generator generates electricity.
  • a gasifier is a device that converts biomass energy from a solid to a gas. Biomass in the gasifier by controlling the air supply to perform incomplete combustion, realizing the conversion of low-value biomass energy from solid to gaseous, generating gas containing flammable components such as H 2 , CO, CH 4 , and completing biomass The gasification process.
  • the biomass gasification device of the present embodiment is a gasification furnace that can be operated intermittently. Generally, two to three gasification furnaces are installed in the complete power generation equipment, and are alternately used by rail exchange to achieve the effect of continuous use.
  • the gas produced by biomass gasification contains a small amount of water vapor, dust and tar, referred to as dirt. Contamination can cause blockages in gas pipelines. Improper discharge can cause heavy pollution to the environment, and dirt can also reduce the calorific value of gas combustion.
  • the gas produced by biomass gasification is generated by an internal combustion engine, and gas purification is an inevitable process, and some means for effectively separating the dirt in the gas must be invented.
  • the purification system in this device does not use conventional water washing and electric catching equipment.
  • biomass purification technology equipment which uses some unique adsorption functions of biomass to separate sewage, tar and dust from the gas. Each purification equipment has its own collection tank, and the collected dirt is adsorbed and dried by biomass waste, and then gasified, and no pollutants are discharged.
  • a plurality of purifiers are connected in series to form a set of purifying system, generally consisting of more than 8 devices.
  • the intake pipe and the outlet pipe of all the devices have the same outer diameter. Except for the final purifying device, the intake pipe and the outlet pipe are all in the same On the horizontal line, the gas pipeline is not bent, the pipeline is not easy to block, and the pipeline is cleaned.
