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Definitions

• IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, e.g. in response to infection and tissue damage.
• IL-6 exerts its multiple biological activities through two main signalling pathways, a so-called classic ligand-receptor pathway via membrane-bound IL-6R present mainly on hepatocytes and certain leukocytes, and a trans- signalling pathway via circulating sIL-6R originating from proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound IL-6R or from alternative splicing.
• IL-6 directly binds to membrane-bound IL-6R on the surface of a limited range of cell types.
• the IL-6/IL-6R complex associates with a pre-formed dimer of the signal-transducing gpl30 receptor protein, causing steric changes in the gpl30 homodimer and thereby initiating an intracellular signalling cascade.
• Classic signalling is responsible for acute inflammatory defence mechanisms and crucial physiological IL-6 functions, such as growth and regenerative signals for intestinal epithelial cells.
• the extracellular domains of IL-6R and gpl30 can be generated without the membrane- anchoring domains by translation of alternatively-spliced mRNAs resulting in sIL-6R and sgpl30 variants. Additionally, the extracellular domain of IL-6R can be shed by membrane- bound proteases of the A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family (in humans,
• sIL-6R binds to IL-6, forming an agonistic complex which binds to trans-membrane gpl30 dimers present on a multitude of cell types that do not express membrane -bound IL-6R; IL-6 signalling by signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) is then induced in cells which do not normally respond to IL- 6.
• STATs signal transducers and activators of transcription
• the activity of the IL-6/sIL-6R complex is normally controlled by levels of sgpl30 present in the circulation which effectively compete with membrane-bound gpl30.
• Zrans-signalling is mainly involved in chronic inflammation and has been shown to prevent disease-promoting mucosal T-cell populations from going into apoptosis.
• the terminal half-life of the inhibitor allows dosing on a weekly, biweekly (i.e., every other week), monthly or even lesser frequency.
• the invention includes an inhibitor (e.g., a polypeptide dimer as disclosed herein) for the treatment of an inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition, wherein the polypeptide is administered at a dose of 0.5 mg to 5 g.
• the invention also includes a method of treating inflammatory disease by administering the inhibitor (e.g., a polypeptide dimer as disclosed herein), where the inhibitor dose is from 0.5 mg to 5 g.
• the invention further includes use of such an inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an
• a human is treated.
• the invention includes a polypeptide dimer as disclosed herein for treating an IL-6-mediated condition without significantly lowering neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein or without lowering neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein below a normal range in healthy subjects or patients suffering from an IL-6-mediated condition,.
• the invention also includes a method of treating an IL-6- mediated condition by administering a polypeptide dimer as disclosed herein, wherein the method does not significantly lower neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein.
• the invention further includes use of such a polypeptide dimer in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an IL-6-mediated condition without significantly lowering neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein.
• a human is treated.
• FIG. 1 shows the trans-signalling pathway of IL-6.
• sIL-6R generated from alternatively spliced mRNA or proteolytic cleavage is able to bind to IL-6 to form a IL-6/sIL-6 complex that binds to gpl30 present on the vast majority of body cell types and induce a intracellular signalling cascade.
• FIG. 2 shows that a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1 does not interfere with IL-6 binding to membrane-bound IL-6R (classic signalling), but selectively binds to the IL-6/sIL-6R complex and prevents trans-signalling.
• FIG. 3 shows profiles after i.v. infusion of Peptide 1 (left panel) at 0.75 mg, 7.5 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg and 750 mg and s.c. injection (right panel) at 60 mg (2x2mL).
• FIG. 4 shows profiles after intravenous administration at 75 mg, 300 mg and 750 mg in healthy subjects (left panel) and CD patients in clinical remission (right panel).
• FIG. 5 shows profiles after intravenous administration at 75 mg, 300 mg and 750 mg once a week for 4 weeks in healthy subjects.
• FIG. 6 shows model predictions using a 2-compartment structural PK model (solid line) and observed data (circles) in trial 000115.
• FIG. 7 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the single gpl30-Fc subunit.
• FIG. 8 shows nucleotide sequence elements of the expression plasmid pFER02.
• Preferred inhibitors of the invention include a dimer of two gpl30-Fc fusion monomers (e.g., two monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1).
• the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 exists as a dimer linked by two disulfide linkages at Cys623 and Cys626 (FIG. 2).
• SEQ ID NO: 2 corresponds to the amino acid sequence of a gpl30-Fc fusion monomer having the endogenous signal peptide. The signal peptide is removed during protein synthesis, resulting in the production of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1.
