WO2016039279A1 - 皮膚付属器官を有する全層皮膚の製造方法 - Google Patents
皮膚付属器官を有する全層皮膚の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/40—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
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- A61L27/60—Materials for use in artificial skin
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- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
- G01N33/5073—Stem cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2207/00—Modified animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/105—Murine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/02—Animal zootechnically ameliorated
- A01K2267/025—Animal producing cells or organs for transplantation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
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- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
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- C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
- C12N2502/13—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by connective tissue cells; generic mesenchyme cells, e.g. so-called "embryonic fibroblasts"
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- C12N2509/00—Methods for the dissociation of cells, e.g. specific use of enzymes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing full thickness skin having a skin appendage and a full thickness skin having the produced skin appendage.
- a method for producing artificial skin having a skin appendage for example, a method has been attempted in which adipose-derived stem cells, epidermal keratinocytes, and fibroblasts are co-cultured at a skin excision site such as a nude mouse (Patent Document 1). ).
- the skin appendage is partially induced, the induced skin appendage becomes inseparable from the skin of the nude mouse and is derived from stem cells including the skin appendage. It was difficult to obtain full-thickness skin (that is, skin tissue including at least epidermal layer, dermis layer, and subcutaneous tissue). The present inventors paid attention to this technical problem and attempted to develop a method for efficiently producing full-thickness skin having a skin appendage derived from a purely intended individual.
- the present inventors stimulated the embryoid body using a physiologically active substance capable of activating the Wnt pathway, combined with a scaffold material, and then transplanted to an animal.
- a physiologically active substance capable of activating the Wnt pathway capable of activating the Wnt pathway
- a scaffold material capable of activating the Wnt pathway
- the present invention is a method for producing full-thickness skin having skin appendages
- the “full thickness skin having skin appendages” is at least the following (1) to (3); (1) skin including epidermis and dermis layers (2) including at least one skin appendage (3) subcutaneous tissue;
- the method comprises the following steps: (A) stimulating the embryoid body with a bioactive substance capable of activating the Wnt pathway; (B): preparing a conjugate comprising the following (A) and (B); (A) All or part of the embryoid body stimulated in step (a) (B) Scaffold material (c): transplanting the conjugate prepared in step (b) to an animal, and (D): producing a full-thickness skin derived from the conjugate in the animal;
- a method is provided, comprising:
- the animal is a non-human animal.
- the non-human animal is a non-human immunodeficient animal.
- the Wnt path is a classic Wnt path.
- the “physiologically active substance capable of activating the Wnt pathway” is Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt6, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt10b, and TGF-. It is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ .
- the “physiologically active substance capable of activating the Wnt pathway” may be, for example, a Wnt receptor agonist.
- the embryoid body is an embryoid body prepared from iPS cells or ES cells.
- the scaffold material is a collagen gel.
- the transplant is a transplant under the renal capsule.
- a full-thickness skin having a skin appendage manufactured by any of the above methods is provided.
- full-thickness skin having skin appendages can be produced frequently in a teratoma derived from pluripotent stem cells. Since the full-thickness skin produced by the method of the present invention has a functional skin appendage similar to an animal body, it can be suitably used for, for example, pharmacological tests and safety tests of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Further, for example, by producing the full-thickness skin of the present invention using pluripotent stem cells derived from various individuals (for example, derived from individuals having different races, skin colors, ages, sexes, etc.), cosmetics and pharmaceuticals Appropriate pharmacological tests and safety tests can be performed according to the target. In addition, the full-thickness skin produced by the method of the present invention has a very low risk of causing a tumor when transplanted to the skin of an animal, and can be suitably used for transplantation into a living body.
- FIG. 1 shows an HE-stained image of a teratoma formed by transplanting an embryoid body subjected to Wnt10b stimulation into a living body.
- the left figure shows skin-like tissue containing ectodermal cyst hair follicles, and the right figure shows mucosal-like tissue.
- FIG. 2A shows a schematic diagram of a method for forming a teratoma containing various organs, which is an embodiment of the present invention.
- Embryoid bodies were formed from iPS cells, arranged three-dimensionally in a collagen gel, and then transplanted into adults to form teratomas.
- FIG. 2B shows the classification of the various organs formed in the teratoma.
- Each of the figures a to d shows typical histological images of a: skin-like tissue, b: mucosal-like tissue, c: cyst tissue consisting of transitional epithelium, and d: cyst tissue consisting of endoderm epithelium.
- Cyst cyst cavity
- Epi epithelial tissue
- Der dermal tissue
- Ad adipose tissue
- LP lamina intestinal
- SM smooth muscle tissue.
- the cystic epithelial tissue of c is composed of a single-layered columnar epithelium including squamous stratified epithelium (*) and goblet cells (arrows).
- FIG. 2C shows the frequency of organs induced by teratoma derived from an embryoid body subjected to Wnt10b stimulation (Dark bar), and the frequency of organs induced by teratoma derived from an embryoid body not stimulated by Wnt10b (Light bar). It is the graph which compared.
- FIG. 3 shows a tissue image of a secretory gland-like structure induced by a teratoma derived from an embryoid body subjected to Wnt10b stimulation.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing the course after transplantation of full-thickness skin containing iPS-induced hair follicles into nude mice.
- FIG. 5 shows the analysis of the hair cycle of hair derived from iPS-induced hair follicles. Hair follicle growth of hair follicles induced from iPS cells was observed over time.
