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  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
  • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
  • B01J20/28016—Particle form
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J20/28069—Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J20/28078—Pore diameter
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
  • C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
  • C01F17/20—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element
  • C01F17/206—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element oxide or hydroxide being the only anion
  • C01F17/224—Oxides or hydroxides of lanthanides
  • C01F17/235—Cerium oxides or hydroxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
  • C12N1/02—Separating microorganisms from their culture media
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
  • C01P2002/01—Crystal-structural characteristics depicted by a TEM-image
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
  • C01P2002/60—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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  • C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/12—Surface area
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  • C01P2006/22—Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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  • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
  • C02F1/288—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using composite sorbents, e.g. coated, impregnated, multi-layered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
  • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
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  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
  • C02F2103/06—Contaminated groundwater or leachate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
  • C02F2303/04—Disinfection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment

Definitions

• This disclosure relates generally to cerium-containing compositions for removing biological and other target contaminants from aqueous streams. More specifically, this disclosure is particularly concerned with cerium-containing compositions for removing biological contaminants from groundwater and drinking water.
• the cerium-containing composition is cerium oxide. More typically, the cerium-containing composition can be cerium (IV) oxide.
• the biological contaminants can be present at high or very low concentrations.
• the cerium- containing composition can remove the biological contaminants from the aqueous streams when they are present at high or very low concentrations.
• the cerium-containing composition generally comprises a cerium (IV) oxide composition (Ce0 2 ).
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be in a crystalline form.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a high surface area.
• a cerium (IV) oxide composition in accordance with some embodiment is method of contacting a cerium (IV) oxide composition with a biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream.
• the contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream can remove some of the biological contaminant from the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream.
• one or more of the following (i) through (vi) can be true:
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a zeta potential at about pH 7 of no more than about 30 mV and of more than about 1 mV;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size Di 0 of more than about 0.5 ⁇ and no more than about 7 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size D 50 of more than about 2 ⁇ and no more than about 20 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size D 90 of more than about 12 ⁇ and no more than about 50 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a crystallite size of more than about 1 nm and no more than about 22 nm;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have an acidic site concentration of more than about 0.0001 acidic sites/kg and no more than about 0.020 acidic sites/kg.
• a device having an inlet to receive an aqueous stream having a first level of a biological contaminant; a contacting chamber, in fluid
• the aqueous stream can have the first level of biological contaminant prior to the of the aqueous stream contacting the cerium (IV) oxide composition and can have a second level of biological contaminant after the contacting of the aqueous stream with the cerium (IV) oxide.
• the first level of biological contaminant can be greater than the second level of the biological contaminant.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a zeta potential at about pH 7 of no more than about 30 mV and of more than about 1 mV;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size Di 0 of more than about 0.5 ⁇ and no more than about 7 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size D 50 of more than about 2 ⁇ and no more than about 20 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size D90 of more than about 12 ⁇ and no more than about 50 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a crystallite size of more than about 1 nm and no more than about 22 nm;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have an acidic site concentration of more than about 0.0001 acidic sites/kg and no more than about 0.020 acidic sites/kg.
• composition having a cerium (IV) oxide composition having a sorbed biological contaminant is a composition having a cerium (IV) oxide composition having a sorbed biological contaminant.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition having a sorbed biological contaminant.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have, prior to the biological contaminant being sorbed, a zeta potential at about pH 7 of no more than about 30 mV and of more than about 1 mV;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size Di 0 of more than about 0.5 ⁇ and no more than about 7 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size D 50 of more than about 2 ⁇ and no more than about 20 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size D 90 of more than about 12 ⁇ and no more than about 50 ⁇ ;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a crystallite size of more than about 1 nm and no more than about 22 nm;
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have, prior to the biological contaminant being sorbed, an acidic site concentration of more than about 0.0001 acidic sites/kg and no more than about 0.020 acidic sites/kg.
• one of (i) through (vi) can be true and the other five of (i) through (vi) can be false.
• two of (i) through (vi) can be true and the other four of (i) through (vi) can be false.
