WO2016047688A1 - 扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための方法 - Google Patents
扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma or a drug used in the method.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is malignant basal cells such as squamous stratified epithelium, and is mainly found in esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer and the like.
- squamous cell carcinoma In esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of yellow people in East Asia, and squamous cell carcinoma is also more common in white people in Europe and America than adenocarcinoma, which is another esophageal cancer. . These two types of cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, are different from both pathological tissues and developmental lineages. However, these two types of esophageal cancer are currently undergoing the same treatment, and the standard treatment for locally advanced cancers with stage II and stage III is neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and radical treatment in Japan. Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and preoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the West.
- CT neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- CRT Chemoradiotherapy
- preoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the West In esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of yellow
- the 5-year survival rate with radical CRT is about 50%, which is slightly inferior to that of 55% of preoperative CT, but it can preserve the organs, and is very important for elderly patients and about 10% of patients with gastric cancer and head and neck cancer. It is valid. Therefore, it is strongly desired to predict and select patients for whom preoperative CRT is effective before treatment.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 to 6 and Non-Patent Documents 1 to 6 are 33, 2, 26, respectively. 21, 7 and 0). For this reason, a reliable result that can contribute to predictive medical treatment for locally advanced cancer cannot be obtained, and a method for predicting the sensitivity and prognosis of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell cancer has not been developed yet.
- the present invention has been made in view of the problems of the prior art, and enables to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma (predict sensitivity, prognosis),
- the object is to provide methods and medicaments.
- the present inventors identified subtypes correlated with the prognosis of treatment by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for squamous cell carcinoma by unsupervised cluster analysis based on comprehensive gene expression profiles. It was. As a result, it was found that squamous cell carcinoma can be classified into five case clusters (subtypes) with high reproducibility and high expression of specific gene probe sets. Of these five subtypes, cases belonging to subtype-7 were found to be in the good prognosis group, while cases belonging to subtype-5 were found to be in the poor prognosis group.
- CTR chemoradiotherapy
- a case of squamous cell carcinoma classified as subtype-7 but not classified as subtype-5 is selected as pure subtype-7 and similarly classified as subtype-5.
- Cases not classified as subtype-7 were selected as pure subtype-5, and for these reclassified cases of pure subtype-7 and pure subtype-5, complete remission rate after CRT was performed, Analysis of the survival curve and 5-year survival rate revealed that the cases belonging to the pure subtype-7 can be classified into the good prognosis group and the cases belonging to the pure subtype-5 can be classified into the poor prognosis group with high accuracy.
- subtype-5 and subtype-7 should be specifically effective in predicting the effectiveness of CRT, not prognostic, prognostic factors of surgical resection treatment. Became clear.
- the SIM2 gene identified as a gene involved in CRT sensitivity of squamous cell carcinoma was evaluated for its differentiation-inducing activity, and it was revealed that the SIM2 gene can induce differentiation of undifferentiated basal cells. It was. Furthermore, by introducing the SIM2 gene into squamous cell carcinoma cells, it was also found that anticancer drug sensitivity and ⁇ -ray sensitivity in the cancer are enhanced, and subtype-7 (the SIM2 gene and the gene are co-expressed). It was also confirmed from the viewpoint of molecular mechanism that the effectiveness of CRT against squamous cell carcinoma can be evaluated using the expression of the gene) as an index.
- the present invention relates to a method for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma, or a drug used in the method, and more particularly to the following.
- a method for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) a squamous cell carcinoma sample separated from a subject Detecting the expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene, (B) comparing the expression level detected in step (a) with a reference expression level of each gene; (C) The step of determining that the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the subject is high when the expression level in the subject is higher than each reference expression level as a result of the comparison in step (b).
- a method for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) a squamous cell carcinoma sample separated from a subject The expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene, and the expression level of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene Detecting the level, (B) comparing the expression level detected in step (a) with a reference expression level of each gene; (C) As a result of the comparison in step (b), the expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene in the subject is higher than each reference expression level, and Effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the subject when the expression level of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene in the subject is lower than each reference expression level The process which judges that property is high.
- the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma can be evaluated with high accuracy.
- FIG. 5 is a Venn diagram showing the number of patients belonging to subtype-7, subtype-5, and both subtypes in a squamous cell carcinoma patient group.
- subtype-7 Squamous cell carcinoma patients who were classified as pure subtype-7 (classified as subtype-7 but not classified as subtype-5) and were classified as pure subtype-5
- subtype- 6 is a graph showing a comparison of survival rate after CRT or surgical resection treatment with a group of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (classified as 5 but not classified as subtype-7).
- only the lower right graph shows the survival rate after treatment by surgical excision treatment.
- the other is a graph showing the survival rate after CRT. It is a figure which shows the result analyzed about the differentiation-inducing activity of SIM2 gene.
- the two graphs on the left show mRNA expression of PDPN as an undifferentiated basal cell marker and differentiation marker SPRR1A in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (KYSE510 and TE8) in which the SIM2 gene is transiently expressed. It is a graph which shows quantity.
- the right picture shows esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines KYSE510, TE8, and T.
- SIM2 and differentiation markers (CEA, FLG, KRT1, Tn) in Tn SIM2 stably expressing cell lines (KYSE510-SIM2-27, -37, TE8-SIM2-2, -3, T.Tn-SIM2-9, -23) It is a photograph of gel electrophoresis showing the expression levels of SPRR1A, MUC4) and undifferentiated markers (VIM, PDPN, NGFR). It is a graph which shows the result of having analyzed the sensitivity to the anticancer agent (Cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), docetaxel (DTX)) of a SIM2 gene stable expression strain by a two-dimensional culture method.
- subtype-7 when the number of genes to be analyzed is increased from 1 to a total of 20, the graph shows the result of analyzing each prediction error in the set-1 and the set-2 by the weighted majority decision method. is there.
- ⁇ Method for evaluating the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma As shown in the examples described below, subtypes correlated with the prognosis (survival rate) of treatment with chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma were identified by unsupervised cluster analysis based on comprehensive gene expression profiles. As a result, in the obtained subtype with a good prognosis, it was revealed that the SIM2 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene were highly expressed. Therefore, the present invention provides a method for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma, comprising the following steps (a) to (c).
