Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0002—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate
  • D06N3/0015—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate using fibres of specified chemical or physical nature, e.g. natural silk
  • D06N3/0034—Polyamide fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/024—Woven fabric
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/06—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer mechanically connected, e.g. by needling to another layer, e.g. of fibres, of paper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/12—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by the relative arrangement of fibres or filaments of different layers, e.g. the fibres or filaments being parallel or perpendicular to each other
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
  • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M13/322—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing nitrogen
  • D06M13/395—Isocyanates
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/227—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
  • D06M15/277—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof containing fluorine
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/04—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06N3/045—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds with polyolefin or polystyrene (co-)polymers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/04—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06N3/047—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds with fluoropolymers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/12—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. gelatine proteins
  • D06N3/14—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. gelatine proteins with polyurethanes
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F41—WEAPONS
  • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
  • F41H1/00—Personal protection gear
  • F41H1/02—Armoured or projectile- or missile-resistant garments; Composite protection fabrics
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
  • B32B2255/02—Coating on the layer surface on fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
  • B32B2255/26—Polymeric coating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
  • B32B2260/021—Fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B2260/023—Two or more layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
  • B32B2262/0261—Polyamide fibres
  • B32B2262/0269—Aromatic polyamide fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
  • B32B2307/58—Cuttability
  • B32B2307/581—Resistant to cut
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/73—Hydrophobic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B2571/00—Protective equipment
  • B32B2571/02—Protective equipment defensive, e.g. armour plates or anti-ballistic clothing
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
  • D06M2101/16—Synthetic fibres, other than mineral fibres
  • D06M2101/30—Synthetic polymers consisting of macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M2101/34—Polyamides
  • D06M2101/36—Aromatic polyamides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
  • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
  • D06N2201/0263—Polyamide fibres
  • D06N2201/0272—Aromatic polyamide fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
  • D06N2209/10—Properties of the materials having mechanical properties
  • D06N2209/103—Resistant to mechanical forces, e.g. shock, impact, puncture, flexion, shear, compression, tear
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
  • D06N2209/12—Permeability or impermeability properties
  • D06N2209/126—Permeability to liquids, absorption
  • D06N2209/128—Non-permeable

Definitions

• This invention relates to composites and ballistic resistant armor articles containing the composites.
• the composites comprise layers of high tenacity yarns.
• United States patent 6,990,886 to Citterio discloses an unfinished multilayer structure used to produce a finished multilayer anti-ballistic composite.
• the unfinished multilayer structure includes a first layer of threads parallel with each other, superimposed, with the interpositioning of a binding layer on at least a second layer of threads which are parallel with each other.
• the threads of the first layer are set in various directions with respect to the threads of the second layer.
• the two layers are also joined by binding threads made of a thermoplastic or thermosetting material or of a material which is water-soluble or soluble in a suitable solvent.
• PCT patent application publication number 2012/145051 to Chiou et al discloses a coated fabric suitable for use in an anti-ballistic article comprising a fabric comprising at least a first layer of high tenacity yarns such as para- aramid arranged parallel with each other and at least a second layer of high tenacity yams arranged parallel with each other, the yarns of the first layer having an orientation in a direction that is different from the orientation of the yarns in the second layer, a fluoropolymer, a viscoelastic resin and a thermoset or thermoplastic binding layer, the binding layer being positioned between the first and second layers of yarns.
• a method of making the surfactant free coated fabric using a non-polar organic solvent is also disclosed.
• United States patent 5,229,199 to Miner et al teaches a rigid composite comprising a polyester, phenolic, or polyamide resin matrix reinforced with woven fabric of continuous p-aramid filaments coated with from about 0.2 to 5 percent, by weight, of a solid adhesion modifier which reduces the adhesion between said resin matrix and said p-aramid filaments embedded therein, said adhesion modifier selected from the group consisting of a 2- perfluoroalkylethyl ester, a paraffin wax and a combination thereof.
• European patent application number 1 396 572 A1 pertains to a method of pro ducing a waterproof aramid fabric for antiballistic applications by treating aramid yam with waterproofing agent, drying the yarn, making woven fabric fro m the yarn and heating the woven fabric.