• three of (i) through (vi) can be true and the other three of (i) through (vi) can be false.
• five of (i) through (vi) can be true and the other one of (i) through (vi) can be false.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a zeta potential from about 7.5 to about 12.5 mV at about pH 7. Moreover in some embodiments, the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have, prior to sorbing the biological contaminant, a zeta potential from about 7.5 to about 12.5 mV at about pH 7. In some embodiments, the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size Di 0 is from about 1 to about 3 ⁇ .
• the cerium (IV) oxide can have a particle size D 50 from about 7.5 to about 10.5 ⁇ .
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a particle size D 90 from about 20 to about 30 ⁇ .
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a crystallite size from about 7.5 to about 12. 5 nm.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a number of acid sites from more than about 0.0001 to no more than about 0.020 acidic sites/kg of the cerium (IV) oxide composition. Moreover in some embodiments, the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have, prior to sorbing the biological contaminant, a number of acid sites from more than about 0.0001 to no more than about 0.020 acidic sites/kg of the cerium (IV) oxide composition.
• the biological contaminant can be selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeasts, algae, and viruses.
• the sorbed biological contaminant can be selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeasts, algae, and viruses.
• the biological contaminant can be one selected from the group of Klebsiella oxytoca, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Selenastum capriocornutum, and MS2.
• the sorbed biological contaminant can be selected from the group consisting of Klebsiella oxytoca, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Selenastum capriocornutum, and MS2.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition removes more of the biological contaminant per gram of Ce0 2 than an oxide of cerium (IV).
• one or more of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) are false for the oxide of cerium (IV).
• (i) can be true and (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false.
• (i) can be true and one of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (i) can be true and two of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (i) can be true and three of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (i) can be true and four of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the other of (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true;.
• (i) can be true and (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (ii) can be true and (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false. In some embodiments, (ii) can be true and one of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can false and the others of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can true.
• (ii) can be true and two of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (ii) can be true and three of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (ii) can be true and four of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the other of (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iii) can be true and (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false.
• (iii) can be true and one of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iii) can be true and two of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iii) can be true and three of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iii) can be true and four of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be false and the other of (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iv) can be true and (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be false.
• (iv) can be true and one of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iv) can be true and two of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iv) can be true and three of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (iv) can be true and four of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi) can be true.
• (v) can be true and (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be false.
• (v) can be true and one of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be true.
• (v) can be true and two of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be true.
• (v) can be true and three of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be true.
• (v) can be true and four of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be false and the other of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) can be true.
• (vi) can be true and (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be false. In some embodiments, (vi) can be true and one of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be true.
• (vi) can be true and two of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be true.
• (vi) can be true and three of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be true.
• (vi) can be true and four of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be false and the others of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) can be true.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be unsupported or supported.
• the supported cerium (IV) oxide composition can be deposited on a single support or deposited on multiple supports.
• the supports can be without limitation alumina, aluminosilicates, ion exchange resins, organic polymers, and clays.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be deposited and/or mixed with a polymeric porous material. Moreover, it is believed that the cerium (IV) oxide composition surface exposure is enhanced when the cerium (IV) oxide composition is deposited and/or mixed with the polymeric porous material.
• each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C", “one or more of A, B, or C" and "A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.
• each one of A, B, and C in the above expressions refers to an element, such as X, Y, and Z, or class of elements, such as Xi-X n , Yi-Y m , and Z Z 0
• the phrase is intended to refer to a single element selected from X, Y, and Z, a combination of elements selected from the same class (e.g., Xi and X 2 ) as well as a combination of elements selected from two or more classes (e.g., Yi and Z 0 ).
• the phrase from about 2 to about 4 includes the whole number and/or integer ranges from about 2 to about 3, from about 3 to about 4 and each possible range based on real (e.g., irrational and/or rational) numbers, such as from about 2.1 to about 4.9, from about 2.1 to about 3.4, and so on.