- step (A) detecting a level of expression of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene for a squamous cell carcinoma sample separated from a subject;
- step (B) comparing the expression level detected in step (a) with a reference expression level of each gene;
- step (C) The step of determining that the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the subject is high when the expression level in the subject is higher than each reference expression level as a result of the comparison in step (b).
- the FOXE1 gene and the gene in the subtype with a poor prognosis obtained as a result of identifying the subtype correlated with the prognosis of treatment with chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma It was also revealed that the co-expressed gene is highly expressed. Furthermore, in addition to the expression of the SIM2 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene, the expression of the FOXE1 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene is used as an index, so that the prognosis group and poor prognosis after chemoradiotherapy It was found that the group could be distinguished with higher accuracy.
- the present invention also provides a method for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma comprising the following steps (a) to (c) as a preferred embodiment thereof.
- A For a squamous cell carcinoma sample isolated from a subject, the expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene, and the FOXE1 gene and the co-expression with the gene Detecting the expression level of at least one gene selected from the genes
- B comparing the expression level detected in step (a) with a reference expression level of each gene;
- C As a result of the comparison in step (b), the expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene in the subject is higher than each reference expression level, and Effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the subject when the expression level of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 gene and the gene co-expressed with the gene in the subject is lower than each reference
- the “squamous cell carcinoma” is not particularly limited as long as the basal cells such as the squamous stratified epithelium are malignant, and the esophagus (upper esophagus, middle esophagus, lower esophagus), rectum, etc.
- the esophagus upper esophagus, middle esophagus, lower esophagus
- rectum etc.
- nasal cavity, maxilla, maxillary sinus, tongue, oral floor, gingiva, buccal mucosa, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, etc. in the head and neck, lungs, anus, vulva, vagina, and cervix Squamous cell carcinoma is included.
- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are preferable, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is more preferable.
- “Chemicoradiotherapy” is a treatment method that combines both “chemotherapy” by administration of an anticancer agent or the like and “radiotherapy” by irradiation.
- “chemoradiation therapy” refers to the treatment. Treatment may be performed alone, or may be preoperative chemoradiotherapy performed before surgery, postoperative chemoradiotherapy performed after surgery, or other treatment other than surgery Chemo-radiotherapy performed in combination.
- the type of anticancer agent used in chemotherapy is not particularly limited and may be any anticancer agent known to those skilled in the art.
- Fluorouracil (5FU), tegafur uracil, TS-1 (combination of tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil potassium), antimetabolites such as metrexate and gemcitabine hydrochloride, plant alkaloids such as docetaxel (DTX) and irinotecan, cyclophosphamide , Alkylating agents such as melphalan, ranimustine, nimustine and temozolomide, anticancer antibiotics such as doxorubicin, and biological response modifiers such as interferon ⁇ .
- 5FU Fluorouracil
- tegafur uracil tegafur uracil
- TS-1 combination of tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil potassium
- antimetabolites such as metrexate and gemcitabine hydrochloride
- plant alkaloids such as docetaxel (DTX) and irinotecan
- cyclophosphamide Alky
- the dosage, administration schedule, and the like of the anticancer agent are selected depending on the type of anticancer agent and the condition of the subject, and a plurality of types of anticancer agents may be coadministered.
- the type of radiation eg, ⁇ -ray, X-ray, electron beam, proton beam, heavy particle beam
- radiation intensity, radiation time, etc. may be in the range normally used for cancer treatment, Not limited.
- “effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma” includes, for example, the survival rate or complete remission rate of a subject after treatment with chemoradiotherapy (prognosis). That is, the high effectiveness means that the survival rate is high, and more specifically, the survival rate after 5 years (1800 days) after treatment with chemoradiotherapy is 50% or more. . On the other hand, when the effectiveness is low, the survival rate is low, and more specifically, the survival rate after 5 years from the treatment with chemoradiotherapy is less than 50% (see below). (See 1, 2, and 4).
- the high efficacy means that the complete remission rate is high, and more specifically, the complete remission rate in 2 to 3 months after treatment with chemoradiotherapy is 50% or more.
- the low efficacy means that the complete remission rate is low, and more specifically, the complete remission rate in 2 to 3 months after treatment with chemoradiotherapy is less than 50% (described later). (See Table 15).
- the “subject” is not only a patient with squamous cell carcinoma before treatment with chemoradiotherapy, but also a patient with squamous cell carcinoma being treated with chemoradiotherapy, squamous after treatment with chemoradiotherapy. It may be a patient with epithelial cancer. Further, not only humans suffering from squamous cell carcinoma but also humans whose squamous cell carcinoma has been removed by treatment but are concerned about recurrence can be cited as examples of the “subject” according to the present invention.
- a squamous cell carcinoma sample separated from a subject a squamous cell carcinoma or tissue containing the same that has been removed from a subject (human living body) and completely isolated from a living body derived from the specimen
- a tissue containing a squamous cell carcinoma biological sample
- the “squamous cell carcinoma sample separated from the subject” is more preferably a biopsy sample.
- the time when the “squamous cell carcinoma sample” is separated from the subject is not particularly limited, but the time when the distant metastasis of the cancer is not recognized (stages II and III) is preferable.
- the “SIM2 gene” to be detected for the expression level is a gene also referred to as single-minded homolog 2 (Drosophila), single-minded family bHLH transcription factor 2, SIM, bHLHe15, HMC13F06 or HMC29C01. Yes, typically from humans, the gene specified by Entrez Gene ID: 6493 (Ref Seq ID: a gene consisting of a DNA sequence specified by NM_005069, Ref Seq ID: from the amino acid sequence specified by NP_005060 A gene encoding a protein.
- the “gene co-expressed with the SIM2 gene”, whose expression level is to be detected, varies in correlation with the expression of the SIM2 gene (the same expression pattern as the SIM2 gene). It is a gene). Whether or not the gene and the SIM2 gene are highly correlated in gene expression can be determined by a person skilled in the art by analysis using methods known in the art. For example, the gene expression level between samples (such as the aforementioned squamous cell carcinoma sample) can be calculated by calculating a Pearson correlation coefficient or a Spearman correlation coefficient, or by a clustering method. Co-expression analysis can also be calculated using normalized or normalized and normalized expression data.
- the “gene co-expressed with the SIM2 gene” is preferably a gene whose correlation with the expression of the SIM2 gene is Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient of 0.4 or more. More preferable “SIM2 gene and gene co-expressed with the gene” include 191 genes shown in Tables 1 to 7 below, and more preferable genes include 69 genes shown in Table 36 described later. Can be mentioned.