- FIG. 6 shows the result of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in which the Y chromosome is labeled on the tissue developed from the transplantation site of the iPS-induced hair follicle.
- FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization
- FISH shows a weakly enlarged image of the Y chromosome FISH of the entire tissue transplanted into nude mice and the surrounding host skin.
- DIC is a differential interference image of the tissue shown by FISH, and the arrow indicates iPS-induced hair containing melanin pigment.
- the tissue region is indicated by white squares, and ad is an enlarged photograph.
- White dots in the figure are Y chromosomes detected by FISH.
- FIG. 7 is an immunostained image showing that the stem cell niche is reproduced in the tissue developed from the transplantation site of the iPS-induced hair follicle.
- FIG. 7a and 7b show double immunostaining images with anti-CK15 antibody and anti-CD34 antibody, which are hair follicle epithelial stem cell markers.
- FIG. 7a is a weakly magnified image of a full-thickness skin transplantation site including an iPS-induced hair follicle, and the area surrounded by a dotted line shows the transplanted tissue.
- FIG. 7b shows an enlarged image of the area surrounded by the white square in FIG. 7a.
- the arrow in FIG. 7b shows the outer follicular root sheath co-stained with anti-CK15 and anti-CD34 antibodies.
- FIG. 7 d show immunostained images for Lrig1 which is a sebaceous gland progenitor cell marker and CK15 which is an epithelial stem cell marker.
- the range of the dotted line in FIG. 7c represents the transplanted tissue.
- An enlarged photograph of the range surrounded by the white square in FIG. 7c is shown in FIG. 7d, Lrig1-positive cells are indicated by arrows and CK15-positive cells are indicated by arrowheads.
- SG represents a sebaceous gland.
- FIG. 7e shows an immunostained image using an anti-Lgr6 antibody. Lgr6 is expressed in the outer root sheath (arrow) near the sebaceous gland attachment site.
- FIG. 7f shows an immunostained image using anti-Lgr5 antibody.
- Lgr5 is expressed in the variable region of the growing hair follicle, and is strongly expressed particularly in epithelial cells (arrows) near the hair matrix region.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing that the iPS-induced hair follicle is connected to the napped muscle and the nerve in the tissue developed from the implantation site of the iPS-induced hair follicle.
- the full-thickness skin containing iPS-derived hair follicles was transplanted to the back of nude mice, and when the iPS cell-derived hair follicle reached the third growth phase, the tissue was collected to prepare a tissue section having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m. .
- FIG. 8a A fluorescent immunostained image (FIG. 8a) with an antibody that recognizes calponin as a smooth muscle marker and neurofilament H (NF-H) as a nerve fiber marker, and a stereoscopic microscope image (FIG. 8b) with transmitted light of the same section, respectively.
- FIG. 8b A hair follicle (FIG. 8b, black arrow) in which a hair shaft having a melanin pigment is observed in the hair follicle by a stereoscopic microscope image indicates that it is derived from iPS cells.
- FIG. 8c An enlarged view of the region containing the hair follicle derived from the host hair follicle
- FIG. 8d An enlarged view of the region containing the hair follicle derived from the host hair follicle
- FIG. 8d An enlarged view of the region containing the hair follicle derived from the host hair follicle (FIG. 8c, Host) and iPS cells (FI
- pluripotent stem cell refers to a cell having both the pluripotency capable of differentiating into any cell of the living body and the self-replicating ability capable of maintaining the pluripotency even after differentiation and proliferation, for example, ES cell And iPS cells.
- ES cell Embryonic Stem cells
- stem cell line made from an inner cell mass belonging to a part of an embryo at the blastocyst stage, which is an early stage of animal development, and is extremely numerous. It has the pluripotency capable of differentiating into cells and the self-replicating ability that can maintain pluripotency even after dividing proliferation.
- the origin of ES cells that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and ES cells derived from the inner cell mass of any animal can be used.
- ES cells derived from the inner cell mass of humans, mice, rats, pigs, monkeys can be used as the origin of ES cells.
- an “iPS cell (induced Pluripotent Stem cells)” is a universal differentiation that can differentiate into so many cells like ES cells by introducing several types of genes and / or drugs into somatic cells. A cell that has sex and self-replicating ability to maintain pluripotency even after dividing proliferation.
- the origin of iPS cells that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and iPS cells derived from any animal can be used.
- iPS cells derived from humans, mice, rats, pigs, and monkeys can be used as the origin of iPS cells.
- somatic cells derived from iPS cells that can be used in the present invention are not particularly limited, and iPS cells derived from cells derived from any tissue can be used.
- the iPS cell induction method that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any method can be used as long as it can induce iPS cells from somatic cells. be able to.
- the method for culturing pluripotent stem cells without differentiation is not particularly limited, and a person skilled in the art can appropriately select a culture environment or medium known in the art or a culture environment or medium equivalent thereto.
- a culture environment or medium known in the art or a culture environment or medium equivalent thereto For example, mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) can be used as feeder cells for culturing pluripotent stem cells.
- MEF mouse embryo fibroblasts
- a medium for culturing pluripotent stem cells a medium generally used for culturing pluripotent stem cells can be used, and the composition thereof is not particularly limited.
- teratoma is a well-differentiated germ cell tumor having a bi- or tri-germ component, and is also referred to as a malformed species.