  • the outlet pipe of the last purification device is located at the lower part, parallel to the intake pipe of the gas storage bag, and is convenient for connection.
  • the complete purification equipment includes 3 to 5 gas-liquid separators, 2 to 3 gas purifiers, 1 to 2 water washing/adsorbers, and 1 non-woven adsorber.
  • the air storage bag used in this embodiment is a device with a gas storage and purification function in a complete set of biomass gasification power generation equipment, generally has 1 to 3 series used, and is made of PVC cloth, the cost is relatively low, and the service life is about 20 to 50 years; the air bag has a cylindrical shape for easy processing and installation.
  • the purified gas is stored in the air bag and left to stand for a period of time (generally 2 to 8 hours).
  • the dirt that is not completely separated in the gas will continue to separate and be discharged at the bottom of the gas storage bag, and the tar content in the gas is low. Below 10mg/m 3 , the requirements for gas-fired internal combustion power generation are achieved.

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Abstract

本发明提供一种生物质气化发电系统，它包括有依次连接的生物质气化装置、燃气净化器、储气袋以及内燃发电机，其中，生物质气化装置为2～3组，通过轨道交换交替使用；所述的生物质气化装置为一种可间歇式操作的结构，在气化装置中部内胆位置导出燃气，气化炉具有炉内压料功能，且设有破渣、排灰机构；所述的燃气净化器为1～10组，采用依次串联组成，所有净化器的进气管与出气管外径相等，除了最后的净化设备以外，进气管与出气管均处于同一水平线上，最后的净化设备的出气管居于下部，与储气袋的进气管平行，储气袋与内燃发电机连接进行发电，储气袋为1～3个，采用PVC或布料制作，采用依次串联机构，每个储气袋内均设有燃气储存机构和燃气净化机构。本方案简化了操作工艺，降低处理成本，对使用一段时间失效的生物质吸附料再入气化炉内进行气化处理，减少二次污染。

Description

一种生物质气化发电系统 技术领域
本发明涉及生物质发电领域，尤其是指一种生物质气化发电系统。
背景技术
生物质是植物通过光合作用生成的有机物，包括植物、动物排泄物，垃圾以及有机废水等，是生物质能的载体，是一种可储存和可运输的可再生能源。从化学的角度上看，生物质的组成是C－H化合物。
从环境效益上看，利用生物质可以实现CO2归零的排放，从根本上解决能源消耗带来的温室效应问题。随着全球环境问题的日益严重，人们主要关心的是生物质能对减少CO2排放上的作用，加上发展速生能源作物有利于改善生态环境，不会遗留有害物质或改变自然界的生态平衡，对今后人类的长远发展和生存环境有重要意义，所以国际上很多国家大都把生物质能利用技术作为一种重要的未来技术来发展，对生物质能的研究越来越重视。
中国的生物质能极为丰富，现在每年的秸杆量约7亿吨左右，相当于4～5亿吨标煤。柴薪和林业废弃物数量也很大，林业废弃物(不包括炭薪林)，每年约达3700m3，相当于2000万吨标煤。如果考虑日益增多的生活垃圾和污泥，禽畜粪便等其他生物质资源，我国每年的生物质资源达6亿吨标煤以上，扣除了一部分做其他原料，可开发为能源的生物质资源达3亿吨多吨标煤，而随着农业和林业的发展，特别是随着速生炭薪林的开发推广，我国的生物质资源将越来越多，有非常大的开发和利用潜力。
