WO2015095554A1

WO2015095554A1 - Methods for planting seeds and seedlings and related machines and materials

Info

Publication number: WO2015095554A1
Application number: PCT/US2014/071213
Authority: WO
Inventors: Robert S. ZEIGLER
Original assignee: International Rice Research Institute
Priority date: 2013-12-18
Filing date: 2014-12-18
Publication date: 2015-06-25

Abstract

Systems and methods for planting are provided. Also provided are mechanically simple planting machines adapted to plant seedtape, seedlingtape, or both, and methods for their use. Planting machines may be propelled by readily available means, including two-wheeled tractor, four- wheeled tractor, animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox, or under human power. By propelling planting machines across a field to be planted, a furrow is opened in the soil, and a seedtape or seedlingtape is deposited in the furrow, thereby planting the seedtape or seedlingtape. Puddled and non-puddled soils may be planted by planting machines provided herein.

Description

TITLE

METHODS FOR PLANTING SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS AND RELATED MACHINES AND MATERIALS

CROSS -REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No.

61/917,451 filed December 18, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Many crops, including, rice, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco, for example, are best grown by growing seeds in a controlled environment and then transplanting seedlings to the field. However, transplanting seedlings to the field is both costly and time consuming.

[0003] For example, with rice, it can take up to 30 person-days to transplant a single hectare.

Rice seedlings must be grown in a nursery, the establishment and maintenance of which is in itself labor intensive and costly. Seedlings are pulled and transplanted into puddled and leveled fields 15 to 40 days after seeding (DAS). This process is labor-, water-, and energy-intensive. Transplanting is therefore becoming less profitable as these resources become increasingly scarce.

[0004] While transplanting ensures a uniform plant stand and gives the rice crop a head start over emerging weeds, the scarcity of the resources described above are creating strong incentives for rice farmers to shift from transplanting to less desirable methods of crop intensification, such as direct seeding. Dry direct seeding of is less desirable in many instances due to factors such as uneven and poor crop stand, poor weed control, higher spikelet sterility, and crop lodging. Wet direct seeding is often difficult due to intolerance of seed to anaerobic germination, generally requiring that seeds be pre-germinated. Similar socio-economic factors affect poor farmers of other crops that benefit from the advantages of transplanting.

[0005] Seedlings may be transplanted either manually or by machine. Machine transplantation has a large advantage over manual transplantation in the field area that may be planted per day. For rice, transplantation by machine can plant 1-2 ha/person/day compared to 0.07 ha/person/day of manual transplantation. Machine transplantation also ensures uniform spacing and plant density, seedlings recover faster, tiller vigorously, and mature uniformly. Machine transplantation also avoids labor shortage issues and many of the health risks associated with manual transplantation. While machine transplantation is generally faster and more efficient than manual transplantation, rice transplanters are cost-prohibitive for most. Seedlings for mechanical transplanting still must be raised in beds or flats. In both manual and mechanical transplantations the act of transplanting tears apart the entangled roots of the seedlings, injuring them and resulting in growth delays following transplant, referred to as "transplant shock." Many farmers that would benefit from a transplanting machine cannot afford one.

[0006] In addition to being cost-prohibitive for many farmers, presently available machine transplanters are mechanically complex, self propelled, and may only be used for transplantation. It would be beneficial to have systems that reduced the costs associated with the planting of a variety of crops, whether it be via transplanting, or direct seeding. It would be further beneficial if such systems were adaptable to both dry and puddle soils.

[0007] There is thus a need for mechanically simple machines that would reduce costs and could be used for wet-seeding, dry-seeding, and transplantation of a variety of crops. It would be of further benefit if such a machine could be propelled or drawn by different, readily available means.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Systems and methods for planting are provided. Also provided are mechanically simple planting machines adapted to plant seedtape, seedlingtape, or both, and methods for their use.

Planting machines may be propelled by readily available means, including two-wheeled tractor, four- wheeled tractor, animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox, or under human power. By propelling planting machines across a field to be planted, a furrow is opened in the soil, and a seedtape or seedlingtape is deposited in the furrow, thereby planting the seedtape or seedlingtape. Puddled and non-puddled soils may be planted by planting machines provided herein.

[0009] In a particular embodiment described herein is a system for planting a material, comprising: a) providing a seedtape spool comprising a material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: a seedtape; and a seedlingtape; and b) providing a means for depositing the material to be planted in a field to be planted.

[0010] In another embodiment described herein, the material to be planted comprises at least one strip of material comprising seed selected from the group consisting of: ungerminated seed; and pregerminated seed. In certain embodiments, the seed or seedling is of a plant selected from a group consisting of: rice; corn; wheat; rye; oats; buckwheat; millet; lettuce; cabbage; carrot; spinach; onion; potato; sweet potato; sugar beet; tobacco; tomato; cut flowers; sunflower; strawberry; and trees.

[0011] In other embodiments described herein, the seedlingtape comprises two or more strips of material, and the seedlings are held in place between the two or more strips of material. In a particular embodiment, the seedlingtape further comprises an expanding gel between the two or more strips of material, interspersed between the seedlings, selected from the group consisting of: water absorbing polymers, including superabsorbent polymers; and hydrogels.

[0012] In another embodiment described herein, the means for depositing the material to be planted comprises a means for opening a furrow in a field to be planted, and a means for depositing the material to be planted into the furrow in an approximately vertical position.

[0013] In yet another embodiment described herein, the system further comprises a means for propelling the means for depositing the material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: two-wheeled tractor; four-wheeled tractor; horse; mule; buffalo; ox; and human.

[0014] In another embodiment described herein, the field to be planted comprises soil selected from the group consisting of: non-puddled soil; and puddled soil.

[0015] In a particular embodiment described herein is a method for planting a material comprising providing a system described herein, and propelling the means for depositing the material in a field to be planted across the field, thereby planting the material.

[0016] In a particular embodiment described herein is a seedtape planting machine comprising: a) a frame; b) at least two depth control devices mounted to the frame; c) a means for holding at least one seedtape spool; d) at least one furrow opener support mounted to the frame at one end of the furrow opener support, wherein each of the at least one furrow opener support comprises a furrow opener; and e) at least one seedtape placement device mounted to an end of the furrow opener support opposite of that mounted to the frame, wherein the seedtape placement device extends rearwardly.

[0017] In certain embodiments, the at least two depth-control devices are wheels connected via a central axle. In other embodiments, the at least two depth-control devices are skids. Optionally, the depth-control devices are adjustable vertically relative to the frame.

[0018] In another embodiment described herein, the means for holding at least one seedtape spool comprises at least one seedtape spool holder, wherein the seedtape spool holder comprises a support and a central spindle. The seedtape spool holder further comprises a lock mounted to the central spindle.

[0019] In another embodiment, the furrow opener support is adjustable vertically relative to the frame. The furrow opener support extends approximately perpendicularly and downward from the frame, and wherein the furrow opener extends forward from a base of the furrow opener support.

[0020] In other embodiments described herein, the seedtape placement device comprises a freely rotating wheel. The seedtape placement device may alternately comprise a means to rotate a seedtape 90°. The means to rotate a seedtape 90° may comprise a pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers adapted to rotate the seedtape 90°.

[0021] In another embodiment described herein, a seedtape planting machine further comprises a covering device. The covering device is mounted to the frame rearward of the at least one furrow opener support, extending downward approximately parallel to the at least one furrow opener support. The covering device comprises a central shaft and two paddles mounted to an end of the central shaft farthest from the frame, and wherein the two paddles extend forward from the central shaft to form a V-shape. Optionally, the seedtape covering device is adjustable vertically relative to the frame or subframe.

[0022] In another embodiment described herein, a seedtape planting machine described herein is adapted to plant a seedtape, seedlingtape, or both while being propelled across a field.

[0023] In a particular embodiment described herein is a seedtape planting machine comprising: a) a frame; b) at least two depth control devices mounted to the frame; and c) at least one planting unit mounted to the frame, wherein the at least one planting unit comprises: 1) a subframe, wherein the subframe is mounted to the frame and extends rearward and approximately perpendicularly from the frame; 2) a seedtape spool holder mounted to the subframe; 3) a furrow opener support mounted to the subframe by one end of the furrow opener support so that the furrow opener support extends approximately perpendicularly and downward from the subframe, wherein the furrow opener support comprises a furrow opener extending forward from an end of the furrow opener support opposite to that mounted to the subframe; and 4) a seedtape placement device mounted to the same end of the furrow opener support from which the furrow opener extends, wherein the seedtape placement device extends rearward from the furrow opener support.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the at least one planting unit is adjustably mounted to the frame.