• the polypeptide dimers described herein selectively inhibit excessive trans-signalling (FIG. 1) and induces apoptosis of the detrimental T-cells involved in multiple inflammatory diseases.
• the polypeptide dimer targets and neutralises IL-6/sIL-6R complexes and is therefore expected to only inhibit IL-6 trans-signalling in the desired therapeutic concentrations, leaving classic signalling and its many physiological functions, as well as its acute inflammatory defence mechanisms, intact (FIG. 2).
• the polypeptide dimer is believed to be unable to interfere with classic IL-6 signalling due to steric hindrance; the Fc portion is unable to insert into a cell membrane, making the gpl30 portion unavailable for binding to membrane-bound IL-6/sIL-6R complex.
• the polypeptide dimer is expected to have efficacy similar to global IL-6 blockade (e.g., tocilizumab, sirukumab) but with fewer side effects.
• Polypeptide dimers described herein preferably comprise gpl30-Fc monomers having the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:l .
• the monomers have the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2.
• polypeptide dimers described herein comprise polypeptides having at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2.
• the polypeptide comprises the gpl30 D6 domain (in particular amino acids TFTTPKFAQGE: amino acid positions 585-595 of SEQ ID NO: 1), AEGA in the Fc domain hinge region (amino acid positions 609-612 of SEQ ID NO: 1) and does not comprise a linker between the gpl30 portion and the Fc domain.
• the disclosure provides a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers having an amino acid sequence at least 90% sequence identify to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises the gpl30 D6 domain, AEGA in the Fc domain hinge region, and there is no linker present between the gpl30 portion and the Fc domain.
• the disclosure provides a polypeptide dimer comprising two monomers having an amino acid sequence at least 90% sequence identify to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises the gpl30 D6 domain, AEGA in the Fc domain hinge region, and there is no linker present between the gpl30 portion and the Fc domain.
• polypeptides it is desirable for polypeptides to be substantially free of galactose-alpha-l,3-galactose moieties, as these are associated with an immunogenic response. It was surprisingly found that dimers of the invention have low levels of such moieties. In preferred embodiments, the polypeptide dimer contains no greater than 6 % of galactose-alpha- 1,3 -galactose per mole polypeptide.
• the polypeptide dimer contains no greater than 4 mole %, 3 mole %, 2 mole %, 1 mole %, 0.5 mole %, 0.2 mole %, 0.1 mole % or even an undetectable level of galactose-alpha- 1,3 -galactose (e.g., as measured by WAX-HPLC, NP-HPLC or WAX, preferably as determined by WAX-HPLC).
• an undetectable level of galactose-alpha- 1,3 -galactose e.g., as measured by WAX-HPLC, NP-HPLC or WAX, preferably as determined by WAX-HPLC.
• the polypeptide dimer contains less than 6%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or even 0.1% of galactose-alpha-1,3- galactose, relative to the total amount of glycans, either by mass or on a molar basis.
• polypeptide of the invention it is also desirable for a polypeptide of the invention to be sialylated. This has the advantage of increasing the half-life of polypeptides of the invention.
• Each chain of the polypeptide dimer contains 10 N-glycosylation sites; nine N-glycosylation sites are located in the g l30 portion and one N-glycosylation site is located in the Fc portion.
• the polypeptide therefore contains a total of 20 glycosylation sites.
• a mean of at least 52% or at least 54% of glycans on the polypeptide include a sialic acid residue, such as a mean from 52-65%) (e.g., as measured by WAX-HPLC, NP-HPLC or WAX, preferably as determined by WAX-HPLC).
• the polypeptide of the invention has an approximate molecular weight of 220 kDa; each 93 kDA having an additional ⁇ 20 kDa molecular weight derived from 10 N-glycosylation chains.
• oligomerization which results in oligomeric aggregates.
• Oligomeric aggregates does not refer to the active dimerized peptide. Instead, the term refers to at least a dimer of active dimers.
• the peptide dimers of the invention display low levels of aggregation. In certain embodiments, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1.5%, or even less than 1.0% of the polypeptide is present as an oligomer.
• the oligomer content can be measured, for example, by size exclusion chromatography-multi angle light scatting (SEC-MALS) or SEC-UV.
• the polypeptide dimer is present in its full-length form (e.g., includes two full length monomers, e.g., of SEQ ID NO: 1).
• cell culture can produce a truncated variant referred to herein as the single gpl30 form (SGF).