生物质能源是一种理想的可再生能源，它来源广泛，每年都有大量的工业、农业及森林废弃物产出。即使不被用于生产能源，这些废弃物的处理也是令人头疼的事情。生物质作为燃料时，由于生物质在生长时需要的二氧化碳量相当于它燃烧时排放的二氧化碳量，因而对大气的二氧化碳净排放量近似于零。而且，生物质中硫的含量极低，基本上无硫化物的排放。所以，利用生物质作为替代能源，对改善环境，减少大气中二氧化碳含量从而减少“温室效应”都有极大的好处。因此，将生物质作为化石燃料的替代能源，便会向社会提供一种各方面都可被接受的可再生能源。发展生物质为原料的绿色能源转化技术，符合人类社会可持续发展这一主题。
至今为止，生物质能利用的较佳方法是气化，通过气化产生燃气，再通过燃气的二次燃烧获得热能。目前生物质气化技术获得了快速发展，已进入实用阶段，但生物质燃气发电技术还停留在试验阶段，目前国内还没有令人满意的产业化技术。加速研发生物质气化发电技术，符合国家政策，是利国利民的大好事。
生物质气化技术是20世纪末出现的利用生物质作为能源的一种新技术，至今已有了较快的发展。很多研究人员在该领域进行了不同的技术研究。尤其是近年来欧洲很多技术人员对生物质气化发电技术进行了大量的研究，并取得了相当好的成果。
中小型生物质气化发电技术在发达国家已经成熟，但由于规模小，过程复杂，造价和运行成本都较高，在发展中国家很难进人市场。
中国地域广阔，生物质资源丰富，能源供应情况千差万别，生物质气化发电具有较好的生存条件和发展空间，中小规模的生物质气化发电技术具有投资少，灵活性好的特点，是最有潜在价值的技术之一。在中国大力发展生物质气化发电技术可以最大限度地体现该技术的优越性和经济性，也是解决我国农村秸秆焚烧问题的有效方法之一。
但我国目前在生物质气候化发电领域的研究水平较低，这也预示着一种很好的发展前景。
生物质气化发电是把生物质转化为可燃气，再利用可燃气推动燃气发电设备进行发电的过程。它既能解决生物质难于燃烧而又分布分散的缺点，又可以充分发挥燃气发电技术设备紧凑而污染少的优点。
生物质气化的化学过程：气化炉内的化学过程主要包括燃烧反应、热分解反应和还原反应。生物质原料进入气化炉后，部分与氧气燃烧，提供热分解所需的热量，大部分生物质在缺氧条件下发生热分解反应，析出挥发份和焦碳，挥发份在高温反应区内停留发生二次反应，使焦油进一步裂解为气体，同时气体和焦碳之间，气体和气体之间进一步发生还原反应最后，气相的焦油和气体携带部分细颗粒焦碳、灰尘进入燃气净化处理器，通过净化后的燃气达到内燃机的要求。
气化发电过程包括三个方面：一是生物质气化，把固体生物质转化为气体燃料；二是气体净化，气化出来的燃气都带有一定的杂质，包括灰份、水分和焦油等，需经过净化系统把杂质除去，以保证燃气发电设备的正常运行；三是燃气发电，利用燃气轮机或燃气内燃机进行发电。
生物质气化发电技术是生物质能利用中有别于其他可再生能源的独特方式，具有三个方面特点：一是技术有充分的灵活性，由于生物质气化发电可以采用内燃机，也可以采用燃气轮机，甚至结合余热锅炉和蒸汽发电系统，所以生物质气化发电可以根据规模的大小选用合适的发电设备，保证在任何规模下都有合理的发电效率。这一技术的灵活性能很好地满足生物质分散利用的特点；二是具有较好的洁净性，生物质本身属可再生能源，可以有效地减少CO2、SO2等有害气体的排放。而气化过程NOx的生成量很少，所以能有效控制NOx的排放；三是经济性，生物质气化发电技术的灵活性，可以保证该技术在小规模下有效好的经济性，同时燃气发电过程简单，设备紧凑，也使生物质气化发电技术比其他可再生能源发电技术投资更小，所以总的来说，生物质气化发电技术是所有可再生能源技术中最经济的发电技术，综合的发电成本低于小型常规能源的发电水平。
当前生物质气化发电存在的问题：
一、灰份处理问题。生物质气化发电除了要求经济上可行之外，其主要目的是处理废物。由于现有中小型生物质气化发电机组效率不高，灰份中存留有少量的碳，因此生物质气化后产生的灰份需进一步处理。
二、气体净化。现有气化发电机组中对焦油的处理仍是简单的物理方法，且由于成本的限制，净化效率不高，所以气体中焦油含量仍然偏高。这一方面加快了设备的损耗，另一方面增加了设备的维修时间，降低了设备的利用率，使气化发电的总成本增加。
三、焦油裂解和处理。在目前的工艺水平下，焦油裂解没有得到满意的解决，这也是目前生物质气化发电的一个最重要的技术难题。
四、废水处理。生物质气化产生的燃气中含有很多的灰份和焦油，燃气必须先进行净化处理。目前气体净化是国内生物质气化技术应用的最大弱点，需要更多的研究。目前对气化净化常采用水洗方法，水洗方法不但降低了系统效率，而且产生相当数量含焦油废水。这些废水含有灰份和焦油等有害物质，排放之前需进行无害化处理，并尽可能循环使用。但目前废水处理仍缺乏经济可行的有效办法，为了降低成本，有时直接排放，废水中有害物质大大超过环保的要求，带来二次污染。