The seedtape planting machine may comprise two or more planting units. The planting units may be adjustably mounted to the frame, and are adjustable horizontally along the frame relative to each other. Adjusting the two or more planting units horizontally along the frame relative to each other allows for the control of the width between planting rows.

[0025] In another embodiment described herein, the seedtape spool holder comprises a support and a central spindle, wherein the support is mounted to the subframe and the central spindle is mounted to an end of the support farthest from the subframe. The seedtape spool holder may further comprise a disc, wherein support is mounted to the subframe, the disc is mounted to an end of the support farthest from the subframe, and the central spindle is centrally mounted to the disc. A seedtape spool holder may also further comprise a lock, wherein the lock is mounted to a free end of the central spindle.

[0026] In yet another embodiment described herein, the planting unit further comprises at least one press wheel mounted to the subframe. In a particular embodiment, the at least one press wheel is mounted to the subframe via supports, wherein the supports extend downward and rearward from the subframe. The at least one press wheel is located rearward relative to the furrow opener support. Optionally, the at least one press wheel is adjustably mounted to the subframe so that the at least one press wheel may be adjustably positioned vertically relative to the subframe. The supports may be spring-loaded so as to press downward.

[0027] In another embodiment described herein the planting machine comprises a hitch. The hitch is preferably mounted centrally to the frame, extending towards a front of the seedtape planting machine.

[0028] In a particular embodiment described herein is a method of planting, comprising: a) providing at least one seedtape spool comprising a material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: a seedtape; and a seedlingtape; b) providing the seedtape planting machine described herein; c) mounting a seedtape spool on the seedtape spool holder of the at least one planting unit; d) passing a free end of the material to be planted through the seedtape placement device; and e) propelling the planting machine across a field to be planted, thereby causing the furrow opener to open a furrow in the field to be planted and the seedtape placement device to deposit the material to be planted within the furrow as the material to be planted unrolls from the seedtape spool holder, thereby planting the material to be planted.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment, the seedtape placement device comprises a freely rotating wheel, and the free end of the material to be planted is fed around the freely rotating wheel, passing between the freely rotating wheel and the furrow opener support. Wherein the seedtape planting machine comprises a pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers, the free end of the seedtape is manually fed through the sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers.

[0030] In a method of planting described herein, the at least two depth-control devices are adjusted vertically relative to the frame, thereby controlling a depth at which the material to be planted is planted.

[0031] In a particular embodiment described herein is a seedlingtape planting machine comprising: a) a frame; b) at least one soil engaging means mounted to the frame, wherein each soil engaging means comprises a channel passing through an entire thickness of the soil engaging means; c) at least one forward axle configured to receive a seedlingtape spool mounted to the frame, extending outwardly above each of the at least one soil engaging means; d) at least one rotation and guide means positioned between each of the at least one forward axle and each of the at least one soil engaging means; and e) means for propelling the seedlingtape planting machine across a field to be planted, wherein the channel passing through the entire width of each soil engaging means is located towards a back end of each of the soil engaging means, starting at a base of each of the at least one rotation and guide means and extending to the back end of each of the soil engaging means.

[0032] In certain embodiments, the at least one soil engaging means is either a pontoon or a skid.

[0033] In certain embodiments, the at least one rotation and guide means comprises an angled ramp adapted to rotate a seedlingtape from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position as the seedling tape moves over the angled ramp. In other embodiments, the at least one rotation and guide means comprises a pair of sequentially mounted conveyor rollers adapted to rotate a seedlingtape from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position.

[0034] In other embodiments, a seedlingtape planting machine further comprises at least one drive wheel mounted to a side of the at least one soil engaging means, wherein the drive wheel is adapted to rotate the forward axle. In a preferred embodiment, the seedlingtape planting machine comprises two soil engaging means and as single drive wheel mounted to the frame between and rearward of the two soil engaging means. The drive wheel is mounted to the frame by a central drive axle, and the central drive axle is adapted to engage a drivetrain mechanism, wherein the drivetrain mechanism is adapted to rotate the forward axle. The drivetrain mechanism may be selected from a group consisting of: a chain and sprocket-type drivetrain; a belt-based drivetrain; and a propeller shaft-based drivetrain. In another preferred embodiment, the drive wheel is a paddled wheel. [0035] In another embodiment described herein, the seedlingtape planting machine comprising a furrow opener attached to a bottom surface of each of the at least one soil engaging means, wherein the furrow opener is positioned directly forward of the channel.

[0036] In a preferred embodiment described herein, the seedlingtape planting machine comprises a handle mounted to the frame.

[0037] In other embodiments described herein, the seedlingtape planting machine described herein is adapted to plant a seedlingtape while being propelled across a field.

[0038] In a particular embodiment described herein is a method of planting comprising:

providing at least one seedlingtape spool comprising a material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: a seedlingtape; and a seedtape; b) providing the seedlingtape planting machine described herein; c) mounting a seedlingtape spool on each of the at least one forward axle; d) engaging a free end of the material to be planted of the seedlingtape spool with each of the at least one rotation and guide means; e) guiding the free end of the material to be planted through each channel, wherein the channel is located rearward of the rotation and guide means with which the free end of the material to be planted is engaged; f) engaging the free end of the material passed through the channel with the soil of a field to be planted; and g) propelling the seedlingtape planting machine across the field to be planted, thereby causing the material to be planted to be planted to be planted.

[0039] In other embodiments described herein, a seedtape or seedlingtape planting machine described herein may be propelled by either pushing or pulling. Propulsive force may be supplied by: two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, horse; mule; buffalo; ox; human; or a combination thereof.

[0040] The free end of the material to be planted is optionally affixed to the soil prior to propelling the planting machine across a field to be planted. The free end of the material to be planted may be affixed to the soil by a stake.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing best viewed in color.

[0042] FIG. 1: Illustration of a trimetric view of a seedtape transplanting machine.

[0043] FIG. 2: Illustration of a seedtape planting machine as viewed from the front.

[0044] FIG. 3: Illustration of a seedtape planting machine as viewed from the side.

[0045] FIG. 4: Illustration of a seedtape planting machine as viewed from the side, showing the path of a seedtape (A) from the seed seedtape spool mounted on a seedtape spool hold, through a seedtape placement device comprising a freely rotating wheel (B), and into a furrow (C). A covering device fills in the furrow (D), thereby covering the seedtape, whereafter a press wheel packs down the soil of the filled-in furrow (E). A furrow opener opens the furrow in the soil ahead of the seedtape placement device (F). The arrow indicates the direction of travel of the seedtape planting machine.

[0046] FIG. 5A: Illustration of a trimetric view of a seedlingtape planting machine, and a seedlingtape spool as viewed from the side. [0047] FIG. 5B: Close-up of the trimetric view of the seedlingtape planting machine of FIG. 5A shoeing the path of a seedlingtape from the seedlingtape spool mounted on a forward axle.

[0048] FIG. 6: Illustration of an embodiment of a seedtape during fabrication. A two-ply composition of biodegradable material is split and seeds are deposited on a strip of adhesive, wherein the adhesive is a gel adhesive. The two plies are then re-bonded together and rolled around a central tube.

[0049] FIG. 7: Illustrations of a completed seedtape containing ungerminated seed (top), and of an embodiment of a seedtape where the seedtape is being saturated with water for 7-14 days in order to grow seedlings before transplanting (bottom).

[0050] FIG. 8: Illustration of a seedtape wherein the seedtape has been saturated with water and seedlings allowed to grow. This demonstrative illustration shows seed secured to an adhesive and the roots developing within the seedtape while the shoot extends from a top edge of the seedtape.

[0051] FIG. 9: Photographs showing seedlings being grown within a seedtape. Small amounts of water were added three times daily, and seedlings were allowed to grow for eight days.

Photographs were taken on day 0, day 4, day 5, day 6, day 7, and day 8.

[0052] FIG. 10: Photographs showing an unraveled wet seedtape containing seedlings that were grown within the seedtape.

[0053] FIG. 11: Photographs showing an unraveled dry seedtape containing seedlings that were grown within the seedtape (left), and a dry seedtape containing seedlings that were grown within the seedtape being re -rolled (right).

[0054] FIG. 12: Photograph showing a planted seedtape containing seedlings that were grown within the seedtape.

[0055] FIG. 13: Photograph showing a planted seedtape containing seedlings that were grown within the seedtape.

[0056] FIG. 14: Photograph of a planting machine during assembly, taken from the front and side of the planting machine. The planting machine is connected to a two-wheeled tractor.

[0057] FIG. 15: Photograph of a planting machine during assembly, taken from the rear of the planting machine. The planting machine is connected to a two-wheeled tractor.

[0058] FIG. 16: Photograph of a planting machine during assembly, taken from the rear and side of the planting machine. The planting machine is connected to a two-wheeled tractor.