• SGF is a covalently-bound two-chain molecule, one chain comprising a full-length gpl30-Fc monomer (e.g., of SEQ ID NO: l) and a second chain comprising a truncated gpl30-Fc monomer (e.g., a truncation of SEQ ID NO: 1), which second chain includes the Fc domain and lacks most or all of the gpl30 domain (e.g., terminated before the linker sequence to the Fc region).
• gpl30-Fc monomer e.g., of SEQ ID NO: 1
• truncated gpl30-Fc monomer e.g., a truncation of SEQ ID NO: 1
• second chain includes the Fc domain and lacks most or all of the gpl30 domain (e.g., terminated before the linker sequence to the Fc region).
• the composition of the invention comprises polypeptide dimers comprising no greater than 4.0% by weight, 3.0%) by weight, 2.0% by weight or even 1.5% by weight of polypeptides that are a truncated variation of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 with respect to polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 1.
• the composition of the invention comprises no greater than 4.0% by weight, 3.0% by weight, 2.0% by weight or even 1.5% by weight of polypeptides that are a truncated variation of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 with respect to polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2.
• the doses described herein represent a dose range that are believed to be safe and tolerable, based upon Phase I data.
• Other compounds targeting IL-6R or IL-6 have often displayed, in early clinical trials, decreased neutrophil and platelet counts and lower levels of C- reactive protein (CRP) both in healthy subjects and patients with RA.
• CRP C- reactive protein
• the observed levels in neutrophil and platelet counts in healthy subjects dosed with the polypeptide of the invention were still within the normal range. It appears, from the results from the Phase I program, that the polypeptide of the invention does not display the same effects on biomarkers as compounds targeting IL-6R or IL-6.
• infusion has been shown to have a concentration above 1 ⁇ g/mL at steady state for a dosing interval of one week.
• the corresponding dose administered every two weeks is 300 mg. It is believed that 60 mg administered as a subcutaneous injection is believed to result in the same steady state for dosing every week.
• the dose is from 0.5 mg to 5 g polypeptide dimer.
• the dose can be from 5 mg to 3 g, 10 mg to 2 g, 60 mg to 1 g or preferably from 60 mg to 750 mg.
• the polypeptide dimers can be administered at a frequency appropriate for the intended condition.
• the polypeptide dimer is dosed once every 7-60 days.
• the polypeptide dimers can be dosed once every 7-30 days or 7-20 days.
• the dose occurs weekly (once every 7 days) or biweekly (once every 14 days). Doses can also occur on a daily basis or twice- or thrice-weekly.
• a dose refers to a single dosing episode, whether the dose is a unit dosage form or multiple unit dosage forms taken together (e.g., ingestion of two or more pills, receiving two or more injections). As discussed below, this dose frequency could not be predicted from animal studies.
• polypeptide dimer of the invention is typically administered parenterally, such as intravenously or subcutaneously. Administration can occur according to one of the dosing frequencies disclosed herein.
• the polypeptide dimer is administered intravenously, dosed once every 7-60 days with a dose from 60mg to lg.
• the polypeptide dimer is administered intravenously, dosed once every 7-30 days with a dose from 60mg to lg.
• the polypeptide dimer is administered intravenously, dosed weekly with a dose from 60mg to lg.
• polypeptide dimer is administered
• the polypeptide dimer is administered subcutaneously, dosed once every 7-60 days with a dose from 60mg to 600g.
• the polypeptide dimer is administered subcutaneously, dosed once every 7-30 days with a dose from 60mg to 600g.
• the polypeptide dimer is administered subcutaneously, dosed once weekly with a dose from 60mg to 600g.
• polypeptide dimer is administered
• the polypeptide dimer comprising monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been administered up to 750 mg as a single dose and 600 mg once weekly for 4 weeks.
• the safety profile of the polypeptide was favourable with few adverse events occurring in all treatment groups, including the placebo group, all being mild or moderate. No apparent dose-related trends in incidence or frequency of adverse events were observed. There were no apparent dose- related trends or treatment related changes in vital signs, ECG, or clinical chemistry parameters. Three events of infusion reactions occurred, all were mild/moderate with cutaneous symptoms like urticaria and swelling, and rapidly resolved without any sequelae.
• polypeptide dimer comprising monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1 was safe and well tolerated when administered i.v. up to 600 mg once weekly for 4 weeks and up to 750 mg as a single dose.
• Tocilizumab binds specifically to both soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptors and has been shown to inhibit sIL-6R and mIL-6R mediated signalling.
• Gastrointestinal perforations primarily in patients with a history of diverticulitis, have been reported as rare events, both in tocilizumab clinical trials and post-marketing.
