WO2015186441A1 - ボールジョイント用ダストカバー - Google Patents
ボールジョイント用ダストカバー Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015186441A1 WO2015186441A1 PCT/JP2015/061926 JP2015061926W WO2015186441A1 WO 2015186441 A1 WO2015186441 A1 WO 2015186441A1 JP 2015061926 W JP2015061926 W JP 2015061926W WO 2015186441 A1 WO2015186441 A1 WO 2015186441A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- dust cover
- ring
- peripheral surface
- diameter opening
- shaft
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C11/00—Pivots; Pivotal connections
- F16C11/04—Pivotal connections
- F16C11/06—Ball-joints; Other joints having more than one degree of angular freedom, i.e. universal joints
- F16C11/0666—Sealing means between the socket and the inner member shaft
- F16C11/0671—Sealing means between the socket and the inner member shaft allowing operative relative movement of joint parts due to flexing of the sealing means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C11/00—Pivots; Pivotal connections
- F16C11/04—Pivotal connections
- F16C11/06—Ball-joints; Other joints having more than one degree of angular freedom, i.e. universal joints
- F16C11/0619—Ball-joints; Other joints having more than one degree of angular freedom, i.e. universal joints the female part comprising a blind socket receiving the male part
- F16C11/0623—Construction or details of the socket member
- F16C11/0628—Construction or details of the socket member with linings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J15/00—Sealings
- F16J15/50—Sealings between relatively-movable members, by means of a sealing without relatively-moving surfaces, e.g. fluid-tight sealings for transmitting motion through a wall
- F16J15/52—Sealings between relatively-movable members, by means of a sealing without relatively-moving surfaces, e.g. fluid-tight sealings for transmitting motion through a wall by means of sealing bellows or diaphragms
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J3/00—Diaphragms; Bellows; Bellows pistons
- F16J3/04—Bellows
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J3/00—Diaphragms; Bellows; Bellows pistons
- F16J3/04—Bellows
- F16J3/041—Non-metallic bellows
- F16J3/042—Fastening details
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dust cover for a ball joint.
- the present invention also relates to a ball joint dust cover used for an automobile suspension device, a steering device, and the like.
- a ball joint dust cover shown in FIG. 12 is known as a ball joint to which a dust cover is attached for the purpose of dust prevention and waterproofing of the ball joint joint.
- a ball head 200 formed at one end of a ball stud 100 is held in a socket 300.
- the shaft 400 at the other end of the ball stud 100 is fastened and fixed to the knuckle 500.
- one end large-diameter opening 800 having a substantially U-shaped cross section of the dust cover 600 made of an elastic material is fixed and held in an annular socket groove 310 formed on the outer peripheral surface of the socket 300 by an annular pressing ring 700.
- the other end small-diameter opening 150 in which a reinforcing ring made of a metal material having an L-shaped cross section is embedded is held on the shaft 400.
- the rubber-like elastic seal lip existing between the metal reinforcing ring and the shaft 400 is appropriately compressed, and the ball stud 100 swings due to the repulsive force (tightening force) and followability of the rubber. It takes the form that demonstrates the sealing performance against.
- this type of conventional dust cover 600 made of elastic material when the ball stud 100 is swung in an inclined state as shown in FIG. 12, is on the side where the film portion of the elastic material dust cover 600 extends (the right side in the figure). Since the force that stretches the small diameter opening 150 is applied, the contact between the lip portion of the small diameter opening 150 and the knuckle 500 is released, and a so-called opening phenomenon of the small diameter opening 150 occurs. As a result, the sealing performance at the small-diameter opening 150 is lowered, and the problem that earth and sand and dust enter the dust cover 600 from the outside is caused.
- the rubber constituting the dust cover 600 made of an elastic material loses stretchability in a low temperature atmosphere, and the followability of the film portion with respect to the swinging motion of the ball joint is reduced. As a result, the opening phenomenon that the seal lip separates from the shaft 400 occurs. It was found that it occurred remarkably.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and even in a low-temperature atmosphere, the contact between the small-diameter opening and the shaft is released, and the occurrence of the so-called opening phenomenon of the small-diameter opening is suppressed, and the small-diameter opening
- An object of the present invention is to provide a dust cover for a ball joint having a good seal performance at a part.
