WO2015197900A1 - Nuevos genotipos del nucleopoliedrovirus simple de helicoverpa armigera (hearsnpv), procedimiento para su producción y uso como agente de control biológico - Google Patents
Nuevos genotipos del nucleopoliedrovirus simple de helicoverpa armigera (hearsnpv), procedimiento para su producción y uso como agente de control biológico Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- HearSNPV Heücoverpa arm ⁇ gera simple nucleopoliedrovirus
- the invention is part of the technical sector of biological pesticides applicable to the control of insect pests. Specifically, the invention relates to two new genotypes of a nucleopoliedrovirus that is capable of infecting larvae of the Heücoverpa arm ⁇ gera iepidoptera (Hübner, 1809), to compositions comprising one or more of the new genotypes, to a method for its production and its use for pest control of! mentioned insect.
- arm ⁇ gera has been one of the key pests in extensive crops such as cotton and corn, but for a little over a decade it has gained equal importance in the horticultural greenhouses of the Spanish Levant, from where it has been extended to rest of the Spanish regions and Portugal (Torres-Vila et al., 2003). It is currently considered the most problematic phytophagous species in much of the outdoor tomato crops in the Mediterranean region (Torres-Vila et al., 2003). The larvae can attack the crop in any phenological state, however, the period preferred by females to oviposit is that of flowering. Its preference for parts of the plant with a high concentration of nitrogen, such as reproductive structures (flower and fruit) and growth points, makes its action very directly influence
- H. arm ⁇ gera The control of H. arm ⁇ gera is usually carried out through the application of chemical insecticides (Torres-Vila et ai., 2003).
- chemical insecticides Teorres-Vila et ai., 2003.
- the indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to various problems, such as the increase in production costs, the emergence of resistance to different active materials, reduction of useful fauna, decrease in quality due to the increase in chemical waste. in fruits and derivatives (Torres-Vila et al., 2000).
- These facts have favored the search for other control methods, including viruses and other entomopathogenic microorganisms (oscardi, 1999).
- Baculoviridae baculovirus
- Baculoviridae family is the most widely studied of all those that affect insects because of their usefulness to humans, since they have very desirable characteristics such as bioinsecticides: high pathogenicity, compatibility with the natural enemies of pests, high specificity (infect specifically to arthropods) (Groner, 1986), lasting persistence in places protected from ultraviolet light, high horizontal transmission and, therefore, ability to cause epizootics (Caballero et al., 1992; Gelernter and Federici, 1986). They can also be formulated in the same way as synthetic chemical insecticides, they are perfectly compatible with them and can be applied with conventional equipment (Cherry and Williams, 2001).
- Baculovirus isolates have been collected in different parts of the world, which have been characterized at a biological and biochemical level (Gelix and Federici, 1986; Caballero et al., 1992; Haá et al., 1995). In addition, some of them are currently registered as insecticides in various parts of the world and are used in pest control (Moscardi, 1999).
- baculoviruses were classified based on the morphology of viral occlusion bodies (OBs), comprising two genera: Nucleopolyhedrov ⁇ rus, in which the occlusion bodies are formed by polyhedron, irregularly shaped polyhedron, and Granu ⁇ ovirus (GV), in which the occlusion bodies are formed by granulin, granule-shaped (Theilmann et al., 2005).
- OBs viral occlusion bodies
- GV Granu ⁇ ovirus
- Baculoviruses have a circular double-stranded DNA genome wrapped by a protein-like capsid, forming the nucleocapsid, which in turn is surrounded by a trilaminar envelope composed of a layer of proteins between two layers of lipids, which is acquired during virus replication, constituting the virion (Caballero et al., 2001). Said lipoprotein membrane can be acquired in two different ways, in turn constituting two types of virions.
- nucleocapsids If the nucleocapsids remain in the same cell in which they have been formed, they acquire a de novo synthesized membrane, giving rise to virions derived from occlusion bodies (ODV), which are then wrapped in a matrix formed by a only protein giving rise to the body of occlusion (occlusion body, OB).
- ODV occlusion bodies
- OB occlusion body
- other nucleocapsids once they have been synthesized, move and leave the host cell, acquiring the membrane from the cytoplasm membrane of the host cell when it passes through specific points where a virus-encoded giicoprotein is inserted (GP84 or F protein, depending on the virus).
- budded virions are called budded virions (budded virus, BV) and are free in the host's hemocephalic cavity, being responsible for spreading the infection to the cells of different tissues.
- BV budded virus
- all baculoviruses synthesize large amounts of polyhedrin (in the case of ios nucleopoliedrovirus, NPVs) or granuiine (in the case of ios granulov ⁇ rus, GVs), which crystallize forming a matrix or occlusion body (OB) in the form of irregular polyhedron (polyhedrin) or granule (granuiina).
- polyhedrin in the case of ios nucleopoliedrovirus
- granuiine in the case of ios granulov ⁇ rus, GVs
- polyhedrin OBs are also known as polyhedra
- granuiine OBs are also known as granules.
- the larva tegument degrades by releasing millions of occlusion bodies that contaminate the foliage of the plants, which constitute the inoculum that serves to give rise to a new infectious process in other susceptible hosts (Caballero et al. ., 2001).
- baculoviruses have two types of virions or infective viral particles that are morphologically and functionally different.
- ODVs are present in all known baculoviruses, and are the infectious particles responsible for primary infection in the epithelial cells of the mesenteron (digestive tract) and therefore, responsible for the horizontal transmission of the virus among susceptible individuals.
- BVs for their part always contain a single nucleocapsid and are, in all cases, morphologically equal (Fig. 1A).
- BVs are the infectious particles responsible for disseminating the infection between the organs and tissues of the host's hemocetic cavity that are susceptible, leading to secondary infection, as well as in cell cultures in viiro (Caballero et ai., 2001).
- ODVs In the occlusion bodies of the NPVs several ODVs are included while in the granule or GVs only one.
- the ODVs of the nucleopoliedroviruses can be of two different types: ios called simple (giving rise to the single or single nucleopolyhedrovirus, SNPV) that contain a single nucleocapsid per virion, or multiple type (multiple type nucleopoliedrovirus or Multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, MNPV) containing one to several nucleocapsids per virion (Fig. 1 B).
- simple giving rise to the single or single nucleopolyhedrovirus
- MNPV Multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus
- Occlusion bodies whether polyhedra or granules, provide protection to virions by preserving the infectious capacity of these viruses outside the host, since they are able to persist in the environment for long periods in places protected from ultraviolet light, are insoluble in water, resistant to rot and decay by chemical agents and also to physical treatments such as freezing, drying or lyophilization. In contrast, occlusion bodies are soluble in alkaline solutions, such as those produced in the digestive tract of some insects (pH 9-11), which allows the release of ODVs for infection to begin (Caballero et al. , 2001).
- Bacuioviruses have been isolated from more than 500 species of insects, mainly of the order Lepidoptera, among which are many of the most important agricultural pests. In addition to an important interspecific diversity, bacuioviruses have a great intraspecific diversity, which has been demonstrated both in the characterization of different geographic isolates of the same virus and within the same isolate, since wild isolates frequently comprise different genotypic variants. To differentiate and characterize both isolates and genotypes present within the same isolate, viral DNA analysis with restriction enzymes is usually used, as it provides characteristic profiles of each isolate or genotype (Erlandson et ai., 2007; Figueiredo et al., 1999; Harrison and Bonning, 1999).
- HearSNPV Helicoverpa arm ⁇ gera singie nucleopolyhedrovirus, genus Alphabaculovirus. It is a simple type nucleopoliedrovirus (SNPV) that also infects larvae of other members of the Helicoverpa spp. and Hel ⁇ othis spp., such as larvae of Helicoverpa zea. HearSNPV isolates have been characterized in different regions of the world, such as China or Kenya (Chen et al., 2001; Ogembo et al., 2005).
- homologous regions 1, 4 and 5 are intergenic zones that are present in many of the baculoviruses, and are located multiple times throughout the genome. They are characterized by the presence of multiple and imperfect repeated sequences.
- Figure 1 of the article by Chen et al. (2000) shows the restriction profiles with the restriction endonucleases Bam, Bg / il, EcoRl, Hinolll, Kpnl, Pstl, Sacl and Xhol (Fig. 2 of present request).
- the estimated sizes of the restriction fragments generated by each of said restriction endonudeases are shown in Table 1 of said article.
- Table 1 Estimated sizes of the HearG4 fragments obtained by digestion with BamHI, Bgftl, £ coR !, HindlU, Kpnl, Pst ⁇ , Sac ⁇ and Xho ⁇ and estimated total genome size (Chen et al., 2000).
- HearNNgl An isolate from Kenya, HearSNPV-NNg1, referred to herein as HearNNgl, whose genome is also completely sequenced (Ogembo et aL, 2009). HearNNgI was selected by Ogembo and collaborators (2007) as the isolate with the best characteristics to be developed as a bioinsecticide against larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera in Japan. HearNNgI was between 3.2 and 82.6 times more pathogenic than the other isolates studied, and 31 1.5 times more pathogenic than the Chinese isolate HearG4, compared to third-stage larvae. In addition, the NNg1 isolate killed the third stage larvae of H.
- the article by Ogembo et al. (2009) compares the genome of HearNNgl with the genomes of the Chinese genotypes HearCI and HearG4, as well as with the genome of the simple nucleopoliedrovirus of He ⁇ coverpa zea (HzSNPV).
- the NNg1 genotype shows the greatest differences with the genomes of HearCI, HearG4 and HzSNPV in the homologous regions (hr) and in the bro genes, as was the case in the comparison of the genomes of HearCI and HearG4.
- the complete genome of HearNNgl is accessible in the GenBank database with access number AP0109Q7.
- the invention provides an effective solution to that problem.
- the present invention is based on obtaining new genotypes of the He ⁇ coverpa arm ⁇ gera simple nucleopoliedrovirus, which were isolated by in vivo purification. Two of these genotypes were purified from the HearSNPV-SP1 (HearSPI) isolate (Figueiredo et al., 1999), named HearSNPV-SP1A and HearSNPV-SP1 B (or in shorthand HearSPIA and HearSPI B), while another six genotypes they were isolated from dead larvae during a laboratory-produced epizootic in the second generation of a population of H.
- HearSNPV-SP1 HearSPI
- HearSNPV-LB1 a cotton crop of Lebrija (Sevilla), called HearSNPV-LB1, HearSNPV-LB2, HearSNPV-LB3, HearSNPV -LB4, HearSNPV-LB5 and HearSNPV-LB6 (or abbreviated HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLBS, HearLB4, HearLB5 and HearLB8).