[0059] FIG. 17: Photograph of a planting machine during assembly, taken from the side of the planting machine. The planting machine is connected to a two-wheeled tractor.

[0060] FIG. 18: Photograph of installation and adjustment of a seedtape spool and its holder onto a planting machine. The planting machine is connected to a two-wheeled tractor.

[0061] FIG. 19: Photograph of installation and adjustment of a seedtape spool and its holder onto a planting machine.

[0062] FIG. 20: Photograph of a fully assembled planting machine having two planting units. The planting machine is connected to a two-wheeled tractor.

[0063] FIG. 21: Photograph of two planted seedtapes, where the two seedtapes were planted during one pass of a seedtape planting machine.

[0064] FIG. 22: Illustrated example of a conveyer system capable of rotating a seedtape 90 degrees so as to plant the seedtape approximately vertically.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0065] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

[0066] System for Planting

[0067] Described herein is a system for planting a material. The system comprises providing a seedtape spool comprising a material to be planted and providing a means for depositing the material to be planted in a field to be planted.

[0068] The material to be planted may be a seedtape or seedlingtape described herein, or any other known seedtape or material comprising seedlings known in the art. The means for depositing the materials to be planted in a field to be planted may comprise a seedtape planting machine or seedlingtape planting machine described herein, or may comprise any other means, including manually planting a material to be planted.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the material to be planted comprises any one, or a combination of, ungerminated seed, pre-germinated seed, and seedlings. Seed and seedlings may be of almost any plant, including but not limited to rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, millet, lettuce, cabbage, carrot, spinach, onion, potato, sweet potato, sugar beet, tobacco, tomato, cut flowers, sunflower, strawberry, and trees. In a preferred embodiment, the seed or seedling is that of rice.

[0070] In particular embodiments, the material to be planted comprises two or more strips of a mater, wherein the seeds or seedlings are held between the two or more strips. In one embodiment, wherein the material to be planted comprises seedlings, the material to be planted comprises an expanding gel between the two or more strips of material, wherein the expanding gel is interspersed between the seedlings. The expanding gel may be, for example, water absorbing polymers including superabsorbent polymers, and hydrogels.

[0071] In particular embodiments, the means for depositing the material to be planted in a field to be planted comprises a means for opening a furrow in a field to be planted, and a means for depositing the material into the furrow in an approximately vertical position. Such means are described in detail herein.

[0072] Fields to be planted by a system described herein include both puddled and non-puddled fields. [0073] Also provided herein are methods for planting a material comprising providing the system described herein and propelling the means for depositing the material to be planted in the field to be planted across the field, thereby planting the material.

[0074] The materials to be planted, and means for depositing the material to be planted in a field to be planted are described in detail below.

[0075] Seedtapes and Seedlingtapes to be Planted by a Machine Described Herein

[0076] The seedtape planting machines and seedlingtape planting machines described herein are adapted to plant a seedtape, a seedlingtape, or both. A seedtape or seedlingtape as described herein, or any type of seedtape or seedlingtape known in the art, may be planted by a machine described herein.

[0077] Preferably, spools, or rolls, of seedtape or seedlingtape are utilized in the planting methods described herein. For both seedtape and seedlingtape, the tape is wound around a central axis. The spool or roll of seedtape or seedlingtape may then be mounted to a seedtape planting machine or seedlingtape planting machine, described below. The size of the spool or roll is determined by the length of the row to be planted. A longer planting row will require a longer tape, which will result in a larger (in diameter) spool or roll. Machines for planting the spools of seedtape or seedlingtape are described below. Also described are methods for using the machines described herein to plant seedtapes and seedlingtapes.

[0078] Seedtape Planting Machine

[0079] An overall, non-limiting design of one embodiment of a seedtape planting machine is illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. The seedtape planting machine shown in FIGS. 1-4 was designed to plant a roll of seedtape, minimize moving parts, and to be propelled by readily available power sources, including but not limited to, two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox, or under human power.

[0080] As shown in FIGS. 1-4 the seedtape planting machine comprises a main frame 10, to which is mounted one or more planting units. Each planting unit comprises a subframe 20, and a seedtape spool holder 30, furrow opener support 40, furrow opener 41, and a seedtape placement device 50, each of which are either directly or indirectly mounted to the subframe 20. Optionally, the subframe further comprises a covering device 60, at least one press wheel 70, or both a covering device 60 and at least one press wheel 70. The subframe 20 is optionally adjustably mounted to the main frame 10 so that the one or more planting units may be re-positioned along the main frame. When there are two or more planting units mounted to the main frame, the adjustability allows for the width between planting rows to be modified. Being able to modify the width between planting rows allows a single seedtape planting machine to be use for multiple crops, wherein the preferred distance between planting rows is different for each crop.

[0081] The seedtape spool holder 30, is mounted on the subframe 20. Preferably, seedtape spool holder 30 is mounted approximately centrally on the subframe 20. The seedtape spool holder 30 comprises a support 31 and a central spindle 33 mounted either directly or indirectly to the support 31. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the central spindle further comprises a lock 34 mounted on the end of the central spindle not mounted to the disc. The lock 34 may be any device or mechanism that can hold a seedtape spool 35 in place on the central spindle. Non-limiting examples of a device or mechanism 202 that can serve as the lock include hitch pins and clips, cotter pins, nut and bolt, clevis pins, hitch pins, and lynch pins. Optionally, the seedtape spool holder comprises a disc 32 mounted to the end of the support opposite of where the support is mounted to the subframe 20. The disc 32 helps prevent the seedtape spool 35 from contacting other parts of the seedling planting machine, such as the support 31.

[0082] In an embodiment wherein the seedtape spool holder 30 comprises a disc 32, the central spindle 33 is mounted approximately centrally to the disc 32, thereby indirectly mounting the central spindle 33 to the support 31. In other embodiments, wherein the seedtape spool holder 30 does not comprise a disc 32, the central spindle is mounted directly to the support 31 at the end of the support opposite of where the support is mounted to the subframe 20.

[0083] Also mounted to the subframe 20, forward of the seedtape spool holder 30, is the furrow opener support 40. The furrow opener support extends approximately perpendicularly and downward from the subframe. At the base of the furrow opener support 40 is the furrow opener 41. The furrow opener 41 extends forward from the base of the furrow opener support 40. In particular aspects of the present invention, the furrow opener 41 is a static blade; however rotating discs or similar means could also be used to open a furrow. In one embodiment of the present invention, the furrow opener support 40 and furrow opener 41 are constructed of the same material. In certain embodiments, the furrow opener support 40 and furrow opener 41 are made from metal, such as steel, stainless steel, or iron. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the furrow opener support 40 and furrow opener 41 are two pieces of material, wherein the furrow opener 41 is secured to the furrow opener support 40 by means including, but not limited to welding, brackets, rivets, and threaded fastening systems such as bolts. In yet other embodiments of the present invention, the furrow opener support 40 and furrow opener 41 consist of a single piece of material. The furrow opener support is optionally adjustably mounted to the subframe so that the furrow opener support may be adjustably positioned vertically relative to the subframe.

[0084] The width of the furrow opener 41 may be selected according to the width of the seedtape to be planted, with the width of the furrow opener corresponding to the width of the seedtape to be planted. In particular embodiments, the width of the furrow opener is approximately the same as the width of the seedtape to be planted. In other embodiments, it is preferred that the width of the furrow opener be greater than the width of the seedtape to be planted.

[0085] The seedtape placement device 50 is mounted to the base of the furrow opener support

40. In particular embodiments, the seedtape placement device comprises a freely-rotating wheel 51 and a mounting device, wherein the mounting device mounts to the base of the furrow opener support 40 and holds the freely-rotating wheel 51 in place. In such embodiments, the seedtape placement device is mounted to the rearward side of the furrow opener support so that the freely-rotating wheel 51 of the seedtape placement device extends rearward from the furrow opener support. In other embodiments, the seedtape placement device 50 comprises a pair of conveyor rollers mounted to the furrow opener support 40 rearward of the furrow opener 41. The pair of conveyor rollers are mounted sequentially, and adapted to rotate a seedtape approximately 90°, from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position.

[0086] The planting unit optionally comprises a covering device 60 mounted to the subframe 20, rearward of furrow opener support 40. The covering device comprises a central shaft 61, which is mounted to the subframe and extends approximately perpendicularly and downward from the subframe. The covering device 60 is optionally adjustably mounted to the subframe 20, allowing the covering device 60 to be adaptable to use with different soils. The covering device further comprises two paddles 62 mounted to the central shaft 61 at the central shaft's end that is not mounted to the subframe 20. The two paddles extend forward at an angle relative to the central shaft, each in opposite directions so as to form a V-shape.