• Fig. 1 shows the Klebsiella oxytoca bacteria with respect to the incubation time for a control and for a cerium (IV) oxide composition according to some embodiments of the present disclosure
• Fig. 2 shows the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast count with respect to incubation time for a control and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition according to some embodiments of the present disclosure
• Fig. 3 shows the Selenastum Capriocornutum count with respect to incubation time for a control and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition according to some embodiments of the present disclosure
• Fig. 4 shows the MS2 Bacteriophage concentration with respect to incubation time for a control and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition according to some embodiments of the present disclosure
• Fig. 5 shows the Klebsiella oxytoca count with respect to incubation time for a control, for an oxide of cerium (IV) of the prior art (Comparative Example 1), and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
• Fig. 6 shows the Saccharomyces cerevisiae count with respect to incubation time for a control, for an oxide of cerium (IV) of the prior art (Comparative Example 1), and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
• Fig. 7 shows the Selenastum Capriocornutum count with respect to incubation time with respect to a control, for an oxide of cerium (IV) of the prior art (Comparative Example 1), and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
• Fig. 8 shows the MS2 Bacteriophage concentration with respect to incubation time for a control, for an oxide of cerium (IV) of the prior art (Comparative Example 1), and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
• Fig. 9 is a comparison plot of the zeta potential of both the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example and a prior art oxide of cerium (IV) against pH;
• Fig.10 is a comparison plot of the particle size distribution for both the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example and a prior art oxide of cerium (IV).
• the process of the disclosure is primarily envisioned for removing biological contaminants from an aqueous stream using a cerium (IV) oxide composition (CeC ⁇ ) having particular properties.
• the aqueous stream can be one or more of a drinking water and groundwater source that contains undesirable amounts of biological and/or other contaminants.
• the aqueous stream can include without limitation well waters, surface waters (such as water from lakes, ponds and wetlands), agricultural waters, wastewater from industrial processes, and geothermal waters.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be used to treat any aqueous stream containing a biological contaminant.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the present disclosure has a number of properties that are particularly advantageous for biological contaminant removal. Contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with the aqueous stream containing the biological contaminant can effectively reduce biological contaminant level in the aqueous stream. Typically, the contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with the aqueous stream can reduce the biological contaminant level in the aqueous stream by more than about 75%.
• the contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with the aqueous stream can reduce the biological contaminant level in the aqueous stream by more than about 80%, more typically more than about 85%, more typically more than about 90%, more typically more than about 95%, more typically more than about 97.5%, and even more typically more than about 99.5%.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have a zeta-potential, at pH 7, of more than about 1 mV. While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the zeta of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition has a zeta-potential, at pH 7, of more than about 5 mV. More typically, the zeta-potential, at pH 7, of the cerium (IV) oxide composition is more than about 10 mV.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition has a zeta-potential of no more than about 30 mV.
• the zeta-potential of the cerium (IV) oxide composition is no more than about 20 mV or even more typically no more than about 15 mV.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition has zeta-potential of no more than one of about 30 mV, about 20 mV and about 15 mV and a zeta-potential of more than one of about 1 mV, about 5 mV, and 10 mV.
• the zeta-potential of the cerium (IV) oxide composition at pH 7 usually ranges from about 7.5 to about 12.5 mV.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described zeta-potentials in combination with any one or more of the below isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes, average pore sizes, particle sizes, crystalline sizes, and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition typically has an isoelectric point of more than about pH 7, more generally of more than about pH 8, and even more generally of more than about H 9 but generally no more than about pH 12, more generally no more than about pH 11, and even more generally no more than about pH 10.
• the isoelectric point typically ranges from about pH 8.5 to about pH 10. While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the isoelectric point of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described isolectric points in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta-potentials; and the below surface areas, average pore volumes, average pore sizes, particle sizes, crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can commonly have a surface area from about 30 to about 200 m 2 /g, more commonly from about 60 to about 180 m 2 /g, or even more typically from about 100 to about 150 m 2 /g.