- HearSNPV-LB1 HearSNPV-LB2
- HearSNPV-LB3 HearSNPV -LB4
- HearSNPV-LB5 HearSNPV-LB6
- nucleopoliedrovirus have the additional advantage of ease and good performance in their production.
- the object of the present invention relates to a single nucleopolyhedrirus of H. arm ⁇ gera (HearSNPV) that belongs to a genotype selected from the group of: i) ios HearSNPV genotypes deposited in the Nationale de Cultures de Cultures de icroorganismes (CNC) with the deposit numbers CNCM 1-4808 (HearSNPV-SP1 B), CNCM I-4807 (HearSNPV-LB6), or ii) the genotypes whose genome is represented by SEQ ID NO: 13 (HearSNPV-SP1 B ), or SEQ ID NO: 14 (HearSNPV-LB6).
- CNC Nationale de Cultures de Cultures de icroorganismes
- Said nucleopoliedrovirus can be in different forms, either that of the viral particle or virion, or in the form of occlusion bodies, which is the way in which the nucleopoliedrovirus is found in nature, and therefore the form ingested by the larvae.
- An occlusion body may contain virions of only one of the HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM I-4808) or HearSNPV-LB8 (CNCM I-4807) genotypes, or virions of more than one of said coocluded genotypes within the same occlusion body .
- Virions can be virions derived from occlusion bodies (ODV) (the form of propagation that is included in the occlusion bodies and that is released in the intestine of the larvae after the dissolution of the polyhedrin), or sprouted virions (BV ) (the way in which the infection spreads to the different tissues of an infected insect, and which can also be found in cell cultures).
- ODV occlusion bodies
- BV sprouted virions
- An aspect of the present invention is also an occlusion body that contains several virions, in which at least one of them belongs to a genotype of the single nucleopoliedrovirus of H. arm ⁇ gera selected from the group of HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM i-4806) and HearSNPV-LB6 (CNCM ⁇ -4807).
- the occlusion body may contain several virions of the same genotype or virions of different genotypes co-occluded in the same occlusion body. When the virions are of the same genotype, this may be any of the HearSNPV-SP1 B or HearSNPV-LB6 genotypes.
- co-occluded genotypes may be of any of HearSNPV-SP1 B and / or HearSNPV-LB6, in different proportions.
- virions of other genotypes of the single nucleopolyhedrirus of H. arm ⁇ gera may also be included in the mixture or it may be that all virions belong to one of the genotypes of the HearSNPV- group SP1 B and HearSNPV-LB6. In either case, the virions contained in the occlusion bodies will be virions derived from the occlusion bodies (ODVs).
- the HearSNPV-SP1 B and HearSNPV-LB8 genotypes can be distinguished by the specific sequence they present in certain areas of their genomes, of great variability, such as the regions of the genome known as homologous regions (hr) 1 and 5 (hr1 and hr5) , as described in the examples of the present application.
- embodiments of this aspect of the invention are also possible ios occlusion bodies containing at least one virion (ODV) whose genome comprises a DNA fragment whose sequence is represented by: i) SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6 (the specific sequences of the homologous region 1
- SEQ ID NO: 1 1 or SEQ ID NO: 12 the complete sequences of the homologous region 5 (hr5), belonging, respectively, to the HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM I-4806) and HearSNPV-LB6 ( CNCM i-4807)).
- nucleopoliedrovirus of at least one of the HearSNPV-SP B (CNCM i-4806) and HearSNPV-LB6 (CNCM I-4807) genotypes, or combinations thereof.
- the nucleopoliedroviruses can be in different forms, such as free virions or, preferably, in the form of occlusion bodies, which can have a variable number of co-occluded virions (virions which, as previously mentioned, they will be virions derived from occlusion bodies (ODVs)).
- the virions contained in the occlusion body can be of a single genotype or of several, as long as at least one of the genotypes is HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM I-4806) or HearSNPV-LB6 (CNCM I- 4807). Therefore, this aspect of the invention relates to a composition comprising a nucleopoliedrovirus of the invention or an occlusion body of the invention.
- compositions comprising a mixture of virions of the HearSNPV-SP1 B genotypes ( CNCM I-4806) and HearSNPV-LB8 (CNC i-4807).
- the different genotypes may be in any relative proportion, preferably in the proportion that showed the best results in the examples described below, that is, in which the HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM I-4808) and HearSNPV- genotypes LB6 (CNCM I-4807) are in the HearSNPV-SP B: HearSNPV-LB6 1: 1 ratio.
- compositions of the invention may comprise any excipient or suitable vehicle in the agricultural sector, preferably those that make it suitable for application according to any of the usual methods in agriculture: spraying, either at ground or aerial level, application in suspension or in powder form, or by any type of irrigation system.
- the composition may be in any form, such as in aqueous or solid form.
- the composition may contain any other component, preferably those of particular agricultural interest; thus, the simple nucleopoliedrovirus of H. arm ⁇ gera may be mixed, for example, with a fertilizer, a fertilizer or a pesticide, or mixtures thereof.
- a specific case may be one in which the composition of the invention additionally comprises an insecticide based on the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria selected from among the endospores of said bacterium, Cry protein crystals or mixtures thereof.
- compositions that may comprise agents that enhance the pathogenic effect of the nucleopoliedrovirus on the lepidoptera.
- a further aspect of the invention is the use as insecticide of at least one of the nucleopoliedrovirus of the present invention, or of a composition containing at least one of them.
- the insect to be controlled is preferably H. arm ⁇ gera, in particular when it is in the form of a larva or caterpillar. It is preferred that the nucleopoliedrovirus be in the form of occlusion bodies, since it is the form that larvae commonly ingest.
- the composition contains a mixture of the HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM I-4806) and HearSNPV-LB6 (CNCM I-4807) genotypes, preferably mixtures in which said genotypes are in the HearSNPV-SP1 B ratio: HearSNPV- LB6 1: 1.
- Another aspect of the invention is a process for the production of occlusion bodies comprising a stage in which larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera are fed with an artificial diet containing occlusion bodies of the nucleopoliedrovirus of H. arm ⁇ gera with virions of any one of ios HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM I-4808) or HearSNPV-LB6 (CNCM I-4807) genotypes or mixtures thereof.
- An aspect of the invention is also a method for identifying the presence in a sample of a genotype of the single nucleopolyhedrirus of H. arm ⁇ gera selected from HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM I-4806) and HearSNPV-LB6 (CNCM I-4807) comprising the steps of: i) amplifying by PCR the DNA extracted from said sample using a pair of primers, which amplify in the homologous region (hr, of the English homologous region) 1 or 5, which is selected from those formed by: a. SEQ ID NO: 1 (F-hr1) and SEQ ID NO: 2 (R-hr1), or b.
- SEQ ID NO: 3 F-hr5 and SEQ ID NO: 4 (R-hr5); ii) analyze the amplified fragment to determine its size or sequence; iii) digest the amplified fragment with the Ndel endonuclease: iv) analyze the fragments generated after digestion to determine the number of fragments and the size of each of them; v) conclude that one of the HearSNPV-SP1 B (CNCM 1-4808) or HearSNPV-LB6 (CNCM 1-4807) genotypes is present if: a. the fragment amplified by the pair of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2 has: i.
- HearSNPV-SP1 B 2,177
- HearSNPV-LB6 2,117 nucleotides
- Digestion of said fragment with endonuclease A / del generates 8 fragments of 857, 508, 381, 306, 78 and 47 nucleotides (HearSNPV-SP1 B) or 5 fragments of 1,210, 475, 307, 78 and 47 nucleotides (HearSNPV- LB6); iii. the sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 (HearSNPV-SP B) or SEQ ID
- the fragment amplified by the pair of SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 has: i. a size of 2,326 (HearSNPV-SP1 B) or 2,330 (HearSNPV-LBo) nucieotides; ii. digestion of said fragment with endonudease A / del generates 4 fragments of 1,120, 917, 21 1 and 78 nucieotides (HearSNPV-SP1 B) or 3 fragments of 1,120, 998 and 212 nucieotides (HearSNPV-LB6); iii. the sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 (HearSNPV-SP1 B) or SEQ ID
- Figure 1 Transmission microscopy and schematic representation of virions derived from occlusion bodies (ODVs) and sprouted virions (BVs), and (B) of multiple type nucleopoliedrovirus (NPV) with virions with a number nucleocapsid variable, and simpie type (SNPV) with virions with a single nucleocapsid.
- ODVs occlusion bodies
- BVs sprouted virions
- NPV nucleopoliedrovirus
- SNPV simpie type
- FIG 4 (A) Restriction profiles of HearSPI, HearSP2, HearSP3, HearSP4, HearSPS, HearSP6, HearSP7, HearSPS, HearPTI and HearPT2 isolates after genomic DNA digestion with the Bgll endonudease, to the left of the figure shows the Lambda ( ⁇ ) molecular weight marker digested with Hindl ll, and their sizes are indicated in base pairs (Figueiredo et ai., 2009).
- FIG. 6 Schematic representation of a mixture of occlusion bodies of different genotypes, where each occlusion body is formed by ODVs of the same genotype, and a mixture of co-occluded genotypes in the same occlusion body, where each body of Occlusion is formed by ODVs of different genotypes.
- FIG. (A) Electrophoresis of the restriction fragments obtained by treating the viral DNA of the HearSPI isolate and of the HearSPIA and HearSPI B genotypes with the restriction endonucleases Bg ⁇ W and EcoRI.
- FIG 8 (A) Fragments obtained by amplifying by PCR the zones of variability of the homologous region hr1 (primers identified by SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2) and hr5 (primers identified by SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) of the HearSP B and HearLB6 genotypes, of the HearSPI isolate and of the Chinese HearG4 genotype, being c-: negative control without viral DNA.
- the 1 kb molecular weight marker (NI PPON) is shown to the left of the figure, and the fragment sizes are indicated in kilobases.
- FIG. 9 (A) Alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified fragments by PCR of the homologous region 1 (hr1) corresponding to the HearSPI B and Hearl_B6 genotypes and to the HearG4, HearCI, HearNNgl and HearAus isolates. (B) Alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the fragments amplified by PCR of the homologous region 5 (hr5) corresponding to the HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes and to the HearG4, HearCI, HearNNgl and HearAus isolates.
- Figure 10 Average production of occlusion bodies ( ⁇ 10 'occlusion bodies / larvae) in second stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera after being infected with the individual HearSPIA and HearSPI B genotypes and with the isolated HearSPL Vertical bars indicate the standard error . The same letters of significance that accompany the values indicate that there are no significant differences between the treatments (P> 0.05).