- the “FOXE1 gene” to be detected for expression level is a gene also referred to as forkhead box E1 (thyroid transcription factor 2), TTF2, FOXE2, HFKH4, HFKL5, TITF2, TTF-2 or FKHL15.
- forkhead box E1 thyroid transcription factor 2
- TTF2, FOXE2, HFKH4, HFKL5, TITF2, TTF-2 or FKHL15 a gene identified by Entrez Gene ID: 2304 (a gene consisting of a DNA sequence identified by Ref Seq ID: NM_004473, an amino acid sequence identified by Ref Seq ID: NP_004464
- the “gene co-expressed with the FOXE1 gene”, whose expression level is to be detected, varies in correlation with the expression of the FOXE1 gene, as in the case of the SIM2 gene described above ( Whether the gene and FOXE1 gene are highly correlated in gene expression or not is discriminated by the same analysis method as in the case of the above-mentioned SIM2 gene. can do.
- the “gene co-expressed with the FOXE1 gene” is preferably a gene whose correlation with the expression of the FOXE1 gene is 0.4 or more in terms of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. More preferable “FOXE1 gene and genes co-expressed with the gene” include 121 genes shown in the following Tables 8 to 12, and more preferable genes include 56 genes shown in Table 35 described later. Can be mentioned.
- ID means “Entrez Gene ID”
- SIM2 gene and genes co-expressed with the gene hereinafter also referred to as“ SIM2 co-expressed gene group ”)” and “FOXE1”.
- Each gene of a gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene is typically a gene identified by each Entrez Gene ID if it is derived from a human. .
- the DNA sequence of a gene can be mutated in nature (ie, non-artificially) due to its mutation or the like. Therefore, in the present invention, such a natural mutant can also be a detection target.
- the evaluation method of the present invention detects the expression of at least one gene from the “SIM2 co-expressed gene group”, and may detect the expression of one gene (for example, detecting only the gene expression of SPRR3).
- the expression of 2 genes may be detected, the expression of 3 genes may be detected (eg, the expression of SPRR3, CEACAM1 and PPL genes may be detected), but very high
- it is sufficient to detect the expression of at least 5 genes for example, the expression of all genes shown in Table 34
- the expression of 10 genes is detected, more preferably the expression of at least 20 genes is detected, and the expression of at least 30 genes is detected More preferably, detecting the expression of at least 50 genes, more preferably detecting the expression of at least 100 genes, particularly detecting the expression of all genes of the SIM2 co-expressed gene group preferable.
- rank of the SIM2 co-expression gene shown in Table 36 is a rank
- the expression of at least one gene may be detected from the “FOXE1 co-expressed gene group”.
- the expression of one gene may be detected from the FOXE1 co-expression gene group (for example, the gene expression of LOC344848 may be detected), the expression of two genes may be detected, or the expression of three genes (For example, the gene expression of LOC344848, NTRK2 and TMEM116 may be detected), but from the viewpoint of evaluating with extremely high accuracy, the expression of at least 5 genes (for example, as shown in Table 33)
- the expression of all genes may be detected, preferably the expression of at least 10 genes is detected, more preferably the expression of at least 20 genes is detected, and the expression of at least 30 genes is detected.
- rank of the FOXE1 co-expression gene shown in Table 35 is an order
- the number of genes detected in the above-described method of the present invention may be a total number.
- detecting the expression level of a gene means detecting the level of gene expression.
- the expression level of a gene can be grasped as an absolute amount or a relative amount.
- the relative amount in the present invention can be calculated based on the expression level of the reference gene, as shown in Examples described later.
- the “reference gene” according to the present invention may be any gene as long as it is stably expressed in a sample (such as the aforementioned squamous cell carcinoma sample) and has a small difference in the expression level between different samples.
- genes described in Tables 16 to 32 to be described later more preferably SRSF3, TPM3, ZNF207, ZNF143, PUM1, RAB1A and LOC101059961, particularly preferably SRSF3.
- gene expression level means both the transcription level and translation level of a gene. Therefore, “detection of gene expression level” in the present invention includes both detection at the mRNA level and protein level.
- RNA level For detection of gene expression in the present invention, a known technique can be used. Examples of methods for quantitatively detecting the mRNA level include PCR (RT-PCR, real-time PCR, quantitative PCR), and DNA microarray analysis. Further, the mRNA level can be quantitatively detected by counting the number of reads in the so-called next-generation sequencing method.
- next-generation sequencing method there are no particular limitations on the next-generation sequencing method, but there are no specific sequencing methods (sequencing-by-synthesis, eg, sequencing with Solexa Genome Analyzer or Hiseq (registered trademark) 2000 from Illumina), pyrosequencing methods (eg, , Sequencing by a sequencer GSRX or FLX manufactured by Roche Diagnostics (454) (so-called 454 sequencing), a ligase reaction sequencing method (for example, SoliD (registered trademark) manufactured by Life Technology Co., Ltd.) or sequencing by 5500xl ) And the like. Further, methods for quantitatively detecting mRNA levels include Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, dot blot, RNase protection assay, and mass spectrometry.
- Examples of methods for quantitative detection at the protein level include antibodies such as ELISA, antibody array, immunoblotting, imaging cytometry, flow cytometry, radioimmunoassay, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemical staining.
- Examples of the detection method include an immunological method and mass spectrometry.
- mRNA, cDNA or cRNA that is a complementary nucleic acid, or protein to be detected by the above detection method is a known method suitable for those skilled in the art in consideration of the type and state of the sample. Can be selected and prepared.
- the expression of the gene thus detected is compared with the reference expression level of the gene.
- Statistical analysis methods include, for example, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, and odds ratio.
- ANOVA analysis of variance
- Kruskal-Wallis test Kruskal-Wallis test
- Wilcoxon test Mann-Whitney test
- odds ratio odds ratio
- normalized or normalized and normalized expression data can also be used for comparison.
- reference expression level of each gene which is a comparison object
- those skilled in the art can use squamous cell carcinoma by using it as a reference in accordance with the above expression detection method and statistical analysis method. It can be set as a so-called cut-off value that can be judged as having high or low effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy.
- Such a reference expression level may be an average value for each gene of gene expression levels detected in a plurality of squamous cell carcinomas as shown in Examples described later.
