WO2016112772A1 - 厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法 - Google Patents

厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法 Download PDF

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WO2016112772A1
WO2016112772A1 PCT/CN2015/098029 CN2015098029W WO2016112772A1 WO 2016112772 A1 WO2016112772 A1 WO 2016112772A1 CN 2015098029 W CN2015098029 W CN 2015098029W WO 2016112772 A1 WO2016112772 A1 WO 2016112772A1
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mining
wall
coal
face
coal mining
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French (fr)
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韩昌良
张农
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China University of Mining and Technology CUMT
China University of Mining and Technology Beijing CUMTB
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China University of Mining and Technology CUMT
China University of Mining and Technology Beijing CUMTB
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Priority to AU2015377025A priority Critical patent/AU2015377025B2/en
Publication of WO2016112772A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016112772A1/zh
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/18—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for brown or hard coal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F1/00—Ventilation of mines or tunnels; Distribution of ventilating currents
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F15/00—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings
    • E21F15/02—Supporting means, e.g. shuttering, for filling-up materials
    • E21F15/04—Stowing mats; Goaf wire netting; Partition walls

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  • the invention relates to the technical field of retaining roadway along the air, in particular to a method for retaining roadway along the thick coal seam with large mining height suitable for the field of roadway support engineering.
  • China's coal is mostly a coalbed group occurrence condition.
  • the mining of one coal seam will inevitably affect other coal seams, especially the concentrated stress above and below the post-harvest coal pillars. It is also a hidden danger of mining space safety. At the time, the remaining lane wall will also cause a certain range of stress concentration, which will greatly interfere with the safe mining of other coal seams.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art and to provide a method for retaining roadway along the thick sea with large mining height.
  • the method for retaining roadway along the thick coal seam with large mining height of the present invention comprises the following steps:
  • the coal mining face next to the upper section is placed along the edge of the goaf to place the flexible mould bag to the flexible membrane
  • the bag is filled with high-water material, and a filling wall with a built-in venting pipe is built as a supporting wall of the roadway to form a roadway along the empty space, and at the same time, the side of the goaf supporting the wall in the same way is built in the same way.
  • the second filling wall is used as a pressure buffering wall, and the distance between the supporting wall of the roadway and the pressure buffering wall is L, and the spacing distance L is 0.5 to 0.8 times of the pressing step of the old top period;
  • step b As the upper section coal mining work advances forward and forms sufficient filling space behind it, repeat step b until the mining section of the upper section ends;
  • step a in the face of mining coal mining in the lower section, excavate the new track section and cut-eye of the next section of coal mining face, and when leaving the coal mining face of the lower section,
  • the transportation lane of the working face constitutes a ventilation system of the coal mining face of the lower section, and during the mining period, the roadway along the empty roadway is implemented in the lower section of the coal mining face of the coal mining face of the lower section;
  • step b in the mining process of the coal mining face in the lower section, the flexible mold bag is placed along the edge of the goaf, and high water material is injected into the flexible film bag to build a new filling wall to form The new roadway is retained along the empty space, and the flexible film bag on the upper side of the working area behind the upper side of the support wall and the pressure buffer wall surface is removed;
  • the carbon dioxide gas is pumped in the venting line of the support wall of the upper section and the pressure buffering wall to carbonize and decompose, and the self-elimination of the filling wall is realized;
  • the mining height of the coal mining face of the upper section and the coal mining face of the lower section are equal to the height of the roadway along the empty roadway, and the control range S of the mining side along the empty roadway is the filling body. 1.2 to 2.0 times the width.
  • the height of the roadside support wall is the same as the height of the roadway, and the width is 0.5 to 1.5 times of the height; the height of the pressure buffer wall is the same as the height, and the width is 0.2 to 1.0 times of the height.
  • the ventilating tube comprises a vent tube, the front end of the vent tube is a threaded tube, and the rear end is a threaded sleeve that can cooperate with the front end.