- Figure 11 Average production of occlusion bodies (x10 8 occlusion bodies / larva) in second stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera after being infected with the individual genotypes HearLBl, HearLB2, HearLB3, HearLB4, HearLBS and HearLB6 and with the isolated HearSPL Vertical bars indicate the standard error. The different letters of significance that accompany the values indicate that there are significant differences between treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 12 Average production of occlusion bodies (x 0 7 occlusion bodies / larvae) in second stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera after being infected with the individual genotypes HearSPIA, HearSPI B, HearLBl, HearLBS and HearLB6 and with mixtures co -HearSP1A: SP1 B (1: 1), HearSP1A: SP1 B (1: 2), HearLBl: LB3, HearLBS: LB6, HearLBl: LB3: LB6, HearLBmix, HearSPI B: LB1 and HearSPI B: LB6. Vertical bars indicate the standard error. The different letters of significance that accompany the values indicate that there are significant differences between the treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 13 Percentage of mortality due to infection, survival (or reached the state of pupa) and cannibalism in larvae of third, fourth and fifth stage (L 3 , L and L s ), healthy and infected with lethal concentration 90% (CL 90 ) of the co-occluded HearSP1 B: LB6 mixture at different larval densities (1, 5, 10 and 20 larvae per box). The different letters of significance that accompany the values indicate that there are significant differences between the treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 14 Percentage of larval mortality after inoculating larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera newly moved to the third, fourth and fifth stage (L 3> L 4 and L 5 ) and one day after molting (L 3 +1, L 4 +1 and L5 + I) with a lethal concentration 95% (CL 95 ), 90% (CL 90 ) or 80% (CL 80 ) of the HearSP B co-occluded mixture: LB6. Vertical bars indicate the standard error. The lyrics of Different significance that accompany the values indicate that there are significant differences between treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 15 Average production of occlusion bodies (x 10 8 occlusion bodies / larvae) in H. arm ⁇ gera larvae newly moved to the third, fourth and fifth stage (L 3 , L 4 and L 5 ) and one day after the change to these stages (L 3 ⁇ 1, L 4 ⁇ 1 and L 5 +1) inoculated with a lethal convention 95% (CL 95 ), 90% (CL 90 ) or 80% (CL 8 o) of the co-occluded mixture HearSP1 B: LB6.
- Figure 18 Average production of occlusion bodies (x 10 9 occlusion bodies / larvae) in fifth-stage larvae (L 5 ) of H. arm ⁇ gera inoculated with the 95% lethal concentration (CL 95 ) of the HearSP1 co-occluded mixture B: LB6 and incubated at 23, 26 and 30 ° C. Vertical bars indicate the standard error. The same letters of significance that accompany the values indicate that there are no significant differences between treatments (P> 0.05).
- Figure 17 Percentage of mortality obtained in second stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera collected in tomato plants treated under laboratory conditions. The larvae were collected at 1, 3 and 5 days after the application of HearSNPV at three concentrations (10 6 , 10 7 and 0 8 occlusion bodies / mi) of the HearSP1 B: LB6 co-occluded mixture, and raised individually in the laboratory in vessels with a semi-synthetic diet until death or pupation.
- Figure 18 Percentage of fruits damaged in tomato cultivation in the greenhouse 10 days after the application of Turex, Spintor and HearSNPV. The different letters of significance that accompany the values indicate that there are significant differences between the treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 19 Percentage of larval mortality observed in tomato cultivation in the greenhouse 10 days after the application of Turex, Spintor and HearSNPV. The different letters of significance that accompany the values indicate that there are significant differences between treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 21 Amount of residual insecticidal activity per gram of tomato leaf in greenhouse 1, 72, 144 and 216 hours (0, 3, 8 and 9 days) after the application of the treatments: A) Turex (mg), B ) Spintor ( ⁇ ) and C) HearSNPV (occlusion bodies). Vertical bars indicate the standard error.
- Figure 22 Percentage of damaged fruits, whether healed or fresh, in tomato cultivation outdoors after application of HearSP B: LB6, HearSPI, Spintor, Turex and Dursban during (A) the first, (B) second, (C) third, and (D) fourth fortnight.
- HearSP B LB6, HearSPI, Spintor, Turex and Dursban during (A) the first, (B) second, (C) third, and (D) fourth fortnight.
- the different letters of significance that appear in the columns in each group indicate that there are significant differences within each group between the different treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 23 Percentage of harvested damaged fruits, whether rotten red, scarred red or chopped green, in tomato cultivation outdoors, after the application of HearSPI B: LB6, HearSP Spintor, Turex and Dursban.
- the different letters of significance that appear in the columns in each group indicate that there are significant differences within each group between the different treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 24 Tons of A) green tomatoes, both chopped and healthy and B) healthy, healed or rotten red tomatoes per hectare in outdoor cultivation after application of HearSP1 B: LB6, HearSPI, Spintor, Turex and Dursban.
- HearSP1 B LB6, HearSPI, Spintor, Turex and Dursban.
- the different letters of significance that appear in the columns in each group indicate that there are significant differences within each group between the different treatments (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 25 Percentage of residual insecticidal activity (HearSPI B: LB6, HearSPI, Spintor, Turex and Dursban) present in tomato leaves in open air culture over time, with respect to the amount of insecticide present in tomato leaves one hour after the application of treatments. Vertical bars indicate the standard error.
- Figure 26 Amount of residual insecticidal activity per gram of tomato leaf in outdoor culture 1, 72, 168 and 240 hours (0, 3, 7 and 10 days) after the application of the treatments: A) HearSPI B: LB6 (occlusion bodies), B) HearSPI (occlusion bodies), C) Spintor ( ⁇ ), D) Turex (mg) and E) Dursban (mg). Vertical bars indicate the standard error.
- the object of the present invention relates to the obtaining of new genotypes of Helicoverpa arm ⁇ gera simple nucleopoliedrovirus (Fig, 5).
- These genotypes have been isolated in two different ways: i) from the HearSNPV-SP1 isolate (or, more abbreviated HearSP), by a plaque assay with in vitro cell culture.
- the genotypes present in said isolate different from all the isolates and genotypes characterized so far, have been called HearSNPV-SP1A and HearSNPV-SP1 B (or, in short, HearSPIA and HearSPI B).
- HearSNPV-LB1 The genotypes obtained from these larvae, different from all isolates and genotypes characterized so far, have been called HearSNPV-LB1, HearSNPV-LB2, HearSNPV-LB3, HearSNPV-LB4, HearSNPV-LB5 and HearSNPV-LB6 (or, of form more abbreviated, HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLB3, HearLB4, HearLBS and HearLB6). Each of these genotypes comes from an individual larvae killed by said epizootic.
- the restriction profiles obtained after the genome digestion of each of these genotypes with different restriction enzymes confirmed that they were different genotypes (HearSPIA, HearSPI B, HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLBS, HearLB4, HearLBS and HearLB8) (Fig. 7) and were also different from other isolates and genotypes characterized so far (Table 4), such as the Chinese genotypes HearCI and HearG4 (Fig. 2), the isolate from Kenya HearNNgl (Fig. 3) and isolated from the Iberian Peninsula HearSPI, HearSP2, HearSP4, HearSPT, HearSPS, HearPTI and HearPT2 (Fig. 4).
- HearSPI B and HearLB6 which can be easily distinguished from each other and differentiated from other isolates and genotypes of HearSNPV by the profiles obtained by treating their genomes with restriction enzymes, such as EcoR ⁇ and fig / ll.
- restriction enzymes such as EcoR ⁇ and fig / ll.
- figures 2, 3, 4 it show the restriction profiles obtained for the previously characterized HearSNPV isolates
- Figure 7 the restriction profiles of the HearSPI A, HearSPI B, HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLB3, Hearl_B4, HearLB5 and HearLB6 genotypes are shown.
- the HearSPI isolate shows several submolar bands around 6.5-7 kb, which are not observed in the profile of the pure HearSPI B genotype ( Figure 8B).
- the HearSPI isolate shows an 18.8 kb submoiar band that is not observed in the profile of the HearSPI B genotype.
- the presence of said submolar bands shows that the HearSPI wild isolate is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of genotypes.
- HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes In order to differentiate more clearly the HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes, and also differentiate them from other HearSNPV isolates whose genomes have been completely sequenced (HearG4, HearCI, HearNNgl and HearAus), the numerical values of sizes are shown in Table 4 of the restriction fragments generated after digesting said isolates and genotypes with the EcoR? endonuclease.
- Table 4 Estimated sizes (kb) of the DNA fragments generated after the digestion of the genomic DNA of different isolates and genotypes with the EcoR endonuclease and estimated total size of the genomes. DNA fragments are named alphabetically, with fragment A being the largest.
- the HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes also differ from each other and with respect to other HearSNPV isolates and genotypes described in the literature, by the specific nucleotide sequences that each presents in specific regions of the genome.
- the genome region known as homologous region 1 (hr1) can be used, taking as a reference the corresponding sequence of the genomes of two isolates from China, HearG4 (Chen et al., 2001; with the access number in GenBank AF271059) and HearCI (Zhang et al., 2005; GenBank AF303045), from an isolate from Kenya, HearNNgl (Ogembo et al., 2007; GenBank AP010907) and from an isolate from Australia, HearAus (GenBank JN584482). You can also use the region in ia that is ia hr5 (homologous region 5).
- hr5 In the homologous region 5, hr5. In this region of the genome of HearSNPV it has been found that the specific primers F-hr5 (5 -CTAGCCGGTCCGTTTCTGTT- 3:!) And R-hr5 (5'-GCCCCACCCAAAACATAACG-3 ') amplified a fragment of 2326 nucleotides and 2330 for HearSPI B and HearLB8 genotypes, respectively.
- Figure 8 in its panel A, shows the photograph obtained after electrophoresis the PCR amplified fragments using the primers specific for the hr1 and hr5 regions.
- Panel B shows the photograph after electrophoresis the fragments obtained after digesting with the endonuciease A / of the fragments amplified by PCR for hr1 and hr5, from the previous point.
- the fragments obtained for each genotype are different and distinguishable from each other. It can also be seen that the fragments obtained for each genotype are different and distinguishable from each other.
- the 1.2 0 bp fragment is characteristic of the HearLB6 genotype, while the HearSPI B genotype has a characteristic fragment of 857 bp.
- the HearSPI B genotype has a fragment of 917 bp, while the HearLB6 genotype has one of 998 bp.
- the different genotypes can be differentiated from each other and with respect to any other virus genotype described in the literature (see Table 6 below, in the Example 2).