• This invention is directed to a composite useful in a ballistic resistant armor article, comprising a fabric of aromatic polyamide or aromatic copolyamide fibers and a coating on the external surfaces of the fabric that partially impregnates into the fabric wherein the coating further comprises
• This invention is further directed to a composite useful in a ballistic resistant armor article, comprising:
• thermoset or thermoplastic binding resin positioned between the first and second unidirectional layers and coating at least portions of internal surfaces of the first plurality and the second plurality of yams and filling some space between the filaments in the first plurality and the second plurality of yarns in the region of the interface between the two layers, and
• a ratio of a maximum thickness of the first or second layer to an equivalent diameter of the filaments in the first or second layer, respectively, is at least 13, and
• FIG 1 shows a plan view in perspective of a composite used to produce a ballistic resistant armor article.
• FIG 2 shows a sectional view taken at 2-2 in Figure 1.
• the composite comprises a fabric and a coating on the external surfaces of the fabric that partially impregnates into the fabric.
• the fabric of this invention may be a woven fabric, a unidirectional fabric, a multiaxial fabric or a nonwoven fabric.
• unidirectional fabric and a multiaxial fabric comprise yarns of continuous filaments.
• a multiaxial fabric may also comprise a nonwoven fabric.
• a nonwoven fabric is a fabric comprising randomly oriented short fibers.
• An example of a nonwoven fabric is a felt. Examples of woven fabrics are plain weaves, satin weaves, crowsfoot weaves, basket weaves, leno weaves and twill weaves.
• a unidirectional fabric is a fabric wherein all the yams within one layer of the fabric are aligned in one direction.
• a multiaxial fabric is a non-crimped fabric comprising a plurality of unidirectional fabric layers wherein the yarn orientation between successive layers is in a different direction. Common multiaxial fabrics comprise two, four or six layers. United States patent numbers 6,000,055 to Citterio describes a multiaxial layer suitable for use in a ballistic resistant article.
• Pluralities of adjacent unidirectional fabric layers are held together by stitching in a transverse direction through the plane of the unidirectional layers or from a polymeric bonding substrate placed between the adjacent layers.
• a combination of both transverse yam stitching and a polymeric bonding substrate may be used.
• the composite comprises two unidirectional layers comprising from 70.0 to 90.0 weight percent of the composite. In some embodiments, the two unidirectional layers comprise from 75.0 to 85.0 or from 80 to 85 weight percent of the composite.
• the first unidirectional layer comprises a first plurality of first yarns, the yarns being arranged parallel with each other.
• the second unidirectional layer comprises a second plurality of second yams, the yams being arranged parallel with each other.
• FIG 1 shows generally at 10, a composite comprising two unidirectional layers 11a and 11b of reinforcement yarns 12a and 12b.
• the orientation of the first plurality of yams 12a in the first layer 11a of the composite is different from the orientation of the second plurality of yams 12b in the second layer 11b.
• the orientation of yams in a first layer may be at zero degrees i.e. in the machine direction while the yarns in a second layer may be oriented at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the orientation of yams in the first layer.
• the machine direction is the long direction within the plane of the composite, that is, the direction in which the composite is produced. Examples of other orientation angles are + 45 degrees and -45 degrees with respect to the machine direction.
• the yams in successive layers of the unidirectional composite are oriented at zero degrees and 90 degrees with respect to each other. Other embodiments include other cross ply angles between the yams in adjacent layers.
• Each unidirectional layer has a basis weight of from 30 to 1000 gsm or even from 30 to 800 g/m 2 In some preferred embodiments the basis weight of each layer is from 45 to 500 g/m 2 . In some other embodiments the basis weight of each layer is from 55 to 300 g m 2 . In yet some other embodiments, the fibrous layers of the composite all have the same nominal basis weight.
• the yams preferably have a yarn tenacity of from 10 to 65 grams per dtex and a modulus of from 400 to 3000 grams per dtex. Further, the yarns have a linear density of from 100 to 3,500 dtex and an elongation to break of from 2.0 to 5.0 percent, preferably 3.0 to 5.0 percent. In one embodiment, the yams have a linear density of from 300 to 1800 dtex and a tenacity of from 24 to 50 grams per dtex. In still some other embodiments, the yarns have a linear density of from 100 to 1200 dtex with a range of from 400 to 1000 dtex being especially useful.