  • the vent tube is provided with a plurality of cross-disposed venting branch tubes, a surface of the vent tube and the venting branch tube. There are a plurality of vent holes respectively.
  • the present invention Since the above technical solution is adopted, the present invention has the following advantages compared with the prior art:
  • the pressure buffer wall supports the key roof block in the goaf in the goaf, which effectively reduces the pressure on the roof of the roadway, provides a good stress environment for the support wall of the roadway, and maintains the wall of the roadway support.
  • Good support Performance effective maintenance of the overall stability of the roadway along the empty.
  • the upper section filling wall is retained to the end of the lower section working face, which is beneficial to the maintenance of the entire roadway.
  • the filling wall is retained from the working face to the end of the next working face. Under the joint action of the two filling walls, the pressure of the roof is fully relieved, so that the remaining roadway remains relatively stable during the multiple mining effects.
  • the present invention provides a method for retaining roadway along the coal pillar without a coal pillar for the large mining height working face of the thick coal seam, eliminating the work. The remaining coal pillars between the faces significantly increase the coal recovery rate.
  • Figure 1 is a plan view showing the thick coal seam of the thick coal seam of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of the vent pipe of the present invention.
  • the method for retaining roadway along the thick coal seam with large mining height in the thick coal seam of the present invention firstly excavates the coal mining face of the lower section of the coal mining face 2 of the lower section when mining the upper coal mining face 1
  • the roadside supporting wall 11 and the pressure buffering wall 13 with the venting pipe 10 built therein are built along the edge of the gob area 8, and the two walls are kept between the two walls.
  • the horizontal distance L forms a trailing lane 12; when the lower section coal mining face 2 is mined, the trailing lane 12 becomes the transport lane of the working face, and is implemented in the track lane 5 of the lower section coal mining face during mining.
  • the roadway is retained along the empty space, and the upper section located behind the working face is removed along the roadside supporting wall 11 of the empty roadway 12 and the flexible film bag on the surface of the pressure buffering wall 13.
  • At the end of the mining face of the lower section coal mining face Injecting carbon dioxide into the venting line 10 in the roadway supporting wall 11 of the upper section coal mining face 1 and the pressure buffering wall 13 Led wall carbonization
  • the reaction is broken and decomposed to achieve complete coal-free column mining, and so on.
  • the specific steps are as follows:
  • step b As the upper section coal mining face 1 advances and forms sufficient filling space behind it, repeat step b until the upper section coal mining face 1 is finished.
  • step a before mining the coal mining face 2 of the lower section, excavate the track and cut of the new coal mining face of the next section, and mine the mining face of the lower section.
  • the empty roadway 12 becomes the transportation lane of the working face, and constitutes the ventilation system of the coal mining face 2 of the lower section.
  • the space is carried out in the lower section coal mining face track 5 of the lower section coal mining face 2 Leave the lane
  • step b in the mining process of the lower section coal mining face 2, the flexible mold bag is placed along the edge of the goaf, and the high-water material is injected into the flexible film bag to build a new filling wall. Forming a new roadway along the empty space, and removing the flexible film bag 9 of the upper section of the upper side of the working face behind the supporting wall 11 and the surface of the pressure buffering wall 13;
  • the carbon dioxide gas is pumped in the vent line 10 of the support section wall 11 and the pressure buffer wall 13 of the upper section to carbonize and decompose, thereby realizing the filling of the wall.
  • the mining height of the upper section coal mining face 1 and the lower section coal mining face 2 along the side of the empty roadway is equal to the height of the retaining lane along the empty roadway, and the control range S of the mining height along the side of the empty roadway is
  • the width of the filling body is 1.2 to 2.0 times.
  • the height of the roadside support wall is the same as the height of the roadway, and the width is 0.5 to 1.5 times of the height; the height of the pressure buffer wall 13 is the same as the height, and the width is 0.2 to 1.0 times of the height.
  • the vent tube 10 includes a vent tube 10-1.
