WO2015140945A1 - 疲労試験装置 - Google Patents
疲労試験装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015140945A1 WO2015140945A1 PCT/JP2014/057437 JP2014057437W WO2015140945A1 WO 2015140945 A1 WO2015140945 A1 WO 2015140945A1 JP 2014057437 W JP2014057437 W JP 2014057437W WO 2015140945 A1 WO2015140945 A1 WO 2015140945A1
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- test piece
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/32—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces
- G01N3/38—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces generated by electromagnetic means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/32—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
- G01N2203/0005—Repeated or cyclic
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0023—Bending
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fatigue test apparatus, and particularly to provide a high-speed fatigue strength evaluation apparatus for resin materials and the like.
- a resin material is often used as a composite material such as a glass fiber reinforced resin or a carbon fiber reinforced resin in a bladed which is a main component of an impeller mounted on a wind power generator.
- a composite material such as a glass fiber reinforced resin or a carbon fiber reinforced resin in a bladed which is a main component of an impeller mounted on a wind power generator.
- these composite materials are also used in automobile bodies and chassis and aircraft. These products are exposed to dynamic repeated loads in the environment of use. Therefore, grasping the fatigue strength of materials used for these products is very important in product design.
- a hydraulic drive type fatigue tester In obtaining the fatigue strength of a material, a hydraulic drive type fatigue tester is generally used. In this method, fatigue strength is obtained by subjecting a test piece to repeated tension, compression, or bending deformation by a hydraulic actuator and causing fatigue fracture. Although this type of fatigue testing machine is suitable for applying large loads and large displacements, the test frequency is several tens to 100 Hz at maximum. In the above-mentioned products, it may be necessary to grasp the fatigue strength up to a long life region exceeding 10 7 times. In this case, it is desirable to employ a high-speed test device.
- This test apparatus is an apparatus that performs a fatigue test at a frequency of several tens of kilohertz using ultrasonic vibration, and can perform a fatigue test very quickly.
- this apparatus is a test apparatus developed mainly for the evaluation of metal materials having a higher elastic modulus than that of resin materials, large displacement cannot be generated. Therefore, it is not suitable for testing a material having a relatively small elastic coefficient such as a resin material.
- heat is generated due to viscosity loss, which increases the temperature of the test piece.
- the test piece temperature may affect the fatigue strength, it is desirable that the test piece temperature be a temperature that assumes the usage environment of the material. Even when the fatigue test of uniaxial repetitive tension and compression is performed at a few tens of Hz using the hydraulic drive type fatigue tester described above, the test piece temperature exceeds 100 ° C depending on the thermal conductivity of the material and the test piece shape. It may become a high temperature state. Therefore, in order to perform the test at a high speed while suppressing heat generation, it is effective to use a bending fatigue test. Heat generation due to repeated deformation of the material is proportional to the square of the amount of strain generated in the material.
- the conventional apparatus for performing a resonance bending test does not include a load measuring means, it is difficult to create a fatigue diagram with a constant stress amplitude necessary for actual design.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a fatigue test apparatus that effectively grasps the fatigue strength of a resin material or the like.
- a fatigue test apparatus includes an excitation unit that continuously applies bending deformation to a test piece fixed in a cantilever shape, and an acceleration sensor attached to the test piece.
- the stress amplitude at the fatigue strength evaluation region is calculated using the strain applied to the test piece and acquired by the strain acquisition means and the response acceleration obtained from the acceleration sensor.
- FIG. 1 shows a configuration diagram of a resonance bending fatigue test apparatus in the present embodiment.
- a test piece 2 to be tested is fixed to a movable part 1 of an electromagnetic vibrator by a fixing jig 7 and a fixing bolt 8 in a cantilever manner.
- An acceleration sensor is attached to each of the free end sides of the exciter movable unit 1 and the test piece 2.
- the sensor 3 on the exciter movable part side is used to measure the excitation acceleration signal 4, and the sensor 5 on the free end side is used to measure the response acceleration signal 6.
- the excitation acceleration signal 4 and the response acceleration signal 6 are taken into the control device 9.
- the excitation acceleration signal 4 and the response acceleration signal 6 are always subjected to a fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis so that the phase difference between the two signals can be monitored.