- a ball head formed at one end of the ball stud is held in a socket, and the shaft at the other end of the ball stud is fastened and fixed to a knuckle.
- maintained at the outer peripheral surface of the said socket, and the other end small diameter opening part provided the sealing ring which carried out sealing sliding with the said shaft while being provided with the reinforcing ring made from a hard material. It has. Furthermore, an annular groove is formed between the inner peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring and the outer peripheral side of the seal lip.
- the present invention has the following effects.
- the annular groove is formed between the inner peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring and the outer peripheral side of the seal lip, and is fixedly held on the inner peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring.
- the cylindrical portion of the metal spring ring is fixedly held on the inner peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring formed so as to narrow toward the opening side of the annular groove portion. Since it is configured, the metal spring ring can be more reliably prevented from falling off from the annular groove, so that the occurrence of opening of the small diameter opening at the other end can be suppressed, and the sealing performance of the small diameter opening at the other end can be maintained well. .
- the metal spring ring is annular. In order to more reliably prevent the groove portion from falling off, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of a mouth opening phenomenon at the other end small-diameter opening and to maintain the sealing performance of the other end small-diameter opening well. Furthermore, according to the dust cover for a ball joint of the invention as set forth in claim 4, since the annular groove portion is opened on the inner side of the dust cover, earth and sand do not enter the annular groove portion. Can be stably maintained over a long period of time.
- the longitudinal section of the dust cover for ball joints concerning the present invention.
- wearing with the dust cover shown in FIG. The elements on larger scale of FIG.
- the top view of the metal spring ring used for FIG. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 4.
- wearing with the metal spring ring to the dust cover shown in FIG. The fragmentary longitudinal cross-section explaining the other method of fixing the metal spring ring used for FIG. 2 to a reinforcement ring.
- the ball joint dust cover 6 has a ball head 2 formed at one end of a ball stud 1 in a socket 3.
- the shaft 4 at the other end of the ball stud 1 is fastened and fixed to the knuckle 5, the one end large diameter opening 8 is fixedly held on the outer peripheral surface of the socket 3, and the other end small diameter opening 7 is made of a hard material.
- a basic structure in which a seal lip 71 that slides in a sealed manner with the shaft 4 is provided.
- annular groove 72 is formed between the inner peripheral surface 91 of the reinforcing ring 9 and the outer peripheral side 711 of the seal lip 71. Further, in the annular groove portion 72, a cylindrical portion 731 fitted and fixed to the inner peripheral surface 91 of the reinforcing ring 9 and an inner portion of the cylindrical portion 731 in a shape of being folded back into a U shape from one axial end of the cylindrical portion 731.
- a metal spring ring 73 provided with a spring portion 733 that is present on the peripheral surface side and presses the seal lip 71 toward the outer peripheral surface side of the shaft 4 is disposed.
- the spring portion 733 of the metal spring ring 73 is formed with a plurality of equally spaced slits 732 on the circumference. Due to the presence of the slit 732, the spring portion 733 exerts a spring action, and the seal lip 71 can be elastically and strongly pressed against the outer peripheral surface side of the shaft 4.
- the ball joint dust cover 6 Since the ball joint dust cover 6 according to the present invention has the above-described configuration, the contact between the other end small-diameter opening 7 and the shaft 4 is disengaged even in a low-temperature atmosphere. Generation
- the metal spring ring 73 is attached to the dust cover 6 as shown in FIG. 6 in which a dust cover in which an annular groove 72 is formed between the inner peripheral surface 91 of the reinforcing ring 9 and the outer peripheral side 711 of the seal lip 71. 6 and the metal spring ring 73 are prepared in separate steps, and then the metal spring ring 73 is fitted and fixed in the annular groove 72.
- the inner peripheral surface 91 of the reinforcing ring 9 is formed so as to narrow toward the opening side (upper side in the figure) of the annular groove 72, and the tapered inner surface with the inclination angle ⁇ is formed. Since the cylindrical portion 731 of the metal spring ring 73 is fixed and held on the peripheral surface 91, the metal spring ring 73 can be more reliably prevented from falling off the annular groove portion 72. While suppressing generation
- the metal spring ring 73 is engaged with the concave / convex engaging portion 734 between the cylindrical portion 731 of the metal spring ring 73 and the inner peripheral surface 91 of the reinforcing ring 9. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the opening of the other end small-diameter opening 7 from occurring and to maintain the sealing performance of the other end small-diameter opening 7 satisfactorily.