[0087] The planting unit optionally comprises at least one press wheel 70 mounted to the subframe via supports 71. The supports 71 are mounted to the end of the subframe 20 opposite to that of where the subframe is mounted to the frame 10. The supports are mounted so that they extend downward and rearward from the subframe. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the covering wheel supports extend downward and rearward from the subframe at an angle of approximately 45°. The at least one press wheel is optionally adjustably mounted to the subframe via the supports so that the at least one press wheel may be adjustably positioned relative to the subframe. In one embodiment of the present invention, the planting unit comprises two press wheels, wherein the two press wheels are positioned so that one wheel will be on each side of a furrow opened in the soil by the furrow opener 41. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the supports 71 are spring-loaded so as to apply a downward force, forcing the press wheel 70 onto the ground.

[0088] The planting unit may optionally comprise an idler wheel mounted to the subframe 20. In a preferred embodiment the idler wheel is a freely rotating wheel. The idler wheel, when present, assists in maintaining a smooth path of a seedtape or seedlingtape from the seedtape spool 35 mounted on the seedtape spool holder 30 to the seedtape placement device 50.

[0089] Two depth-control devices 80, are mounted on the frame 10. Optionally, the two depth- control devices are mounted to the frame 10 so as to be vertically adjustable, relative to the frame 10. This optional adjustability allows for the adjustment of the height of the one or more planting units compared to the soil. This allows for the control of furrow depth, force exerted by the covering device and press wheel, and ultimately the planting depth of the seedtape. In particular embodiments of the present invention, the depth control devices are wheels, connected via a central axle 81. In embodiments of the present invention, the two depth-control devices pontoons or skids. The pontoons or skids are similarly mounted and adjustable vertically relative to the frame, but are not required to be connected via the central axle 81. Pontoons or skids provide for improved performance in wet and/or flooded fields, although wheels may still be used in such instances.

[0090] A hitch 90 is mounted forward and centrally to the frame 10. The hitch can be one of any type to allow connection of the seedtape planting machine to a power source providing propulsion of the seedtape planting machine.

[0091] Generally, a seedtape planting machine depicted in FIGS. 1-4 is adapted to plant at least one seedtape while being either pushed or pulled across a field to be planted. In one particular embodiment, the seedtape planting machine plants one or more seedtapes while being pulled by a two-wheeled tractor. In one embodiment of the present invention, where the seedtape to be planted contains seedlings, the seedtape planting machine optionally further comprises means to rotate the seedtape approximately 90°. Rotation of the seedtape allows the seedtape to be planted edgewise, with the seedling being positioned approximately vertically. In certain embodiments, the means to rotate the seedtape approximately 90° is a seedtape placement device comprising a pair of conveyor rollers mounted to the furrow opener support 40 rearward of the furrow opener 41. The pair of conveyor rollers are mounted sequentially, and adapted to rotate a seedtape approximately 90°, from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position. Any other means capable of rotating the seedtape approximately 90° may also be incorporated into the present invention.

[0092] Method of Planting a Seedtape Using a Seedtape Planting Machine of the Present

Invention

[0093] Any type of seedtape or seedlingtape may be planted using a seedtape planting machine of the present invention. The seedtape planting machine described herein is most useful for planting a seedtape or seedlingtape in non-puddled (i.e., dry or damp) soil, but may also be useful for planting a seedtape or seedlingtape in puddled soil. Wherein the soil is non-puddled, it is preferable that the two depth-control devices are wheels. Wherein the soil is puddle, it is preferable that the two depth- control devices are pontoons or skids.

[0094] In a first method of planting a seedtape using a seedtape planting machine of the present invention, a seedtape spool 35 is mounted on the seedtape spool holder 30 via the central spindle 33. The seedtape may optionally be held in place by locking the seedtape on the central spindle using the lock 34. In an embodiment wherein the seedtape planting machine comprises optional disc 32, a side surface of the seedtape spool 35 loosely contacts the disc 32.

[0095] A free end of the seedtape of the seedtape spool 35 is passed downward, approximately parallel with the furrow opener support 40, toward the placement device 50. Wherein the planting unit of a seedtape planting machine comprises an idler wheel, the free end is past over the idler wheel, then downward, approximately parallel with the furrow opener support 40, toward the placement device 50.

[0096] The free end is then manually brought into contact with the placement device 50. Wherein the placement device comprises a freely-rotating wheel 51, the free end is passed between the furrow opener support 40 and the freely-rotating wheel 51, and underneath the freely-rotating wheel 51. Wherein the placement device is a pair of sequentially mounted conveyor rollers, the free end is manually fed through the conveyor rollers. Optionally, the seedtape is affixed to the soil. The seedtape may be affixed to the soil by any known means, for example, by use of a stake. Wherein the seedtape planting machine comprises more than one planting unit, the above steps are carried out for each planting unit.

[0097] Wherein the planting unit of a seedtape planting machine comprises an idler wheel, the free end is past over the idler wheel, then downward, approximately parallel with the furrow opener support 40, toward the placement device 50.

[0098] Once the seedtape has been brought into contact with the placement device 51, and following affixing the seedtape to the soil if this step is performed, the seedtape planting machine is propelled across a field to be planted. The seedling planting machine may be propelled by either pushing or pulling. As described above, the seedling planting machine may be pushed or pulled by any readily available power source, including but not limited to, two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox, or under human power.

[0099] As the seedtape planting machine is propelled across the field to be planted, the furrow opener 41 creates a furrow in the soil. Seedtape is released by the unwinding of the seedtape from the seedtape spool 35 as the planting machine is propelled across the field, and is deposited into the furrow by the placement device.

[00100] Wherein the planting unit of a seedtape planting machine comprises the covering device

60, the covering device 60 pushes at least some soil displaced by the furrow opener 41 back into the furrow, thereby covering the seedtape being planted.

[00101] Wherein the planting unit of the seedtape planting machine comprises at least one press wheel 70, the at least one press wheel forces at least some soil displace by the furrow opener 41 back into the furrow, compacting it. This covers the seedtape being planted with compacted soil.

[00102] Wherein the planting unit of the seedtape planting machine comprises both a covering device 60 and at least one press wheel 70, the covering device 60 is mounted forward of the at least one press wheel 70. In such a configuration, the covering device 60 pushes at least some soil displaced by the furrow opener 41 back into the furrow, thereby covering the seedtape being planted, and the soil pushed into the soil by the covering device 60 is pressed, or compacted, by the at least one press wheel 70.

[00103] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the seedtape to be planted by the seedtape planting machine holds seeds or pre-germinated seeds. When the seedtape to be planted holds seeds, pre-germinated seeds, or seedlings, the seedtape may be planted horizontally. When such a seedtape is to be planted, the seedtape planting machine may optionally further comprise the covering device 60, at least one press wheel 70, or both. [00104] In another embodiment of the present invention, when a seedlingtape comprises seedlings, it may be preferable that the seedlingtape be planted edgewise so that the seedlings are planted approximately vertically, with the roots downward toward the soil. In such an embodiment, the placement device 50 comprises a pair of sequentially mounted conveyor rollers. By moving the seedtape planting machine across the field to be planted, a furrow is opened in the soil, and as the seedlingtape passes through the pair of conveyor rollers, it is rotated approximately 90° before being deposited edgewise in the furrow. In a preferred embodiment, wherein seedlingtapes are to be planting approximately, the planting unit of the seedtape planting machine further comprises at least one press wheel 70. The at least one press wheel compacts the soil surrounding the seedlingtape, helping maintain it approximately vertical position. In a particular embodiment of the present invention, a planting unit of the seedtape planting machine comprises two press wheels 70. The two press wheels 70 are positioned so that one press wheel is will be on each side of the furrow created by the furrow opener 41. In such a configuration, the two press wheels 70 compact the soil surrounding the seedlingtape, helping maintain it approximately vertical position.

[00105] In an embodiment where two or more seedtapes are to be planted, the distance between planted seedtapes may be adjusted by adjusting the position of the subframe 20 along the frame 10. The depth the seedtape is to be planted may be adjusted by either adjusting the vertical position of the depth control devices 80 relative to the frame 10 or by adjusting the distance the furrow opener support 40, and thus furrow opener 41 and seedtape placement device 50, extends below the subframe 20.

[00106] Seedlingtape Planting Machine

[00107] An overall, non-limiting design of one embodiment of a seedlingtape planting machine is illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5B. The seedlingtape planting machine shown in FIGS. 5A-5B was designed to plant a roll of a strip of material comprising seedlings, minimize moving parts, and to be propelled by readily available power sources, including but not limited to, two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox, or under human power.