• the etiology is unclear but RA patients have a generally increased risk for perforations of both the upper and lower GI tract (regardless of DMARD therapy); the risk is highest in RA patients on glucocorticoid therapy, NSAIDs, or with a history of diverticulitis.
• Fatal anaphylaxis has been reported after marketing authorisation during treatment with tocilizumab. It should be noted that RA patients may have other background diseases as confounding factors.
• polypeptide dimer comprising monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a first-in- class fusion protein
• comparisons with the different monoclonal antibody products with different mechanisms of action is of limited value.
• this polypeptide dimer is believed to only interfere with the IL-6/sIL-6R complex, leaving the membrane bound IL-6 pathway accessible.
• IL-6 has a broad involvement in the immune and inflammatory responses in the body. When both soluble and membrane-bound IL-6R is blocked, there is potentially an increased risk of infections and other immuno-dependent diseases as well as a less prominent inflammatory response. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that treatment with the polypeptide dimer comprising monomers of SEQ ID NO: 1, which only targets the IL-6/sIL-6R complex, would prevent the perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation in IBD and preserve the acute phase inflammatory response activated by classical IL-6 signalling, thereby lowering the risk of opportunistic infections. However, it could not be predicted whether there is a concentration of polypeptide dimer of the invention above which classical IL-6 signalling would be impacted. Thus, the data herein surprisingly demonstrate that there is less impact on classical IL-6 signalling relative to other treatments targeting IL-6 activity.
• an advantage of the polypeptide dimer of the invention is that it may have a lesser effect on neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein than other compounds that inhibit IL-6.
• the polypeptide dimer of the invention does not significantly lower neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein or without lowering neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein below a normal range in healthy subjects or patients suffering from an IL-6-mediated condition.
• the administration of the polypeptide dimer at a dose amount described herein maintains neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein within a normal physiological range.
• neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein are no more than 50%, 40%, 30%>, 20%>, 15%, 10% or 5% less than the lower limit of the normal physiological range.
• the measurement of neutrophil counts, platelet counts and/or levels of C-reactive protein can occur immediately after treatment, one day after days, three days after treatment, one week after treatment, two weeks after treatment, one month after treatment, three months after treatment, six months after treatment or a year after treatment.
• neutrophil count also referred to as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is a measure of the number of neutrophil granulocytes present in blood (see, e.g., Al-Gwaiz LA, Babay HH (2007). "The diagnostic value of absolute neutrophil count, band count and morphologic changes of neutrophils in predicting bacterial infections”. Med Princ Pract 16 (5): 344-7). Normal physiological values for C-reactive protein in adult males and females are 0-5.00 mg/L (e.g., via turbidimetry).
• Normal physiological values for neutrophils in adult females are 1.61-6.45 x 10 9 per L (absolute value, e.g., via laser flow cytometry) or 37.9-70.5%) (calculated); in adult males, the corresponding values are 1.46-5.85 x 10 9 per L and 38.2-71.5%.
• Normal physiological values for platelets in adult females are 173- 369 x 10 9 per L (e.g., via high frequency impedance measurement); in adult males, the corresponding values are 155-342 x 10 9 per L.
• the polypeptide dimer of the invention preferably does not significantly induce the formation of antibodies (e.g., antibodies to the polypeptide dimer) in humans. Even more preferably, the antibodies are not neutralizing antibodies. In certain embodiments, antibodies against the polypeptide dimer of the invention are detectable in fewer than 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%), 0.1%) or 0.01%) of treated subjects or patients. Typically, the limit of detection is approximately 9 ng/mL serum.
• IL-6 has been shown to induce the acute phase response in the liver leading to release of the cascade of acute phase proteins, in particular CRP.
• CRP monocyte chemotactic protein
• Chronic inflammation such as in Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriasis
• CD Crohn's disease
• UC ulcerative colitis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• psoriasis is histologically associated with the presence of mononuclear cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, persisting in the tissue after having been acquired for the resolution of the acute inflammatory phase.
• IL-6 seems to have a detrimental role favouring mononuclear-cell accumulation at the site of injury, through induction of continuous MCP-1 secretion, angio- proliferation and anti-apoptotic functions on T-cells.
• IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
• CD or UC is a chronic inflammation occurring in the gut of susceptible individuals that is believed to be independent of a specific pathogen. Alterations in the epithelial mucosal barrier with increased intestinal permeability lead to an enhanced exposure of the mucosal immune system to luminal antigens, which causes an inappropriate activation of the intestinal immune system in patients.