- the shape of the metal spring ring 73 is not limited to a U-shaped cross section, and is substantially D-shaped as shown in FIG. 9A, substantially rectangular as shown in FIG. Various shapes such as a substantially V shape as shown in 9 (c) can be adopted.
- the shape of the reinforcing ring 9 is not limited to the L shape in cross section, and may be a substantially Z shape as shown in FIG.
- the reinforcing ring 9 may have an inverted L-shaped cross section so that the annular groove 72 is open to the inside (downward in the figure) of the dust cover 6. .
- earth and sand do not enter the annular groove 72, so that the performance of the metal spring ring 73 can be stably maintained over a long period of time.
- a metal material or a resin material is appropriately selected and used.
- the material of the dust cover 6 is appropriately selected from a rubbery elastic material such as chloroprene, and a thermoplastic elastomer such as a polyester elastomer and a thermoplastic polyurethane.
- one end large-diameter opening 8 having a substantially U-shaped cross section of the dust cover 6 is fixed and held by an annular pressing ring 11 in an annular socket groove 31 formed on the outer peripheral surface of the socket 3.
- the circlip having a substantially rectangular cross section is used as the pressing ring 11
- various pressing rings are used depending on applications such as a type in which a metal reinforcing ring is embedded and integrated in the large-diameter opening 8 at one end.
- a dust lip 74 is formed on an end surface of the other end small diameter opening 7 in contact with the knuckle 5.
- the present invention is not limited to the best mode for carrying out the invention described above, and various other configurations can be adopted without departing from the gist of the present invention.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pivots And Pivotal Connections (AREA)
- Sealing Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
また、本発明は、自動車懸架装置、操舵装置等に使用されるボールジョイント用ダストカバーに関する。
そして、ボールスタッド100の他端の軸400は、ナックル500に締め付け固定されている。
一方、弾性材製ダストカバー600の断面略コ字形状の一端大径開口部800が、ソケット300の外周面に形成された環状のソケット溝部310内に、円環状押さえリング700により固定保持され、断面L字形状の金属材製の補強環が埋設された他端小径開口部150が軸400に保持された構成となっている。そして、この金属補強環と軸400との間に存在するゴム状弾性材製のシールリップが適度に圧縮され、そのゴムの反発力(緊迫力)と追随性により、ボールスタッド100の揺動運動に対してシール性を発揮する形を取っている。
この結果、小径開口部150におけるシール性能が低下し、外部から土砂や塵芥がダストカバー600内に浸入する問題を惹起した。
そして、一端大径開口部が、前記ソケットの外周面に固定保持され、他端小径開口部が、硬質材製の補強環を備えると共に、前記軸と密封摺動するシールリップを形成した基本構成を備えている。
更に、前記補強環の内周面と前記シールリップの外周側との間に環状溝部を形成している。
そして、前記補強環の内周面に固定保持される円筒部と、前記円筒部の軸方向一端から折り返す形で前記円筒部の内周面側に存在して、前記シールリップを前記軸の外周面側に押圧する円周上等配のスリットを形成したバネ部とより成る金属バネ環を前記環状溝部内に配置した特徴的構成としている。
請求項1記載の発明のボールジョイント用ダストカバーによれば、補強環の内周面とシールリップの外周側との間に環状溝部を形成し、この補強環の内周面に固定保持される円筒部と、この円筒部の軸方向一端から折り返す形で円筒部の内周面側に存在して、シールリップを軸の外周面側に押圧する円周上等配のスリットを形成したバネ部とより成る金属バネ環を環状溝部内に配置している為、低温雰囲気下においても、他端小径開口部と軸の接触が外れる、いわゆる他端小径開口部の口開き現象の発生を抑えると共に、他端小径開口部のシール性能を良好に維持出来る。
更に、請求項2記載の発明のボールジョイント用ダストカバーによれば、金属バネ環の円筒部が、環状溝部の開口側に向かって狭まる形に形成された補強環の内周面に固定保持され構成としている為、金属バネ環が環状溝部から脱落することをより確実に防げる為、他端小径開口部の口開き現象の発生を抑えると共に、他端小径開口部のシール性能を良好に維持出来る。
更に、請求項4記載の発明のボールジョイント用ダストカバーによれば、環状溝部が、ダストカバーの内部側に開口している為、環状溝部内に土砂等が入り込む事が無い為、金属バネ環の性能を長期に渡って安定して維持出来る。