• the surface of the cerium (IV) oxide composition is from about 100 to about 150 m 2 /g, more typically from about 1 10 to about 150 m 2 g/. While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the surface area of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described surface areas in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta-potentials and isoelectric points; and the below average pore volumes, average pore sizes, particle sizes, crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition typically has an average (mean, median, and mode) pore volume (as determined by N 2 adsorption) of more than about 0.01 cm 3 /g, more typically of more than about 0.1 cm 3 /g, and more typically of more than about 0.2 cm 3 /g but typically no more than about 0.85 cm 3 /g, more typically no more than about 0.8 cm 3 /g, more typically no more than about 0.75 cm 3 /g, more typically no more than about 0.65 cm 3 /g, more typically no more than about 0.6 cm 3 /g, more typically no more than about 0.55 cm 3 /g, more typically no more than about 0.5 cm 3 /g, and even more typically no more than about 0.45 cm 3 /g.
• the pore volume can range from about 0.3 to about 0.4 cm 3 /g, from more than about 0.4 to about 0.5 cm 3 /g, or from more than about 0.5 to about 0.6 cm 3 /g. While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the average pore volume of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream. It can be appreciated that the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described average pore volumes in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, and surface areas; and the below average pore sizes, particle sizes, crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition generally has an average (mean, median, and mode) pore size (as determined by the BJH method) of more than about 0.5 nm, more generally of more than about 1 nm, and more generally of more than about 6 nm but generally no more than about 20 nm, more generally no more than about 15 nm, and even more generally no more than about 12 nm.
• the average pore size can range from about 0.5 to about 6.5 nm, from more than about 6.5 to about 13 nm, or from more than about 13 to about 20 nm. While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the average pore size of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described average pore sizes in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas and average pore volumes; and the below particle sizes, crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition is usually in particulate form.
• the particulate cerium (IV) oxide composition has one or more of a particle size Di 0 , particle size D 50 and particle D 90 . While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the one or more of a particle size Di 0 , particle size D 50 and particle D 90 surface area of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described particle sizes Dio, D 50 or D 90 in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes and average pore sizes; and the below crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the particulate cerium (IV) oxide composition commonly has a particle size Di 0 from about 1 to about 3 ⁇ . More commonly, the cerium (IV) oxide composition typically has a particle size Di 0 of more than about 0.05 ⁇ , even more commonly of more than about 0.5 ⁇ , and yet even more commonly of more than about 1 ⁇ but more commonly no more than about 7 ⁇ , even more commonly no more than about 5 ⁇ , and yet even more commonly no more than about 3 ⁇ .
• the particle size D 10 typically ranges from about 1 to about 3 ⁇ . While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the particle size D 10 of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described Di 0 particle sizes in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes and average pore sizes; and the below crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition generally has a particle size D 50 of more than about 2 ⁇ , more generally of more than about 4 ⁇ , and more generally of at least about 5 ⁇ but generally no more than about 20 ⁇ , more generally no more than about 15 ⁇ , and even more generally no more than about 12 ⁇ .
• the particle size D 50 usually ranges from about 7.5 to about 10.5 ⁇ . While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the particle size D 50 of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described D 50 particle sizes in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta- potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes and average pore sizes; and the below crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition commonly has a particle size D 90 of more than about 12 ⁇ , more commonly of more than about 15 ⁇ , and even more commonly of more than about 20 ⁇ but commonly no more than about 50 ⁇ , more commonly no more than about 40 ⁇ , and even more commonly no more than about 30 ⁇ .
• the particle size D 90 generally ranges from about 20 to about 30 ⁇ . While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the particle size D 90 of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described D 90 particle sizes in combination with any one or more of: the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes and average pore sizes; and the below crystalline sizes and number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition typically has a crystallite size of more than about 1 nm, more typically of more than about 4 nm, and even more typically of more than about 7.5 nm but typically no more than about 22 nm, more typically no more than about 17 nm, and even more typically no more than about 12.5 nm.
• the crystallite size commonly ranges from about 7.5 to about 12.5 nm. While not wanting to be bound by any theory it is believed that the crystallite size of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described crystalline sizes in combination with any one or more of the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes, average pore sizes and particle sizes, and the below number of acidic sites.