- the reference expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 co-expressed gene group is a squamous epithelium isolated from a patient who has been known in advance to have low efficacy of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma
- the expression level of each gene in a cancer sample can also be used.
- the reference expression level of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 co-expression gene group is a squamous epithelium isolated from a patient who has been known in advance to be highly effective in chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma.
- the expression level of each gene in a cancer sample can also be used.
- the expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 co-expressed gene group in the subject is higher than each reference expression level, actinic radiation for squamous cell carcinoma in the subject It can be determined that the effectiveness of the therapy is high.
- “higher than each reference expression level” can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art based on the statistical analysis method. For example, as shown in Examples described later, it is higher than the reference expression level corresponding to the detected gene expression level, and the difference is recognized as significant in the t-test (P ⁇ 0.05). Another example is that the expression level of the detected gene is at least twice the corresponding reference expression level.
- the evaluation method of the present invention from the viewpoint of evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma with higher accuracy, in addition to the determination based on the expression level of the SIM2 co-expressed gene group, It is preferable to make a determination based on the expression level of the expressed gene group. That is, the expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 co-expression gene group is higher than each reference expression level, and the expression level of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 co-expression gene group in the subject is When the expression level is lower than the reference expression level, it is preferable to determine that the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the subject is high.
- “lower than each reference expression level” can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art based on the statistical analysis method. For example, as shown in the Examples described later, it can be mentioned that the expression level of the detected gene is lower than the corresponding reference expression level, and that the difference is recognized as significant in the t-test (P ⁇ 0.05). In addition, the expression level of the detected gene may be one half or less of the corresponding reference expression level.
- the present invention can also provide a method for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma, comprising the following steps (a) to (c).
- step (A) detecting a level of expression of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene for a squamous cell carcinoma sample separated from a subject;
- step (B) comparing the expression level detected in step (a) with a reference expression level of each gene;
- step (C) The step of determining that the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma in the subject is high when the expression level in the subject is lower than each reference expression level as a result of the comparison in step (b).
- chemoradiotherapy is selected as a treatment method for squamous cell carcinoma, or another treatment method (a treatment method for removing squamous cell carcinoma by surgical operation or endoscopic surgery, laser It is also possible to determine whether to select a treatment method that removes squamous cell carcinoma by light irradiation.
- the present invention provides a method for treating squamous cell carcinoma, comprising a step of applying chemoradiotherapy to a subject determined to have high efficacy of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma by the evaluation method of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a method for treating squamous cell carcinoma by surgical operation or endoscopic surgery to a subject who has not been determined to have high chemoradiotherapy effectiveness for squamous cell carcinoma by the evaluation method of the present invention. It is also possible to provide a method for treating squamous cell carcinoma, including a step of applying a treatment method for removing or removing a squamous cell carcinoma by laser light irradiation.
- the evaluation of the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma in a subject is usually performed by a doctor (including those who have received instructions from the doctor, the same shall apply hereinafter), but obtained by the method of the present invention.
- the above-mentioned data relating to gene expression level and the like is useful for diagnosis including selection of a treatment method by a doctor. Therefore, the method of the present invention can also be expressed as a method of collecting and presenting data useful for diagnosis by a doctor.
- chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma is detected by detecting the expression level of the SIM2 co-expressed gene group or the like at the mRNA (transcription product) level or the protein (translation product) level.
- the effectiveness of can be evaluated.
- the present invention provides a drug for evaluating the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma by the above-described evaluation method, comprising at least one compound selected from the following (a) to (d): Provide drugs containing.
- A an oligonucleotide having a chain length of at least 15 nucleotides, which hybridizes to a transcription product of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene or a complementary nucleic acid thereof;
- B an oligonucleotide having a chain length of at least 15 nucleotides, which hybridizes to a transcription product of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene or a complementary nucleic acid thereof;
- C an antibody that binds to a translation product of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene,
- D An antibody that binds to the translation product of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 gene and a gene co-expressed with the gene.
- the oligonucleotide contained in the drug of the present invention may be in the form of a primer or a probe in accordance with the detection method at the mRNA (transcription product) level.
- the primer contained in the drug of the present invention is a transcription product (mRNA) of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 co-expressed gene group and the FOXE1 co-expressed gene group (hereinafter also referred to as “prognosis-related gene”) or a complementary nucleic acid thereof. It is not particularly limited as long as it can hybridize to (cDNA, cRNA) and can amplify and detect the transcript.
- the primer may be only DNA, or part or all of the primer may be replaced with an artificial nucleic acid (modified nucleic acid) such as a cross-linked nucleic acid.
- the primer size may be at least about 15 nucleotides or more, preferably 15 to 100 nucleotides, more preferably 18 to 50 nucleotides, and further preferably 20 to 40 nucleotides.
- the number of primers contained in the drug of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the above primers may be included. Such a primer can be designed and produced by a person skilled in the art according to a known method in accordance with the above detection method.
- the probe contained in the drug of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it hybridizes to a transcription product of a prognosis-related gene or a complementary nucleic acid thereof and enables detection of the transcription product or the like.
- the probe can be DNA, RNA, artificial nucleic acid or a chimeric molecule thereof.
- the probe may be either single-stranded or double-stranded.
- the size of the probe may be at least about 15 nucleotides or more, preferably 15 to 1000 nucleotides, more preferably 20 to 500 nucleotides, and even more preferably 30 to 300 nucleotides.
- Such a probe can be prepared by a person skilled in the art by a known method. Further, the probe may be provided in a form fixed on a substrate like a microarray.
- the antibody contained in the drug of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can specifically bind to a translation product of a prognostic gene.
- the antibody against the translation product may be either a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody, or may be a functional fragment of an antibody (Fab, Fab ′, scFv, etc.).
- Such an antibody can be prepared by a person skilled in the art by a known method.
- the antibody may be provided in a form fixed on a substrate such as a plate for use in an ELISA method or an antibody array.
- the oligonucleotide or antibody contained in the drug of the present invention may be labeled with a labeling substance in accordance with the above detection method.
- the labeling substance include fluorescent substances such as FITC, FAM, DEAC, R6G, TexRed, and Cy5, enzymes such as ⁇ -D-glucosidase, luciferase, and HRP, 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, and 35 S. , 123 I and other radioactive isotopes, biotin and streptavidin and other affinity substances, and luminol, luciferin and lucigenin and other luminescent substances.