[00108] As shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, the seedlingtape planting machine comprises at least one soil engaging means 100, wherein the soil engaging means is a pontoon or skid 100. The at least one pontoon or skid 100 functions facilitates the movement of the seedling planting machine across puddled soil. Optionally, to the at least one pontoon or skid 100 is mounted at least one drive wheel 200. The at least one drive wheel 200 is preferably mounted to a side of the at least one pontoon or skid 100, and may be mounted either approximately in front or approximately behind the at least one pontoon or skid 100. In a preferred embodiment the drive wheel 200 is a paddled wheel, wherein when the seedlingtape machine is propelled across a puddled soil as described below, the paddles cause the rotation of the paddled wheel and the central drive axle 201.

[00109] When present, the at least one drive wheel 200 is preferably mounted approximately behind the at least one pontoon or skid 100. The at least one drive wheel 200 is preferably mounted to the at least one pontoon or skid 100 via a frame and central drive axle 201. The drive wheel 200 is adapted to rotate around the central drive axle 201.

[00110] A drivetrain mechanism 202 is mounted to the central drive axle 201, and is adapted to drive a forward axle 203 as the drive wheel 200 is turned. The drivetrain mechanism 202 may comprise any type of drivetrain known in the art, including but not limited to chain and sprocket-type drivetrains, belt-based drivetrains, and propeller shaft-based drivetrains. The forward axle 203 is mounted to the frame at a position above the at least one pontoon or skid 100. The forward axle 203 extends outward, approximately perpendicularly, over the at least one pontoon or skid 100.

[00111] The forward axle 203 is adapted to receive a seedhngtape spool 400. When the forward axle 203 is driven by the drivetrain mechanism 202, a seedhngtape spool 400 mounted on the forward axle 203 is rotated. Wherein the seedhngtape planting machine does not comprise a drivetrain mechanism 202, the forward axle 203 may be any device or mechanism on which a seedhngtape spool 400 may be mounted and rotate freely.

[00112] A rotation and guide means 500 functions to both rotate the seedhngtape approximately

90° degrees and direct it toward a channel 501 (described below) , and is mounted to the at least one pontoon or skid 100 approximately below the forward axle 203. In one embodiment, the rotation and guide means 500 comprises a pair of sequentially mounted conveyor rollers, and are adapted to rotate a seedhngtape from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position before guiding the seedhngtape into the channel 501.

[00113] In a preferred embodiment, the rotation and guide means 500 is located below and slightly rearward of the forward axle 203. In one embodiment of the invention, the rotation and guide means 500 comprises an angled ramp 500 mounted to the at least on pontoon or skid 100. The angled ramp 500 extends rearward, toward the back of the pontoon or skid 100 to which it is mounted. The front end of the angled ramp 500 is located approximately below the forward axle 203, and is preferably located approximately below and slightly rearward of the forward axle 203. The front end of the angled ramp 500 is elevated so that the angled ramp 500 slopes downward from front to back. The angled ramp 500 is adapted so that as a seedhngtape moves over a top surface of the angled ramp 500, the seedhngtape is re-adjusted from an approximately horizontal position relative to the at least one pontoon or skid 100 to an approximately vertical position relative to the at least one pontoon or skid 100. In certain embodiments, the front end of the angled ramp 500 has a top surface having a face angle of approximately 45° relative to the at least one pontoon or skid 100 to which it is mounted. The top surface face angle relative to the at least one pontoon or skid 100 increases as the angled ramp 500 slopes downward from front to back so that the top surface angle of the angled ramp 500 relative to the at least one pontoon or skid 100 is approximately 90°.

[00114] The at least one pontoon or skid 100 comprises a channel 501 at the rear of the pontoon or skid 100. The channel 501 is located rearward of the back end of the angled ramp 500, and is adapted to receive a seedhngtape in an approximately vertical position. Preferably, the channel 501 extends the entire thickness of the at least one pontoon or skid 100, and is adapted to pass a seedlingtape from a top surface of the at least one pontoon or skid 100 to a bottom surface of the pontoon or skid 100. In such a configuration, a seedlingtape planting machine may be used to plant either a seedlingtape or a seedtape in an approximately vertical position.

[00115] Optionally, the at least one pontoon or skid 100 comprises a furrow opener 502

positioned on a bottom surface of the pontoon or skid 100, forward of the channel 501. The furrow opener 502 is adapted to open a furrow in puddled soil immediately ahead of the channel 502. In particular embodiments, the furrow opener 502 comprises a static blade.

[00116] Optionally, the at least one pontoon or skid 100 comprises two down-angled horizontal free moving rollers fid to the rear of the at least one pontoon or skid 100, at the end of the channel 501. The two down-angled rollers are adapted to receive a seedlingtape between them, in an approximately vertical position relative to the soil. The two down-angled rollers function to ensure accurate seedlingtape placement in an approximately vertical position.

[00117] In another embodiment of the invention, the seedlingtape planting machine is adapted to plant a seedtape. In such an embodiment, the at least one machine comprises a seedtape pass-through slit located approximately below the forward axle 203, and preferably approximately below and rearward of the forward axle 203. The seedtape pass-through slit is adapted to receive a seedtape and pass the seedtape from a top surface of the at least one pontoon or skid 100 to a bottom surface of the pontoon or skid 100. In particular embodiments, a seedlingtape planting machine comprises the angled ramp 500 and channel 501 described above, as well as a seedtape pass-through slit. In such a configuration, a seedlingtape planting machine may be used to plant either a seedlingtape in an approximately vertical position utilizing the channel 501, or a seedtape in either an approximately vertical position or an approximately horizontal position utilizing the channel 501 or pass-through slit, respectively. In other embodiments, a seedlingtape planting machine comprises only a seedtape pass- through slit. In such a configuration, the seedlingtape planting machine may be used to plant a seedtape in an approximately horizontal position.

[00118] Optionally, a seedlingtape planting machine adapted to plant a seedtape comprises a furrow opener 502 positioned on a bottom surface of the pontoon or skid 100, forward of the seedtape pass-through slit, and channel 501, if present. The furrow opener 502 is adapted to open a furrow in puddled soil immediately ahead of the seedtape pass-through slit, and channel 501, if present. In particular embodiments, the furrow opener 502 comprises a static knife.

[00119] In certain embodiments, a seedlingtape planting machine comprises a handle mounted to either the frame 300 connected to the at least one pontoon or skid 100, or directly to the at least one pontoon or skid 100. The handle is mounted to extend either rearward from the at least one pontoon or skid 100. When extending rearward from the at least one pontoon or skid 100, the handle provides means for the seedlingtape planting machine to be pushed. In a preferred embodiment, the seedlingtape planting machine is pushed by one or more humans, but may be pushed by other means. When extending forward from the at least one pontoon or skid 100, the handle provides means for the seedlingtape planting machine to be pushed or pulled. In a preferred embodiment, the seedlingtape planting machine is pulled by one or more humans, but may be pulled by other means. By way of non-limiting example, the machine may be pulled by two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, or animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox. In yet other embodiments, a hitch is mounted either a frame 300 connected to the at least one pontoon or skid 100, or directly to the at least one pontoon or skid 100. The hitch may be one of any type to allow connection of the seedtape planting machine to a power source providing propulsion of the seedtape planting machine.

[00120] In particular embodiments, a seedlingtape planting machine comprises two or more pontoons or skids (FIG. 5A). In such embodiments, each of the two or more pontoons or skids are interconnected via a frame 300 so that the two pontoons or skids are approximately parallel. Each pontoon or skid comprise a forward axle 203 driven by a drivetrain and adapted to receive a seedlingtape spool 400, and an angled ramp 500, a seedtape pass-through slit, or both. In a particular embodiment, a seedlingtape planting machine comprises two drive wheels 200 mounted forward of the two approximately parallel pontoons or skids (FIG. 5A). The two drive wheels 200 are connected via a drive axle 201. The drive axle 201 is adapted to drive forward axle 203s mounted to each of the pontoons or skids, as described above. In a preferred embodiment, a seedlingtape planting machine comprises a single drive wheel 200 mounted rearward and approximately centrally between the two approximately parallel pontoons or skids (FIG 5A). The single, centrally mounted drive wheel 200 causes the drive axle 201 to drive forward axle 203 mounted to each of the pontoons or skids, as described above.

[00121] Method of Planting a Seedlingtape or Seedtape Using a Seedlingtape Planting Machine of the Present Invention

[00122] Any type of seedlingtape or seedtape may be planted using a seedling planting machine of the present invention. The seedlingtape planting machine described herein is most useful for planting a seedlingtape or seedtape in puddled soil.

[00123] In a first method, a seedlingtape spool 400 is mounted on the forward axle 203. An available end of the seedlingtape is allowed to drape over the angled ramp 500, thereby turning the seedlingtape approximately 90°. The available end is manually fed through the channel 501 so that the seedlingtape passes from the top surface of the pontoon or skid to the bottom surface of the pontoon or skid, where the bottom surface is in contact with puddled soil.