• the uncontrolled activation of mucosal CD4+ T-lymphocytes with the consecutive excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines induces pathogenic gastrointestinal inflammation and tissue damage.
• the main activated immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of IBD are intestinal T-cells and macrophages.
• IL-6 is shown to be a central cytokine in IBD in humans. Patients with CD and UC have been found to produce increased levels of IL-6 when compared with controls, the IL-6 levels being correlated to clinical activity. CD patients have also been found to have increased levels of sIL-6R and consequently, IL-6/sIL-6R complex in serum. Lamina intestinal mononuclear cells obtained from surgical colon specimens from patients with CD and UC showed that both CD4+ T-cells and macrophages produced increased amounts of IL-6 compared to controls. sIL-6R was found to be released via shedding from the surface of macrophages and mononuclear cells with increased production associated with elevated levels of IL-6.
• the polypeptide dimer of the invention can treat IL-6-mediated conditions.
• IL-6- mediated conditions include inflammatory disease or a cancer.
• the polypeptides and compositions described herein may be administered to a subject having an inflammatory disease, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Crohn's disease, colitis (e.g., colitis not associated with IBD, including radiation colitis, diverticular colitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, celiac disease, autoimmune colitis, or colitis resulting from allergies affecting the colon), dermatitis, psoriasis, uveitis, diverticulitis, hepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lupus erythematous, nephritis, Parkinson's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis (MS),
• inflammatory disease such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Crohn's disease, colitis (e.g., colitis not associated with IBD, including radiation colitis
• the inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of, diabetes, gout, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.
• the inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition is inflammatory bowel disease, preferably wherein the treatment induces the remission of inflammatory bowel disease.
• the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, preferably wherein the treatment maintains the remission of inflammatory bowel disease.
• the inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition is rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, uveitis or atherosclerosis.
• the inflammatory disease or IL-6-mediated condition is colitis not associated with inflammatory bowel disease, preferably wherein the colitis is radiation colitis, diverticular colitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, celiac disease, autoimmune colitis, or colitis resulting from allergies affecting the colon.
• treatment can include remission of the condition, maintenance of remission of the condition, or both.
• Other embodiments provide a method of treating, reducing the severity of or preventing a cancer, including, but not limited to multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, lung cancer (including but not limited to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma)), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, plasmocytoma, sarcoma, thymoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancers, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatoma,
• FIG. 1 For embodiments of the present disclosure, further embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of treating, reducing the severity of or preventing a disease selected from the group consisting of sepsis, bone resorption (osteoporosis), cachexia, cancer-related fatigue, psoriasis, systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mesangial proliferative
• a disease selected from the group consisting of sepsis, bone resorption (osteorosis), cachexia, cancer-related fatigue, psoriasis, systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mesangial proliferative
• treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein.
• treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed.
• treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms.
• treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence.
• the polypeptide dimer of the invention can be administered in conjunction with a second active agent.
• the second active agent can be one or more of 5 -aminosalicylic acid, azathioprine, 5-mercaptopurine and a corticosteroid. Dosage regimes for the administration of 5- aminosalicylic acid, azathioprine, 5-mercaptopurine and corticosteroids are well-known to a skilled person.
• the polypeptide dimers may be produced, for example, by expressing the monomers, e.g. monomers comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, in cells.
• a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2 is transfected into cells.
• the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences, may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, and so forth.
• Regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from retroviral LTRs, cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMV promoter/enhancer), Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (such as the SV40 promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)), polyoma and strong mammalian promoters such as native immunoglobulin and actin promoters.
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• SV40 Simian Virus 40
• AdMLP adenovirus major late promoter
• the host cell may be a mammalian, insect, plant, bacterial, or yeast cell, preferably the cell is a mammalian cell such as a CHO cell.
• the transfected cells are cultured to allow the cells to express the desired protein.
• the cells and culture media are then collected and polypeptide dimers are purified, e.g., by chromatography column steps (e.g., MAbSelect Sure, SP Sepharose, Capto Q).
• the dimer can also be concentrated and/or treated with viral reduction/inactivation steps.
• the resulting dimers can then be used to prepare compositions, preferably pharmaceutical compositions useful for therapy.
• mice Four groups with 54 mice (27 male and 27 female) weighing 25 - 38 g received a single dose of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 in its active dimerized form ("Peptide 1") by either i.v. (3 mg/animal) or s.c. (0.3, 3 and 30 mg/animal) injection.