  • the front end of the vent tube 10-1 is a threaded tube 10-2, and the rear end is a threaded sleeve 10-3 that can be engaged with the front end.
  • the vent tube 10-1 is spaced apart from the sleeve.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)

Abstract

一种厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法，适用于井巷支护工程。包括下列步骤：开采上区段采煤工作面（1）时，沿着采空区（3）的边缘砌筑内置有通气管路（10）的巷旁支撑墙体（11）和压力缓冲墙体（13），两道墙体之间保持一定的水平距离L，形成沿空留巷；开采下区段采煤工作面（2）时在下区段采煤工作面（2）的轨道巷（5）中实施沿空留巷，同时将位于工作面后方的上区段沿空留巷的巷旁支撑墙体（11）表面的柔性膜袋（9）去除，下区段采煤工作面（2）回采结束后，向上区段采煤工作面（1）的巷旁支撑墙体（11）和压力缓冲墙体（13）内的通气管路（10）中注入二氧化碳，促使墙体发生碳化反应并破碎分解，实现完全无煤柱开采。该方法有利于沿空留巷的全程维护，实现了厚煤层大采高工作面的沿空留巷，显著提高了煤炭采出率，同时消除了墙体上下的应力集中。

Description

厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法 技术领域
本发明涉及沿空留巷技术领域，尤其是一种适应于井巷支护工程领域的厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法。
背景技术
相对于传统的留煤柱护巷方式，沿空留巷具有明显的技术优势，如提高采出率、减少巷道掘进率、促进瓦斯治理、消除应力集中、改善采煤工作面的作业环境等等。在非再生能源迅速减少的背景下，提高能源资源采出率的重要性越来越凸显。而沿空留巷技术的显著优势之一即是通过减少遗留煤柱，大幅提高采区煤炭的采出率，减少资源浪费。目前该技术已在薄煤层和中厚煤层中得到广泛应用。
然而在厚煤层开采中，沿空留巷技术尚未得到突破。其原因在于厚煤层大采高工作面开采后，留下较大的空间，因而顶板垮落的范围广、运动的幅度大、扰动的程度强，留设在采空区边缘的沿空巷道难以在采动过程中保持稳定，很快就会出现片帮、冒顶甚至是断面闭合的剧烈矿压显现。沿空留巷的核心技术是巷旁充填，在大采高条件下，巷旁墙体会发生纵向压缩、横向滑移甚至是歪斜等多种运动形态，若要既满足充填墙体对顶板的支护作用，又保证充填墙体自身的稳定，就需要构筑尺寸较大的墙体。这又存在如下四个问题：(1)大尺度充填墙内外温差较大，将产生较高的温度应力，使其在硬化过程中就产生破坏，支撑效能低下；(2)充填工序繁琐，占时较长，影响工作面的正常采煤作业；(3)用料过多，拌料过程中产生大量粉尘，使作业环境恶化；(4)设备、材料、人力投入较多，成本过高。有少数矿区曾尝试对常规沿空留巷技术进行相应的强化后应用到厚煤层大采高工作面中，多因效果不佳而停止应用。
我国煤炭多属煤层群赋存条件，一个煤层的开采必将会对其它煤层造成影响，尤其是采后遗留煤柱上下的集中应力，更是采掘空间安全的隐患，当采用沿空留巷技术时，遗留的巷旁墙体也会造成一定范围的应力集中，对邻近其它煤层的安全开采带来极大干扰。
总之，厚煤层大采高工作面矿压显现剧烈，沿空留巷维护难度较大，目前尚没有形成能够适应于这种条件的沿空留巷方法，更无法消除巷旁墙体的应力集中问题。