- the “teratoma” in the present invention also includes a structure histologically similar to a deformed species that can be generated when pluripotent stem cells are transplanted into a living body. Teratomas can occur naturally in vivo, but can also be generated artificially by transplanting pluripotent stem cells into animals.
- the site for transplanting cells into an animal is not particularly limited, and for example, it can be transplanted under the kidney capsule, subcutaneous, or testis of an animal.
- the method for transplanting cells into an animal is not particularly limited.
- the kidney capsule of a mouse an incision of 2 to 3 mm is made in the kidney capsule, and the kidney capsule and the kidney parenchyma are peeled off. In the meantime, cells can be transplanted.
- a method for confirming that teratoma is formed in an animal transplanted with pluripotent stem cells is not particularly limited.
- a laparotomy is performed 3 to 4 weeks after transplantation to form a tumor in appearance. This can be confirmed by visual inspection.
- analyzing the tumor histologically it is possible to confirm the formation of trigerminal tissue that is characteristic of teratomas.
- full thickness skin refers to a layered tissue structure including at least the following (1) to (3).
- Skin including epidermis and dermis layers (2) At least one kind of skin appendage (3)
- the “skin appendage organ” means a keratinous organ and an exocrine gland that are connected to the epidermis layer constituting the skin via an epithelial tissue and have a specific function, although not limited thereto.
- the skin appendage in this specification means organs distributed in the skin such as hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands, but is not limited thereto.
- subcutaneous tissue refers to a tissue that supports the skin and skin appendages and connects them to other organ systems.
- a skin muscle layer composed of subcutaneous adipose tissue and smooth muscle tissue, collagen A connective tissue composed of fibers and elastic fibers is included, but is not limited thereto.
- organ primordium refers to a region of an embryo or a structure of an embryo that is determined to develop in a specific organ as the developmental stage proceeds in a living body, and is simply referred to as “primitive primordium”. There is also. Almost all organs in a living body are generated from organ primordia derived from epithelial stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells by a fetal development program, and develop into a predetermined position and a predetermined number.
- the method for confirming that the target full-thickness skin is formed in the teratoma is not particularly limited.
- the teratoma is opened and the skin appendages (for example, hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands) It can be confirmed by looking for a structure that seems to be full-thickness skin having a mammary gland).
- a tissue section of teratoma can be prepared and confirmed to be a predetermined organ from the tissue structure.
- it can be analyzed by an in situ hybridization method that a gene expressed in each organ is expressed at an appropriate site.
- embryoid body refers to a cell mass formed when pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and iPS cells are cultured in suspension. Embryoid bodies may take the form of embryos and may be composed of various tissues.
- the method for producing an embryoid body that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, a method of seeding pluripotent stem cells on a low-adhesion plate, or hanging a droplet of a cell suspension of pluripotent stem cells. The hanging drop method according to, and the method of suspension culture while shaking the culture dish of pluripotent stem cells can be used.
- iPS cells when an embryoid body is prepared by seeding iPS cells on a low adhesion plate, iPS cells are 1500 cells to 10000 cells / 200 ⁇ l / well, more preferably 2000 cells to 4000 cells / 200 ⁇ l / well.
- An embryoid body can be produced by seeding on an adhesive plate and culturing. If the number of cells to be seeded is less than 1500 cells / 200 ⁇ l / well, the embryoid body may not be formed properly, and if it exceeds 10,000 cells / 200 ⁇ l / well, necrosis due to lack of nutrition may occur inside the embryoid body.
- the embryoid bodies used in the present invention are from the start of suspension culture, but, for example, those from 5 to 9 days from the start of suspension culture can be suitably used. .
- an embryoid body when used for transplantation, all or part of the embryoid body can be used for transplantation.
- the embryoid body can be used for transplantation as it is, or only part of the embryoid body can be used for transplantation.
- the method for separating only the surface tissue from the embryoid body is not particularly limited.
- the surface tissue of the embryoid body can be physically collected by microsurgery using a syringe under a stereomicroscope.
- scaffold material expresses various cell functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, activation, migration, migration, and morphological change by contacting the material with the cell on or within the material. It refers to all materials that can be promoted and is not particularly limited as long as it is suitable for transplanting pluripotent stem cells.
- a collagen gel can be used as the scaffold material, and preferably, a type I collagen gel, a type III collagen gel, a type IV collagen gel, and a matrigel can be used.
- Transplanting pluripotent stem cells in a scaffold material prevents pluripotent stem cells from dissipating in the transplanted tissue and becomes a scaffold for tissue survival Full thickness skin can be produced in the teratoma.
- the embryoid body can be transplanted in a collagen gel while maintaining a desired three-dimensional arrangement.
- the full-thickness skin can be produced in the teratoma more efficiently.
- a method for producing a conjugate including “all or part of an embryoid body” and a scaffold material It may be used for transplantation after the scaffold material is combined with “all or part of the embryoid body” in vitro.
- the scaffold material is introduced into the body and then “all or part of the embryoid body”. May be combined by injection and transplantation may be performed.
- the collagen gel and the embryoid body are put into a sol-like collagen gel and solidified. A combination with all or a part of can be produced.