• the yams have an elongation to break of from 3.2 to 4.5 percent.
• a finished yarn may also be made by assembling or roving together two precursor yams of lower linear density. For example two precursor yams each having a linear density of 850 dtex can be assembled into a finished yam having a linear density of 1700 dtex.
• Untwisted and twisted yams may be used. Untwisted yams are preferred because they offer higher ballistic resistance than twisted yarns and because they spread to a wider aspect ratio than twisted yarns, enabling more consistent fiber coverage across the layer.
• the yams used in the layers form a substantially flattened array of filaments wherein individual yam bundles are difficult to detect.
• the filaments are uniformly arranged in the layer, meaning there is less than a 20 percent difference in the thickness of the flattened array. The filaments from one yam shift and fit next to adjacent yarns, forming a continuous array of filaments across the layer.
• the yams can be positioned such that small gaps are present between the flattened yam bundles, or the yams may be positioned such that the yam bundles butt up against other bundles, while retaining an obvious yam structure.
• the first and the second plurality of filaments are present in the first and the second plurality of layers as substantially distinct yarns.
• yarns having an elongation at break of from 3.0 to 5.0 percent allows for the use of thicker layers in the composite without an appreciable loss in ballistic performance.
• a composite comprising at least two unidirectional layers having a ratio of the thickness of any one layer to the equivalent diameter of the filaments comprising the layer of at least 13, in conjunction with the yams comprising the layer having an elongation to break of from 3.0% to 5.0% and a tenacity of at least 24 grams per dtex, allows a finished article to be assembled with fewer layers and yet still meet
• the ratio of the thickness of any layer to the equivalent diameter of the filaments comprising the layer is at least 13, more preferably at least 16 and most preferably at least 19.
• equivalent diameter of a filament we mean the diameter of a circle having a cross-sectional area equal to the average cross-sectional area of the filaments comprising the layer. The ratio is calculated by first determining the thickness of a layer in the composite, typically by measuring the average thickness of the final composite and dividing by the number of layers, and then dividing by the equivalent diameter of a filament used in a layer. Typically, all of the layers are of the same basis weight and all of the layers have the same filaments.
• filament is defined as a relatively flexible, macroscopically homogeneous body having a high ratio of length to width across its cross-sectional area perpendicular to its length.
• the filament cross section can be any shape, but is typically round or bean shaped.
• the yarns may also be round, bean shaped or oval in cross section.
• the filaments can be any length.
• Preferably the filaments are continuous.
• Multifilament yam spun onto a bobbin in a package contains a plurality of continuous filaments.
• the terms filament and fiber may be used interchangeably.
• the yams of the present invention may be made with filaments of aromatic polyamide.
• a preferred aromatic polyamide is para-aramid.
• para-aramid filaments means filaments made of para-aramid polymer.
• aramid means a polyamide wherein at least 85% of the .amide (-CONH-) linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings. Suitable aramid fibers are described in Man-Made Fibres- Science and Technology, Volume 2, in the section titled Fibre-Forming Aromatic Polyamides, page 297, W. Black et al., Interscience Publishers, 1968. Aramid fibers and their production are, also, disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,767,756; 4,172,938;
• a preferred para-aramid is poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) which is called PPD-T.
• PPD-T is meant the homopolymer resulting from mole-for- mole polymerization of p-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride and, also, copolymers resulting from incorporation of small amounts of other diamines with the p-phenylene diamine and of small amounts of other diacid chlorides with the terephthaloyl chloride.
• PPD-T means copolymers resulting from incorporation of other aromatic diamines and other aromatic diacid chlorides such as, for example, 2, 6-naphthaloyl chloride or chloro- or dichloroterephthaloyl chloride or 3, 4'-diaminodiphenylether.
• the yams of the composite consist solely of PPD-T filaments; in some preferred embodiments, the layers in the composite consist solely of PPD-T yarns; in other words, in some preferred embodiments all filaments in the composite are PPD-T filaments.
• Additives can be used with the aramid and it has been found that up to as much as 10 percent or more, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the aramid.
• Copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent or more of other diamine substituted for the diamine of the aramid or as much as 10 percent or more of other diacid chloride substituted for the diacid chloride or the aramid.