发明内容
技术问题：本发明的目的是克服已有技术中的不足，提供一种厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法。
技术方案：本发明的厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法，包括如下步骤：
a.开采上区段采煤工作面之前，开掘上区段采煤工作面的运输巷、轨道巷和切眼，以及下区段采煤工作面的下区段采煤工作面轨道巷和下区段采煤工作面切眼，构成上区段采煤工作面通风系统；
b.在上区段采煤工作面回采过程中，在靠近下区段采煤工作面的一侧，紧跟上区段采煤工作面沿采空区的边缘安置柔性模袋，向柔性膜袋内注入高水材料，砌筑一道内置通气管路的充填墙体作为巷旁支撑墙体，形成沿空留巷，同时以同样的方式在巷旁支撑墙体的采空区一侧砌筑第二道充填墙体作为压力缓冲墙体，巷旁支撑墙体与压力缓冲墙体之间的间隔距离为L，间隔距离L为老顶周期来压步距的0.5～0.8倍；
c.随着上区段采煤工作面向前推进，并在其后方形成足够的充填空间时，重复步骤b，直至上区段采煤工作面回采结束；
d.按照步骤a的方式，在开采下区段采煤工作面前，开掘新的下一区段采煤工作面的轨道巷和切眼，开采下区段采煤工作面时沿空留巷成为该工作面的运输巷，构成下区段采煤工作面的通风系统，开采期间在下区段采煤工作面的下区段采煤工作面轨道巷中实施沿空留巷；
e.按照步骤b的方式，在下区段采煤工作面回采过程中，沿采空区的边缘安置柔性模袋，并向柔性膜袋内注入高水材料，砌筑新的充填墙体，形成新的沿空留巷，同时将工作面后方的上区段巷旁支撑墙体以及压力缓冲墙体表面的柔性膜袋去除；
f.下区段采煤工作面回采结束后，向上区段巷旁支撑墙体以及压力缓冲墙体的通气管路内泵送二氧化碳气体，使其碳化分解，实现充填墙体的自消除；
g.周而复始，接续完成新的下一区段采煤工作面回采。
所述的上区段采煤工作面和下区段采煤工作面沿空留巷一侧的采高与沿空留巷高度相等，沿空留巷一侧采高的控制范围S为充填体宽度的1.2～2.0倍。
所述的巷旁支撑墙体的高度与巷道高度相同，宽度为采高的0.5～1.5倍；所述的压力缓冲墙体的高度与采高相同，宽度为采高的0.2～1.0倍。
所述的通风管包括通气管，通气管的前端为螺纹管，后端为可与前端配合的螺纹套管，通气管上间隔套装有多个交叉布置的通气支管，通气管和通气支管的表面分别开有多个通气孔。
有益效果：由于采用了上述技术方案，本发明与现有技术相比具有如下优点：
(1)通过两道充填墙体的支撑作用，实现厚煤层大采高工作面的沿空留巷，丰富和发展了沿空留巷技术。压力缓冲墙体在采空区内支撑住采空区侧向的关键顶板块体，有效降低了巷道顶板的压力，为巷旁支撑墙体提供了良好的应力环境，使巷旁支撑墙体保持良好的支撑 性能，有效维护沿空留巷的整体稳定性性。
(2)上区段充填墙体保留至下区段工作面回采结束，有利于沿空留巷的全程维护。充填墙体自本工作面回采保留至下一工作面回采结束，在两道充填墙体的共同作用下，充分缓解顶板的压力，使沿空留巷在多次采动影响中保持相对稳定。
(3)实现厚煤层大采高采煤工作面沿空留巷，大大提高了煤炭采出率。厚煤层采煤工作面之间常常留设数十米宽的煤柱，造成极其严重的资源损失，本发明为厚煤层大采高工作面提供了无煤柱沿空留巷方法，消除了工作面之间的遗留煤柱，显著提高了煤炭的采出率。
(4)通过充填墙体的碳化分解，消除了墙体上下的应力集中。工作面回采结束后，向通风管路内注入二氧化碳，促使充填墙体自内部迅速碳化分解、充填墙体消除，避免了因充填墙体遗留而产生的应力集中，在煤层群赋存条件下实现对上下邻近煤层的充分卸压，有利于采掘空间维护、瓦斯抽采以及动力灾害防治。