- the “physiologically active substance capable of activating the Wnt pathway” may be, for example, a physiologically active substance capable of activating the classic Wnt pathway (also referred to as ⁇ -catenin pathway). It may be a physiologically active substance that can activate a pathway (in-plane cell polarity pathway; also referred to as PCP pathway or Ca2 + pathway). Examples of physiologically active substances that can activate the classical Wnt pathway include Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt6, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt10b, and TGF- ⁇ .
- Wnt10b can activate the classical Wnt pathway ( ⁇ -catenin pathway) is described, for example, in Maksim V. Plikus et al. (Science 332, 586 (2011)), and Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt6, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b can activate the classical Wnt pathway ( ⁇ -catenin pathway), and Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt11 can activate the nonclassical Wnt pathway, for example, Kemp et al. Functional Development and Embryology 1 (1), 1-13 (2007)), TGF- ⁇ stabilizes ⁇ -catenin expression in dermal fibroblasts, for example, Sato (Acta Derm Venereol 2006; 86: 300-307).
- the type of animal into which cells are transplanted is not particularly limited, and any animal can be used for transplantation.
- non-human animals such as pigs, cows, monkeys, baboons, dogs, cats, rats, and mice can be used for transplantation to avoid ethical problems that arise when cells are transplanted into humans.
- rejection due to the immune function of the living body can be prevented, and a teratoma can be produced efficiently.
- a teratoma derived from a cell of another species can be produced in the living body of the non-human immunodeficient animal.
- a human cell-derived teratoma can be produced in the living body of the non-human immunodeficient animal.
- an “immune-deficient animal” refers to an animal that lacks part or all of the immune function of a living body, and the type of immune function that is deficient is not particularly limited, but is derived from other species of animals transplanted into the living body. Animals lacking immune function are preferred so as not to exclude the cells or tissues.
- SCID mice nude mice, NOD mice, NOD-SCID mice, IL-2Rg knockout mice, RAG2 knockout mice, NOG mice, RAG2 / IL-2Rg double knockout mice
- SCID mice nude mice, NOD mice, NOD-SCID mice, IL-2Rg knockout mice, RAG2 knockout mice, NOG mice, RAG2 / IL-2Rg double knockout mice
- SCID mice nude mice, NOD mice, NOD-SCID mice, IL-2Rg knockout mice, RAG2 knockout mice, NOG mice, RAG2 / IL-2Rg double knockout mice
- SCID mice can be used.
- a method for extracting a desired organ from the teratoma is not particularly limited, but for example, it can be extracted by microsurgery.
- first, second, etc. may be used to represent various elements, but these elements should not be limited by those terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another, for example, the first element is referred to as the second element, and similarly, the second element is the first element. Can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- the medium was changed every day, and on the second day after subculture, subculture was performed using a solution in which 0.25% Trypsin-1 mM EDTA (Invitrogen) was added to D-PBS ( ⁇ ) (Nacalai Tesque).
- SNLP76.7-4 feeder cells were cultured on gelatin-coated dishes in 0.1% gelatin aqueous solution at 37 ° C. for 2 hours or more.
- Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM without sodium pyruvate; Nacalai Tesque), 7% fat bovine serum, 50 units / mL penicillin, 50 units / mL penicillin Medium was used.
- Mitomycin C was added to the medium to a final concentration of 12 ⁇ g / ml, and SNLP76.7-4 feeder cells were reacted at 37 ° C. for 2 hours and 15 minutes to treat mitomycin of SNLP76.7-4 feeder cells. .
- the reacted cells were seeded on a gelatin-coated dish at 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / cm 2 . What was cultured for 24 hours or more after mitomycin treatment was used as a feeder cell for co-culture with iPS cells.
- Wnt10b 0.1 mg / mL Wnt10b (R & D) in PBS was added as a stock to the medium for iPS cells to 1 ⁇ g / mL.
- Half of the Well medium in which embryoid bodies were formed was discarded, and half of the medium was replaced with a medium for iPS cells containing Wnt10b (final concentration 500 ng / mL).
- Embryoid bodies in Wnt10b-added medium were cultured for 24 hours in a CO 2 incubator.
- Adipose tissue was distributed in the sphere direction.
- the epidermis layer of the cyst is a typical skin because the basal cell layer, curved cell layer, granule layer, and stratum corneum are regularly arranged, and the stratum corneum is separated into a clear layer toward the cyst cavity. It was shown to be epidermal tissue. It was shown that the hair shaft grew from the opening of the hair follicle toward the cyst lumen (FIG. 1, black arrow). The connection site between the sebaceous gland and the hair follicle is the hair follicle funnel or the opening of the pore (FIG. 1, left white arrowhead), suggesting that sebum can be secreted into the outer epidermis via the pore.
- Tissue section of teratoma (FIG. 2A) formed under mouse kidney capsule by HE staining by the method described in (3) to (5) From the histological characteristics of the formed cyst epithelium and surrounding stromal tissue, skin-like (squamous keratinized epithelial layer / dermis layer / fatty or striated muscle), mucosal-like (squamous stratified horn epithelium / Classified into mucosal lamina (striated muscle), transitional epithelium (transitional form of flat stratified keratinized epithelium and monolayer columnar epithelium), endoderm epithelial (monolayer columnar epithelium / mucosal lamina / striated muscle) The composition ratio was measured (FIG.
- iPS cell The entire skin including hair follicles induced by in vivo transplantation was removed, cut into hair groups, and transplanted into nude mouse skin (in the present specification, iPS cells were obtained by the method of the present invention).