• Peptide 1 active dimerized form
• Bioavailability was approximately 60%, and apparent dose linearity was observed for AUC, AUCt and C max .
• the t max of 8-24 hours was as expected for a protein.
• Peptide 1 was cleared slowly from the systemic circulation with a clearance of 142 mL/day/kg. Distribution volumes estimated by the elimination phase (Vz) and first moment curve (Vss) were 397 mL/kg and 284 mL/kg, respectively, indicating that Peptide 1 was distributed outside the vascular bed.
• the terminal half-life ranged from 1.3 - 2.3 days.
• the single-dose PK of Peptide 1 was investigated after i.v. and s.c. administration in two different strains of rats, Sprague Dawley (8 rats/group) and Wistar (24 rats/group), showing somewhat different results.
• T max was observed 0.5 - 1.5 days after s.c. administration, and the terminal half-life was approximately 2 days, ranging from 1.7 - 2.7 days, with only small differences between the two administration routes.
• Rats (n 18) received i.v. bolus doses 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg/occasion twice a week for 2 weeks.
• the AUCt values were 942 and 642 dayx ⁇ g/mL.
• the bioavailability was approximately 60% following s.c. administration with a t max of 6 - 24 hours.
• the clearance was 98 mL/day/kg, and the distribution volume approximately 70-90 mL/kg.
• the half-life determined after i.v. administration was 0.68 days, and approximately 1.5 days after s.c. administration.
• the exposure by means of C max and AUC increased approximately dose linearly, and similar exposure and maximal concentration between the first and last dose at the higher doses were observed after 2 weeks. However, after 4 weeks, the last administered dose showed a lower drug exposure compared to the first administration, possibly due to antibody formation.
• the mean half-life of Peptide 1 ranged from 1.0 - 1.8 days for the first administration in the different treatment groups with a shorter half-life after the last administration.
• Part 1 64 subjects were included, of whom 48 (44 men, 4 women) received active treatment and 16 (all men) received placebo. Seven doses were investigated and administered as an i.v. infusion over 30 minutes (0.75 mg, 7.5 mg, 75 mg), or 1 hour (150 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg, and 750 mg). In addition, 6 subjects received a s.c. dose of 60 mg Peptide 1 and 2 subjects received a s.c. dose of placebo. Peptide 1 was administered at 15 mg/mL in 25 mM histidine, 200 mM sucrose and 0.1 mg/mL polysorbate 20.
• the PK evaluation after i.v. administrations of Peptide 1 showed dose proportionality for both AUC and Cmax in the range 0.75 mg to 750 mg, the Cmax concentrations in plasma ranging from 0.2 to 170 ⁇ g/mL (FIG. 3).
• the clearance was approx. 0.13 L/h, the mean terminal half-life approx. 4.5 days, and the distribution volume approx. 20 L, the latter indicating some extravascular distribution.
• the s.c. administration of 60 mg Peptide 1 showed a Cmax of 1.1 ⁇ g/mL at 2.3 days, and a half-life of 5.0 days.
• the bioavailability after s.c. administration of Peptide 1 was calculated to be approx. 50%. There was no indication of target-mediated drug disposition.
• Peptide 1 was safe and well tolerated when administered intravenously up to 750 mg as a single i.v. dose, and at 60 mg as a single s.c. dose.
• the PK evaluation showed very close characteristics on the first and last treatment days, and similar to the results in the single-dose study.
• the AUC and Cmax were dose proportional after first and fourth dosing with Cmax concentrations of 19, 78, and 148 ⁇ g/mL after the first dose, and 19, 79, and 142 ⁇ g/mL after the fourth dose (16, 77, and 161 ⁇ g/mL for single dose in healthy subjects; FIG. 5).
• the corresponding trough values were 0.66, 2.68, 4.56 ⁇ / ⁇ . and 0.98, 3.95 and 7.67 ⁇ / ⁇ . for the three dose levels.
• the mean terminal half-life as calculated after the last dose was approx. 5.5 days.
• PK data from the 000115 trial can be adequately described using a 2-compartment structural model. Predicted profiles of 75, 300 and 600 mg of Peptide 1 and observed data are depicted in FIG. 6 and the estimated mean PK parameters are listed in Table 1.
• Peptide 1 has a binding affinity in humans of 130 pM to the IL-6/sIL-6R complex. At doses of 75-600 mg, the occupancy level are more than 90% at estimated steady state levels of Peptide 1 using the binding affinity (KD; 130pM) and the IL-6/sIL-6R levels (C ta r g et; 2.0 nM based on sIL-6R).