• Another suitable fiber is one based on aromatic copolyamide such as is prepared by reaction of terephthaloyl chloride (TPA) with a 50/50 mole ratio of p-phenylene diamine (PPD) and 3, 4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (OPE).
• TPA terephthaloyl chloride
• PPD p-phenylene diamine
• OPE 3, 4'-diaminodiphenyl ether
• Yet another suitable fiber is that formed by polycondensation reaction of two diamines, p-phenylene diamine and 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)
• the composite has a resin rich polymeric binding layer in the region of the interface between the unidirectional layers.
• the binding layer may be in the form of a film, a liquid, a powder, a paste, a nonwoven fabric or a fine yarn.
• the fine yam is similar to a weft or fill yarn and is positioned across the unidirectional yarn layers while lying in the same plane as the unidirectional layers.
• the binding resin has a modulus no greater than 6500 psi. In some embodiments, the binding resin has a modulus no greater than 6500 psi, preferably less than 2000 psi.
• the binder resin layer is shown at 13 in Figures 1 and 2.
• the binding layer does not fully impregnate into the yam bundle of a unidirectional layer but coats at least portions of the internal surfaces of the yams in each layer in the interface region between the two unidirectional layers and fills some space between the filaments within the unidirectional layer.
• the resin may be a thermoset or thermoplastic material.
• suitable film materials for the binding layer include polyolefinic films, thermoplastic elastomeric films, polyester films, polyamide films, polyurethane films and mixtures thereof.
• Useful polyolefinic films include low density polyethylene films, high density polyethylene films and linear low density polyethylene films.
• the binding resin layer is present in the composite in an amount from 3.0 to 12.0 weight percent based on the total weight of the composite. In some embodiments, the binding resin layer is present in the composite in an amount from 6.0 to 10.0 weight percent based on the total weight of the composite.
• the binding resin layer is applied by the steps of (i) forming a first unidirectional layer comprising a first plurality of yams comprising a first plurality of continuous filaments, the first plurality of yams arranged parallel with each other, (ii) positioning the first surface of the resin binding layer on one surface of the first unidirectional layer (iii) forming a second unidirectional layer comprising a second plurality of yams comprising a second plurality of continuous filaments, the second plurality of yarns arranged parallel with each other and (iv) positioning the second unidirectional layer onto the second surface of the resin binding layer such that the orientation of yams in the second unidirectional layer is in a direction that is different from the orientation of the yams in the first unidirectional layer.
• the resin binding layer may be in a continuous form such as a film or in a discontinuous form such as a
• binding threads or yams may be present.
• the threads or yams comprise a plurality of fibers (filaments).
• These binding yarns shown at 15 in Figure 1 , are stitched or knitted through all the unidirectional layers from one side of the composite to the other side of the composite in a direction that is transverse (orthogonal) to the plane of the first and second unidirectional layers. This is also known as z-directional stitching.
• the binding yarn also stitches through the resin binding layer. Any suitable binding yarn may be used with polyester fiber, polyethylene fiber, polyamide fiber, aramid fiber, polyareneazole fiber, polypyridazole fiber, polybenzazole fiber, and mixtures thereof being particularly suited.
• the spacing between rows of stitches may vary depending on design requirements.
• the stitches may be between yarns or through yarns. In one embodiment the rows are spaced 5 mm apart.
• the viscoelastic resin may be thermoplastic or thermoset.
• Suitable materials include polymers or resins in the form of a viscous or viscoelastic liquid.
• Preferred materials are polyolefins, in particular polyalpha-olefins or modified polyolefins, polyvinyl alcohol derivatives, polyisoprenes,
• polystyrene- polybutadiene-polystyrene ethylene co-polypropylene
• polyacrylics epoxies
• phenolics and liquid rubbers e.g., phenolics and liquid rubbers.
• Preferred polyolefins are polyethylene and polypropylene.
• Preferred glycols are polypropylene glycol and polyethylene glycol.
• a preferred copolymer is polybutadiene-co-acrylonitrile. Resin blends may also be used.
• the resin coating does not fully impregnate the yarns.