- the drug of the present invention can contain other components acceptable as a composition in addition to the oligonucleotide or antibody.
- examples of such other components include carriers, excipients, disintegrants, buffers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, stabilizers, preservatives, preservatives, physiological saline, and secondary antibodies.
- kits can include instructions for using the kit.
- RNA was extracted from pre-treatment biopsy tissue of 274 patients with stage II-III locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and GeneChip (registered trademark) Human Genome U133 according to the method recommended by Affymetrix.
- An exhaustive gene expression profile was obtained by Plus 2.0 Array. Gene expression profiles are divided into 107 case set (set-1) for subtyping and 167 case set (set-2) for validation. Free software Cluster 3.0 and Java TreeView provided by Stanford University are used. Two-dimensional cluster analysis (method of creating a two-dimensional phylogenetic tree of gene probe clusters and case clusters) was performed.
- SIM2 gene defining CRT sensitive subtype-7 To evaluate the differentiation-inducing activity of SIM2 gene, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line KYSE510 obtained from RIKEN BRC or JCRB, The SIM2 gene cDNA ligated to the pCMV-AC-GFP plasmid vector was transiently introduced into TE8 using Lipofectamine (registered trademark) 2000 (Invitrogen). As a control group, a pCMV-neo plasmid vector was transiently introduced.
- the cDNA was prepared according to SuperScript (registered trademark) III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Invitrogen). The diluted cDNA was mixed with iQTM SYBER (registered trademark) Green Supermix (BIO-RAD), primers and nuclease-free water, and quantified by MyiQ (registered trademark) (BIO-RAD). Table 13 shows the base sequences of the primers. The results are shown in FIG.
- TE8 obtained from RIKEN BRC
- KYSE510 obtained from JCRB cell bank
- T The SIM2 gene was introduced into Tn and cultured in a medium containing 400 ⁇ g / ml G-418 for about 2 weeks.
- a G418-resistant colony was isolated and cultured, the expression of the SIM2 gene was confirmed by RT-PCR, and a SIM2 gene stable expression strain was established.
- a cell line into which only the GFP expression plasmid vector was introduced was used as a control cell line.
- the 191 gene defining CRT sensitive subtype-7 contained many genes (differentiation markers) expressed in the differentiated layer of the esophageal squamous epithelium.
- 163 gene probes defining insensitive subtype-5 are shown as 121 genes in Tables 8 to 12 above. These genes contained many undifferentiated basal cell markers. Therefore, it was shown that SIM2 induces differentiation of esophageal cancer, and FOXE1 contributes to acquisition of chemoradiation resistance by suppressing differentiation.
- FIG. 4 shows data comparing survival curves and 5-year survival rates of pure subtype-7, pure subtype-5, and other cases in 121 patients undergoing CRT (upper left: set-1, upper right: set). -2, lower left: set-1 & -2). Similarly, subtype classification was performed for 65 of the 274 cases, and the survival curve was compared with the 5-year survival rate (lower right: surgical case). Net subtype-7 was 86% in set-1 and 70% in set-2 with high reproducibility, compared with 44% for 5-year survival rate in 121 patients undergoing CRT, with 74% in the whole (set-1 & -2) there were.
- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines KYSE510, TE8, and T. Tn SIM2 stably expressing cell lines (KYSE510-SIM2-27, -37, TE8-SIM2-2, -3, T.Tn-SIM2-9, -23) and control vector introduction strains (KYSE510-Mock, TE8-Mock) , T.Tn-Mock) were cultured in three dimensions and examined by RT-PCR to examine the expression of SIM2, differentiation markers (CEA, FLG, KRT1, SPRR1A, MUC4), and undifferentiation markers (VIM, PDPN, NGFR) Data was shown.
- SIM2 stably expressing cells showed higher expression of differentiation markers and lower expression of undifferentiation markers. From this data, it was confirmed that SIM2 can induce differentiation of undifferentiated basal cells, similar to the data of the transient SIM2 gene expression induction described above (left in FIG. 5).
- SIM2 stable expression strains KYSE510-SIM2-27, -37, TE8-SIM2-2, -3, In T.Tn-SIM2-9, -23
- cisplatin CDDP
- 5-fluorouracil 5FU
- docetaxel control vector-introduced strains
- DTX sensitivity to (DTX) was increased. That is, in any of the SIM2 stable expression strains, when three types of anticancer agents were added at a concentration in the vicinity of IC50 in ordinary two-dimensional plate culture, the number of viable cells after 3 days was significant (*: p ⁇ 0.05).
- ⁇ -actin, GAPDH, etc. which are usually expressed constantly and are generally said to have little expression fluctuation, are used as reference genes.
- reference genes When targeting cancer, they are not necessarily suitable as reference genes. Therefore, the following analysis was performed in order to identify reference genes in squamous cell carcinoma more effective than ⁇ -actin and the like.
- Method 1 The 95% percentile and 5% percentile of the signal value are calculated for each gene probe, and the difference is divided by the median value (50% percentile) of the signal value of each gene probe.
- Method 2 The median absolute deviation of the signal value is calculated for each gene probe, and the difference is divided by the median signal value of each gene probe.
- Method 3 The standard deviation of the signal value is calculated for each gene probe, and the difference is divided by the average value of the signal value of each gene probe.
- the magnitude of gene expression fluctuation was evaluated by the above three methods. That is, in any of the methods, the calculated numerical value is small if the gene expression variation is small. Therefore, the gene probes were arranged in the descending order of the numerical value and evaluated. Since a plurality of probes may be synthesized and mounted in the Array for one gene, the smallest value calculated by each method was selected for the same gene, and the rest were excluded. Of the results analyzed in this way, the genes evaluated as having less expression fluctuations equal to or higher than ⁇ -actin are shown in Tables 16 to 32. Tables 16 to 19 show a total of 243 genes identified by the method 1, Tables 20 to 26 show a total of 377 genes identified by the method 2, and Tables 27 to 32 show a method 3 A total of 330 genes identified are shown.
- SRSF3, TPM3, ZNF207, ZNF143, PUM1 which are included in the top 10 genes in any method
- RAB1A and LOC101059961 are reference genes that are more useful for analyzing the gene expression level of squamous cell carcinoma.
- the SRSF3 gene is the highest and the most useful reference gene in any of the methods 1 to 3.
- genes are selected by 107 case sets for subtyping (set-1 above) and validated.
- the 167 case set (set-2 above) was used for evaluation.