• KD binding affinity
• IL-6/sIL-6R levels C ta r g et; 2.0 nM based on sIL-6R
• CHO Idhf cells were obtained from the European collection of cell cultures (ECACC,
• DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
• CHO / dhf cells thus display sensitivity to the antifolate drug, methotrexate (MTX).
• MTX methotrexate
• the CHOI dhff cell line is well characterised and tested.
• the safety of the CHO Idhff parental cell line as a cell substrate for the production of biopharmaceuticals for human use was confirmed by ECACC (Porton Down, UK) for microbial sterility, mycoplasma, and adventitious viruses according to 21 CFR.
• the cDNA sequence of a monomer of Peptide 1 was synthesised as a single DNA fragment by Gene Art AG (Regensburg, Germany) using the sequence for the extracellular domain of gpl30 (IL6ST, NCBI Gene ID 3572, transcript variant 1 (NP 002175), amino acids 23-617) and Fc domain of human IgGl (IGHGl , NCBI Gene ID 3500, amino acids 221-447 according to Kabat EU numbering).
• the sequence was optimised for optimal codon usage in CHO cells. Three well-characterised point mutations were introduced into the lower hinge region of the Fc part.
• the cDNA sequence was further modified by replacing the original gpl30 signal peptide with a mouse IgG heavy chain signal peptide of known efficacy in CHO cell expression systems.
• the signal peptide is cleaved off during protein synthesis.
• the presence of the IgGl Cys-Pro-Pro-Cys sequence in the Fc region results in the dimerisation of two identical gpl30-Fc subunits via the sulfhydryl residues on the Fc region, which together form Peptide 1.
• FIG. 7 presents the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the gpl30-Fc subunit used for the formation of Peptide 1.
• the monomer cDNA was cloned into a pANTVhGl expression vector (Antitope) containing the dhfr gene for transfectant selection with MTX as follows: First, the expression vector was digested with Mlul and EagI restriction enzymes to permit the insertion of Peptide 1 cDNA. Second, the monomer coding region was PCR amplified using the OL1425 and OL1426 primers (Table 2) and digested with Mlul and Eagl restriction enzymes. Third, the digested fragments were gel purified and ligated together to generate the pFER02 expression vector. The monomer cDNA was inserted under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• Table 3 presents the function of the pFER02 expression elements.
• FIG. 8 presents the nucleotide sequences of the pFER02 expression elements.
• CMV promoter Immediate-early promoter/enhancer Permits efficient, high-level expression of the recombinant protein
• Ampicillin resistance gene ( ⁇ -lactamase) Selection of vector in E. coli
• SV40 early promoter and origin Allows efficient, high-level expression of the neomycin resistance gene and episomal replication in cells expressing SV40 large T antigen
• the pFER02 vector was linearised with the blunt-end restriction enzyme Sspl, which has a single recognition site located in the beta-lactamase gene.
• the linearised plasmid was transfected into 5 x 10 6 CHO 'dhfr ' cells using lipid-mediated transfection. Twenty- four hours after transfection, transfected cells were selected in medium supplemented with 5% dialysed foetal calf serum (FCS) and 100 nM methotrexate (MTX). Transfected cells were diluted into this medium at various densities and dispensed into 96-well, flat bottom tissue culture plates. Cells were then incubated in a humidified atmosphere at 5% C0 2 and 37°C. Fresh MTX selection medium was added at regular intervals during the incubation time to ensure that MTX levels and nutrient levels remained constant.
• FCS dialysed foetal calf serum
• MTX methotrexate
• tissue culture plates were examined using a Genetix CloneSelect ® Imager, and >2,000 wells were observed to have actively growing colonies. Supematants from these wells were sampled and assayed for Peptide 1 titre by ELISA. Based on the results of this assay, a total of 105 of the best expressing wells were expanded into 48-well plates. A total of 83 cell lines were selected for expansion into 6-well plates or T-25 flasks; supernatant from each of the cell lines was sampled and assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA).
• Th is the harvest titre ⁇ g/mL
• Ti is the initial titre ⁇ g/mL]
• Vh is the viable cell count at harvest [x 10 6 cells/mL]
• Vi is the initial viable cell count [x 10 6 cells/mL]
• Time is the elapsed time (days) between Ti and Th
• the 13 selected cell lines were chosen for the first round of gene amplification by selective pressure under increasing concentrations of MTX (0.1-50 M). After 7-10 days, supernatant from each well from each of the 13 cell lines were sampled and assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA). Wells from each cell line with high Peptide 1 expression levels were assessed for productivity (pg/cell/day). A second round of gene amplification was initiated with a total of 16 wells from cell lines that showed significant increases in productivity.