• the visco-elastic resin is present in the coating in an amount of from 40 to 70 weight percent of the coating and more preferably from 44 to 67 weight percent of the coating. If the resin comprises less than 40 weight percent of the coating, then the composite has poor ballistic resistance. If the resin comprises more than 70 weight percent of the coating then water repellency properties are lost.
• the viscoelastic resin and thus the coating is provided as an aqueous dispersion, emulsion or solution. Second Component of the Coating - Fluoropolvmer
• the fluoropolymer is a cationic fluoroacrylate copolymer such as is available from Huntsman Textile Effects, High Point, NC under the tradename Phobol® CPC.
• An alternative fluoropolymer is Phobol® CPS, also available from Huntsman.
• the fluoropolymer is present in the coating in an amount of from 0 to 40 weight percent of the coating and more preferably from 20 to 35 weight percent of the coating. If the fluoropolymer comprises more than 40 weight percent of the coating, then the composite has poor ballistic resistance.
• the fluoropolymer may be based on a perfluorinated side chain having a chain length of C 12 . C 10 . Ce or Ce. In a preferred embodiment the perfluorinated side chain length is C 6 .
• the blocked isocyanate is an oxime blocked polyisocyanate such as is available from Huntsman under the tradename Phobol® XAN.
• the isocyanate may be cationic / non ionic.
• the blocked isocyanate is present in the coating in an amount of from 10 to 20 weight percent of the coating and more preferably from 11 to 18 weight percent of the coating. If the isocyanate comprises more than 20 weight percent of the coating, then the composite has poor ballistic resistance. If the isocyanate comprises less than 10 weight percent of the coating then water repellency properties are lost.
• a suitable hydrophobic agent is a fluorine free silicone based aqueous resin emulsion available from Huntsman under the tradename Phobotex® RSH.
• the hydrophobic agent is present in the coating in an amount of from 0 to 8 weight percent of the coating and more preferably from 5 to 7 weight percent of the coating. If the silicone resin comprises more than 8 weight percent of the coating, then the composite has poor ballistic resistance. This component enhances the flexibility of the composite when used in soft body armor thus making it more comfortable for the user to wear.
• the polyglycol ether sulfate is an amphoteric alkyl amine polyglycol ether sulfate such as Albegal A which is available from Huntsman.
• the polyglycol ether sulfate is present in the coating in an amount of less than 2 weight percent of the coating.
• a preferred method for applying the coating to the yarn layers comprises, in order, the steps of
• an aqueous based fluoropolymer comprising from 0 to 40 weight percent of the coating
• the fabric may be coated by immersion in a resin dispersion bath followed by metering off the desired amount of resin using metering rolls and then removing water in an oven.
• An alternative method is to coat the desired amount resin solution onto the surface of the composite by a method such as knife over roll coating followed by water removal.
• the residual moisture in the coated composite is no greater than 4 weight percent, more preferably no greater than 2 weight percent and most preferably no greater than 0.5 weight percent.
• water comprises from 50 to 95 weight percent of the coating solution.
• the dried coated composite is then further consolidated under heat and pressure to further impregnate the coating into the yarns. This may be achieved via a hot calendaring, pressing or similar process.
• the temperature is in the range of from 90 to 300 degrees C, preferably from 100 to 200 degrees C and the pressure in the range of from 1 to 100 bars, preferably from 5 to 80 bars.
• the temperature and pressure time are sufficient to permit adequate cross-linking of the isocyanate component with the fluoropolymer.
• a ballistic resistant soft body armor article can be produced by combining a plurality of composites as described in the above embodiments.
• soft armor include protective apparel such as vests or jackets that protect body parts from projectiles.
• the composites are positioned in the article in such a way as to maintain the offset yarn alignment throughout the finished assembly.
• the second composite of the article is placed on top of the first composite in such a way that the orientation of the yarns comprising the bottom layer of the second composite is offset with respect to the orientation of the yarns comprising the adjacent top layer of the first composite.
• the actual number of composites used will vary according to the design needs of each article being made.
• an assembly for an antiballistic vest pack typically has a total areal density of
• Linear Density The linear density of a yarn or fiber was determined by weighing a known length of the yam or fiber based on the procedures described in ASTM D1907-97 and D885-98. Decitex or 'dtex" is defined as the weight, in grams, of 10,000 meters of the yarn or fiber. Denier (d) is 9/10 times the decitex (dtex).