- the proportion of the two HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes in the mixture can be determined by quantitative PCR, using specific primers for each one of the genotypes, as mentioned later in the materials and methods section of examples.
- sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6 correspond to the sequences of the amplified fragments using primers F-hr1 and R-hr1 that amplify in the hr1 of the HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes, respectively, while SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8 correspond to the sequences of the fragments amplified for hr5, for the same genotypes.
- the complete genome sequence of each of these two genotypes HearSPI B and HearLB6 has been obtained, sequences that are shown, respectively, as SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14 and that can be used to differentiate some genotypes from others.
- the complete sequences of the zones of variability corresponding to the homologous region 1 (hr1) are shown individually (SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10, corresponding, respectively, to the HearSPI genotypes B and HearLB6) and to the homologous region 5 (hr5) (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 and SEQ ID NO: 12, corresponding, respectively, to the HearSPI B and HearLB8 genotypes).
- sequences are indicated in the sense in which they appear in the complete genome sequence. Being intergenic areas, located between two open reading guidelines, there is no coding address as in the reading guidelines. The latter can be transcribed in the sense (coding sequence) or antisense (sequence complementary to the coding sequence).
- the complete genome sequences of each of these two genotypes HearSP B (SEQ ID NO: 13) and HearLB6 (SEQ ID NO: 14), characteristic and defining feature of each of them, have been obtained. Therefore, said genotypes are described in the present application in such a way that an expert can reproduce the invention.
- the complete sequences of each of the genomes are complemented by the data provided in the present application that the Helicoverpa arm ⁇ gera nudeopoiiedrovirus is a simple type nudeopoiiedrovirus (SNPV), that is, each complete viral particle or virion contains a single nucleocapsid, and therefore, a single copy of the genome of the nudeopoiiedrovirus.
- SNPV simple type nudeopoiiedrovirus
- Additional data are also provided to identify each of the genotypes according to the profile obtained after digesting their genome with different restriction endonucleases, as well as the size and sequence of the fragments obtained by amplifying the zones of variability of the homologous regions by PCR. 1 and 5 (hr1 and hr5), using the primers of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4, respectively, as per the pattern of bands obtained after digesting these PCR fragments with the enzyme Ndel.
- the Examples also show data on the insecticidal activity of each genotype and mixtures of occlusion bodies that contain co-occluded virions of different genotypes within the same occlusion body, as well as how to obtain the different mixtures.
- the differences in pathogenicity, virulence and productivity turn out to be significant between genotypes, and between the mixtures of the genotypes of the invention, the mixture of the two HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes being, in a 1: 1 ratio, more pathogenic than the rest of genotypes and mixtures and as virulent as the fastest genotypes,
- the HearSPI B: LB6 mixture in a 1: 1 ratio was the one that presented the most desirable effects with synergistic activity from the bioinsecticide point of view.
- this synergistic activity is not observed in many other genotype mixtures (in which there may simply be an additive or even antagonistic effect) and there is no way to predict in which mixtures such activity will occur. It is a result that is not obvious or predictable, even more bearing in mind that genotypes come from different geographical areas (Badajoz and Lebrija) and that both genotypes (HearSPI B and HearLB6) had not been obtained pure, up to date, as of the date complex wild mixtures like ios isolated from the field.
- each of the new HearSPI B and HearLB8 genotypes has a specific insecticidal activity against H. arm ⁇ gera larvae, which can all be considered comparable to those of ios chemical insecticides, such as Dursban and Spintor, or those of a biological type based on Bacillus thuringiensis, such as Turex, commonly used against H. arm ⁇ gera. But it has also been found that the mixture of the two genotypes
- HearSP1 B LB6 in a specific proportion (1: 1), as occlusion bodies that include
- ODVs that have been co-occluded so that the same occlusion body can contain different genotypes of HearSNPV has a better insecticidal activity than that of each of the individual genotypes or any of the HearSNPV wild isolates currently known, since it presents greater pathogenicity than the rest of genotypes and mixtures, and the same average mortality time (TMM) as the fastest genotypes.
- TMM average mortality time
- this virus can be produced in a short time since inoculating 100 larvae recently moved to the fifth stage (L 5 ) and incubating them with a diet at 30 ° C, they are obtained in the order of 5 x 10 11 occlusion bodies in a period of time of about 5 or 6 days.
- HearSPI B and HearLB6 are better adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions in southern Europe than those isolated from other geographical origins. This fact is especially significant considering the negative effect that UV radiation exerts on the deposits of a bioinsecticide application, which requires that NPVs be maintained. active until ingestion by H. arm ⁇ gera where they can exert their insecticidal effect. In addition, it has been observed that there is a certain predisposition for the natural isolates of a given geographical area to be more pathogenic and virulent for the larvae of the same area.
- nucleopoliedrovirus can be mass produced.
- Their occlusion bodies in which the insecticidal activity lies, can be massively produced in vivo by inoculating larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera with occlusion bodies previously obtained after oral infection of larvae with the 1: 1 mixtures of pure occlusion bodies HearSPI B and HearLB6.
- the occlusion bodies may contain virions of any one of the HearSPI B or HearLB6 genotypes, if they want to obtain occlusion bodies with virions of a single genotype, or mixtures thereof, if they want to obtain virions of different co-occluded genotypes within of the same occlusion body.
- the occlusion body production process may comprise the steps of: i) feeding fifth-stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera with an artificial diet comprising occlusion bodies of the H.
- refrigeration conditions are those in which the product is maintained between 0 ° C and 8 ° C, and freezing conditions would correspond to maintenance below Q ° C, for the purposes of In the present invention, it is preferred that the cooling conditions be maintained between 0 ° C and 6 ° C and those of freezing between -20 ° C and -80 ° C.
- the production of said occlusion bodies can also be carried out by feeding the fifth stage larvae with an aqueous solution, containing 10% sucrose together with the selected co-occluded mixture at a lethal concentration ai 95% (CL 95 ).
- This method was described by Hughes and Wood in 1986, and consists of administering in droplet form a suspension containing suspended occlusion bodies at the desired concentration, as well as a dye that indicates whether the larvae have ingested the drop, as is the Blue food coloring Fluoreila biue (Hiiton-Davis, Cincinnati, Ohio). This method is less cumbersome than the previous one, since in the artificial diet the diet must be impregnated well with the viral suspension, and it takes longer to prepare the diet taps impregnated with viruses.
- the artificial diet by which the larvae are fed or infected is administered in solid form, by means of pills that additionally to the occlusion bodies of the heiicoverpa arm ⁇ gera nucleopoliedrovirus (when the objective is the infection of said larvae) contain 7.2% germ of wheat, 2.5% soy protein, 1.4% beer yeast, 1.9% agar, 2.9% sugar, 1% mixed salts, 0.1% cholesteroi, 0.4% ascorbic acid, 0, 2% sorbic acid, 0.02% streptomycin, 0.04% ciortetracycline hydrochloride, 0.1% nipagina, 0.1% nipasol, 0.2% benzoic acid, 0.1% choline chloride, 0.01% vitamins , 15% agar and 80% distilled water.
- the larvae can be infected by administering the occlusion bodies either in an aqueous suspension in the form of drops or as an artificial diet in solid form. Normally a volume of several liters of diet is prepared, mixing the ingredients mentioned above, which is then self-sterilized to sterilize and allow the agar to dissolve, and before it cools completely (at a temperature of 50 ° C) the antibiotics, and after mixing them well, aliquots of it are made in 120x120 mm square Petri dishes. Subsequently, the diet of the Petri dishes is cut into 5x5 mm cubes.
- Example 4 of the present application shows the mass production method set up for the host-pathogen system described in this application, H. arm ⁇ gera-
- HearSNPV HearSNPV.
- factors that can influence the final production of occlusion bodies such as the larval stage, the concentration of the initial inoculum, or even the temperature. These parameters can be modified so that different final productions are obtained. In the tests carried out in our laboratory, it has been shown that preference is given to certain conditions since they are the ones with which the best results are obtained and therefore greater final production of occlusion bodies. Below are the different parameters that can be modified indicating their preference: i) H.
- larval larvae of the third (L 3 ), fourth (L 4 ) and fifth (L 5 ) stages although preference is given by the larvae of the fifth stage; ii) different concentrations of occlusion bodies supplied in the artificial diet, as evidenced by tests with different concentrations in the range of 5.5 x 10 6 to 1, 5 x 10 8 occlusion bodies / mi, although preference is given to larvae L 5 the concentration of 1.5 x 10 8 occlusion bodies / ml; iii) individualized larvae in 12-well plates, to avoid cannibalism, iv) larvae incubated at 30 ° C until their death.
- Occlusion bodies produced in H. arm ⁇ gera larvae can be purified, formulated in a solid or liquid form and sprayed as aqueous suspensions, which effectively protect tomato crops, both in the greenhouse and outdoors, from pests caused by larvae of H, arm ⁇ gera.
- the nucleopoliedrovirus may also be applied by other methods, such as ground or aerial spraying, or suspension application, in the form of dust, or irrigation.
- the occlusion bodies may be mixed with excipients, and used with appropriate vehicles in the agricultural sector, especially those that facilitate preparation in a manner suitable for the desired application method.
- a fertilizer for example, a fertilizer or a pesticide.
- it may also contain an agent that enhances the pathogenic effect of nucleopoliedrovirus on H. arm ⁇ gera.
- the pesticide can be, for example, another biological insecticide, such as those based on Bac ⁇ lius thur ⁇ ngiens ⁇ s (Bt) previously mentioned, the case of the Turex® product subsequently used in Example 6 of the present application, which is used for crops attacked by H. arm ⁇ gera .
- Bt-based insecticides Mixing with Bt-based insecticides is interesting, since cases of synergistic interactions of the insecticidal activity between these products and the nocturnal baculoviruses have been described (Granados et ai., 2001).
- each of these two genotypes has a characteristic insecticidal activity against H. arm ⁇ gera larvae, determined by the pathogenicity, the average mortality time ( TMM) and the ability to produce occlusion bodies in the larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera.
- mixtures of virions of different co-occluded genotypes in the same occlusion body may have a different activity than mixtures of occlusion bodies where the virions of each occlusion body belong to a single genotype (López-Ferber et al., 2003), since it can there is synergism or antagonism between some genotypes.
- the study of the insecticidal activity of different mixtures of coocluded virions in the same occlusion body has been carried out, to check if said mixtures had insecticidal characteristics different from the occlusion bodies of a single genotype, if the Genotypes presented antagonistic or synergistic activity, and determined the variations that could occur between different combinations and different types of mixtures.