• the cerium (IV) oxide has no more than about 0.020 acidic sites/kg as measured by a zeta-potential titration. More generally, the cerium (IV) oxide has no more than about 0.015 acidic sites/kg, even more generally no more than about 0.010 acidic sites/kg, yet even more generally no more than about 0.005 acid sites/kg, and even yet more generally no more than about 0.001 acid sites/kg as measured by a zeta-potential titration. Even yet more generally, the cerium (IV) oxide has about 0 to about 0.001 acid sites/kg as measured by a zeta-potential titration.
• the number of acid sites/kg of the cerium (IV) oxide composition can affect the removal of the biological contaminant from an aqueous stream. It can be appreciated that the cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one of the described number of acid sites in combination with any one or more of the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes, average pore sizes and particle sizes.
• cerium (IV) oxide, Ce(IV)0 2 in the cerium (IV) oxide composition can vary.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition typically comprises more than about 75 wt% Ce(IV)0 2 , more typically more than about 85 wt% Ce(IV)0 2 , even more typically more than about 90 wt%
• Ce(IV)0 2 or yet even more typically more than about 99.5 wt% Ce(IV)0 2 .
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can contain rare earth oxides other than cerium (IV) oxide.
• the rare earth oxides other than cerium (IV) oxide comprise no more than about 40 wt.%, more commonly no more than about 25 wt.%, and even more commonly no more than about 10 wt.% of the cerium (IV) oxide composition.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can contain non-rare earth materials.
• the non-rare earth materials typically comprise no more than about 5 wt.%, more generally no more than about 2.5 wt.%, and even more generally no more than about 1 wt.% of the cerium (IV) oxide composition.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be free of any added non-rare materials. That is, the level of non-rare earth materials contained in the cerium (IV) oxide composition typically comprise naturally occurring "impurities" present in cerium oxide. Commonly, any one non-rare material contained in the cerium (IV) oxide composition is no more than about 4 wt%, more commonly no more than about 2.5 wt%, even more commonly no more than about 1 wt% and yet even more commonly no more than about 0.5 wt%.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition can have any one or more of the described wt% cerium(IV) oxide, wt% of rare earth oxides other than cerium (IV) oxide, and wt% of non-rare earth materials in combination with any one or more of the above zeta-potentials, isoelectric points, surface areas, average pore volumes, average pore sizes, particle sizes, crystalline sizes, and number of acid sites.
• the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream is passed through an inlet into a vessel at a temperature and pressure, usually at ambient temperature and pressure, such that the water in the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream remains in the liquid state.
• the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream is contacted with the cerium (IV) oxide composition.
• the contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide with the the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream leads to the biological contaminant one or more of sorbing and reacting with the cerium (IV) oxide composition.
• the one or more of sorbing and reacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with the biological contaminant removes the biological contaminant from the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be deposited on a support material. Furthermore, the cerium (IV) oxide can be deposited on one or more external and/or internal surfaces of the support material. It can be appreciated that persons of ordinary skill in the art generally refer to the internal surfaces of the support material as pores.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be supported on the support material with or without a binder. In some embodiments, the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be applied to the support material using any conventional techniques such as slurry deposition.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition is slurried with the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream. It can be appreciated that the cerium (IV) oxide composition and the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream are contacted when they are slurried. While not wanting to be bound by any theory, it is believed that some, if not most or all of the biological contaminant contained in the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream is removed from the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream by the slurring and/or contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with the biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream.
• the slurry is filtered by any known solid liquid separation method.
• the term "some” refers to removing no more than about 50% of the biological contaminant contained in the aqueous stream. More generally, the term “some” refers to one or more of removing no more than about 10%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 30%, and no more than about 40% of the biological contaminant contained in the aqueous stream. The term “most” refers to removing more than about 50% but no more than about 100% of the biological contaminant contained in the aqueous stream.
• the term “most” refers to one or more of removing more than about 60%, more than about 70%, more than about 90%, and more than about 90% but no more than 100% of the biological contaminant contained in the aqueous stream.