- Boosting is a method for obtaining a highly accurate prediction result by efficiently selecting a simple prediction model, defining an appropriate weight, and determining a combination by weighted majority.
- a decision tree having a depth of 1 based on each gene is constructed as a simple prediction model, and the prediction errors of the sets ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 when the number of models is increased from 1 to 20 are subtracted. Calculated for each type.
- the decision tree having a depth of 1 based on each gene in this case is binarized based on a threshold value having a signal ratio of each gene.
- FIG. 9 shows the results of the prediction errors of sets ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 for each subtype ( ⁇ 5 and ⁇ 7) when the number of models is increased from 1 to 20 in this way.
- the prediction error was suppressed to about 0.1, and the usefulness of the gene according to the present invention was confirmed.
- the prediction error decreased with the increase in the number of models for the set-1 which is learning data, but the number of models 5 showed the minimum error for the set-2 which was the evaluation data. The same tendency was obtained in any subtype prediction.
- the correct answer rate reached 95.8% for subtype-5, and the correct answer rate reached 98.2% for subtype-7.
- the correct answer rate of the prediction of set-2 is the maximum in the gene set of 5 models, and more specifically, the average correct answer rate of 94.4 in the subtype-5. %, The correct answer rate of 97.6% was confirmed for subtype-7.
- the genes in Tables 35 and 36 are particularly The gene was confirmed to be useful in evaluating the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma.
- the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma is evaluated by using the expression level of at least one gene selected from the SIM2 co-expressed gene group as an index. Can do. Furthermore, the effectiveness can be evaluated with higher accuracy by using the expression level of at least one gene selected from the FOXE1 co-expressed gene group as an index.
- the evaluation method of the present invention and the drug used in the method are extremely effective in determining the treatment policy for squamous cell carcinoma.
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Abstract
Description
(1) 扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための方法であって、下記工程(a)~(c)を含む方法
(a)被検体から分離された扁平上皮がん試料について、SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程、
(b)工程(a)で検出した発現レベルを各遺伝子の基準発現レベルと比較する工程、
(c)工程(b)における比較の結果、前記被検体における発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも高い場合、前記被検体における扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性は高いと判定する工程。
(2) 扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための方法であって、下記工程(a)~(c)を含む方法
(a)被検体から分離された扁平上皮がん試料について、SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベル、並びに、FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程、
(b)工程(a)で検出した発現レベルを各遺伝子の基準発現レベルと比較する工程、
(c)工程(b)における比較の結果、前記被検体におけるSIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも高く、かつ前記被検体におけるFOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも低い場合、前記被検体における扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性は高いと判定する工程。
(3) (1)又は(2)に記載の方法により、扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための薬剤であって、下記(a)~(d)から選択される少なくとも1の化合物を含む薬剤
(a)SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の転写産物又はその相補的核酸にハイブリダイズする、少なくとも15ヌクレオチドの鎖長を有するオリゴヌクレオド、
(b)FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の転写産物又はその相補的核酸にハイブリダイズする、少なくとも15ヌクレオチドの鎖長を有するオリゴヌクレオド、
(c)SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の翻訳産物に結合する抗体、
(d)FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の翻訳産物に結合する抗体。
後述の実施例において示す通り、網羅的遺伝子発現プロファイルに基づく教師なしクラスター解析により、扁平上皮がんの化学放射線療法による治療の予後(生存率)に相関したサブタイプの同定を行った。その結果、得られた予後良好なサブタイプにおいて、SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子が高発現していることが明らかになった。したがって、本発明は、下記工程(a)~(c)を含む、扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための方法を提供する。
(a)被検体から分離された扁平上皮がん試料について、SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程、
(b)工程(a)で検出した発現レベルを各遺伝子の基準発現レベルと比較する工程、
(c)工程(b)における比較の結果、前記被検体における発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも高い場合、前記被検体における扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性は高いと判定する工程。