- Example 3 of the present invention the tests of the insecticidal activity of the different genotypes and mixtures are described, which surprisingly demonstrate that the new isolated nucleopoliedroviruses, and especially their combination, are among the biological insecticides with the greatest activity against pests of insects Therefore, its use as an insecticide is proposed, particularly for the control of insects of the genera on which it is known to act, Heücoverpa or Heiioihis, with special preference for the use for the control of H. arm ⁇ gera.
- the plants in which this formula is applied can be anyone that damages this species of lepidoptera and where they want to control the damage caused by this insect, whether they grow or are grown in the greenhouse or outdoors, especially tomato crops, especially in the Iberian Peninsula, where its effectiveness has been proven, both in greenhouse tomato cultivation and outdoors.
- each of the new isolated genotypes, HearSPI B and HearLB6 is new, since each of them is different from the other genotypes and different from the so-called H. arm ⁇ gera nudeopoliedrovirus, from which we can distinguish both for the differences in the sequences of their genomes (particularly, in the zones of homologous regions 1 and 5, hr1 and hr5) as well as for the differences in the profiles generated by digestion with restriction enzymes of said genomes, in particular EcoRl and / or f / N.
- the two new isolated genotypes share, among others, the technical characteristics of: a) their insecticidal activity and their productivity, individually, is greater than or equal to that of any of the previously known natural isolates; b) its mixtures, in partici- pating the co-produced mixture of the two, HearSPI B: LB6, in a 1: 1 ratio, presents a pathogenicity and virulence against the larvae of H.
- arm ⁇ gera better or equal to that of the isolated ones wild animals of this virus and comparable to that of insecticides (although without inconveniences) that are commonly used against this pest, such as insecticides traded under the name Dursban®, Spintor® or biological insecticide based on Bt, Turex®; c) given that the two genotypes have been isolated in relatively close geographical areas, it is expected that they will be especially active against the possible variants of H. arm ⁇ gera of said geographical area, the south of the Iberian Peninsula or Andalusia and Extremadura specifically .
- H. arm ⁇ gera arvas used for the amplification of the different viruses, for the recovery of the bioassays in the laboratory and for the greenhouse tests, were obtained from a laboratory laboratory of the Public University of Navarra ( UPNA) established from pupae received from the Center for Ecology and Hydroogy (NERC-CEH) in Oxford (United Kingdom). The population is maintained in the UPNA insectarium at 25 ⁇ 1 ° C, with a reiative humidity of 70 ⁇ 5% and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (light: dark). The larvae feed on an artificial diet described previously by Greene et al. (1976) and adults ad ibitum with 30% diluted honey (weight / volume).
- the larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera used to carry out the outdoor field trials came from a natural infestation of the tomato crop in Guadajira (Badajoz),
- Occlusion bodies occlusion bodies, OBs or occlusion bodies were extracted from dead larvae by crushing the bodies in sterile double-distilled water with dodeci! 0.1% sodium sulfate (SDS) (weight / volume) and filtering the resulting suspension through muslin.
- SDS sodium sulfate
- the occlusion bodies are sedimented by centrifugation at 6,000 x g for 10 minutes. Subsequently, 2 water washes were performed and the occlusion bodies were sedimented under the same conditions.
- the purified occlusion bodies were resuspended in sterile double-distilled water and their concentration was determined by triplicate sample counting using an improved Neubauer hemocytometer (Hawksley, Laucing, United Kingdom) under 400x phase contrast microscopy.
- the occlusion bodies of the different isolates were multiplied by a single pass in fourth-stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera. Groups of 24 larvae from the laboratory colony were individualized and kept without food for approximately 12 hours. After that time they were infected per os by the method of gout (Hughes and Wood, 1981) with a concentration of 10 6 occlusion bodies / ml, 10% sucrose (weight / volume) and 0.001% (weight / volume) of the Fiuorelia Biue food dye (Hilton-Davis, Cincinnati, Ohio). The food coloring allows to differentiate the larvae that have ingested the suspension of occlusion bodies from those that have not.
- the purified occlusion bodies were stored at -20 ° C until their molecular and biological characterization.
- a plaque assay was performed (Mu ⁇ oz et al., 2001). For this, 25 larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera fourth stage were infected orally with the concentration that produced 90% of Mortality (LC 90 ) of 10 6 occlusion bodies / ml. At 48 hours after infection, a small incision was made in the last pair of pseudopods of the larvae in order to remove the hemolymph. At this time the hemolymph is full of BVs (sprouted virions) that contain a single nucleocapsid and therefore a single genotype.
- LC 90 Mortality
- the hemolymph was filtered through a 0.45 filter to eliminate possible contaminants such as bacteria, and subsequently diluted serially with a dilution factor 5 with EX-CELL 420 medium (Sigma). 2 x 10 6 HzA 1 cells were subsequently incubated in six-well plates (35 mm in diameter) at 27 ° C for three hours to allow cell deposition. After this time, the medium was replaced by 100 ⁇ of the hemolymph dilutions. After one hour, the viral inoculum contained in the hemolymph dilutions was replaced with a new EX-CELL 420 medium with 1% antibiotics (penicillin-streptomycin) (Lonza) and 2% agarose to prevent excessive spread of the infection.
- EX-CELL 420 medium Sigma
- 2 x 10 6 HzA 1 cells were subsequently incubated in six-well plates (35 mm in diameter) at 27 ° C for three hours to allow cell deposition. After this time, the medium was replaced by 100 ⁇ of the hemo
- plaque or bald which corresponds to a set of dead cells due to infection by a single BV, and therefore, by a single genotype.
- plaque or bald a non-colored area
- EX-CELL 420 medium 50 ⁇ of EX-CELL 420 medium.
- Each suspension was subsequently injected into fourth stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera for multiplication in vivo and thus Obtain large numbers of occlusion bodies, which were analyzed at the molecular DNA level in order to determine the number of different genotypes.
- This supernatant contains sprouted virions (BVs) that were injected into fourth-stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera for multiplication, so that sufficient occlusion bodies were obtained to perform its molecular characterization, and to determine the purity of each genotype or number of different genotypes.
- BVs sprouted virions
- ODVs occlusion bodies
- the ODVs that were within the occlusion bodies were released by incubating a suspension of 10 9 occlusion bodies with an alkaline solution (1 volume of Na 2 C0 3 0.1 M) for 30 minutes at 28 ° C.
- the polyhedrin and other debris were sedimented by low speed centrifugation (2,500 xg) for 5 minutes.
- the supernatant containing the virions was centrifuged in density equilibrium (90,000 xg) for 1 hour in a continuous gradient of 30-60% sucrose (weight /volume). After that, a visual inspection was carried out and photographed, so that the nature of them could be determined.
- a suspension of occlusion bodies at the concentration of 10 9 occlusion bodies / ml were incubated with 100 ⁇ of sodium carbonate (Na 2 C0 3 ) 0.5 M, 50 ⁇ of SDS at 10% (weight / volume) and 250 ⁇ of H 2 0 at 60 ° C for 10 minutes, to dissolve the polyhedrin and release the virions.
- Non-deterrent occlusion bodies and other debris were removed by low speed centrifugation (3,800 xg) for 5 minutes.
- the supernatant containing the virions was incubated with 500 ⁇ g of proteinase K at 50 ° C for 1 hour.
- the viral DNA was extracted twice with a volume of saturated phenol, followed by one with chloroform, and precipitated with 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and 2.5 volumes of cold absolute ethanol at 12,000 xg for 10 minutes. Subsequently, it was washed with 70% cold ethanol and centrifuged for 5 minutes. Finally, the DNA was resuspended in 100 ⁇ of 0.1x TE buffer (Tris-EDTA, pH 8) at 80 ° C for 10 minutes. The concentration was estimated by reading the optical absorption at 260 nm in a spectrophotometer (Biophotometer Plus, Eppendorf, Freiberg, Germany).
- Electrophoresis was carried out using horizontal gels of 1% agarose (weight / olumen) in TAE buffer (0.04 Tris-acetate, 0.001 EDTA, pH 8.0) at 20 V for 12 to 16 hours.
- the DNA fragments were stained with ethidium bromide and visualized on an ultraviolet transilluminator (Chemi-Doc, BioRad, California, USA).
- sarcosii sodium Lauroil Sarcosine or / V-Laurylsarcosine sodium sait
- sample was dialyzed in a beaker containing 500 ml of TE buffer under stirring at 4 ° C, making between 2-3 changes of TE every 8 h.
- DNA was transferred to a tube, quantified on a spectrophotometer and stored at 4 ° C until use.
- a restriction analysis was also performed with the EcoRl and fi / il endonucleases to confirm the identity and quality of the DNA.
- DNA sequencing of the two genotypes was carried out by Lifesequencing S.L, (Paterna, Valencia), using PacBio technology. Between 5 and 10 g of the DNA purified by CICs were used. Basically, a genomic library was made in a sequencing vector with the DNA of each of the genotypes, with 0kb inserts. 24,627 and 3,731 readings were carried out for the genomes of HearSPI B and HearLB6, respectively. Finally, the assembly of all the information was carried out, the use of the HGAP v2.0.2 program being necessary.
- HearSPI is the isolate with the best insecticidal characteristics against larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera in Spain (Arrizubieta et al., 2014).
- HearLBI the following three genotypes from infected larvae collected in Lebrija were selected: HearLBI, because it is one of the most virulent and one of the most productive in terms of the number of occlusion bodies produced in infected insects: HearLB3 because it is one of the fastest; and HearLB6 for being the most virulent. In total, eight genotype mixtures were made.
- HearSPI A HearSP B in a 1: 1 ratio, referred to herein as HearSP1A: SP1 B (1: 1) and HearSP1A: HearSP1 B in a 1: 2 ratio, to which it will be made reference as HearSPI A: SP1 B (1: 2).
- HearSPI A SP1 B (1: 2).
- four mixtures were also constructed that contained only Lebrija genotypes such as
- HearLBI HearLB3 in a 1: 1 ratio, referred to as HearLBI: LB3,
- HearLB3 HearLB6 in a 1: 1 ratio as well and referred to as
- HearLB3 LB6, HearLBI: HearLB3: HearLB8 in a 1: 1: 1 ratio and to which you will refer HearLB1: LB3: LB6 and finally a mixture was also made with the six Lebrija genotypes in the proportions found in the population, which was called HearLBmix.
- HearSPI B HearLB1 mixture contained the HearSPI B and HearLBI genotype in a 1: 1 ratio, referred to as HearSPI B: LB1
- the HearSPI B HearLB6 mixture containing the HearSPI B and HaerLB6 genotype as well. in a 1: 1 ratio, and the one referred to as HearSPI B: LB6.