• the term “all” refers to removing about 100% of the biological contaminant contained in the aqueous stream. More generally, the term “all” refers to removing more than 98%, 99%, 99.5%, and 99.9% of the biological contaminant contained in the aqueous stream.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition is in the form of a fixed bed.
• the fixed bed of cerium (IV) oxide is normally comprises cerium (IV) oxide in the form of cerium (IV) oxide particles.
• the cerium (IV) oxide particles can have a shape and/or form that exposes a maximum cerium (IV) oxide particle surface area to the aqueous liquid fluid with minimal back-pressure and the flow of the aqueous liquid fluid through the fixed bed.
• the cerium (IV) oxide particles may be in the form of a shaped body such as beads, extrudates, porous polymeric structures or monoliths.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition can be supported as a layer and/or coating on such beads, extrudates, porous polymeric structures or monolith supports.
• the contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with the biological contaminant- containing aqueous stream normally takes place at a temperature from about 4 to about 100 degrees Celsius, more normally from about 5 to about 40 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, the contacting of cerium (IV) oxide with the biological contaminant-containing stream commonly takes place at a pH from about pH 1 to about pH 1 1, more commonly from about pH 3 to about pH 9. The contacting of the cerium (IV) oxide composition with biological contaminant-containing aqueous stream generally occurs over a period of time of more than about 1 minute and no more than about 24 hours.
• a cerium (IV) oxide composition was prepared by the following method. In a closed, stirred container a one liter of a 0.12 M cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate solution was prepared from cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate crystals dissolved in nitric acid and held at approximately 90°C for about 24 hours. In a separate container 200 ml of a 3M ammonium hydroxide solution was prepared and held at room temperature. Subsequently the two solutions were combined and stirred for approximately one hour. The resultant precipitate was filtered using Biickner funnel equipped with filter paper. The solids were then thoroughly washed in the Biickner using deionized water. Following the washing/filtering step, the wet hydrate was calcined in a muffle furnace at approximately 450°C for three hours to form the cerium (IV) oxide composition.
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition material used had a zeta-potential of about 9.5 mV at a pH of about pH 7, an isoelectric point of about pH 9.1, about 0.001 acidic sites/kg as measured by zeta-potential titration, a surface area between about 110 and about 150 m 2 /g, a particle size D 10 of about 2 ⁇ , a particle size D 50 of about 9 ⁇ , a particle size D90 of about 25 ⁇ , and a crystallite size of about 10 nm.
• the crystallite size, that is the size of the individual crystals, was measured by XRD or TEM.
• the D xx particle sizes were measured by laser diffraction; they are the size of the particles that are made up of the individual crystallites.
• Autoclaved broth was made from about 30 g of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and about 1000 ml of deionized water.
• the autoclaved broth was inoculated with a pure colony of Klebsiella oxytoca and incubated for about 4 hours at a temperature from about 34 to about 38 degrees Celsius.
• 1000 mg of the cerium (IV) oxide composition was charged into a flask containing about 100 ml of the inoculated broth solution, after which the flask was placed on an incubation shaker. Samples were taken after about 1 , 4, 8, and 24 hours and, thereafter, diluted about 1 ,000,000 fold.
• Fig.1 shows the Klebsiella oxytoca bacteria with respect to the incubation time for a control and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example.
• Use of the cerium (IV) oxide composition leads to a lower bacteria count at 1 , 4, 8, and 24 hour incubation times as compared to the control.
• Autoclaved broth was made from about 30 g of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and about 1000 ml of deionized water.
• the autoclaved broth was inoculated with a pure colony of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and incubated for about 4 hours at about 34 to about 38 degrees Celsius.
• about 1000 mg of the cerium (IV) oxide composition was placed into a flask containing 100 ml of the inoculated broth solution, after which the flask was placed on an incubated shaker. Samples were taken after about 1 , 4, 8, and 24 hours and, thereafter, diluted about 1 ,000,000 fold.
• FIG. 2 shows the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast count with respect to incubation time for a control and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example. While use of the cerium (IV) oxide composition leads to a slightly higher yeast count for an incubation time of 1 hour, it leads to lower yeast count for an incubation time of 4 hours, and a dramatically lower yeast count for an incubation time of 8 hours.