(a)被検体から分離された扁平上皮がん試料について、SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベル、並びに、FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程、
(b)工程(a)で検出した発現レベルを各遺伝子の基準発現レベルと比較する工程、
(c)工程(b)における比較の結果、前記被検体におけるSIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも高く、かつ前記被検体におけるFOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも低い場合、前記被検体における扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性は高いと判定する工程。
(a)被検体から分離された扁平上皮がん試料について、FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程、
(b)工程(a)で検出した発現レベルを各遺伝子の基準発現レベルと比較する工程、
(c)工程(b)における比較の結果、前記被検体における発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも低い場合、前記被検体における扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性は高いと判定する工程。
上述の通り、本発明の評価方法においては、SIM2共発現遺伝子群等の発現レベルをmRNA(転写産物)レベル又は蛋白質(翻訳産物)レベルにて検出することにより、扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価することができる。したがって、本発明は、上述の評価方法により、扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための薬剤であって、下記(a)~(d)から選択される少なくとも1の化合物を含む薬剤を提供する。
(a)SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の転写産物又はその相補的核酸にハイブリダイズする、少なくとも15ヌクレオチドの鎖長を有するオリゴヌクレオド、
(b)FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の転写産物又はその相補的核酸にハイブリダイズする、少なくとも15ヌクレオチドの鎖長を有するオリゴヌクレオド、
(c)SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の翻訳産物に結合する抗体、
(d)FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の翻訳産物に結合する抗体。
扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価する方法を開発するため、網羅的遺伝子発現プロファイルに基づく教師なしクラスター解析により、扁平上皮がんの化学放射線療法による治療の予後に相関したサブタイプの同定を行った。
Agilent Technologies社の遺伝子発現解析アレイのデータマイニングソフトGeneSpringを用い、生物学的な意義を持ってCRT感受性サブタイプ-7と非感受性サブタイプ-5を分類できる遺伝子セットの選抜と、それら遺伝子を用いた再分類を、以下のA)~C)の手順で行った。
サブタイプ-7と-5に分類後、両方のサブタイプに属する一部のサンプルは、どちらのサブタイプにも属さないこととし、純サブタイプ-7、純サブタイプ-5、及び、その他に分類した(図3 参照)。
〔3〕で分類された純サブタイプ-7、純サブタイプ-5、及び、それ以外について、CRT治療2ヵ月後の完全寛解率、生存曲線、及び5年生存率を比較した(表15、図4 参照)。さらに外科的切除(手術)施行65例についても同様にサブタイプ分類を行い、生存曲線と5年生存率を比較した(図4 参照)。
SIM2遺伝子の分化誘導活性を評価するため、理化学研究所BRC又はJCRBから入手した食道扁平上皮がん由来細胞株KYSE510、TE8へ、Lipofectamin(登録商標) 2000(Invitrogen社)を用い、pCMV-AC-GFPプラスミドベクターに連結されたSIM2遺伝子cDNAを一過的に導入した。対照群として、pCMV-neoプラスミドベクターを一過的に導入した。通常培地(RPMI1640又はDMEM、10%FBS)で1日間培養した後に、NanoCulture(登録商標) Plate (SCIVAX社)に播種し、通常培地で3日間培養した。total RNAを抽出し定量的RT-PCR法にて遺伝子の発現量を測定した。cDNAは、SuperScript(登録商標) III First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Invitrogen社)に従い作製した。希釈したcDNAは、iQTM SYBER(登録商標) Green Supermix(BIO-RAD社)、プライマー及びヌクレアーゼフリー水と混合し、MyiQ(登録商標)(BIO-RAD社)により定量した。表13にプライマーの塩基配列を示す。その結果は図5に示した。
SIM2遺伝子安定発現株のシスプラチン(CDDP)、5-フルオロウラシル(5FU)、ドセタキセル(DTX)への感受性を評価するため、抗がん剤感受性試験を行った。6穴プレートにSIM2遺伝子安定発現株を播種し、通常培地にて1日間培養した後に、CDDP(2μM、5μM、10μM)、5FU(10μM)、DTX(1nM)添加培地又は通常培地で3日間培養した。薬物処置終了後、0.25%トリプシン/EDTAを用いて細胞を回収し、トリパンブルー染色後、生細胞数を計測した。その結果は図6に示した。
SIM2遺伝子安定発現株のCDDPの長期投与への感受性を評価するため、3次元培養を用いた抗がん剤感受性試験を行った。3.5cm NanoCulture(登録商標) PlateにSIM2遺伝子安定発現株を播種し、通常培地にて1日間培養した後に、CDDP(5x10-6M)を含む培地へ交換した。CDDP(5x10-6M)を含む培地を2日おきに交換しつつ、14日間培養した。薬物処置終了後、Spheroid Dispersion Solution(SCIVAX社)を用いて細胞を回収し、トリパンブルー染色後、生細胞数を計測した。その結果は図7に示した。
SIM2遺伝子安定発現株の放射線への感受性を評価するため、γ線感受性試験を行った。6穴プレートにSIM2遺伝子安定発現株を播種し、通常培地にて1日間培養した後に、γ線照射(0Gy、1Gy、5Gy、10Gy)を行った。その後7日間培養し、0.25%トリプシン/EDTAを用いて細胞を回収し、トリパンブルー染色後、生細胞数を計測し、IC50を計算した。その結果は図8に示した。
症例セット-1で選抜した2054遺伝子プローブセットで教師なしクラスター解析を行い、遺伝子系統樹を7種に分け、症例セット-2での再現性を確認したところ、7種の遺伝子プローブクラスターのうち、セット-2でも再現されたものは5種の遺伝子プローブクラスターであった。図1に示すように、これら5種の遺伝子プローブセットを高発現する症例クラスター(サブタイプ)のうち、サブタイプ-7はCRTでの5年生存率がセット-1で64%、セット-2で75%と感受性を示した。一方、サブタイプ-5はCRTでの5年生存率がセット-1で11%、セット-2で28%と非感受性であった。
セット-1においてCRT感受性サブタイプ-7とその他を比べて、t-検定でp<0.05の条件と平均発現強度が2倍以上の条件を満たす遺伝子プローブを選抜した結果、599種であった。その中に含まれるキーとなる転写因子、すなわちこれらの遺伝子の発現を支配している転写因子を症例ごとの発現量の相関解析によって探索したところSIM2を見出した。SIM2の発現と相関して発現する遺伝子は上記統計学的に選抜した599遺伝子プローブのうち256遺伝子プローブであった。同様に非感受性サブタイプ-5で特異的に発現する525遺伝子プローブのうち163遺伝子プローブと相関する転写因子FOXE1を同定した。次に、各256遺伝子プローブと163遺伝子プローブの数値データを使い、セット-1とセット-2でクラスター解析を行い、CRT感受性サブタイプ-7と非感受性サブタイプ-5を再分類し、生存曲線を描き、5年生存率を調べた結果を図2に示した。図2に示した通り、サブタイプ-7は5年生存率がセット-1で67%、セット-2で70%と成績が良かった。一方、サブタイプ-5はCRTでの5年生存率がセット-1で11%、セット-2で32%と不良であった。CRT感受性サブタイプ-7を規定する256遺伝子プローブを重複のない191種の遺伝子名として整理し、上述の表1~7に示した。このCRT感受性サブタイプ-7を規定する191遺伝子には、食道扁平上皮の分化層で発現する遺伝子(分化マーカー)が多く含まれていた。一方、非感受性サブタイプ-5を規定する163遺伝子プローブは上述の表8~12に121遺伝子として示した。これらの遺伝子には未分化な基底細胞マーカー等が多く含まれていた。したがって、SIM2は食道がんの分化を誘導し、FOXE1は分化を抑制することによって化学放射線抵抗性の獲得に寄与していることが示された。