- the concentrations of the different genotypes were homogenized, diluting them to the same concentration of 10 9 occlusion bodies / ml and subsequently mixing the same volume of each of them, so that ratios were in all cases 1: 1, except in the case of the HearSPI A: SP1 B (1: 2) mixture, in which twice the volume of HearSPI B was mixed than that of HearSPI A.
- the bodies of occlusion contain virions of the same genotype.
- arm ⁇ gera from the fourth stage were infected orally with the different mixtures of occlusion bodies at a concentration of 10 6 occlusion bodies / mi (mixtures of occlusion bodies produced before were diluted by a factor of one thousand (10 3 ) before infecting the larvae).
- ODVs virions
- HearSP A SP1 B (1: 1)
- HearSP1A SP1 B (1: 2)
- HearLBI LB3 (1: 1)
- HearLB3 LB6 (1: 1)
- HearLBI LB3: LB6 (1: 1: 1)
- HearLBmix six genotypes in their natural ratio, HearLB1-6
- HearSP1 B LB1 (1: 1)
- HearSPI B LB6 (1: 1).
- the viral DNA obtained therefrom was subjected to PCR amplification using primer pairs F-hr1 / R-br1 and F -hr5- / R-hr5, 20.5 ⁇ m was mixed for the PCR! H 2 0, 2.5 ⁇ of polymerase buffer (10x), 0.75 ⁇ of magnesium chloride (50 rrM gCI 2 ), 0.25 ⁇ ! of dNTPs (phosphated nucieotides), 0.25 ⁇ of the respective primers (R-hr1 / F-hr1 or F-hr5 / R-hr5), 0.25 ⁇ of Taq polymerase and 0.25 ⁇ of extracted DNA.
- the reaction conditions were from a period of denaturation at 94 ° C for 2 minutes, followed by 35 cycles that include denaturation at 94 ° C for 1 minute, alignment that occurs at 60 ° C for 1 minute and elongation at 72 ° C for 3 minutes, finally followed by 10 minutes at 72 ° C to finish elongation.
- HearSNPV genotypes purified from the HearSPI isolate (HearSPIA and HearSPI B) and those from Lebrija (Sevilla) (HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLBS, HearLB4, HearLBS and HearLB6), as well as co-occluded mixtures HearSP1A: SP1 B (1: 1), HearSP1A: SP1 B (1: 2), HearLBI: LB3, HearLBS: LB6, HearLBI: LB3: LB6, HearLBmix, HearSPI B: LB1 and HearSPI B: LB8, was compared with the of the wild isolate HearSPI, previously selected as the isolate of the Iberian Peninsula with the best insecticidal characteristics (Arrizubieta et al., 2014).
- the concentration-mortality curves (lethal concentration 50, CL 50 ), the average mortality time (TMM) and the viral productivity (number of occlusion bodies produced by a single larva, occlusion bodies / larva) were determined by per os (orally), carried out using the method of gout feeding, described above.
- the mean mortality time (TM) of the individual genotypes, of the different genotype mixtures and of the HearSPI isolate was determined by bioassay on larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera of second stage.
- the larvae were inoculated by ingestion with the LC 90 (concentration that kills approximately 90% of the inoculated larvae) of each virus calculated in the pathogenicity assays described above (2.0 x 10 5 , 1, 8 x 10 5 , 9 , 9 x 10 4 , 1, 5 x 10 5 , 1, 5 x 10 5 , 2.5 x 10 5 , 3.5 x 10 5 , 1, 5 x 10 5 , 9.8 x 10 4 , 1, 0 x 10 5 , 1, 5 x 10 5 , 1, 2 x 10 5 , 1, 8 x 10 5 , 9.3 x 10 4 , 1, 2 x 10 5 , 5.8 x 10 4 and 5, 1 x 10 4 occlusion bodies / ml for the HearSPI wild isolate and the
- a group of larvae treated with the same solution without occlusion bodies was included.
- the larvae were maintained individually on a diet at 25 ° C and mortality was recorded every 8 hours until all the larvae died or pupated. 24 larvae were infected per treatment and three independent repetitions were performed.
- the mortality data according to time were subjected to a Weibull survival analysis using the Generalized Linear Interactive Modeling (GLIM) program (Crawley, 1993). The distribution of mortality according to the time of the different isolates was analyzed graphically. By microscopic observation of the dead larvae, those that had died from a disease caused by nucleopoliedrovirus could be identified, and were the ones that were included in the analysis.
- GLIM Generalized Linear Interactive Modeling
- occlusion bodies of pure genotypes, mixtures of genotypes and the HearSPI isolate was determined in second stage larvae of H. arm ⁇ gera infected by the method of gout and with the concentrations of occlusion bodies that produce 90 % of mortality (the same concentrations used in the study of the average mortality time). All larvae that died of nucleopoliedrovirus disease were collected and stored at -20 ° C until they were used for the occlusion body count. For this, each larva was homogenized in 100 ⁇ of distilled water and the total yield of occlusion bodies per larva was estimated by a triplicate sample count using an improved Neubauer hemocytometer. The data was normalized by a log transformation and analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SPSS 15.0 program.
- ANOVA analysis of variance
- HearSNPV-SP1 isolate or more briefly HearSPl has been selected in previous studies as the isolate of the Iberian Peninsula with the best insecticidal characteristics against H. arm ⁇ gera (Figueiredo et ai., 1999; Arrizubieta et al., 2014).
- restriction profiles performed with different endonucleases in these studies showed submolar bands, indicating the presence of different genotypic variants within the wild isolate (Fig, 4, 7, 8).
- HearSNPV-LB1 HearSNPV-LB2, HearSNPV-LB3, HearSNPV-LB4, HearSNPV-LB5 and HearSNPV-LB6 or, in abbreviated form, HearLBI , HearLBS, Hearl_B4, HearLBS and Hearl_B6 (Fig. 7B and 7C).
- the 6 genotypes were found in different proportions, the HearLBS genotype being the most abundant, since it was isolated in 6 different larvae (representing 35.3% of the total genotypes), followed by HearLBI and HearLB2, which were isolated in 4 larvae (23.5%), and finally the genotypes HearLB4, HearLBS and HearLB6, which were isolated in a single larva each (5.9%),
- a limit dilution test (EPD) was carried out as described in the material and methods section.
- EPD a limit dilution test
- 20 wells were selected with the presence of occlusion bodies in the dilution that produced less than 10% of viral infection (about 1/500 for all isolates).
- the BVs obtained were multiplied in larva by intrahemoceic injection and the viral DNA of the occlusion bodies obtained with the Bg ⁇ ⁇ and EcoR ⁇ endonucieases as mentioned in the material and methods section was analyzed. All clones / wells obtained from a single isolate had the same restriction profile as the original isolate, from which the clones were obtained, so it follows that each of the 8 isolates is composed of a single genotype.
- Fig. 7A, 7B and 7C Digestion of the viral DNA of the different genotypes with the restriction endonuclease EcoR ⁇ produces a characteristic and unique profile for each of them (Fig. 7A, 7B and 7C; Table 5), being able to use some of the restriction fragments generated by This enzyme as markers to differentiate them.
- the EcoRi-B fragment of the HearLB4 genotype (11.0 kb) is larger than in the HearLB2, HearLBS and HearLBo genotypes (10.5 kb), the HearSPIA and HearSPI B genotypes (10, 18 kb) and the genotype HearLBI (10, 15 kb), while not in the HearLBS genotype.
- the HearLBI genotypes (EcoRI-D), HearSPl A (£ coR ⁇ -D) and HearSPl B (EcoRI-E) present a single fragment common to all three genotypes (9.20 kb), while in HearLB2 (£ coRI-D), HearLB3 (EcoRI-) genotypes D), Hearl_B4 (EcoRI-D), HearLBS (EcoRI-C) and Hearl_B6 (EcoRI-D) said fragment is 9.38 kb.
- the HearLBS genotype has a unique fragment of 3.10 kb (EcoRI-S), while it does not have a 2.83 kb fragment, present in the rest of the genotypes. No submoiar bands were observed in the restriction profiles of these genotypes after a larval pass and the profiles were maintained along the passes, indicating the stability and purity of the genotypes.
- restriction profiles of these genotypes are also differentiated by the use of other restriction endonucieases, such as Bgft l (Fig. 7A and 7C).
- the HearSPl isolate shows several submoial bands around 6.5-7 kb, which are not observed in the profile of the pure HearSPl B genotype.
- the HearSPl isolate shows an 18.8 kb submoiar band, which does not appear in the profile of the HearSPl B genotype.
- the absence of such bands in the pure genotypes demonstrates the purity of the same, thus the HearSPl genotype B shows a band of 9.73 kb that is not observed in the profile of the HearSPl isolate
- the estimated sizes of the restriction fragments generated after digestion of the viral DNA of the different genotypes with the EcoRI enzyme are shown in Table 5.
- the difference in the number of fragments of the HearSPIA, HearSPl B, HearLBI, HearLBS, HearLB6, HearG4, HearCI, HearNNgl and HearAus genotypes with the HearLB2, HearLB4 and HearLBS genotypes is due to the fact that their genomes are completely sequenced, small fragments are detected that cannot be detected by analyzing band patterns since they are not visible in the restriction profiles (indicated by an asterisk [*] in Table 5).
- HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLBS, HearLB4, HearLBS and HearLB6, and HearG4 isolates HearCl, HearNNgl and HearAus obtained by digestion with EcoR! , and total size! Estimated genomes.
- a more precise differentiation of each genotype is obtained by amplifying regions of the genome characteristic for each of the genotypes using the PCR technique (polymerase chain reaction), using specific primers designed in the zones of variability, followed by a digestion of the fragments amplified by PCR with restriction endonucleases.
- PCR technique polymerase chain reaction
- R-hr5 5 ; - GCCCCACCCAAAACATAACG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 4).
- the complete sequences of the homologous region 1 (hr1) corresponding to each of the two HearSPI B and HearLB6 genotypes are represented by SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10, respectively.
- the complete sequences of the homologous region 5 (hr5) corresponding to each of the two HearSPI B and HearLBo genotypes are represented by SEQ ID NQ: 11 and SEQ ID NQ: 12, respectively.
- the alignments of these sequences with those of the analogous zones of the genomes of HearG4, HearCI, HearNNgl and HearAus are shown in Figure 9.
- Table 8 Specific primers designed in hr1 and hr5, nucleotide sequence, size of fragments amplified for each genotype, number of fragments obtained after digesting the fragment amplified by PCR with endonuclease A / del, size of said fragments and number of reference of the sequence of the fragment amplified by PCR.