• Fig. 3 shows the Selenastum Capriocornutum count with respect to incubation time for a control and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example. Use of the cerium (IV) oxide composition leads to a lower algae populations at 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24 and 72 hour incubation times as compared to the control. Table 3
• BFD buffered demand free
• MS2 bacteriophages stock solution about 500 mL deionized water, about 285 mg Na 2 HP0 4 , and about 440 mg KH 2 P0 4
• samples were taken at 0.25, 4, 8, and 12 hours, the each sample was diluted about 1 ,000,000 fold.
• E. Coli 15597 bacterial host was used to Assay the samples. About 100 ⁇ of the e.
• Fig. 4 shows the MS2 Bacteriophage concentration with respect to incubation time for a control and for the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example shows similar results for an incubation time of 0.25 hours
• the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example dramatically reduces the population of the MS2 Bacteriophage as compared to the Control for 4, 8, and 12 hours.
• test solutions containing arsenic (V) in the form of arsenate were prepared according to guidelines for NSF 53 Arsenic Removal water as specified in section 7.4.1.1.3 ofNSF/ANSI 53 drinking water treatment units-health effects standards document. 10 milligrams of the ceric oxide, were placed in a sealed 500 milliliter polyethylene container and slurried with about 500 milliliters of the test solution at different pH points containing arsenic at concentrations as described in
• Tables 9 and 10 The resultant slurries were agitated by tumbling the containers for a set time given to each individual sample. After agitation, the tap water was separated from the solids by filtration through a 0.2 micron syringe filter and sealed in 125 milliliter plastic sample bottles. The bottles were then sent to a certified drinking water analysis laboratory where the amount of arsenic in each liquid sample was determined by ICP mass spectroscopy. The results of these tests are set forth below in Tables 9 and 10.
• the resultant slurries were agitated by tumbling the containers for several hours. After agitation, the test solution was separated from the solids by filtration through a 0.45 micron syringe filter. The filtrate was sealed in 125 milliliter plastic sample bottles and sent to a certified drinking water analysis laboratory where the amount of arsenic in each filtrate was determined by ICP mass spectroscopy.
• Test solutions containing Fluoride were prepared according to guidelines for NSF 53 Arsenic Removal water as specified in section 7.4.1.1.3 of NSF/ ANSI 53 drinking water treatment units-health effects standards document.
• 500 milligrams of the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example were placed in a sealed 125 milliliter polyethylene container and slurried with about 50 milliliters of test solution at different pH points as described in the Table. The resultant slurries were agitated by tumbling the containers for several hours. After agitation, the test solution was separated from the solids by filtration through a 0.45 micron syringe filter. The filtrate was sealed in 125 milliliter plastic sample bottles and sent to a certified drinking water analysis laboratory where the amount of arsenic in each filtrate was determined by ICP mass spectroscopy. The results of these tests are set forth below in Table 12.
• the comparative examples use an oxide of cerium (IV) prepared calcining
• the oxide of cerium is represented by the chemical formula Ce0 2 and the cerium has an oxidation state of +4.
• the oxide of cerium used the comparative examples has a Zeta potential of about 16 mV at pH 7, an iso-electric point of about pH 8.8, about 0.02 acidic sites/kg as measured by zeta-potential titration, a particle size Di 0 of about 4 ⁇ , particle size D 50 of about 30 ⁇ , a particle size D 90 of about 90 ⁇ , and a crystallite size of about 19 nm.
• Autoclaved broth was made from about 30 g of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and about 1000 ml of deionized water.
• the autoclaved broth was inoculated with a pure colony of Klebsiella oxytoca and incubated for about 4 hours at a temperature from about 34 to about 38 degrees Celsius.
• 1000 mg of the oxide of cerium (IV) was charged into a flask containing about 100 ml of the inoculated broth solution, after which the flask was placed on an incubation shaker. Samples were taken after about 1 , 4, 8, and 24 hours and, thereafter, diluted about 1 ,000,000 fold.