図1、図2、図3、図4及び図5に示される様に、本発明に係るボールジョイント用ダストカバー6は、ボールスタッド1の一端に形成された球頭部2がソケット3内に保持され、このボールスタッド1の他端の軸4はナックル5に締め付け固定され、一端大径開口部8が、ソケット3の外周面に固定保持され、他端小径開口部7が、硬質材製の補強環9を備えると共に、軸4と密封摺動するシールリップ71を形成した基本構成を備えている。
更に、この環状溝部72内には、補強環9の内周面91に嵌合固定される円筒部731と、この円筒部731の軸方向一端からU字形状に折り返す形で円筒部731の内周面側に存在して、シールリップ71を軸4の外周面側に押圧するバネ部733を備えた金属バネ環73が配置されている。
このスリット732の存在により、バネ部733がバネ作用を発揮して、シールリップ71を軸4の外周面側に弾性的に強く押圧することが出来る。
この様な形とする事により、環状溝部72内に土砂等が入り込む事が無い為、金属バネ環73の性能を長期に渡って安定して維持出来る。
この押さえリング11は、断面略矩形状のサークリップを使用したが、一端大径開口部8に金属補強環を埋設一体化したタイプ等用途に応じ各種押えリングが採用される。
また、他端小径開口部7のナックル5と接する端面には、ダストリップ74を形成している。
2 球頭部
3 ソケット
4 軸
5 ナックル
6 ダストカバー
7 他端小径開口部
8 一端大径開口部
9 補強環
11 押えリング
31 ソケット溝部
71 シールリップ
72 環状溝部
73 金属バネ環
74 ダストリップ
91 内周面
711外周側
731円筒部
732スリット
733バネ部
734凹凸係合部
Claims (4)
- ボールスタッド(1)の一端に形成された球頭部(2)がソケット(3)内に保持され、前記ボールスタッド(1)の他端の軸(4)はナックル(5)に締め付け固定され、一端大径開口部(8)が、前記ソケット(3)の外周面に固定保持され、他端小径開口部(7)が、硬質材製の補強環(9)を備えると共に、前記軸(4)と密封摺動するシールリップ(71)を形成したボールジョイント用ダストカバー(6)において、
前記補強環(9)の内周面(91)と前記シールリップ(71)の外周側(711)との間に環状溝部(72)を形成し、前記補強環(9)の内周面(91)に固定保持される円筒部(731)と、前記円筒部(731)の軸方向一端から折り返す形で前記円筒部(731)の内周面側に存在して、前記シールリップ(71)を前記軸(4)の外周面側に押圧する円周上等配のスリット(732)を形成したバネ部(733)とより成る金属バネ環(73)を前記環状溝部(72)内に配置したことを特徴とするボールジョイント用ダストカバー。 - 前記金属バネ環(73)の前記円筒部(731)が、前記環状溝部(72)の開口側に向かって狭まる形に形成された前記補強環(9)の内周面(91)に固定保持されている
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載のボールジョイント用ダストカバー。 - 前記金属バネ環(73)の前記円筒部(731)と前記補強環(9)の内周面(91)の間で凹凸係合していることを特徴とする請求項1記載のボールジョイント用ダストカバー。
- 前記環状溝部(72)が、前記ダストカバー(6)の内部側に開口していることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載のボールジョイント用ダストカバー。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201580029815.5A CN106460915A (zh) | 2014-06-06 | 2015-04-20 | 球窝接头用防尘罩 |
JP2015542078A JP5839314B1 (ja) | 2014-06-06 | 2015-04-20 | ボールジョイント用ダストカバー |
EP15803536.0A EP3153726A4 (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2015-04-20 | Ball joint dust cover |
US15/316,773 US20170159701A1 (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2015-04-20 | Dust cover for ball joint |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014-117486 | 2014-06-06 | ||
JP2014117486 | 2014-06-06 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2015186441A1 true WO2015186441A1 (ja) | 2015-12-10 |
Family
ID=54766521
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2015/061926 WO2015186441A1 (ja) | 2014-06-06 | 2015-04-20 | ボールジョイント用ダストカバー |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20170159701A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3153726A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5839314B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN106460915A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015186441A1 (ja) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9863464B2 (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2018-01-09 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
US20180274584A1 (en) * | 2015-10-05 | 2018-09-27 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
CN108700109A (zh) * | 2016-03-10 | 2018-10-23 | Nok株式会社 | 防尘罩以及密封构造 |
US20190154078A1 (en) * | 2014-08-21 | 2019-05-23 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