図3に示したように、セット-1の107症例中、サブタイプ-7に分類されるのは30例、サブタイプ-5に分類されるのは29例であった。重複は6例あったので、純サブタイプ-7は24例、純サブタイプ-5に分類されるのは23例であった。これら2種のサブタイプ以外の症例は60例であった。同様に、セット-2の167症例中、純サブタイプ-7は34例、純サブタイプ-5に分類されるのは48例であった。それ以外の症例は85例であった。
〔3〕で分類された純サブタイプ-7、純サブタイプ-5、及びそれ以外の症例について、CRT治療2ヵ月後の完全寛解(CR,complete response)率を、表15に示した。なお、表15中、「ST」は「サブタイプ」を示し、「CR」は「完全寛解」を示し、「non CR」は「非寛解」を示す。表15に示した通り、CRT施行121例の完全寛解率が47%であるのに対し、純サブタイプ-7はセット-1で100%、セット-2で59%と再現性良く良好で全体では71%であった。一方、純サブタイプ-5は、セット-1で18%、セット-2で24%と再現性良く不良で全体では23%であった。
図5の左に、食道扁平上皮がん細胞株KYSE510とTE8にSIM2遺伝子cDNAを導入後、3日目、5日目において、未分化基底細胞マーカーであるPDPNと分化マーカーSPRR1Aの発現を調べた定量的RT-PCRのデータを示した。SIM2遺伝子を導入後3日目で分化マーカーSPRR1Aが上昇し、未分化基底細胞マーカーPDPNの発現が下降した。この結果から、SIM2が未分化基底細胞の分化を誘導できることが明らかになった。
図6に示した通り、SIM2安定発現株(KYSE510-SIM2-27,-37、TE8-SIM2-2,-3、T.Tn-SIM2-9,-23)では、対照ベクター導入株(KYSE510-Mock、TE8-Mock、T.Tn-Mock)と比較して、シスプラチン(CDDP)、5-フルオロウラシル(5FU)、ドセタキセル(DTX)に対する感受性が上昇していることが明らかになった。すなわち、いずれのSIM2安定発現株では、通常のプレート2次元培養にて、3種の抗がん剤をIC50近傍の濃度で添加したところ、3日後の生細胞数が有為(*:p<0.05)に減っていた。
通常の2次元培養で、IC50近傍の濃度では、5日間以上の長期観察では細胞が飽和するため、3日間での効果を調べた。そのため、図6において示したCDDPの効果は有為ではあったが小さかった。そこで、CDDPに関しては3次元培養にて14日間の長期観察を行った。図7(左に生細胞数、右に細胞集塊)に示したように、SIM2安定発現株(T.Tn-SIM2-9,-23)では、対照ベクター導入株(T.Tn-Mock)と比較して、CDDPに対する感受性が著しく上昇していた。
図8に示した通り、SIM2安定発現株(TE8-SIM2-2,-3、T.Tn-SIM2-9,-23)では、対照ベクター導入株(TE8-Mock、T.Tn-Mock)と比較して、γ線に対する感受性が上昇することが明らかになった。なお、KYSE510は親株、対照ベクター導入株(KYSE510-Mock)共に、γ線に高感受性のため評価から除外した。
EMBL-EBIのArrayExpressデータベースからアクセス番号E-GEDO-23400の中国の食道扁平上皮がん53例とアクセス番号E-MTAB-1328のフランスの頭頚部扁平上皮がん89例のマイクロアレイデータとを、上記〔1〕-〔2〕と同様の方法でクラスター解析を行った。その結果、図には示さないが、他国の食道扁平上皮がんにおいても、さらには食道扁平上皮がんではない扁平上皮がん(頭頚部扁平上皮がん)においても、サブタイプ-5、-7の存在を確認することができた。
上述の通り、SIM2共発現遺伝子群の遺伝子の発現レベルを指標とすることにより、扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価することができる。さらに、FOXE1共発現遺伝子群の遺伝子の発現レベルも指標とすることにより、より精度高く前記有効性を評価することができる。また、このような遺伝子群の発現レベルを網羅的に解析する上で、本実施例においても用いているDNAマイクロアレイによる解析は有用である。
上述の通り、PCR等による解析においては、解析する遺伝子の数を少数に限定することが望まれる。そこで、少ない遺伝子群を解析対象としても、扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価できることを確認するため、サブタイプ-5の分類に有用な163遺伝子プローブ(表8~12 参照)、また、サブタイプ-7の分類に有用な256遺伝子プローブ(表1~7 参照)から、さらなる遺伝子プローブの絞り込みを検討した。
上記[11]等における予備的な検討から、多数の有用な小数遺伝子セットが存在することが示唆された。そこで、セット-1の107症例のデータから、重複を許して200症例分を選択するリサンプリングを行い1000回行った。各リサンプリングで得られた学習用データとしたモデル構築を行い、セット-1と-2を用いて評価を行った。この1000回のリサンプリングに基づき平均予測誤差を算出し、また、各リサンプリングで選択された5モデルの遺伝子セットで選択された遺伝子を、選択回数で遺伝子の順位付けを行った。遺伝子セットは、サブタイプ-5の分類に有用な163遺伝子プローブから、また、サブタイプ-7の分類に有用な256遺伝子プローブから選択し、異なる遺伝子プローブが選ばれても同一遺伝子ならば合算した選択回数を算出した。そして、このようにして、1000回のリサンプリングにおいて、モデル数1~延べ20までのセット-1、-2における予測誤差の平均値を算出した。得られた結果を、図13及び14に示す。
<223> 人工的に合成されたプライマーの配列
Claims (3)
- 扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための方法であって、下記工程(a)~(c)を含む方法
(a)被検体から分離された扁平上皮がん試料について、SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程、
(b)工程(a)で検出した発現レベルを各遺伝子の基準発現レベルと比較する工程、
(c)工程(b)における比較の結果、前記被検体における発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも高い場合、前記被検体における扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性は高いと判定する工程。 - 扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための方法であって、下記工程(a)~(c)を含む方法
(a)被検体から分離された扁平上皮がん試料について、SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベル、並びに、FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程、
(b)工程(a)で検出した発現レベルを各遺伝子の基準発現レベルと比較する工程、
(c)工程(b)における比較の結果、前記被検体におけるSIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも高く、かつ前記被検体におけるFOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の発現レベルが各基準発現レベルよりも低い場合、前記被検体における扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性は高いと判定する工程。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の方法により、扁平上皮がんに対する化学放射線療法の有効性を評価するための薬剤であって、下記(a)~(d)から選択される少なくとも1の化合物を含む薬剤
(a)SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の転写産物又はその相補的核酸にハイブリダイズする、少なくとも15ヌクレオチドの鎖長を有するオリゴヌクレオド
(b)FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の転写産物又はその相補的核酸にハイブリダイズする、少なくとも15ヌクレオチドの鎖長を有するオリゴヌクレオド
(c)SIM2遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の翻訳産物に結合する抗体
(d)FOXE1遺伝子及び該遺伝子と共発現している遺伝子から選択される少なくとも1の遺伝子の翻訳産物に結合する抗体。
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KR20170058984A (ko) | 2017-05-29 |
EP3199640A4 (en) | 2018-03-14 |
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CA2962551A1 (en) | 2016-03-31 |
CA2962551C (en) | 2023-10-24 |
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EP3199640A1 (en) | 2017-08-02 |
JPWO2016047688A1 (ja) | 2017-07-06 |
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