[00124] The available end is manually forced down into the puddle soil, thereby initiating planting of the seedlingtape. Optionally, the available end is staked, or otherwise secured, into the puddled soil. If the seedlingtape planting machine comprises two or more pontoons or skids, for each pontoon or skid, seedlingtape spools 400 are similarly mounted on the drive axel, draped over the angled ramp 500, fed through the channel 501, and manually forced down into the puddled soil.

[00125] Where the seedlingtape planting machine comprises two down-angled horizontal free moving rollers mounted to each pontoon or skid 101, the available end of the seedlingtape is passed through the two down-angled horizontal free moving rollers of each pontoon or skid 101 before the available end is manually forced down into the puddled soil.

[00126] Once planting of the seedlingtape has been initiated, the seedlingtape planting machine is propelled across a field to be planted. The seedling planting machine may be propelled by either pushing or pulling. As described above, the seedling planting machine may be pushed or pulled by any readily available power source, including but not limited to, two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox, or under human power.

[00127] As the seedling planting machine is propelled across the field, the drive wheel 200 turns the central drive axle 201, which in turn drives the drivetrain mechanism 202. The drivetrain mechanism 202 causes the forward axle 203 to which the seedlingtape spool 400 is mounted to turn, thereby rotating the seedlingtape spool 400. As the seedlingtape spool 400 rotates, the seedlingtape unrolls. The unrolling seedlingtape passes over the angled ramp 500 and through the channel 501 into the puddled soil. Seedlingtape is thereby planted in the puddle soil in an approximately vertical position, with the roots pointed downward toward the soil.

[00128] Where the seedlingtape planting machine comprises a furrow opener 502, the furrow opener 502 opens a furrow in the soil, allowing the seedlingtape to more easily enter the puddled soil. As the seedlingtape is planted, the puddled soil naturally fills in the furrow, thereby surrounding the seedlingtape and securing it in the soil.

[00129] A seedtape may be similarly planted, where it is desirable that the seedtape be planted in an approximately vertical position.

[00130] Where a seedtape is to be planted in an approximately horizontal position, a seedtape spool 400 is mounted on the forward axle 203. An available end of the seedtape is manually fed through the pass-through slit so that the seedtape passes from the top surface of the pontoon or skid to the bottom surface of the pontoon or skid, where the bottom surface is in contact with puddled soil.

[00131] The available end is manually forced down into the puddle soil, thereby initiating planting of the seedtape. Optionally, the available end is staked into the puddled soil. If the seedlingtape planting machine comprises two or more pontoons or skids, for each pontoon or skid 101, seedtape spools 400 are similarly mounted on the drive axel, draped over the angled ramp 500, fed through the channel 501, and manually forced down into the puddled soil.

[00132] Once planting of the seedtape has been initiated, the seedtape planting machine is propelled across a field to be planted. The seedling planting machine may be propelled by either pushing or pulling. As described above, the seedling planting machine may be pushed or pulled by any readily available power source, including but not limited to, two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, animals such as horse, mule, buffalo, or ox, or under human power.

[00133] As the seedling planting machine is propelled across the field, the drive wheel 200 turns the central drive axle 201, which in turn drives the drivetrain mechanism 202. The drivetrain mechanism 202 causes the forward axle 203 to which the seedtape spool 400 is mounted to turn, thereby rotating the seedtape spool 400. As the seedtape spool 400 rotates, the seedtape unrolls. The unrolling seedtape passes through the pass-through slit and into the puddled soil. Seedtape is thereby planted in the puddle soil in an approximately horizontal position.

[00134] Seedtapes and Seedlingtapes

[00135] Seedtapes and seedlingtapes offer many advantages over other seeding methods, including wet-seeding and dry seeding. Fields seeded by means of seedtape or seedlingtapes do not require thinning due to over-seeding, seeds or seedlings are capable of being planted in exact rows to exact depths with precise spacing between seeds or seedlings, and the tapes allow farmers to use fewer seeds. Many crops, including cereal grasses such as rice, benefit from transplanting, which aids in weed control and improves crop yield and quality. However, transplanting can be prohibitively time and labor intensive, especially for poor farmers. Seedtapes and seedlingtapes described herein provide farmers with economical and efficient options for planting ungerminated seed, pre- germinated seed, and seedlings.

[00136] In particular embodiments, a seedtapes comprises seed held in place between two layers of biodegradable material (FIGS. 6 and 8). The seed is held in place by an adhesive. In one embodiment, an adhesive strip is deposited on an interior surface of a first layer of biodegradable material, onto which seed is deposited thereby holding the seed in place (FIGS. 6 and 8). A second layer of biodegradable material may then be bonded via an adhesive to the interior surface of the first layer of biodegradable material, thereby forming a two-ply composition of biodegradable material with seed held in place between the two layers (FIG. 7). In another embodiment, an adhesive is applied to the entire interior surface of a first layer of biodegradable material. Seeds are then placed on the interior surface of the first layer of biodegradable material. A second layer of biodegradable material may then be bonded to the interior surface of the first layer of biodegradable material, utilizing the adhesive already deposited on the first layer, thereby forming a two-ply composition of biodegradable material with seed held in place between the two layers (FIG. 7).

[00137] Seedlingtapes may be similarly composed. Instead of seeds, seedlings may be placed between the two layers of biodegradable material. In particular embodiments described herein, seedlingtapes may be generated by germinating seed within a seedtape and growing seedlings directly in the tape. Unless specified otherwise, all elements and methods described herein applying to seedtapes may also be applied to seedlingtapes. The term "seedtape" may also encompass the term seedlingtape, where the seedtape comprises seedlings.

[00138] Biodegradable materials may comprise an organic material. In certain aspects of the invention, the biodegradable material comprises a cellulose matrix membrane. The biodegradable material may also be one of, or a combination of, paper, cotton, rayon, gelatin, starch, polyactide, and polyester. This list is not meant to be limiting, as other biodegradable materials may be used in certain embodiments of the invention. Biodegradable materials useful in the present invention may further comprise compatabilizers and /or coupling agents. Compatabilizers and coupling agents are useful in the preparation of a cellulose matrix membrane in order to improve the affinity and adhesion between cellulose fibers. Non-limiting examples of compatabilizers and coupling agents include silane, zirconate, and titanate.

[00139] Biodegradable materials useful in seedtapes described herein are selected for their tensile strength and rate of degradability. In certain embodiments of the invention, the seedtape is soaked with water and maintained under seedling growth conditions for up to three weeks. Suitable biodegradable materials can therefore sustain such conditions and retain the necessary tensile strength so that the seed roll may later be unrolled without breakage or tearing of the seedtape. In certain embodiments, a seedtape comprising biodegradable materials is planted while wet. In other embodiments, the seedtape comprising biodegradable materials is allowed to dry prior to planting.

[00140] Biodegradable materials may be of various widths. An appropriate width may be selected based on the type of seed to be retained within the seedtape, the type of soil the seedtape will be planted in, and whether the seedtape to be planted will contain seed, pre-germinated seed, or seedlings. Where the seedtape to be planted will comprise seedlings, a wider biodegradable material may be used so as to provide adequate room for root and shoot growth. Biodegradable materials may range in width from 0.5 cm to 30 cm. In certain embodiments, the two layers that form the two-ply composition of biodegradable material with seeds held in between have the same width.

[00141] In certain aspects of the present invention, the biodegradable materials of the seedtape are impregnated with one or more additives capable of promoting plant health. Additives impregnated into biodegradable materials of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, essential nutrients, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, plant growth-promoting microbes, and substances that encourage microbial growth and or/activity. One or more types of additives may be added to a biodegradable material. In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or more additional layers of biodegradable material impregnated with differing additives may be added to the two-ply composition of biodegradable material holding the seed.

[00142] There are 17 essential plant nutrients. While carbon and oxygen may be absorbed from the air, most nutrients must be obtained from the soil. Most agricultural soils can provide plants with adequate nutrition, and do not require fertilizer for a complete life cycle. However, there are soils lacking in particular essential nutrients. Providing these nutrients as a component of a seedtape may improve the development and growth of seeds or seedlings in nutrient-poor soil, and may thereby expand the area of land usable for agriculture. Alternatively, providing essential nutrients along with seeds in the seedtape may promote vigorous crop growth and increase yield. In certain embodiments, the biological material of the seedtape is impregnated with one or more essential nutrients. Nutrients that may be impregnated into the biodegradable material of the seedtape include the primary macronutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the secondary macronutrients of calcium, sulfur, magnesium, the macronutrient silicon, and the micronutrients/ trace minerals boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and sodium.