• Fig. 5 shows the Klebsiella oxytoca count with respect to incubation time for a control, the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example, and for an oxide of cerium (IV) of the prior art
• Autoclaved broth was made from about 30 g of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and about 1000 ml of deionized water.
• the autoclaved broth was inoculated with a pure colony of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and incubated for about 4 hours at about 34 to about 38 degrees Celsius.
• about 1000 mg of the oxide of cerium (IV) was placed into a flask containing 100 ml of the inoculated broth solution, after which the flask was placed on an incubated shaker. Samples were taken after about 1 , 4, 8, and 24 hours and, thereafter, diluted about 1 ,000,000 fold.
• TTB tryptic soy broth
• IV oxide of cerium
• Fig. 6 shows the Saccharomyces cerevisiae count with respect to incubation time for a control, the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example, and the oxide of cerium (IV) of the Comparative Example. For an incubation time of 1 hour, the control leads to a lower yeast count compared to both the cerium (IV) oxide composition of Example and the oxide of cerium (IV) of the
• BFD buffered demand free
• MS2 bacteriophages stock solution from which about 100 ml of the solution was taken and mixed with about 1000 mg of the oxide of cerium (IV).
• samples were taken at 0.25, 4, 8, and 12 hours, the each sample was diluted about 1 ,000,000 fold.
• E. Coli 15597 bacterial host was used to Assay the samples. About 100 ⁇ of the e.
• Fig. 8 shows the MS2 Bacteriophage concentration with respect to incubation time for a control, the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example, and the Comparative Example (an oxide of cerium (IV) of the prior art).
• cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example outperforms the control in effectively lowering the virus count at every incubation time, and significantly lowers the viral count compared with the control at incubation times of 4, 8, and 12 hours, the cerium (IV) oxide composition of Example does not lower the count as effectively as the Comparative Example.
• Fig. 9 shows the zeta potential for both the Example and the Comparative Example as a function of pH.
• the zeta potential of the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example is higher from a pH of about 4 until a pH of about 8.5.
• the Comparative Example has a larger zeta potential.
• Fig. 10 shows the particle size distribution for both the Example and the Comparative Example.
• the particle size distribution of the Example is much less uniform than that of the Comparative Example, and the cerium (IV) oxide composition of the Example also has a smaller average particle size than the Comparative Example.
• Test solutions containing arsenic(V) were prepared according to guidelines for NSF 53 Arsenic Removal water as specified in section 7.4.1.1.3 of NSF/ANSI 53 drinking water treatment units-health effects standards document. 20 milligrams of commercially available oxide of cerium (IV) (Ce0 2 prepared by calcining Ce 2 (C03)3'6H 2 0 and having a Zeta potential of about 16 mV at pH 7, an iso-electric point of about pH 8.8, a particle size Dio of about 4 um, particle size D 50 of about 30 um, a particle size D 90 of about 90 um, and a crystallite size of about 19 nm.
• IV oxide of cerium
• Ce0 2 prepared by calcining Ce 2 (C03)3'6H 2 0 and having a Zeta potential of about 16 mV at pH 7, an iso-electric point of about pH 8.8, a particle size Dio of about 4 um, particle size D 50 of about 30 um, a particle size D 90 of about 90 um, and
• cerium (IV) oxide composition remove fluoride from an aqueous differently than the oxide of cerium (IV) of the prior art, as depicted in Tables 1 1 , 12, 22 and 23. It has also been found that these surprising and unexpected properties are also applicable to biological contaminant removal as shown in Tables 1 -4 and 13- 16.
• cerium (IV) oxide composition embodied in the present disclosure provides for much better biological contaminant removal performance owing to its unique material characteristics.
• the present disclosure in various aspects, embodiments, and configurations, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various aspects, embodiments, configurations, sub-combinations, and subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the various aspects, aspects, embodiments, and configurations, after understanding the present disclosure.
• the present disclosure in various aspects, embodiments, and configurations, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various aspects, embodiments, and configurations hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and ⁇ or reducing cost of implementation.

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