- FFT fast Fourier transform
- the excitation waveform generated by the control device 9 is amplified by the power amplification device, and the electromagnetic exciter is driven.
- signals from each sensor taken into the control device 9 and the test frequency are transmitted to the recording device 11 and recorded, so that the change of each parameter under test can be confirmed after the test is completed. It is like that.
- the control device 9 and the recording device 11 may be configured by a combination of an electronic computer system such as a personal computer and software.
- the resin material is repeatedly deformed at high speed, so heat generation cannot be avoided.
- a resin material has a large change in physical property value with respect to a temperature change as compared with a metal material. Since the natural frequency of an object changes according to its own rigidity (see [Equation 1]), even if the same test piece is used, the natural frequency may change if the temperature changes during the test. Further, it is generally known that the rigidity of a resin material is significantly reduced by fatigue damage. However, by providing the function to follow the natural frequency as described above, a large deformation is always applied to the test piece with a relatively small excitation force even if the temperature change or the rigidity change of the test piece fluctuates during the test. Will be able to.
- the rigidity E may be read as the bending elastic modulus of the test piece.
- Equation 4 it can be seen that the stress does not depend on the rigidity of the test piece, and can be uniquely determined only by the response acceleration a measured by the acceleration sensor. That is, even if a change in the stiffness of the test piece occurs during the test, if the response acceleration signal can be monitored, the stress amplitude applied to the test piece during the test can be known using the relationship of Equation 4.
- FIG. 2 shows an operation chart of the fatigue test apparatus of the present invention.
- the input contents 13 from each sensor, the operation step 14 of the control device, and the input contents 15 from the user are roughly classified into three items.
- the stress amplitude is estimated from the response acceleration signal.
- the strain ⁇ (Equations 3 and 4) generated in the test piece can be directly measured by pasting the strain gauge 12 in advance on the evaluation part of the test piece. .
- the elastic modulus of the resin material targeted by the present invention is smaller than that of the metal material, a large strain that exceeds the measurement range of the strain gauge 12 occurs at the evaluation site. Moreover, since the temperature drift of the strain gauge output value occurs due to heat generation, it is difficult to use the strain gauge output value during the fatigue test for evaluation. Therefore, prior to the start of the fatigue test, a resonance bending test (preliminary test) is performed with an excitation acceleration sufficiently smaller than that during the fatigue test.
- the excitation acceleration level at this time is preferably set so that the test piece is not damaged and the strain range is such that the strain gauge can stably measure the strain.
- the stress amplitude ⁇ is obtained from the strain ⁇ obtained by the preliminary test and the flexural modulus E of the material obtained separately. Further, since the response acceleration a is also measured in the preliminary test, the proportionality constant c 3 (Formula 4) is obtained. Thereafter, the proportionality constant c 3 obtained by this preliminary test, it is possible to estimate the stress amplitude from only the response acceleration a which is measured by the acceleration sensor.
- the control device 9 included in the test apparatus described in this embodiment when the target stress amplitude and the physical property value of the test piece are input after the test piece is attached, the above preliminary test is automatically performed and the proportional constant c 3 It has a function of calculating and adjusting the excitation acceleration level so that the response acceleration level corresponding to the target stress amplitude is obtained. With this function, the tester can perform a fatigue test at a predetermined stress amplitude level without performing complicated calculations.
- the shape of the test piece is such that the maximum stress is generated at a position slightly away from the fixed portion.
- the maximum stress is generated at the end of the test piece fixing portion 17.
- Such a part is not only difficult to attach a strain gauge, but also a stress singular field, making it difficult to quantitatively determine the actual stress value. Therefore, if the test piece shape is a half dumbbell test piece 2 as shown in FIG. 1 or a notched test piece 18 as shown in FIG. 4, the position of maximum stress generation in the resonance bending test is separated from the test piece fixing part. It can be a position.
- the rigidity of the test piece is reduced due to fatigue damage.
- the rigidity of the test piece is proportional to the square of the natural frequency.
- the test frequency decreases as fatigue damage progresses. That is, if the test frequency is monitored, fatigue damage during the test can be quantitatively evaluated.