[00143] In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or more nutrients may be

impregnated into one or both of the plies of biodegradable material that hold the seeds between them. In other embodiments of the invention, additional layers of biodegradable material impregnated with one or more nutrients may be added to the two plies containing the seeds. Biodegradable materials having different degradation rates may be used for these additional layers, allowing for the control of the rate at which the layer of biodegradable material impregnated with the nutrients degrades, thereby controlling the rate at which the nutrients are released into the surrounding soil.

[00144] In certain aspects of the present invention, one or more layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape may be impregnated with fertilizer. Organic and inorganic fertilizers are often added to soils by farmers. Fertilizer is widely recognized as a major key to food security, promoting dramatic increases in crop yields, and generating high returns. Minimal use of fertilizer has been shown to cause stagnation in productivity. Providing fertilizer in the seedtape itself will allow for more efficient fertilizer application, as the fertilizer is delivered directly where it is needed: at the planting site of the seed, pre-germinated seed, or seedling. The type and amount of fertilizer to be impregnated into a biodegradable material of the seedtape will depend on the species and variety of seed contained within the seedtape, as well as local soil conditions in which the seedtape is to be planted. In certain embodiments, one or more fertilizers may be impregnated into one or both of the plies of biodegradable material that hold the seeds between them. In other embodiments of the invention, additional layers of biodegradable material impregnated with fertilizer may be added to the two plies containing the seeds. Biodegradable materials having different degradation rates may be used for these additional layers, allowing for the control of the rate at which the layer of

biodegradable material impregnated with the fertilizer degrades, thereby controlling the rate at which the fertilizer is released into the surrounding soil.

[00145] In certain embodiments of the invention, one or more layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape may be impregnated with herbicide. By infesting agricultural fields, weeds increase production costs and reduce farmers' income by decreasing yield and crop quality. Weeds are considered one of the major biological constraints in growing rice, particularly in direct-seeded rice systems. This is due to a lack of seedling size advantage, as rice and weed seedlings often emerge simultaneously with direct-seeding, and the lack of standing water to suppress weed emergence and growth at crop emergence. Weeds in direct-seeded systems can cause substantial rice yield loss. Weeds are most often controlled using either manual control or herbicides. However, manual weeding is becoming less common due to the non-availability of labor at critical times, as well as increasing labor costs. Herbicides are steadily replacing manual weeding as a preferred method of weed control they are easy to use. There are concerns about the use of herbicides, however, such as costs, evolution of resistance in weeds, shifts in weed populations, and

environmental concerns. Weed control is of particular importance during the first 30 - 40 days following crop establishment. It is during this period that weed competition is greatest and can greatly reduce yield. With transplanted rice, rice seedlings have a significant growth advantage over emerging weeds, allowing the seedlings to suppress weed growth as the rice canopy closes.

[00146] In traditional transplanting, or when using conventional mechanical transplanters, care must be taken to ensure that nursery beds are free of weeds to avoid transplanting weeds together with rice seedlings. If nursery beds have weeds, weed seedlings should be separated from rice seedlings during pulling and bundling. If this additional weeding step is necessary, this may significantly add to labor costs. For some noxious weed species (e.g. Echinochloa spp.) seedlings are indistinguishable from rice seedlings and separation in seedling nurseries is nearly impossible.

[00147] Providing one or more herbicides in the seedtape itself allows for the efficient application of herbicides and prevents over-application and mishandling of chemicals. The type and amount of herbicide impregnated into a biodegradable material of the seedtape will depend on local soil conditions, the species and variety of seed contained within the seedtape, and the species of weed to be controlled. In certain embodiments, one or more herbicides may be impregnated into one or both of the plies of biodegradable material that hold the seeds between them. In yet other embodiments, additional layers of biodegradable material impregnated with herbicide may be added to the two plies containing the seeds. In particular embodiments, the additional layers of biodegradable material impregnated with herbicide may be added to the two plies containing the seeds just prior to planting the seedtape. Biodegradable materials having different degradation rates may be used for the additional layers, allowing for the control of the rate at which the layer of biodegradable material impregnated with the herbicide degrades, thereby controlling the rate at which the herbicide is released into the surrounding soil. Further, by growing seedlings within the seedtape as provided herein, issues of weed occurrence in the nursery bed are mitigated.

[00148] In certain embodiments, one or more layers of biodegradable material making up a seedtape may be impregnated with pesticide. Pest management is an important component of rice production systems as pests affect the yield and quality of rice, as well as many other crops. Common pests and diseases often treated with pesticides include brown planthoppers, stem borers, green leafhoppers, tungro virus, blast, and bacterial blight. Pest outbreaks can cause serious losses in production and can threaten food security. While an occasional use of pesticides is necessary, many pesticides commonly available in major rice-growing areas of Asia are classified by the World Health Organization as extremely hazardous, and their used is either banned or severely restricted in the developing world. By impregnating one or more layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape with pesticide, handling of the pesticide is centralized to a manufacturing facility, reducing the chances of pesticide misuse, mishandling, and over-application.

[00149] Providing one or more pesticides in the seedtape itself allows for the efficient application of pesticides and prevents over-application and mishandling of chemicals. The type and amount of pesticide impregnated into a biodegradable material of the seedtape will depend on local conditions, the species and variety of seed contained within the seedtape, and the species or type of pest to be controlled. In certain embodiments of the invention, one or more pesticides may be impregnated into one or both of the plies of biodegradable material that hold the seeds between them. In yet other embodiments, additional layers of biodegradable material impregnated with pesticide may be added to the two plies containing the seeds. In certain embodiments, the additional layers of biodegradable material impregnated with pesticide may be added to the two plies containing the seeds just prior to planting the seedtape. Biodegradable materials having different degradation rates may be used for the additional layers, allowing for the control of the rate at which the layer of biodegradable material impregnated with the pesticide degrades, thereby controlling the rate at which the pesticide is released into the surrounding soil.

[00150] In certain embodiments of the invention, one or more layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape may be impregnated with one or more strains of plant growth promoting microbes. As used herein, "plant growth promoting microbes" includes fungi, prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria, and their allies. The rhizosphere is a narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated microbial activity. Plant growth-promoting bacteria occupy the rhizosphere of many plant species, may infect the plant, and have beneficial effects on the host plant. Certain fungi are known to have a similar effect. Plant growth-promoting microbes may influence the plant in a direct or indirect manner. Direct mechanisms include increasing plant growth by supplying the plant with nutrients and hormones. Indirect mechanisms include reducing susceptibility to diseases, and activating induced systematic resistance. Non-limiting examples of microbes which have been found to enhance plant growth include Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Arthrobacter, Azobacter, Bacillus, and Rhizobium.

[00151] The type and amount of plant growth-promoting microbe impregnated into a

biodegradable material of the seedtape will depend on local soil conditions and the species and variety of seed contained within the seedtape. Plant growth-promoting microbes may be applied to biodegradable materials in a dormant state. Dormant microbes may be activated by planting the seedtape, allowing local soil conditions to activate the dormant microbes. In one aspect, a seedtape comprising dormant plant growth-promoting microbes further comprises a substance that encourages microbial growth and/or activity, as described below. The substance encouraging microbial growth and/or activity is released upon degradation of the biodegradable material, thereby activating the dormant plant growth-promoting microbes.

[00152] In particular embodiments, one or more layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape may me impregnated with one or more substances that encourage microbial growth and/or activity. Soil is host to many different microbes. Most soil bacteria live close to plant roots and are often referred to as rhizobacteria. Microbes often live in soil water, including the film of moisture surrounding soil particles. Promoting microbial growth and/or activity will encourage the degradation of the one or more layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape by promoting consumption of the seedtape by microbes. This is desirable where the seeds contained within the seedtape are best served by coming into contact with the soil quickly. The layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape may itself encourage microbial growth and/or activity, and may additionally be impregnated with simple carbohydrates and micronutrients beneficial to microbial growth and/or activity.

[00153] In certain embodiments of the present invention, at least one of the at least two layers of biodegradable material making up the seedtape comprises at least one anti-UV compound. UV rays are known to degrade paper and paper-like products, such as the biodegradable materials of the present invention, making them brittle. Anti-UV compounds useful in the present invention are preferably organic compounds.

[00154] In one embodiment, at least one of the at least two layers of biodegradable material comprises at least one substance capable of altering the genetics of a sprouted seed. Substances are chosen for their ability to turn on and/or off expression of one or more target genes. This allows for genetic control over seed and plant characteristics such as pest and drought tolerance.

[00155] In certain aspects, seedtapes comprise treated seeds. In certain instances, a seed treatment or seed dressing is applied to seed prior to planting. This treatment is generally a chemical treatment, typically antimicrobial or fungicidal, but insecticides may also be added. In other aspects, seedtapes comprise seeds capable of anaerobic germination.