JP2021021420A (ja) * | 2019-07-25 | 2021-02-18 | Thkリズム株式会社 | ダストカバー |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102018000128B4 (de) * | 2018-01-10 | 2021-06-24 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Dichtungsbalg |
DE102023103552A1 (de) * | 2023-02-14 | 2024-08-14 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Dichtungsbalg und Anordnung, die diesen Dichtungsbalg umfasst |
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JPH10159988A (ja) * | 1996-11-29 | 1998-06-16 | Musashi Seimitsu Ind Co Ltd | ダストカバー |
JP2004003663A (ja) * | 2002-05-28 | 2004-01-08 | Trw Automotive Us Llc | ボールジョイントシール |
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JP2011085257A (ja) * | 2009-09-15 | 2011-04-28 | Nok Corp | ボールジョイント用ダストカバー |
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US3279833A (en) * | 1964-03-20 | 1966-10-18 | Ford Motor Co | Ball joint and seal assembly |
JPS5349658A (en) * | 1976-10-15 | 1978-05-06 | Nippon Oil Seal Ind Co Ltd | Ball joint seal |
US4322175A (en) * | 1980-05-12 | 1982-03-30 | Trw Inc. | Joint assembly |
US4508356A (en) * | 1984-06-06 | 1985-04-02 | Robert Janian | Modified C-shaped mechanical spring seal |
US6502831B2 (en) * | 2001-01-29 | 2003-01-07 | Trw Inc. | Ball joint with seal |
DE10124295C5 (de) * | 2001-05-17 | 2008-09-04 | ZF Lemförder GmbH | Kugelgelenk |
CN202811810U (zh) * | 2012-09-26 | 2013-03-20 | 河北长安汽车有限公司 | 汽车前轴摆臂球头销结构 |
-
2015
- 2015-04-20 US US15/316,773 patent/US20170159701A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-04-20 WO PCT/JP2015/061926 patent/WO2015186441A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2015-04-20 JP JP2015542078A patent/JP5839314B1/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-04-20 CN CN201580029815.5A patent/CN106460915A/zh active Pending
- 2015-04-20 EP EP15803536.0A patent/EP3153726A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
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US20190154078A1 (en) * | 2014-08-21 | 2019-05-23 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
US10527088B2 (en) * | 2014-08-21 | 2020-01-07 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
US9863464B2 (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2018-01-09 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
US20180274584A1 (en) * | 2015-10-05 | 2018-09-27 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
US10502257B2 (en) * | 2015-10-05 | 2019-12-10 | Nok Corporation | Dust cover |
CN108700109A (zh) * | 2016-03-10 | 2018-10-23 | Nok株式会社 | 防尘罩以及密封构造 |
JPWO2017154672A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-10 | 2018-12-27 | Nok株式会社 | ダストカバー及び密封構造 |
JP2021021420A (ja) * | 2019-07-25 | 2021-02-18 | Thkリズム株式会社 | ダストカバー |
JP7366622B2 (ja) | 2019-07-25 | 2023-10-23 | 興国インテック株式会社 | ダストカバー |
Also Published As
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JPWO2015186441A1 (ja) | 2017-04-20 |
CN106460915A (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
JP5839314B1 (ja) | 2016-01-06 |
US20170159701A1 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
EP3153726A4 (en) | 2017-06-21 |
EP3153726A1 (en) | 2017-04-12 |
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