- the hair follicle derived from is called “iPS-induced hair follicle”, and the hair induced by the implantation of the iPS-derived hair follicle is called “iPS-induced hair follicle”).
- the hair shafts of the hair shafts were identified from the transplanted group, it was shown that the hair shafts contained Zigzag, Awl, and Guard hairs contained in the body hair. Therefore, the hair shaft growth was traced to the third hair cycle for each hair type, and the hair shaft growth period, hair shaft growth pause and hair loss period length were analyzed, and it was shown that the same periodicity as adult hair was repeated. (FIG. 5). From these results, it was suggested that the iPS-induced hair reproduces the living body stem cell niche and repeats the hair cycle permanently.
- the full-thickness skin including skin appendages such as hair follicles was composed of Y-chromosome positive cells, that is, cells derived from iPS cells (FIG. 6).
- the epithelial layer connected to the hair follicle was positive for the Y-chromosome, whereas no Y-chromosome was detected in the host tissue.
- iPS-induced hair has been shown to build an epithelial stem cell niche.
- the outer root sheath cells of the hair follicle variable part and the Lgr5-positive cells that are hair matrix precursor cells are distributed below the Auber's critical line of the hair matrix, and in the resting hair follicles, the Lgr5-positive cells are secondary. It is known to localize to hair buds.
- Lgr6 and Lrig1 positive cells are localized near the sebaceous gland attachment part from the upper part of the bulge.
- the iPS-induced hair follicle is a colored hair and can be distinguished from the host hair follicle
- the iPS-induced hair follicle was identified from the host hair follicle, and nerve fibers and napped muscle connections were analyzed by immunostaining.
- calponin-positive napped muscles were connected to the bulge region (FIG. 8, arrow), and nerve fibers were connected thereto (FIG. 8, arrowhead).
- the nerve-hair follicle junction was observed in the subbulge epithelium (FIG. 8). Neural fiber connections were seen around the bulge region, and nerve endings were distributed in the ORS outermost layer of the bulge region, and a nerve-hair follicle junction was seen (FIG. 8).
- the method of the present invention it is possible to artificially manufacture full-thickness skin having skin appendages efficiently.
- the full-thickness skin produced by the method of the present invention has a very low risk of causing a tumor by transplantation, and has been shown to be extremely promising as an organ formation technique on the premise of transplantation into a living body.
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Abstract
Description
前記「皮膚付属器官を有する全層皮膚」は、少なくとも下記(1)~(3);
(1)表皮層と真皮層を含む皮膚
(2)少なくとも1種類の皮膚付属器官
(3)皮下組織
を含み、
前記方法は、下記ステップ;