• the second round of gene amplification was conducted in the presence of increased MTX concentrations; supernatants from each culture were assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA). Selected wells from each cell line were expanded and productivity was assessed (pg/cell/day); five cell lines with increased productivity in response to increased MTX selection pressure were identified. These five cell lines were progressed to a third round of gene amplification using selection pressure under increased MTX concentration; supernatants from each well were assayed for Peptide 1 titre (ELISA). Selected wells for each cell line were expanded and productivity (pg/cell/day) was assessed; five cell lines demonstrating high Peptide 1 expression were selected.
• Limiting dilution cloning was performed on the five cell lines demonstrating Peptide 1 expression. After one week of incubation, plates were examined using a Genetix CloneSelect® Imager and single colonies were identified. The growth rates of two cell lines during dilution cloning were noted as being particularly slow and so these cell lines were discontinued. In total, from the three remaining cell lines, 58 clonal colonies were selected for expansion, first into 48- well plates and then successively expanded through 12-well plates, T-25 flasks and T-75 flasks in the absence of MTX. Each of the 58 selected clones was then assessed for productivity (pg/cell/day); 16 clones were selected for suspension adaptation and adaptation to growth in a chemically-defined medium.
• the 16 cell lines were adapted to suspension culture in a chemically-defined medium as follows: selected cell lines in adherent culture were first adapted to suspension both in CHO suspension growth medium (DMEM high glucose, including L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate, 5% dialysed FCS, 20 mg/L L-proline, 1 x penicillin/streptomycin, 1% pluronic F68) and then in chemically defined suspension growth medium (CD Opti-CHO ® from Life Technologies Ltd. (Paisley, UK), 2.5% dialysed FCS, 0.1 x penicillin/streptomycin, 8 mM Glutamax ® ).
• DMEM high glucose, including L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate 5% dialysed FCS, 20 mg/L L-proline, 1 x penicillin/streptomycin, 1% pluronic F68
• CD Opti-CHO ® from Life Technologies Ltd. (Paisley, UK)
• 2.5% dialysed FCS 0.1 x pen
• MTX penicillin/streptomycin, 8 mM Glutamax ® ).
• MTX was omitted from all suspension cultures.
• the adapted lines were expanded and seed cell banks were prepared. Briefly, cells were expanded to 300 mL total volume and harvested when cell density exceeded 0.85 x 10 6 cells/mL and viability was >90%. A further 3 x 10 7 cells were seeded into a fresh flask containing 70 mL suspension growth medium for growth and productivity analysis. The remaining cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in an appropriate volume of freezing medium to yield a cell suspension at 1 x 10 7 cells/mL. Vials were frozen down to -80°C. The cell bank was then transferred to liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.
• the 16 cell lines were further refined down to 5 clones after serum-free adaptation.
• the 5 clones were assessed for growth (cell density and cell doubling time) and productivity
• MCB master cell bank
• WCB working cell bank
• cryopreservation medium 92.5% CD OptiCHO ® / 7.5% DMSO
• polypropylene vials each containing approximately 1.5 x 10 7 viable cells
• Vials are stored in a vapour phase liquid nitrogen autofill container in a GMP controlled area.
• Peptide 1 DS manufacturing process is as follows. Cells from a WCB vial are revived and progressively expanded using protein-free medium prior to inoculation into a production bioreactor. Upon completion of the cell culture, cells and cell debris are removed by filtration of the culture.
• Purification consists of three chromatography column steps (MAbSelect Sure, SP Sepharose, Capto Q or Sartobind Phenyl), a concentration and diafiltration step and includes two specific viral reduction/ inactivation steps; Triton X-100 (inactivation of enveloped viruses) treatment and a nano filtration step (removal of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses).
• the DP is a sterile solution to be administered by i.v. infusion.
• the DP consists of Peptide 1 at a concentration of 15 mg/mL in an isotonic solution containing 25 mM L-histidine, 200 mM sucrose and 0.1 mg polysorbate 20/mL at pH 7.6.
• the vials are overlaid with nitrogen for protection against oxidation.
• the product is intended for single use and storage at -20°C until thawing for clinical administration.
• Gly Pro Gly Ser Pro Glu Ser lie Lys Ala Tyr Leu Lys Gin Ala Pro
• Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met lie Ser Arg Thr Pro Glu Val

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