- the control device of the present invention has a function of automatically calculating and displaying a relative change in rigidity (rigidity retention rate) based on Formula 4 from a change in natural frequency. It is also possible to set an arbitrary rigidity retention ratio in advance and terminate the test when the rigidity retention ratio calculated from the natural frequency change reaches a set value.
- the rigidity of the test piece changes depending on the temperature of the test piece in addition to fatigue damage.
- the bending method employed in the present invention can reduce the overall heat generation amount.
- the temperature dependence of the repetition frequency and strain level employed in the test and the elastic modulus of the material there is a possibility that a change in rigidity that cannot be ignored due to heat generation may occur.
- this device is equipped with a function for correcting the change in rigidity due to the temperature change of the test piece.
- the relationship between the bending elastic modulus of material and temperature is examined beforehand. At this time, it is not always necessary to know the absolute value of the flexural modulus, and it is only necessary to know the relative value. For example, if this test apparatus is used to change the natural frequency of the test piece while changing the test piece temperature in a thermostatic chamber or the like, the temperature dependence of the relative elastic modulus can be calculated based on Equation 1. You can investigate.
- the temperature of the test piece is measured.
- the method of attaching the thermocouple 20 to the test piece evaluation part is the simplest and the lowest cost, but a non-contact type infrared thermometer or the like may be used. Infrared thermometers are expensive compared to thermocouples, and preparations such as emissivity correction are also required, but since temperature can be measured in a non-contact manner, there is no need to consider cable handling.
- the change in the rigidity of the test piece due to the temperature change can be calculated.
- control device of the present invention is provided with the above-described temperature correction function, and can always automatically calculate a decrease in rigidity caused only by fatigue damage.
- the temperature sensor such as the above-described thermocouple 20 or radiation thermometer is used as a control point, and by adding environmental temperature control that makes the test piece temperature constant, It is also possible to eliminate the influence of heat generated by repeated strain. At this time, it is desirable to perform sufficient preliminary examination so that a temperature control device with sufficiently high response that can follow the temperature change of the test piece can be used.
- the fatigue strength evaluation method in the present embodiment it is possible to perform a high-speed fatigue test with a constant stress amplitude on a resin material by utilizing a bending deformation load on a test piece due to resonance.
- Example 2 will be described below. Note that the description of the same parts as in the first embodiment is omitted.
- the strain gauge 12 affixed directly to the evaluation part was used as a strain measurement means at the time of a preliminary test. Since this method directly measures strain, high-precision stress amplitude calculation can be expected. On the other hand, since it is necessary to affix a strain gauge directly to the test piece, it takes time to prepare for the test. In addition, if there is a deviation in the position and angle where the strain gauge is attached, an error may occur in the estimated value of the stress amplitude. Therefore, the strain at the evaluation site may be estimated from the displacement of the response acceleration measurement point calculated by Equation 2.
- a test piece having a special shape such as a half dumbbell shape or a notched shape is used, and the cross-sectional shape is not uniform. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain the strain of the evaluation part from the amount of displacement of the tip of the test piece by simple calculation based on material mechanics. Therefore, a numerical analysis such as a finite element method is used to obtain the relationship between the displacement of the tip of the test piece and the strain of the evaluation part in advance. Thereby, it is possible to estimate the strain and the stress amplitude of the evaluation unit without directly measuring the strain using a strain gauge.
- the means of this embodiment is used when the mass and rigidity of the test piece is sufficiently larger than that of the acceleration sensor and its cables and the material can be regarded as homogeneous isotropic, or when the material is inhomogeneous or anisotropic. This is suitable when it can be sufficiently reflected in the analysis model.