(a)胚様体を、Wnt経路を活性化させ得る生理活性物質で刺激するステップ、
(b):下記(A)および(B)を含む結合体を調製するステップ;
(A)ステップ(a)で刺激を行った前記胚様体の全部または一部
(B)足場材料
(c):前記ステップ(b)で調製した前記結合体を動物に移植するステップ、および、
(d):前記動物中において、前記結合体由来の全層皮膚を製造するステップ、
を含むことを特徴とする、方法を提供する。
また、本発明の方法により製造された全層皮膚は、動物の皮膚への移植によって腫瘍を引き起こす危険性が極めて低く、生体への移植にも好適に用いることができる。
(1)表皮層と真皮層を含む皮膚
(2)少なくとも1種類の皮膚付属器官
(3)皮下組織
1.材料と方法
(1)実験動物
C.B-17/lcr-scid/scidJclマウスはクレア(Tokyo, Japan)にて、scid/scid hr/hr(SHO)マウスはチャールズリバー(Kanagawa,Japan)にて購入した。マウスの管理および操作はNIHの実験動物指針に従った。全ての実験は東京理科大学の実験動物管理委員会の認可の上実施した。
マウスiPS細胞(mGF-iPS-3F-3)はマイトマイシンC(Nacalai Tesque)処理したSNLP76.7-4フィーダー細胞と共培養した。培養には、Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium(DMEM without sodium pyruvate; Nacalai Tesque)に、15% fetal bovine serum(Japan Bio Serum)、50 units/ml penicillin,50μg/ml streptomycin,2mM L-glutamine,1x10-4M 2-Mercaptoethanol,1x10-4M Non-essential amino acids(全てInvitrogen)を加えた培地を用いた。1日毎に培地交換し、継代後2日目にD-PBS(-)(Nacalai Tesque)に、0.25% Trypsin-1mM EDTA(Invitrogen)を加えた溶液を用いて継代培養した。
iPS細胞をフィーダー細胞ごと酵素処理により培養皿より剥離し、緩和なピペッティングによりシングルセル化した。セルソーター(FACS AriaIII, BD)を用いて、SSCとFSCにより、フィーダー細胞を除去してiPS細胞のみをソーティングした。ソーティングしたiPS細胞を1.5x104 cells/mlとなるように、(2)に記載のiPS細胞の培養培地へ再懸濁し、さらに3,000cells/200μL/wellとなるように、96穴低接着性プレート(Lipidure,NOF)へ播種した。
(2)および(3)に記載の方法にて低細胞付着性プレートへiPS細胞を播種した後、Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium(IMDM ; GIBCO)に,10% fetal bovine serum(Japan Bio Serum),50units/mL penicillin,50μg/ml streptomycinを加えた培地を用いて、7日間の培養を行った。播種後4日目に半量培地交換し、培養7日目に、胚様体の形成を位相差顕微鏡により確認を行い、形態的に異常が無い胚様体に対してWnt10b刺激を行った。0.1mg/mL Wnt10b(R&D)in PBSをストックとして、1μg/mLとなるようにiPS細胞用の培地に添加した。胚様体を形成したWellの培地を半量捨てて、Wnt10bを含むiPS細胞用の培地により半量交換した(終濃度500ng/mL)。CO2インキュベーター内にて、Wnt10b添加培地中の胚様体を24時間培養した。
シリコングリースを薄く塗った滅菌プラスチックディッシュ上にて30μlの冷I型コラーゲンゲル(新田ゼラチン)ドロップを形成し、ゲル形成する前に手早く32個または48個の胚様体を包含させ、CO2インキュベーター内にて37℃、10分間インキュベートしてゲル化させた。胚様体を包含したコラーゲンゲルを、1個ずつ麻酔下でC.B-17/lcr-scid/scidJclマウス(7~10週齢)の両腎の腎皮膜下へ移植した。移植後28または30日目にiPS細胞由来の胚様体を移植したマウスを犠牲死させて、テラトーマを摘出した。
テラトーマ内の嚢胞上皮の解析および誘導された器官の組織学的分析を行うために、摘出したテラトーマの重量を計測してマクロ写真を撮影した後に、当該テラトーマをマイルドホルム10N固定液(Wako)に浸漬して、室温にて一晩固定した。固定したテラトーマ組織は、通法に従ってパラフィン包埋または凍結包埋して、10μm厚の連続切片を作製した。連続切片の全部または一部をマイヤー処方のヘマトキシリンを用いてHE染色して、テラトーマ内嚢胞の組織学的分析を行った。テラトーマ内の毛包形成頻度を解析するために、ブロック表面より3mm厚分を組織化学解析し、正立顕微鏡Axioimager A1(Carl Zeiss)とAxioCAM MRc5(Carl Zeiss)を用いて、形成された毛包の個数をカウントした。連続切片上で毛球部が一番大きくなった毛包のみをカウントした。また、組織像は正立顕微鏡Axioimager A1(Carl Zeiss)とAxioCAM MRc5(Carl Zeiss)で撮影した。
(7)胚様体を含む結合体の生体内移植による全層皮膚および粘膜様組織の形成
(7-1)胚様体を含む結合体の生体内移植物の組織学的解析
胚様体を含む結合体を生体内に移植して形成されたテラトーマ内の嚢胞について、連続切片のHE染色像を観察して、組織学的な特徴を解析した。その結果、皮膚様嚢胞には皮脂腺を有する毛包が接続しており、皮脂腺の接続位置を境界として嚢胞上皮方向には線維芽細胞が散在するエオジン好性の真皮層が位置しており、毛球部方向には脂肪組織が分布していた。嚢胞の表皮層は基底細胞層、曲細胞層、顆粒層および角質層が規則的に配置されており、角質層は嚢胞腔内に向けて明瞭な層状に剥離していることから典型的な皮膚表皮組織であることが示された。毛包の開口部より嚢胞内腔に向けて毛幹が成長していることが示された(図1、黒矢印)。皮脂腺と毛包の接続部位は毛包漏斗部または毛穴の開口部であり(図1、左白矢頭)、皮脂が毛穴を介して表皮外層に分泌しうることが示唆された。この構造は天然の皮膚の組織学的特徴と完全に一致しており、嚢胞腔を中心として全層皮膚が誘導されていることが示された。一方、粘膜様嚢胞には毛包などの外胚葉性器官は認められず、やや不明瞭な単層角化上皮層の周囲をルーズな結合組織である粘膜固有層と粘膜下層がとりまき、粘膜下層には平滑筋層と分泌腺様の組織が配置されており、組織学的に粘膜などと同等であることが示された(図1、右)。