- F-hr1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) HearLB6 2.1 17 5 1 .210, 475, 307, 78, 47 6
- R-hr1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) HearCI 2,252 6
- F-hr5 (SEQ ID NO: 3) HearLB6 2.330 3 1 .120, 998, 212 8
- R-hr5 (SEQ ID NO: 4) HearCI 1 .872 4 1 .1 19, 464, 21 1, 78
- the pathogenicity bioassays showed that the pathogenicity of the HearSPI B genotype is 2.8 times higher than that of the HearSPI wild isolate. However, the HearSPI A genotype has an intermediate pathogenicity, being similar to both the HearSPI wild isolate and the genotype. HearSPI B (Table 7).
- HearSPI A 2.4 x 1 Q 4 1, 5 0.8 2.7 99.6 to 96.5 102.8 individual HearSPI B 1, 3 x 10 * 2.8 1, 6 4.9 98.3 genotypes to 95.3 101, 4
- HearSPIA genotypes (5.2 x 10 7 occlusion bodies / larvae) and HearSPI B (5.3 x 10 7 occlusion bodies / larvae) are as productive as the HearSPI isolate (7.3 x 10 7 bodies of occlusion / larva), in larvae inoculated in the second stage of H. arm ⁇ gera (Fig. 10).
- the pure HearSPI B genotype has better insecticidal qualities since its pathogenicity is greater than that of the wild isolate or the pure HearSPIA genotype, while its virulence (TMM) and occlusion body production are not inferior to those of the other isolates / genotypes.
- the biological activity of the individual genotypes was determined individually and compared with the HearSPI isolate (Figueiredo et al ,, 1999; Arrizubieta et al ,, 2014) in terms of pathogenicity, virulence and productivity as described in section 3.1.
- Table 8 shows the values of the CL 50 and the relative potency of the HearSPI isolate and of the individual genotypes HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLB3, HearLB4, HearLBS and HearLB6. These values allow us to observe how the fiducial limits at 95% of the relative potencies calculated for LC 50 overlap widely in all treatments, indicating that the pathogenicity is similar for pure genotypes and the HearSP isolate.
- Genotypes HearLB2 1, 8 x 10 4 0.8 0.4 1, 4 108.0 to 106.4 109.7 nd HearLBS 1, 5 x 10 4 0.8 0.4 1, 5 1 16.3 be 1 14.5 118.2
- HearLBI, HearLB2, HearLBS and HearLB6 genotypes were significantly faster to kill the second-stage larvae of, arm ⁇ gera than the rest of genotypes and the isolated HearSP (Table 8),
- HearLBI genotype is the most productive (5.3 x 10 8 occlusion / larvae bodies), although it does not show significant differences with the HearLB4 genotype (4.2 x 10 8 occlusion / larvae bodies).
- the HearLBI, HearLB4 and HearLBS genotypes are more productive than the HearSPI isolate in H, second-stage, larval armory.
- HearSPI A SP1 B in a 1: 1 ratio.
- the objective of this mixture is to increase the pathogenicity since the HearSPI B genotype is more pathogenic than HearSPI, and in this mixture it is found in a greater proportion than in the wild HearSPI isolate ( natural ratio 2: 1).
- - HearLBI LB3 in a 1: 1 ratio.
- the HearLBI genotype is one of the fastest and is also among the most productive.
- the HearLBS genotype is among the most productive, because it is the slowest.
- the objective of this mixture is to maintain the virulence of the HearLBI genotype and the productivity of both.
- Genotype HearLB6 is one of the fastest and least productive genotypes, while HearLB3 is among the most productive. In this case, it is intended to maintain the virulence of HearLB6 and the productivity of HearLB3.
- HearLB1-6 HearLB1-6 in a 4: 4: 6: 1: 1: 1 ratio.
- This mixture includes the six Lebrija genotypes in the proportion in which they were isolated. The fact that each of the genotypes has been isolated in a proportion after an epizootic may have some biological significance.
- HearSP1B LB1 in a 1: 1 ratio. This mixture could maintain the pathogenicity of the HearSPIB genotype and the virulence of HearLBI, and increase productivity, since HearLBI is one of the most productive genotypes.
- HearSPIB LB8 in a 1: 1 ratio. In this case it is intended to maintain the pathogenicity of HearSPIB and the virulence of HearLB8.
- the insecticidal activity of the different co-ociuid mixtures was compared in terms of pathogenicity, virulence and productivity as described in section 3.1. Individual genotypes HearSPIA, HearSPIB, HearLBI, HearLB3 and HearLB8 were included as a reference.
- Table 9 Relative insecticidal activity of mixtures of occlusion bodies HearSP1A: SP1B (1: 1), HearSP1A: SP1B (1: 2), HearLBI: LB3, HearLB3: LB6, HearLBI: LB3: LB6, HearLBmix, HearSPIB: LB1 and HearSPIB: LB6, and of the individual genotypes HearSPIA, HearSPIB, HearLBI, HearLBS and HearLB6.
- HearLB3 LB6 2.1 X 10 4 0.8 0.5 1, 2 114.1 b 112.8 115.5
- HearSP1 B LB1 9.8 x 0 3 1, 6 1, 1 2.4 112.8 b 110.6 115.3
- HearSP1 B LB6 5.7 x 10 3 2.8 1, 8 4.3 106.5 111, 1 ab
- Table 9 shows the values of LC 50 , the relative potency of co-occluded mixtures and individual genotypes (with reference to that of HearSP A), as well as the average mortality time.
- the mixture of HearSP1 B: Heari_B6 genotypes (5.7 x 10 3 occlusion bodies / mi) turns out to be the most pathogenic, between 1, 7 and 3.7 times more pathogenic than the individual genotypes and the rest of the mixtures.
- this mixture with a TMM of 108.8 hours, is as virulent as the fastest genotypes killing the larvae, such as HearSPIA, HearSPI B and HearLB8. Analyzing the data provided in Table 9, it is concluded that it is not expected that one or the other mixture is more or less pathogenic, since there is no standard or standard that a priori predicts which of all the mixtures is the most potent.
- the productivity bioassays showed that the HearLBI and HearLBS genotypes and the co-occluded HearLBI: LB3 and HearLBI: LB3: LB6 mixtures were the most productive (4.9 x 0 8 , 5.7 x 0 8 , 5.7 x 10 8 and 4.0 x 10 8 occlusion bodies / larva, respectively) (Tukey, P ⁇ 0.05), followed by the HearLB6 genotype and the HearSP1A co-occluded mixtures: SP1 B (1: 2), HearLB3: LB6 , HearLBmix, HearSP1 B: LB1 and HearSP1 B: LB6 (3.4 x 10 8 , 2.5 x 10 8 , 3.7 x 10 8 , 2.2 x 0 8 , 2.5 x 10 8 and 1, 6 x 10 8 occlusion bodies / larva, respectively).
- the HearSPIA and HearSPI B genotypes and the HearSP1A: SP1 B (1: 1) mix were the least productive, with a viral productivity of 6.3 x 10 7 , 1, 4 x 10 8 and 9.3 x 10 7 occlusion bodies / larva, respectively (Tukey, P ⁇ 0.05) (Fig. 12).
- HearSPI B: LB6 The mixture of co-occluded genotypes HearSPI B: LB6 is more pathogenic than the rest of pure genotypes and mixtures and, in addition, is as virulent as the faster genotypes. It is anticipated that these characteristics would allow the rapid suppression of pest populations in the field using the minimum amount of product, lowering crop production costs. For these reasons, we selected the HearSPI B: LB6 mixture as the active material of a new bioinseticide for the control of H. arm ⁇ gera. Therefore, the Mass production and efficiency tests described below have been carried out with said mixture.
- the percentage of mortality due to nucleopoüedrovirus obtained in individualized arvas was greater than 90%; however, in containers of higher densities, the 50% mortality, because the diseased larvae were cannibalized before their death (Fig, 13).
- each stage was infected with three different concentrations of the virus, corresponding to the CL 80 (1.5 x 10 5 , 4.8 x 10 s and 5.5 x 10 6 occlusion bodies / ml, for stages L 3 , L and L 5 , respectively), CL 90 (6, 1 x 10 5 , 2.4 x 10 6 and 2.5 x 10 7 occlusion bodies / mi, for stages L 3 , L 4 and L 5 , respectively) and CL 9S (1, 9 x 10 6 , 9, 1 x 10 6 and 1.5 x 10 8 occlusion bodies / ml, for stages L 3 , L 4 and L 5 , respectively); these concentrations were previously determined in preliminary bioassays.
- the larvae were inoculated individually according to the drop method described by Hughes and Wood (1981) and deposited in individual cups to avoid cannibalism with an artificial diet until they died from viruses or reach pupal status.
- the occlusion bodies produced by each dead larva were extracted, purified and titrated as indicated above. 24 larvae were inoculated per treatment and three repetitions were performed. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA analysis and Tukey Test with the statistical program SPSS 15.0.
- the larvae produced significantly greater amounts of occlusion bodies as their age increased when they were inoculated (F 17i36 14.25; P ⁇ 0.05) (Fig. 15A).
- the larvae inoculated one day after moving to L 4 and L 5 and the newly molted L 5 produced significantly more occlusion bodies than the rest of the larvae (between 5.6 and 9, 1 x 10 9 bodies of occlusion / larva) (Tukey, P ⁇ 0.05).
- the newly inoculated L 5 larvae with the CL 95 produced 6.9 x 10 11 occlusion bodies / 100 inoculated larvae, compared to 1, 6 x 10 11 - 4.2 x 10 1 1 occlusion bodies / 100 inoculated larvae a day after moving to L 5 .
- the optimal stage for the production of the HearSP1 B is L 5 by inoculating them recently molted with the CL 9S (1.5 x 10 8 occlusion bodies / mi). This treatment produces a mortality close to 100% and is the treatment that reaches a higher productivity (6.9 x 10 11 occlusion bodies / 100 inoculated larvae).
- the incubation temperature may influence larval development and therefore, viral productivity (Subramanian et al., 2006). Therefore, a study was carried out to determine the optimum temperature for the production of HearSNPV.
- Freshly molted L 5 larvae were inoculated with LC 95 (conditions selected in section 4.2) and incubated at 23, 26 and 30 ° C. Mortality was recorded every 8 hours to determine the larval mortality time as a function of temperature and the bodies were collected individually to determine the production of occlusion bodies. 24 larvae were infected per treatment and five repetitions were performed. The production of occlusion / larval bodies and the T were calculated as described above. There were no significant differences in productivity between the larvae incubated at different temperatures (F 2 , 12 0.30; P> 0.05) (Fig. 16). However, at 30 ° C the larvae die between 13 and 34 hours faster than at 28 ° C and 23 ° C, respectively (Table 10). Therefore, the optimum temperature for the production of HearSNPV is 30 ° C, since it allows to obtain the same amount of occlusion bodies faster than the other incubation temperatures.