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Abstract
Description
〔数1〕
f 2 =c1E
c1は比例定数であり、数式1は固有振動数の2乗が剛性に比例することを表している。なお本発明においては、剛性Eは試験片の曲げ弾性係数と読み替えて差し支えない。次に、共振状態にある試験片における自由端側の応答加速度をaとする。このときの応答加速度計測位置における変位dは数式2で表すことができる。
〔数2〕
d = a/(2πf)2
共振状態にある試験片の評価部位におけるひずみをεとすると、変位dとの間には比例関係が成り立つため、
〔数3〕
ε = c2d
とかける。このときの評価部位における応力σは、数式1~3より
〔数4〕
σ = εE= c2 a/(2πf)2・f 2/c1= c3a
とあらわすことができる。ここで、c3は比例定数であり、
〔数5〕
c3 = c2/(4π2c1)
である。数式4に基づくと、応力は試験片の剛性に依存せず、加速度センサによって計測された応答加速度aのみによって一意に求めることができることが分かる。すなわち、試験中に試験片の剛性変化が生じても、応答加速度信号をモニタすることができれば、数式4の関係を用いて、試験中に試験片に負荷される応力振幅を知ることができる。
2 半ダンベル試験片
3 加振加速度センサ
4 加振加速度波形
5 応答加速度センサ
6 応答加速度波形
7 固定治具
8 固定ボルト
9 制御装置
10 電力増幅装置
11 記録装置
12 ひずみゲージ
13 センサからの入力内容
14 制御装置の動作ステップ
15 ユーザからの入力内容
16 ストレート試験片
17 固定部
18 ノッチ付き試験片
19 ノッチ
20 熱電対
Claims (9)
- 片持ち梁状に固定された試験片に繰り返し曲げ変形を連続的に与える加振手段と、前記試験片に取り付けた加速度センサと、前記試験片のうち疲労強度評価部位のひずみを直接計測または算出するひずみ取得手段とを備え、
前記加振手段は前記試験片の固有振動数の変化に追随し、追随した該固有振動数を前記試験片に与え、
前記ひずみ取得手段で取得したひずみと前記加速度センサから得た応答加速度を用いて疲労強度評価部位における応力振幅を算出することを特徴とする疲労試験装置。 - 請求項1に記載の疲労試験装置であって、前記ひずみ取得手段は、前記疲労強度評価部位に設けられたひずみゲージであることを特徴とする疲労試験装置。
- 請求項1に記載の疲労試験装置であって、前記ひずみ取得手段は、前記加速度センサ位置の変位振幅を用いて前記疲労強度評価部位のひずみを推定することを特徴とする疲労試験装置。
- 請求項1ないし3のいずれか一つに記載の疲労試験装置であって、前記加速度センサの出力が一定となるように前記加振手段の加振加速度を自動調整することを特徴とする疲労試験装置。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれか一つに記載の疲労試験装置であって、
前記加速度センサは、前記試験片の自由端側に取り付けた自由端側加速度センサであり、
更に前記加振手段の可動部に取り付けた加振手段側加速度センサと、前記加振手段側加速度センサと前記自由端側加速度センサの出力波形の位相差を一定に保つ制御手段とを備え、
前記自由端側加速度センサの出力及び前記試験片の固有振動数から前記自由端側加速度センサ位置における変位振幅を算出し、
前記ひずみ取得手段から得られるひずみ振幅と前記変位振幅の間の比例定数を算出し、
前記自由端側加速度センサの出力、前記比例定数及び前記試験片の弾性係数を用いて、前記疲労強度評価部位に付加される応力振幅を算出することを特徴とする疲労試験装置。 - 請求項1ないし5のいずれか一つに記載の疲労試験装置であって、試験片の少なくとも一か所の表面温度を計測する温度計測手段を有することを特徴とする疲労試験装置。
- 請求項6に記載の疲労試験装置であって、前記温度計測手段は熱電対であることを特徴とする疲労試験装置。
- 請求項6に記載の疲労試験装置であって、前記温度計測手段は非接触方式の放射温度計であることを特徴とする疲労試験装置。
- 請求項6ないし8のいずれか一つに記載の疲労試験装置であって、前記試験片の周囲温度を調節する温度制御装置を有し、前記温度制御装置は前記温度計測手段によって計測された温度を所定の目標値に制御することを特徴とする疲労試験装置。
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EP14886058.8A EP3121586B1 (en) | 2014-03-19 | 2014-03-19 | Fatigue tester |
PCT/JP2014/057437 WO2015140945A1 (ja) | 2014-03-19 | 2014-03-19 | 疲労試験装置 |
JP2016508383A JP6142074B2 (ja) | 2014-03-19 | 2014-03-19 | 疲労試験装置 |
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JPWO2015140945A1 (ja) | 2017-04-06 |
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