(3)~(5)に記載の方法により、マウス腎皮膜下に形成したテラトーマ(図2A)の組織切片をHE染色し、形成された嚢胞の上皮組織および周囲の間質組織の組織学的特徴より、皮膚様(扁平重層角化上皮層/真皮層/脂肪または横紋筋)、粘膜様(扁平重層角上皮/粘膜固有層/横紋筋)、移行上皮(扁平重層角化上皮と単層柱状上皮の移行形態)、内胚葉性上皮様(単層柱状上皮/粘膜固有層/横紋筋)に分類して、その構成比率を計測した(図2B)。その結果、Wnt10b刺激を行わなかった胚様体による移植物と比べて、Wnt10b刺激を行った胚様体を移植した場合、内胚葉性上皮様の嚢胞が減少して、皮膚様および粘膜様の頻度が増加した(図2C)。
Wnt10b刺激した胚様体由来のテラトーマ1gあたりに含まれる誘導毛包数(285±128,n=4)は、Wnt10b未処理群(39±21,n=8)に比べて有意に増加した(図2D)。また腎皮膜下内への胚様体移植後28-30日目のテラトーマ内に誘導された毛包より成長した毛幹長を計測したところ、Wnt10b添加群が未処理群に比べて2倍の長さであった。
Wnt10b刺激を加えた胚様体由来のテラトーマのHE組織解析において、外分泌腺の腺房構造が多数集蔟した構造が認められた(図1右)。そこで、唾液腺と膵臓の外分泌腺のみが分泌するアミラーゼに対する抗体を用いて、外分泌腺の腺房類似組織を免疫染色したところ、上皮性細胞マーカーであるEカドヘリン陽性細胞の細胞質において分泌小胞に特有な顆粒状の陽性像が示された。この結果より、Wnt10b刺激により毛包のみならず唾液腺などの外分泌腺が誘導されたことが示唆された(図3)。
(8-1)iPS誘導毛の皮膚内移植による発毛能
テラトーマ内にて誘導された全層皮膚に含まれる毛包器官が、完全に機能的であり移植可能であるかどうかを調べるために、iPS細胞の生体内移植により誘導された毛包を含む全層皮膚を摘出し、毛群となるように切り分けて、ヌードマウス皮膚内に移植を行った。移植した毛群は、皮膚内移植後7日目に脱毛し、その後14日目に66%(117例中77例)の頻度で発毛することが明らかとなった(図4)。iPS細胞由来毛包および皮膚組織は生体の皮膚内への移植可能な機能を再現することが示された。
テラトーマ内にて誘導された全層皮膚に含まれる毛包器官が、毛周期を繰り返して永続的に機能するかどうかを調べるために、iPS細胞の生体内移植により誘導された毛包を含む全層皮膚を摘出し、毛群となるように切り分けて、ヌードマウス皮膚内に移植を行った(本明細書においては、本発明の方法によってiPS細胞から誘導された毛包を「iPS誘導毛包」と呼び、iPS誘導毛包の移植によって誘導された毛を、「iPS誘導毛」と呼ぶ)。前記移植を行った群より発毛した毛幹の毛種を判別したところ、体毛に含まれるZigzag,Awl、およびGuard毛を含むことが示された。そこで、毛種ごとに毛幹の成長を第3毛周期まで追跡し、毛幹成長期間と毛幹成長休止および脱毛期間長を分析したところ、成体体毛と同等な周期性を繰り返すことが示された(図5)。これらの結果よりiPS誘導毛は、生体の幹細胞ニッチを再現しており、毛周期を永続的に繰り返すことが示唆された。
(8-2)に記載の方法で移植した全層皮膚および発毛した毛がiPS細胞由来であることを証明するために、Y染色体を標識し蛍光in situ hybridization (FISH)を行った。本実験で使用しているiPS細胞は雄マウス由来の細胞であり、移植先のBalb/c nu/nuマウスは雌マウスのため、核内のY-染色体を緑色蛍光色素で標識し、移植物から発生した器官(全層皮膚および発毛した毛包)の由来を解析した。その結果、毛包等の皮膚付属器を含む全層皮膚はY-染色体陽性の細胞すなわち、iPS細胞より誘導された細胞で構成されていることが明らかとなった(図6)。また、毛包と連結している上皮層はY-染色体陽性であるのに対し、ホストの組織ではY-染色体は検出されなかった。
iPS細胞より誘導された全層皮膚に含まれる誘導毛が幹細胞ニッチを形成しているかを明らかとするために、上皮幹細胞マーカーであるCD34とCK15で免疫染色を行った。また可変領域方向または、皮脂腺および皮膚表皮へコミットした上皮幹細胞ニッチを再現しているかを明らかとするために、Lgr5,Lgr6,Lrig1陽性細胞の挙動を解析した。組織学的に皮脂腺下方の膨隆した外毛根鞘と定義されるバルジ領域は、CD34およびCK15共陽性の毛包上皮幹細胞が局在する幹細胞ニッチとして機能し、毛包の恒常性を維持するために必要不可欠であるため、これらをマーカーとしてiPS誘導毛包を免疫染色により解析した。その結果、CD34を赤色、CK15を緑色で蛍光標識すると、組織学的にiPS誘導毛包のバルジ領域に相当する外毛根鞘において黄色く染色された(図7b、矢印)。このことから、CD34,CK15を共発現する上皮幹細胞がバルジ領域に格納されたことが示された。従って、iPS誘導毛は上皮性幹細胞ニッチを構築することが示された。成長期毛包においては、毛包可変部の外毛根鞘細胞と毛母のAuber氏臨界線下方に毛母前駆細胞であるLgr5陽性細胞が分布し、休止期毛包ではLgr5陽性細胞が二次毛芽に局在することが知られている。また、Lgr6およびLrig1陽性細胞はバルジの上部より皮脂腺付着部付近に局在する。iPS誘導毛包の成長期および休止期においても、Lgr5,Lgr6,Lrig1陽性細胞の挙動を解析したところ、Lgr5,Lgr6,Lrig1それぞれ天然毛と同じ部位で発現が確認された(図7)。
iPS誘導毛包が立毛筋および神経と接続しているかを確かめるために、100μm厚切片を作製して、神経繊維マーカーであるニューロフィラメント、平滑筋マーカーであるカルポニン、横紋筋マーカーであるトロポニンに対する抗体を用いた免疫染色を行い、共焦点レーザー顕微鏡で解析した。天然体毛は、バルジ領域にカルポニン陽性である平滑筋からなる立毛筋が接続している。そこへ深部神経叢から伸びた交感神経が立毛筋を取り囲むように配置することで、神経筋接合部を形成し、神経支配を受ける。iPS誘導毛包は有色毛であり、ホスト毛包と識別することができるため、iPS誘導毛包をホスト毛包と識別したうえで神経繊維および立毛筋接続を免疫染色により解析した。その結果、天然体毛と同様に、カルポニン陽性の立毛筋がバルジ領域に接続(図8、矢印)し、そこに神経繊維が接続していた(図8、矢頭)。さらに、毛包と立毛筋の接続だけでなく、サブバルジの上皮に神経-毛包接合部が見られた(図8)。バルジ領域周囲には神経線維の接続が見られ、神経終末端はバルジ領域のORS最外層に分布し、神経-毛包接合部が見られた(図8)。