- Table 10 Average mortality time (MMR), expressed in hours after infection, of larvae L 5 of H. arm ⁇ gera infected with GL 95 and incubated at 23, 28 and 30 ° C.
- HearSP1 B LB6 co-ociuide mixture for the control of H. arm ⁇ gera
- a test was carried out on tomato plants treated and maintained in laboratory conditions.
- the tomato plants were treated by spraying with an aqueous suspension containing the co-occluded mixture HearSP1 B: LB6 at different concentrations (10 9 , 10 10 and 10 11 occlusion bodies / liter) together with an agricultural wetting agent (Agral®, Syngenta) ai 0.2% (vol./vol.).
- an agricultural wetting agent Agral®, Syngenta
- ai 0.2% vol./vol.
- the plants were allowed to dry and placed in 50 ml cups with Hoagland nutrient solution in glass containers of 10 liters in volume and infested with 150 larvae of H. second-stage H. arm ⁇ gera (L 2 ).
- the plants were maintained at 25 ⁇ 1 ° C, 70 ⁇ 5% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16: 8 hours light: dark.
- the evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment was determined by quantifying the percentage of mortality. For this, 15 larvae were collected from each of the treatments on days 1, 3 and 5 after treatment. These larvae were deposited individually in vessels with artificial diet and mortality was recorded 7 days after being collected from the plants.
- the concentration of 1x10 10 occlusion bodies / liter is the minimum concentration that produces 100% mortalities every day of collection. Therefore, this concentration is selected as the optimum for the control of H. arm ⁇ gera larvae in tomato crops under laboratory conditions.
- HearSP1 B LB6 to protect tomato cultivation in greenhouse conditions against H. arm ⁇ gera
- trials were conducted in an experimental greenhouse of the Higher Institute of Agronomy (Technical University of Lisbon).
- the effectiveness of the HearSP1 B: LB6 coocluid mixture was evaluated at a concentration of 1x10 13 occlusion bodies / Ha (equivalent to 10 10 occlusion bodies / liter, when about 1,000 were used liters / Ha).
- the efficacy of HearSP1 B: LB6 was compared with that of:
- a biological insecticide based on the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacii ⁇ us thuringiensis aizawa ⁇ (Turex®, from Certis, Elche, Spain, containing B, 50% thuringiensis in the form of wettable powder).
- This bioinsecticide is usually used at a concentration of 1-2 kg / Ha, 1.5 kg / Ha (using 1,000 liters / Ha) being used in this case,
- a biological insecticide based on spinosad a product of two spinosin toxins, which are obtained naturally by fermentation of the bacterium Saccharopoiyspora spinosa (Spintor 480SC®, Dow AgroSciences, Madrid, Spain, containing 48% weight / volume Spinosad ).
- Said insecticide is usually used at a concentration of 250 ml / Ha (using 1,000 liters / Ha).
- the percentage of damaged fruits was determined 10 days after the application of the treatment.
- the percentage of larval survival due to treatment was also determined.
- the number of larvae that were alive on each plant were counted 10 days after the application of! treatment.
- the data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA analysis and Tukey Test with e! SPSS 15.0 statistical program.
- the relationship between mortality and the amount of viable insecticide was obtained by calibration of! bioassay
- the calibration curves of the three insecticides were obtained by mixing leaves collected before treatment and therefore not infected with artificial diet, and with five known and different concentrations of insecticides. 50 larvae were used per concentration.
- the amount of persistent insecticide in the leaves was estimated by comparing the percentage of mortality obtained in the different treatments with the calibration curves.
- the amount of insecticide data obtained was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Test with e! SPSS 15.0 statistical program.
- a biological insecticide based on two spinosin toxins which are obtained naturally by fermentation of a soil organism, the bacterium Saccharopoiyspora spinosa (Spintor 480SC®, Dow AgroSciences, Madrid, Spain, which contains 48% weight / volume Spinosad ). It is usually used at a concentration of 250 ml / Ha (diluting 250 ml in 1 000 liters, when 1 000 liter / Ha is used).
- the trial consisted of 48 plots (1.5 m x 4 m), each of which was composed of approximately 30 plants.
- the design was random blocks.
- Each of the blocks consisted of two rows with 6 elementary plots and half of the plots of each block the different treatments were applied three times while the other half five times, making a total of 4 repetitions for 3 and 5 applications. All applications were made 15 days apart.
- the central plants were observed to determine the percentage of damaged fruits, the persistence of the different treatments, and the yield of each plot.
- the percentage of damaged fruits was determined, with both fresh and healed damage, every 3 or 4 days, during the entire trial period.
- the data obtained were grouped by biweekly means and analyzed by ANOVA analysis and Tukey Test with the statistical program SYSTAT (1990).
- Figure 22 shows the percentage of fresh and scarred damaged fruits in each of the fortnights for each treatment.
- the second and third fortnight in the control plots there was a percentage of damaged fruits both fresh and healed greater than in the plots treated with the different insecticides (Tukey, P ⁇ 0.05) (Fig. 22B and 22C).
- the percentage of damaged scarred fruits was also higher in the control plots (Tukey, P ⁇ 0.05) but there were no differences in the percentage of fruits with fresh damage ( P> 0.05) (Fig. 22D).
- each plot was determined.
- the fruits of the central meter of each plot were harvested and separated into green and red.
- the green fruits separated into healthy and chopped, and the red ones into healthy, chopped, healed and chopped.
- the weighing of each of the groups was carried out.
- the data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Test with the statistical program SYSTAT.
- the quality controls of the canning companies reject items of tomatoes in which less than 80% of the fruits are ripe, and in which more than 5% of the ripe tomatoes are damaged. Green fruits are discarded before reaching the canning.
- the amount of persistent insecticide in the leaves was estimated by comparing the percentage of mortality obtained in the different treatments with the calibration curves.
- the data on the amount of insecticide obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Test with the statistical program SPSS 15.0 In order to be able to compare the persistence of the different treatments in the tomato leaves outdoors, the percentage of residual insecticidal activity of each of the treatments about one hour after application.
- the two genotypes were deposited by one of the inventors, Prof. Dr. Primitivo Caballero (Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Natural Resources, Public University of Navarra, Campus of Arrosad ⁇ a, Mutilva Baja, E-31006, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain), as an employee of the first applicant, on behalf and representation of the three applicants (Public University of Navarra, Higher Council for Scientific Research, Institute of Ecology AC).
- Caballero P., Williams, T., López-Ferber, M., 2001. Structure and classification of ios bacuiovirus, pp. 15-46. In: Caballero, P., Williams, T., López-Ferber, M. (Eds.). Baculoviruses and their applications as bioinsecticides in the biological control of pests. Phytoma-Spain, Valencia, Spain.
- Granados R., Fu, Y., Corsaro, B., Hughes, P., 2001. Enhancement of Bacii ⁇ us thuringiensis toxicity to lepidopterous species with the enhancin from Trichopiusia ni granulovirus. Biological Control 20, 153-159.
- Sys ⁇ a ⁇ the system for sta ⁇ istics. Systat incorporation, Evaston, Illinois.
- Torres-Vila LM, Rodr ⁇ guez-Molina, MC, Lacasa-Plasencia, A., 2003. Impact of Helicoverpa larval density and crop phenoiogy on yieid and quality losses in processing tomato: developing fruit count-based damage thresholds for IPM decision- making. Crop Protection 22, 521-532.
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US15/321,898 US10362788B2 (en) | 2014-06-24 | 2015-06-24 | Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearSNPV) genotypes, method of producing same and use as a biological control agent |
MX2016017046A MX2016017046A (es) | 2014-06-24 | 2015-06-24 | Nuevos genotipos del nucleopoliedrovirus simple de helicoverpa armigera (hearsnpv), procedimiento para su produccion y uso como agente de control biologico. |
BR112016030501-9A BR112016030501B1 (pt) | 2014-06-24 | 2015-06-24 | Corpo de oclusão compreendendo vírions derivados de oclusão e seu processo de produção, método para identificar em uma amostra a presença de um nucleopoliedrovírus simples de h. armígera, composições e seus usos |
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EP0908099A1 (en) * | 1997-09-16 | 1999-04-14 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Natural insecticide affecting the growth of Heliothis armigera |
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Non-Patent Citations (6)
Title |
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ARRIZUBIETA, M. ET AL.: "Selection of a nucleopolydedrovirusisolate from Helicoverpa armigera as the basis for a biological insecticide", PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, vol. 70, 22 June 2006 (2006-06-22), pages 967 - 976, XP055246797 * |
CHRISTIAN P D ET AL.: "A rapid method for the identification and differentiation of Helicoverpa nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV Baculoviridae) isolated from the environment..", JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS NETHERLANDS, vol. 96, no. 1, July 2001 (2001-07-01), pages 51 - 65, XP055246800, ISSN: 0166-0934, [retrieved on 20010630] * |
DATABASE DataBase [O] 23 April 2015 (2015-04-23), OGEMBO J.G. ET AL.: "Helicoverpa armígera NPV NNg 1 DNA", XP055246795, Database accession no. AP 010907 * |
FIGUEIREDO ELISABETE ET AL.: "Diversity of Iberian nucleopolyhedrovirus wild-type isolates infecting Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).", BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, vol. 50, no. 1, July 2009 (2009-07-01), pages 43 - 49, XP026091002, ISSN: 1049-9644, [retrieved on 20090630] * |
ROWLEY DANIEL L ET AL.: "Genetic variation and virulence of nucleopolyhedroviruses isolated worldwide from the heliothine pests Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, and Heliothis virescens.", JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY UNITED STATES, vol. 107, no. 2, 31 May 2011 (2011-05-31), pages 112 - 126, XP028209657, ISSN: 1096-0805 * |
ZHONG-JIAN GUO ET AL.: "Biological Comparison of Two Genotypes of Helicoverpa armigera Single-Nucleocapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus.", BIOCONTROL, vol. 51, no. 6, 22 June 2006 (2006-06-22), pages 809 - 820, XP019447228, ISSN: 1573-8248 * |
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ES2555165A1 (es) | 2015-12-29 |
ES2555165A9 (es) | 2016-12-14 |
ES2555165B1 (es) | 2016-12-01 |
BR112016030501A2 (pt) | 2017-10-24 |
US10362788B2 (en) | 2019-07-30 |
MX2016017046A (es) | 2017-07-07 |
US20170196224A1 (en) | 2017-07-13 |
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