附图说明
图1是本发明的厚煤层大采高沿空留巷的平面示意图；
图2是图1的A-A剖面图；
图3是本发明的通气管结构示意图。
图中：1-上区段采煤工作面；2-下区段采煤工作面；3-运输巷；4-轨道巷；5-下区段采煤工作面轨道巷；6-切眼；7-下区段采煤工作面切眼；8-采空区；9-柔性模袋；10-通风管；10-1-通气管；10-2-螺纹管；10-3螺纹套管；10-4-通气管分支；10-5-通气孔；11-巷旁支撑墙体；12-沿空留巷；13-压力缓冲墙体；L-水平距离；S-沿空留巷一侧采高的控制范围。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的一个实施例作进一步的描述：
如图1所示，本发明的厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法，在开采上区段采煤工作面1时，先开掘下区段采煤工作面2的下区段采煤工作面轨道巷5和下区段采煤工作面切眼7，连同上区段采煤工作面1的运输巷3、轨道巷4和切眼6，构成上区段采煤工作面1的通风系统；开采上区段采煤工作面1时，沿着采空区8的边缘砌筑内置有通气管路10的巷旁支撑墙体11和压力缓冲墙体13，两道墙体之间保持一定的水平距离L，形成沿空留巷12；开采下区段采煤工作面2时，沿空留巷12成为该工作面的运输巷，开采期间在下区段采煤工作面的轨道巷5中实施沿空留巷，同时将位于工作面后方的上区段沿空留巷12的巷旁支撑墙体11以及压力缓冲墙体13表面的柔性膜袋去除，下区段采煤工作面回采结束时，向上区段采煤工作面1的巷旁支撑墙体11和压力缓冲墙体13内的通气管路10内注入二氧化碳，促使墙体发生碳化 反应并破碎分解，实现完全无煤柱开采，依此类推，具体步骤如下：
a.开采上区段采煤工作面1之前，开掘上区段采煤工作面1的运输巷3、轨道巷4和切眼6，以及下区段采煤工作面2的下区段采煤工作面轨道巷5和下区段采煤工作面切眼7，构成上区段采煤工作面通风系统；
b.在上区段采煤工作面1回采过程中，在靠近下区段采煤工作面2的一侧，紧跟上区段采煤工作面1沿采空区8边缘安置柔性模袋9，向柔性膜袋9内注入高水材料，砌筑一道内置通气管路10的充填墙体作为巷旁支撑墙体11，形成沿空留巷12，同时以同样的方式在巷旁支撑墙体11的采空区一侧砌筑第二道充填墙体作为压力缓冲墙体13，巷旁支撑墙体11与压力缓冲墙体13之间的间隔距离为L，间隔距离L为老顶周期来压步距的0.5～0.8倍，如图2所示；
c.随着上区段采煤工作面1向前推进，并在其后方形成足够的充填空间时，重复步骤b，直至上区段采煤工作面1回采结束；
d.按照步骤a的方式，在开采下区段采煤工作面2前，开掘新的下一区段采煤工作面的轨道巷和切眼，开采下区段采煤工作面2时的沿空留巷12成为该工作面的运输巷，构成下区段采煤工作面2的通风系统，开采期间在下区段采煤工作面2的下区段采煤工作面轨道巷5中实施沿空留巷；
e.按照步骤b的方式，在下区段采煤工作面2回采过程中，沿采空区的边缘安置柔性模袋，并向柔性膜袋内注入高水材料，砌筑新的充填墙体，形成新的沿空留巷，同时将工作面后方的上区段巷旁支撑墙体11以及压力缓冲墙体13表面的柔性膜袋9去除；
f.下区段采煤工作面2回采结束后，向上区段巷旁支撑墙体11以及压力缓冲墙体13的通气管路10内泵送二氧化碳气体，使其碳化分解，实现充填墙体的自消除；
g.周而复始，接续完成新的下一区段采煤工作面回采。
所述的上区段采煤工作面1和下区段采煤工作面2沿空留巷一侧的采高与沿空留巷高度相等，沿空留巷一侧采高的控制范围S为充填体宽度的1.2～2.0倍。