iPS細胞より誘導された全層皮膚の移植が腫瘍形成するかどうかを試験するために、20毛包相当を含む全層皮膚をヌードマウス背部皮膚へ移植して、3ヶ月間にわたり腫瘍細胞の増殖による腫瘤形成を追跡した。比較群として同じ、iPS細胞ラインより単個細胞の状態にしたiPS細胞を作製して、1x104、1x105、1x106cellsずつ皮内へ移植して同一期間追跡した。その結果、単個細胞の移植では、どの細胞数においても腫瘍形成による腫瘤の増大が見られ、移植後20日から40日において腫瘍形成が見られ、移植細胞数に依存して腫瘍形成が早い傾向となった(表1)。それに対して、iPS誘導毛包の移植では、移植後90日までの追跡で腫瘍形成による腫瘤の増大は認められなかった(表1)。
Claims (9)
- 皮膚付属器官を有する全層皮膚を製造する方法であって、
前記「皮膚付属器官を有する全層皮膚」は、少なくとも下記(1)~(3);
(1)表皮層と真皮層を含む皮膚
(2)少なくとも1種類の皮膚付属器官
(3)皮下組織
を含み、
前記方法は、下記ステップ;
(a)胚様体を、Wnt経路を活性化させ得る生理活性物質で刺激するステップ、
(b):下記(A)および(B)を含む結合体を調製するステップ;
(A)ステップ(a)で刺激を行った前記胚様体の全部または一部
(B)足場材料
(c):前記ステップ(b)で調製した前記結合体を動物に移植するステップ、および、
(d):前記動物中において、前記結合体由来の全層皮膚を製造するステップ、
を含むことを特徴とする、方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、
前記動物が非ヒト動物である、
方法。 - 請求項2に記載の方法であって、
前記非ヒト動物が非ヒト免疫不全動物である、
方法。 - 請求項2または3に記載の方法であって、
前記Wnt経路が古典的Wnt経路である、
方法。 - 請求項2または3に記載の方法であって、
前記「Wnt経路を活性化させ得る生理活性物質」が、Wnt1、Wnt2、Wnt2b、Wnt3、Wnt3a、Wnt6、Wnt7b、Wnt8a、Wnt8b、Wnt10b、および、TGF-βからなる群から選択される、
方法。 - 請求項2または3に記載の方法であって、
前記胚様体が、iPS細胞またはES細胞から作製された胚様体である、
方法。 - 請求項2または3に記載の方法であって、
前記足場材料が、コラーゲンゲルである、
方法。 - 請求項2または3に記載の方法であって、
前記移植が、腎皮膜下への移植である、
方法。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の方法によって製造される、
皮膚付属器官を有する全層皮膚。
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JP2016547424A JP6666845B2 (ja) | 2014-09-08 | 2015-09-07 | 皮膚付属器官を有する全層皮膚の製造方法 |
US15/507,852 US20180355315A1 (en) | 2014-09-08 | 2015-09-07 | Method of producing full thickness skin having skin accessory organs |
CA2959738A CA2959738A1 (en) | 2014-09-08 | 2015-09-07 | Method for manufacturing full-thickness skin with skin appendage |
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WO2020225934A1 (ja) | 2019-05-07 | 2020-11-12 | 国立大学法人横浜国立大学 | 毛包原基及びその製造方法 |
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WO2017221870A1 (ja) | 2016-06-21 | 2017-12-28 | 株式会社オーガンテクノロジーズ | 毛包、皮脂腺、および毛穴を有する人工皮膚の製造方法 |
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JPWO2017221870A1 (ja) * | 2016-06-21 | 2019-04-11 | 株式会社オーガンテクノロジーズ | 毛包、皮脂腺、および毛穴を有する人工皮膚の製造方法 |
WO2020225934A1 (ja) | 2019-05-07 | 2020-11-12 | 国立大学法人横浜国立大学 | 毛包原基及びその製造方法 |
JP2023018632A (ja) * | 2022-02-16 | 2023-02-08 | 株式会社コーセー | 多能性幹細胞から表皮角化細胞への分化誘導方法 |
JP7315184B2 (ja) | 2022-02-16 | 2023-07-26 | 株式会社コーセー | 多能性幹細胞から表皮角化細胞への分化誘導方法 |
WO2023157852A1 (ja) * | 2022-02-16 | 2023-08-24 | 株式会社コーセー | 多能性幹細胞から表皮角化細胞への分化誘導方法 |
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EP3192533A4 (en) | 2018-05-30 |
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CA2959738A1 (en) | 2016-03-17 |
CN106794278A (zh) | 2017-05-31 |
JP6666845B2 (ja) | 2020-03-18 |
JPWO2016039279A1 (ja) | 2017-07-06 |
US20180355315A1 (en) | 2018-12-13 |
SG10201901819YA (en) | 2019-03-28 |
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