五、生物质发电亏损严重。一直以来，生物质能利用方式是否应以直燃发电为主的争论从未间断过。我国已批准建成了几十个生物质发电项目，总发电量超过40万千瓦/年。然而目前的实际情况是，生物质发电项目全行业亏损，少数生物质发电厂“效益”较好的，也只是因为靠国家补贴才能维持正常运行。
六、生物质气化发电技术必须重点解决燃气净化和燃气储存两大问题。目前国内在生物质气化发电技术中采用燃气水洗净化法和电捕焦油法，这两种燃气净化的方法均不可行，采用储气罐储存燃气的作法在经济上也不可取，新的技术必须在这些方面加以彻底改进。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供利用中导式生物质气化装置将生物质物料气化产生燃气，采用多级生物质净化技术，将多种燃气净化设备串联起来使用，每种净化设备均达到一定的净化效果，各种净化器部分分离出燃气中的水分、灰尘和焦油等物质；净化后的燃气输入储气袋 储存，燃气储存采用储气袋储存技术和静置技术；燃气静置一段时间后，用生物质气内燃机的发电系统。
为实现上述目的，本发明所提供的技术方案为：一种生物质气化发电系统，它包括有依次连接的生物质气化装置、燃气净化器、储气袋以及内燃发电机，其中，生物质气化装置为2～3组，通过轨道交换交替使用；所述的生物质气化装置为一种可间歇式操作的结构，在气化装置中部内胆位置导出燃气，气化炉具有炉内压料功能，且设有破渣、排灰机构；所述的燃气净化器为1～10组，采用依次串联组成，所有净化器的进气管与出气管外径相等，除了最后的净化设备以外，进气管与出气管均处于同一水平线上，最后的净化设备的出气管居于下部，与储气袋的进气管平行，储气袋与内燃发电机连接进行发电，储气袋为1～3个，采用PVC或布料制作，采用依次串联机构，每个储气袋内均设有燃气储存机构和燃气净化机构。
所述的生物质气化装置包括有炉盖、密封水槽、储料箱、中间珐琅、内胆、旋转压料杆、气化箱、底部珐琅、炉脚、气化斗、配气板、内筒、检修门、储灰箱、排灰门、控灰板、进气管、电子点火管、破渣管、方形燃气管、卸压检修盖，其中，所述气化装置的主体为圆筒形，主体上部为储料箱，储料箱顶部设有密封水槽，密封水槽内扣合有炉盖；主体下部为气化箱，气化箱与储料箱之间设有中间珐琅，主体内腔设有内胆，内胆的外环与中间珐琅内侧壁相连接，内胆的内环与主体内侧壁之间预留一定距离形成遮烟槽，主体侧壁上设有方形燃气管，方形燃气管入口与遮烟槽连通；方形燃气管入口端设有卸压检修盖；气化箱底部设有气化斗，气化斗与气化箱之间设有底部珐琅，底部珐琅外侧设有炉脚；气化斗底部设有储灰箱，储灰箱前侧壁上设有检修门，储灰箱内腔设有与气化斗连通的内筒，内筒与气化斗之间设有配气板，储灰箱一侧侧壁上设有与内筒连通的进气管；储灰箱底部前侧壁上设有排灰门，储灰箱与内筒之间设有控灰板；气化斗下部设有电子点火管，气化斗中部一侧侧壁上设有破渣管；旋转压料杆顶部铰接在储料箱下部，旋转压料杆底部延伸至气化箱内腔底部。
所述的燃气净化器包括有进气管、迷踪板、密封水槽、隔板、盖子、出气管、净化填充物、钢丝网、排污管、集污罐、排污脚，其中，净化器主体底部设有排污脚，净化器主体内腔通过隔板分隔形成迷踪室和净化室，净化室顶部密封，净化室一侧侧壁上部设有进气管，净化室内腔壁上设有若干块相对倾斜错位装配的迷踪板，迷踪室与净化室的底部连通；净化室顶部设有密封水槽，密封水槽上扣合有盖子，净化室上部一侧侧壁上设有出气管；净化室下部设有钢丝网，钢丝网上设有烟气净化填充物，钢丝网下方的主体底部设有排污管，排污管下方设有集污罐，集污罐内注有水，排污管出口伸入水内形成水封。
本发明的技术效果在于：
生物质气化发电装备的核心是燃气净化，要让生物质气化燃气净化后达到内燃机发电的要求适宜采用多级净化的策略，综合采用多种净化装置串联使用，每种装置均起到一定的净化效果，取得一定比例的净化率，最终达到生物质气内燃机发电的要求。本装备具有装机容量小、布置灵活、投资少、结构紧凑、技术可靠、运行费用低廉、经济效益好、操作维护简单和对气化物料要求较低等特点，有利于得到广泛的推广与应用。
燃气净化装置分离出燃气中的污物，污物再置于气化炉内气化处置，具有较好的环保效果。
生物质净化技术的设备成本和使用费用均远低于电捕焦油器。
本装备在实际应用中可能达到以下几个方面的要求：
1)、降低生物质气化设备成本，使设备成本低于5万元/吨。
2)、气化稳定性好，减少烟气排放，简化进料、出灰等操作过程，部分过程实现自动化。
3)、燃气中焦油溢出量低于生物质总量的1％，这样有利于降低焦油处理难度。
4)、取消对燃气进行水洗这一技术环节，从而达到不产生污水的目标。