所述的巷旁支撑墙体的高度与巷道高度相同，宽度为采高的0.5～1.5倍；所述的压力缓冲墙体13的高度与采高相同，宽度为采高的0.2～1.0倍。
所述的通风管10包括通气管10-1，通气管10-1的前端为螺纹管10-2，后端为可与前端配合的螺纹套管10-3，通气管10-1上间隔套装有多个交叉布置的通气支管10-4，通气管10-1和通气支管10-4的表面分别开有多个通气孔10-5。

Claims (4)

  1. 一种厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法，其特征是包括如下步骤：
    a.开采上区段采煤工作面(1)之前，开掘上区段采煤工作面(1)的运输巷(3)、轨道巷(4)和切眼(6)，以及下区段采煤工作面(2)的下区段采煤工作面轨道巷(5)和下区段采煤工作面切眼(7)，构成上区段采煤工作面通风系统；
    b.在上区段采煤工作面(1)回采过程中，在靠近下区段采煤工作面(2)的一侧，紧跟上区段采煤工作面(1)沿采空区(8)的边缘安置柔性模袋(9)，向柔性膜袋(9)内注入高水材料，砌筑一道内置通气管路(10)的充填墙体作为巷旁支撑墙体(11)，形成沿空留巷(12)，同时以同样的方式在巷旁支撑墙体(11)的采空区一侧砌筑第二道充填墙体作为压力缓冲墙体(13)，巷旁支撑墙体(11)与压力缓冲墙体(13)之间的间隔距离为L，间隔距离L为老顶周期来压步距的0.5～0.8倍；
    c.随着上区段采煤工作面(1)向前推进，并在其后方形成足够的充填空间时，重复步骤b，直至上区段采煤工作面(1)回采结束；
    d.按照步骤a的方式，在开采下区段采煤工作面(2)前，开掘新的下一区段采煤工作面的轨道巷和切眼，开采下区段采煤工作面(2)时沿空留巷(12)成为该工作面的运输巷，构成下区段采煤工作面(2)的通风系统，开采期间在下区段采煤工作面(2)的下区段采煤工作面轨道巷(5)中实施沿空留巷；
    e.按照步骤b的方式，在下区段采煤工作面(2)回采过程中，沿采空区的边缘安置柔性模袋，并向柔性膜袋内注入高水材料，砌筑新的充填墙体，形成新的沿空留巷，同时将工作面后方的上区段巷旁支撑墙体(11)以及压力缓冲墙体(13)表面的柔性膜袋(9)去除；
    f.下区段采煤工作面(2)回采结束后，向上区段巷旁支撑墙体(11)以及压力缓冲墙体(13)的通气管路(10)内泵送二氧化碳气体，使其碳化分解，实现充填墙体的自消除；
    g.周而复始，接续完成新的下一区段采煤工作面回采。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法，其特征是：所述的上区段采煤工作面(1)和下区段采煤工作面(2)沿空留巷一侧的采高与沿空留巷高度相等，沿空留巷一侧采高的控制范围S为充填体宽度的1.2～2.0倍。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法，其特征是：所述的巷旁支撑墙体的高度与巷道高度相同，宽度为采高的0.5～1.5倍；所述的压力缓冲墙体(13)的高度与采高相同，宽度为采高的0.2～1.0倍。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的厚煤层大采高沿空留巷方法，其特征是：所述的通风管(10)包括通气管(10-1)，通气管(10-1)的前端为螺纹管(10-2)，后端为可与前端配合的螺纹套管(10-3)，通气管(10-1)上间隔套装有多个交叉布置的通气支管(10-4)，通气管(10-1)和通气支管(10-4)的表面分别开有多个通气孔(10-5)。
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