• Yarn Mechanical Properties The yams to be tested were conditioned and then tensile tested based on the procedures described in ASTM D885-98. Tenacity (breaking tenacity), modulus of elasticity and elongation to break were determined by breaking yarns on an Instron® universal test machine.
• the areal density of the final article was the weight of a 10 cm x 10 cm sample of the article.
• Ballistic Penetration Performance Ballistic resistance was measured on both dry and wet samples. The wet samples were prepared by immersing the shot pack in water for 1 hour and then hanging the pack vertically for 3 minutes prior to shooting. A statistical measure of ballistic resistance performance is V 50 which is the average velocity at which a bullet or a fragment penetrates the armor equipment in 50% of the shots, versus non penetration of the other 50% of the shots. The parameter is measured at a zero degree angle of obliquity of the projectile path to the target. V 50 resistance to 9 mm and 44 magnum projectiles was tested per NIJ standard NIJ IIIA 0101.04.
• BFD back face deformation
• each shot pack comprised 10 layers of composite plus a single layer of closed cell polyethylene foam.
• the foam was 3 mm thick, had an areal weight of 100 gsm and was obtained under the tradename Veolene from Pigomma, Biassomo, Italy.
• the shot pack was positioned with the foam next to the target.
• For testing against a 9 mm projectile a similar shot pack of composite and foam was used except that there were only nine layers of composite.
• the shot pack dimensions were 50 cm x 50 cm.
• Layer Thickness and Equivalent Filament Diameter can be determined by standard electron microscopy techniques.
• the fabric of the composite comprised two unidirectional layers.
• the fiber used was 1000 denier KM2 from E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE.
• Each unidirectional fibrous layer had a nominal areal weight of 240 gsm.
• the first unidirectional layer was oriented at an angle of+ 45 degrees relative to the machine direction of the composite.
• the second unidirectional layer was oriented at an angle of- 45 degrees relative to the machine direction of the composite.
• the binding resin between the first and second unidirectional layers was polyurethane at a nominal resin weight of 35 gsm.
• the binding yarn was a 32 filament yam of 83 dtex texturized polyester.
• the coating applied to the external surfaces of the first and second unidirectional layers had a nominal areal weight of 55 gsm. Comparative Example A
• the coating applied to the external surfaces of the first and second unidirectional layers comprised a blend of 80 weight percent polybutene and 20 weight percent polyisobutene.
• the percentage of water pick-up of the composite after immersion was 44 percent.
• Example 1 the coating applied to the external surfaces of the first and second unidirectional layers comprised three components.
• the first component, which was 47 weight percent of the coating was an aqueous emulsion of polybutene.
• the second component which was 18 weight percent of the coating was a fluoropolymer, Phobol® CPC.
• the third component, which was 47 weight percent of the coating was a blocked isocyanate, Phobol® XAN.
• the percentage of water pick-up of the composite after immersion was 8.2 percent.
• Table 1 The ballistic results are summarized in Table 1.
• Example 2 was similar to Example 1 except that the relative weights of the first, second and third components were 67, 22 and 11 weight percent respectively. The percentage of water pick-up of the composite after immersion was 8.1 percent. The ballistic results are summarized in Table 1.
• Example 3
• Example 3 the coating applied to the external surfaces of the first and second unidirectional layers comprised four components.
• the first component which was 44 weight percent of the coating was an aqueous emulsion of polybutene.
• the second component which was 33 weight percent of the coating was a fluoropolymer, Phobol® CPS.
• the third component which was 16 weight percent of the coating was a blocked isocyanate, Phobol® XAN.
• the fourth component which was 6 weight percent of the coating was a fluorine free hydropohobic aqueous resin, Phobotex® RSH.
• the percentage of water pick-up of the composite after immersion was 8.4 percent.
• Table 1 The ballistic results are summarized in Table 1.
• Examples 1 to 3 show a wet strength V50 retention of at least 96 percent of the dry strength in comparison with Comparative Example A where the wet strength V J0 retention is less than 80 percent of the dry strength. All Back Face Deformation results were acceptable. Examples 1 to 3 also had a water pick-up of less than 10 weight percent of the composite when compared with Comparative Example A where the water pick-up was over 40 weight percent.

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