5)、开发小、中型生物质气化发电系统，减少运输费用。生物质气化原料的运输半径不 超过5公里。
6)、增大生物质气化原料的范围，使之既能处理生物质秸杆、谷壳等，又能处理树叶、碎木屑和废木材等其它生物质废弃物，以及分选的生活垃圾，从而达到提高利用率，大大降低成本的效果。
7)、采用内置竹丝、生物质碎料等吸附器吸附燃气中的焦油和灰份，简化操作工艺，降低处理成本，对使用一段时间失效的生物质吸附料再入气化炉内进行气化处理，减少二次污染。
附图说明
图1为本发明的原理图。
图2为本发明的生物质气化装置示意图。
图3为本发明的燃气净化器示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合所有附图对本发明作进一步说明，本发明的较佳实施例为：参见附图1至附图3，本实施例所述的生物质气化发电系统包括有依次连接的生物质气化装置、燃气净化器、储气袋以及内燃发电机，其中，生物质气化装置为2～3组，通过轨道交换交替使用；所述的生物质气化装置为一种可间歇式操作的结构，在气化装置中部内胆位置导出燃气，气化炉具有炉内压料功能，且设有破渣、排灰机构；所述的燃气净化器为1～10组，采用依次串联组成，所有净化器的进气管与出气管外径相等，除了最后的净化设备以外，进气管与出气管均处于同一水平线上，最后的净化设备的出气管居于下部，与储气袋的进气管平行，储气袋与内燃发电机连接进行发电，储气袋为1～3个，采用PVC或布料制作，采用依次串联机构，每个储气袋内均设有燃气储存机构和燃气净化机构。所述的生物质气化装置包括有炉盖(1)、密封水槽(2)、储料箱(3)、中间珐琅(4)、内胆(5)、旋转压料杆(6)、气化箱(7)、底部珐琅(8)、炉脚(9)、气化斗(10)、配气板(11)、内筒(12)、检修门(13)、储灰箱(14)、排灰门(15)、控灰板(16)、进气管(17)、电子点火管(18)、破渣管(19)、方形燃气管(20)、卸压检修盖(21)，其中，所述气化装置的主体为圆筒形，主体上部为储料箱(3)，储料箱(3)顶部设有密封水槽(2)，密封水槽(2)内扣合有炉盖(1)；主体下部为气化箱(7)，气化箱(7)与储料箱(3)之间设有中间珐琅(4)，主体内腔设有内胆(5)，内胆(5)的外环与中间珐琅(4)内侧壁相连接，内胆(5)的内环与主体内侧壁之间预留一定距离形成遮烟槽，主体侧壁上设有方形燃气管(20)，方形燃气管(20)入口与遮烟槽连通；方形燃气管(20)入口端设有卸压检修盖(21)；气化箱(7)底部设有气化斗(10)，气化斗(10)与气化箱(7)之间设有底部珐琅(8)，底部珐琅(8)外侧设有炉脚(9)；气化斗(10)底部设有储灰箱(14)，储灰箱(14)前侧壁上设有检修门(13)，储灰箱(14)内腔设有与气化斗(10)连通的内筒(12)，内筒(12)与气化斗(10)之间设有配气板(11)，储灰箱(14)一侧侧壁上设有与内筒(12)连通的进气管(17)；储灰箱(14)底部前侧壁上设有排灰门(15)，储灰箱(14)与内筒(12)之间设有控灰板(16)；气化斗(10)下部设有电子点火管(18)，气化斗(10)中部一侧侧壁上设有破渣管(19)；旋转压料杆(6)顶部铰接在储料箱(3)下部，旋转压料杆(6)底部延伸至气化箱(7)内腔底部。所述的燃气净化器包括有进气管(A1)、迷踪板(A2)、密封水槽(A3)、隔板(A4)、盖子(A5)、出气管(A6)、净化填充物(A7)、钢丝网(A8)、排污管(A9)、集污罐(A10)、排污脚(A11)，其中，净化器主体底部设有排污脚(A11)，净化器主体内腔通过隔板(A4)分隔形成迷踪室和净化室，净化室顶部密封，净化室一侧侧壁上部设有进气管(A1)，净化室内腔壁上设有若干块相对倾斜错位装配的迷踪板(A2)，迷踪室与净化室的底部连通；净化室顶部设有密封水槽(A3)，密封水槽(A3)上扣合有盖子(A5)，净化室上部一侧侧壁上设有出气管(A6)；净化室下部设有钢丝网(A8)，钢丝网(A8)上设有烟气净化填充物(A7)，钢丝网(A8)下方的主体底部设有排污管(A9)，排污管(A9)下方设有集污罐(A10)，集污罐(A10)内注有 水，排污管(A9)出口伸入水内形成水封。
上述结构可将农林废弃物、分选的生活垃圾等气化产生的燃气净化后，在储气袋中静置一段时间后，用内燃发电机发电。
气化炉是将生物质能由固态转化为燃气的装置。生物质在气化炉内通过控制空气供应量，而进行不完全燃烧，实现低值生物质能由固体向气态的转化，生成包含H2、CO、CH4等可燃成分的燃气，完成生物质的气化过程。本实施例的生物质气化装置是一种可间歇式操作的气化炉，成套发电装备中一般安装2～3个气化炉，通过轨道交换交替使用，达到连续使用的效果。
生物质气化产生的燃气含有少量的水蒸汽、灰尘和焦油，简称为污物。污物会对燃气管道造成堵塞，不当排放会对环境造成较重污染，污物还会降低燃气燃烧的热值。生物质气化产生的燃气用内燃机发电，燃气净化是一种必然的过程，必须发明一些有效分离燃气中污物的装置。本装置中的净化系统不采用常规的水洗和电捕设备，我们称之为生物质净化技术设备，利用某些生物质独特的吸附功能分离出燃气中的污水、焦油和灰尘等污物。每个净化设备均有各自的集污罐，收集的污物用生物质碎料吸附晾干后再气化处理，无污染物排放。
本实施例由多个净化器串联组成一套净化系统，一般由8个以上设备组成，所有设备的进气管与出气管外径相等，除了最后的净化设备以外，进气管与出气管均处于同一水平线上，燃气管道无弯折，管道不容易堵塞，且有利于管道清理。最后的净化设备的出气管居于下部，与储气袋的进气管平行，便于连接。全套净化设备包括气液分离器3～5个，燃气净化器2～3个，水洗/吸附器1～2个，无纺布吸附器1个。
本实施例采用的储气袋是成套生物质气化发电装备中具有燃气储存和净化两用功能的设备，一般有1～3个串联使用，采用PVC布料制作，成本比较低廉，使用寿命约为20～50年；储气袋外型呈圆柱形，便于加工和安装。经过净化的燃气储存在储气袋内，静置一段时间(一般为2～8小时)，燃气中未完全分离的污物会继续分离淅出在储气袋的底部，燃气中的焦油含量低于10mg/m3以下，达到燃气内燃发电的要求。

Claims (1)

  1. 一种生物质气化发电系统，其特征在于：它包括有依次连接的生物质气化装置、燃气净化器、储气袋以及内燃发电机，其中，生物质气化装置为2～3组，通过轨道交换交替使用；所述的生物质气化装置为一种可间歇式操作的结构，在气化装置中部内胆位置导出燃气，气化炉具有炉内压料功能，且设有破渣、排灰机构；所述的燃气净化器为1～10组，采用依次串联组成，所有净化器的进气管与出气管外径相等，除了最后的净化设备以外，进气管与出气管均处于同一水平线上，最后的净化设备的出气管居于下部，与储气袋的进气管平行，储气袋与内燃发电机连接进行发电，储气袋为1～3个，采用PVC或布料制作，采用依次串联机构，每个储气袋内均设有燃气储存机构和燃气净化机构；所述的生物质气化装置包括有炉盖(1)、密封水槽(2)、储料箱(3)、中间珐琅(4)、内胆(5)、旋转压料杆(6)、气化箱(7)、底部珐琅(8)、炉脚(9)、气化斗(10)、配气板(11)、内筒(12)、检修门(13)、储灰箱(14)、排灰门(15)、控灰板(16)、进气管(17)、电子点火管(18)、破渣管(19)、方形燃气管(20)、卸压检修盖(21)，其中，所述气化装置的主体为圆筒形，主体上部为储料箱(3)，储料箱(3)顶部设有密封水槽(2)，密封水槽(2)内扣合有炉盖(1)；主体下部为气化箱(7)，气化箱(7)与储料箱(3)之间设有中间珐琅(4)，主体内腔设有内胆(5)，内胆(5)的外环与中间珐琅(4)内侧壁相连接，内胆(5)的内环与主体内侧壁之间预留一定距离形成遮烟槽，主体侧壁上设有方形燃气管(20)，方形燃气管(20)入口与遮烟槽连通；方形燃气管(20)入口端设有卸压检修盖(21)；气化箱(7)底部设有气化斗(10)，气化斗(10)与气化箱(7)之间设有底部珐琅(8)，底部珐琅(8)外侧设有炉脚(9)；气化斗(10)底部设有储灰箱(14)，储灰箱(14)前侧壁上设有检修门(13)，储灰箱(14)内腔设有与气化斗(10)连通的内筒(12)，内筒(12)与气化斗(10)之间设有配气板(11)，储灰箱(14)一侧侧壁上设有与内筒(12)连通的进气管(17)；储灰箱(14)底部前侧壁上设有排灰门(15)，储灰箱(14)与内筒(12)之间设有控灰板(16)；气化斗(10)下部设有电子点火管(18)，气化斗(10)中部一侧侧壁上设有破渣管(19)；旋转压料杆(6)顶部铰接在储料箱(3)下部，旋转压料杆(6)底部延伸至气化箱(7)内腔底部；所述的燃气净化器包括有进气管(A1)、迷踪板(A2)、密封水槽(A3)、隔板(A4)、盖子(A5)、出气管(A6)、净化填充物(A7)、钢丝网(A8)、排污管(A9)、集污罐(A10)、排污脚(A11)，其中，净化器主体底部设有排污脚(A11)，净化器主体内腔通过隔板(A4)分隔形成迷踪室和净化室，净化室顶部密封，净化室一侧侧壁上部设有进气管(A1)，净化室内腔壁上设有若干块相对倾斜错位装配的迷踪板(A2)，迷踪室与净化室的底部连通；净化室顶部设有密封水槽(A3)，密封水槽(A3)上扣合有盖子(A5)，净化室上部一侧侧壁上设有出气管(A6)；净化室下部 设有钢丝网(A8)，钢丝网(A8)上设有烟气净化填充物(A7)，钢丝网(A8)下方的主体底部设有排污管(A9)，排污管(A9)下方设有集污罐(A10)，集污罐(A10)内注有水，排污管(A9)出口伸入水内形成水封。
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