[00156] In particular embodiments, the two or more layers of biodegradable material of the seedtape are held together by a first adhesive. The two layers of biodegradable material that hold the seeds in place between them may be held together by a first adhesive applied to an interior surface of one or both biodegradable materials. Non-limiting examples of adhesives useful as a first adhesive include: starch; gelatin; sugar-based glue; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl methyl ether; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; polyvinyl acetate; polyethylene glycol; polyethylene oxide; polyacrylate; hydroxypropyl cellulose; dextran-based adhesive; vegetable gum; water absorbing polymers; hydrogel adhesives; and gel adhesives.

[00157] In other embodiments, the first adhesive is non-toxic and has no or minimal effect on seed, germination of the seed, or seedlings. In yet another aspect, additional layers of biodegradable material are affixed to the two layers of biodegradable material holding the seed using the first adhesive. The first adhesive used to affix the additional layer(s) may be the same or a different adhesive than that used to hold together the two layers of biodegradable material holding the seed.

[00158] In certain aspects, the first adhesive between the two layers of biodegradable material holding the seeds is an expanding gel. Upon the addition of water, the gel may expand, thereby separating the two layers of biodegradable material and providing the space and environment for seed germination and seedling development. Non-limiting examples of expanding gels useful in the present invention include water absorbing polymers, hydrogel adhesives, and gel adhesives.

[00159] In particular aspects, the expanding gel is supplemented with one of, or a combination of, the essential plant nutrients, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and plant growth promoting microbes described above. Once expanded, the supplemented gel may provide optimal seedling growth conditions by providing nutrients, protectants, and growth enhancers.

[00160] In certain aspects, the seedtape comprises a second adhesive (FIGS. 6 and 8). The second adhesive is applied as a strip on the interior surface of one of the two layers of biodegradable material that hold the seeds between them. Seeds are then placed on the strip of second adhesive, maintaining the position of the seed. Non-limiting examples of adhesives useful as a second adhesive include: starch; gelatin; sugar-based glue; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl methyl ether; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; polyvinyl acetate; polyethylene glycol; polyethylene oxide; polyacrylate; hydroxypropyl cellulose; dextran-based adhesive; vegetable gum; water absorbing polymers; hydrogel adhesives; and gel adhesives.

[00161] In certain aspects of the present invention, the width of the strip of second adhesive is from 1 mm to 40 mm wide. This allows the seedtape to be optimized for seeds of different sizes, as well as allowing for some variance during mechanical placement of seeds during seedtape fabrication. The strip of second adhesive is applied 1 mm to 70 mm from a top edge of the layer of biodegradable material. The optimal distance for the second adhesive to be placed from the top edge depends on species and varietal of seed to be contained by the seedtape. Factors to consider when choosing how far from the top edge the second adhesive should be applied include coleoptile size, emerging shoot size, and seedling size.

[00162] When using the seedtape for transplantation, the second adhesive, and thus the seed, are placed close enough to the top of the seedtape so that the emerging shoot and seedling can easily emerge from the top of the seedtape. When using the seedtape to plant ungerminated seed, the strip of second adhesive may be placed approximately centrally on one of the two layers of biodegradable material that hold the seed.

[00163] In one embodiment, the first and second adhesives are different adhesives. In another embodiment, the first and second adhesives are the same adhesive. In yet another embodiment, seeds are placed direcly on the first adhesive, thereby eliminating a need for a strip of adhesive. Seeds are placed 1 mm to 70 mm from a top edge of a layer of biodegradable material. The optimal distance for the seed to be placed from the top edge depends on species and varietal of seed to be contained by the seedtape. Factors to consider when choosing how far from the top edge the second adhesive should be applied include coleoptile size, emerging shoot size, and seedling size. Once seeds are placed on the interior surface of one layer of biodegradable material to which the first adhesive has been applied, a second layer of biodegradable material is applied to the first, creating a two-ply seedtape.

[00164] The seeds contained within a seedtape described herein may be of many different species and varieties. In certain embodiments, the seeds are those of cereal grasses such as rice seeds, corn seeds, wheat seeds, rye seeds, oats seeds, buckwheat seeds, and millet seeds. In one particular embodiment, the seeds contained within a seedtape are rice seeds. In other embodiments, the seeds are those of vegetables, including but not limited to lettuce seeds, cabbage seeds, carrot seeds, spinach seeds, onion seeds, potato seeds, and sweet potato seeds. In yet other embodiments the seeds are those of industrial crops, including but not limited to sugar beet seeds, tobacco seeds, tomato seeds, corn seeds, cut flower seeds, sunflower seeds, strawberry seeds, and seeds of various species of trees.

[00165] Nearly any seed can be incorporated into a seedtape described herein. It will also be recognized that certain species will be more amenable to seedling growth within a seedtape than others. Furthermore, it is to be recognized that the spacing between seeds within the seedtape will depend on both seed species and varietal. Space between seed may range from 1 to 20 cm. Larger species and varietals will require greater distances between the seeds of the seedtape. Spacing between seeds is particularly important when seedlings are to be raised within the seedtape.

[00166] In certain aspects, the moisture content of the seedtape is maintained below that necessary to permit imbibition by the seeds. Imbibition is the first step in seed germination, in which water penetrates the seed coat and begins to soften the dry, hard tissue within the seed, beginning to activate the biochemistry of the seed. The water uptake causes the grain to swell and the seed/fruit coat to split open, allowing for water to enter the seed at an even faster rate. Imbibition is undesirable where seedtapes are to be stored and/or shipped prior to planting, seeds are to be planted at a later date, and where seedlings are to be grown within the seedtape but at a later date. In certain aspects, moisture content within the seedtape is maintained below at least 25%. In other embodiments, the moisture content within the seedtape is maintained below at least 20%, or below at least 15%.

[00167] Seedling Establishment System

[00168] Provided herein are methods for growing seedlings within a seedtape, thereby producing a seedlingtape. In certain embodiments, a seedtape as described herein is saturated with water for 5 to 30 days (FIG. 7, bottom, FIGs. 9-11), thereby allowing for the germination and growth of seedlings from the seed contained within the seedtape. The seedtapes are saturated with water while the seedtape is positioned on its bottom edge in a coil or roll. This configuration allows the shoot and seedling to emerge from the top edge of the seedtape while the roots develop within the seedtape (FIGs. 8-11). In particular embodiments, rolls of seedtape are saturated with water and incubated for 7 to 14 days or for 10 to 24 days prior to the roll of seedtape being transplanted (FIGs. 12- 13). The time a particular species and varietal of seed will need to mature into a transplantable seedling differs, and may be affected by environmental conditions such as ambient temperature, moisture levels, and light levels. Incubation periods may be adjusted accordingly.

[00169] In another embodiment, seedtapes are regularly watered with low volumes of water to avoid over-saturation of the seedtape. Enough moisture is provided to promote germination and seedling growth. Under certain conditions, oversaturation of a seedtape may result in its premature degradation. By watering a seedtape with low volumes of water, the structural integrity of the biodegradable materials comprising the seedtape may be maintained.

[00170] In yet another embodiment, seedtapes in which seedlings have been grown are allowed to dry prior to planting. This process helps in preventing the seedtape from mechanical tearing as a result of the planting process. In particular embodiments, the seedtape comprises an expanding gel, as described herein. Such a gel provides a source of moisture for developing seedlings even when the biodegradable materials of the seedtape are allowed to dry.

[00171] During the incubation period, seedtapes are kept under seedling growth conditions. As used herein, "seedling growth conditions" refers to environmental conditions conducive to seedling growth, including moisture levels, light levels, and temperature. Ideal seedling growth conditions may be determined for each seed species and variety.

[00172] Method for Producing a Seedtape

[00173] Disclosed herein is a method of producing a seedtape. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made to this method without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

[00174] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a roll of two-ply

biodegradable material having a first adhesive, as described above, applied to the inner surface of each ply in order to hold the two plies together. The two plies are separated, and a strip of second adhesive is applied to the now exposed inner surface of one of the two plies of biodegradable material. Seeds are then deposited on the second adhesive and the two plies are re-joined together, forming a seedtape having two layers of biodegradable material holding a strip of seeds between them (FIG. 6).

[00175] Seedtapes of the present invention may be produced at a centralized factory. Farmers may then order seedtapes from the factory in various lengths, from 5 to 200 m. If transplanting is desired, farmers may then saturate the shipped seedtape, thereby growing seedlings just prior to transplantation.

[00176] While the invention has been described with reference to various and preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the essential scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof.

[00177] Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed herein contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims.

[00178] All publications, including patents and non-patent literature, referred to in this

specification are expressly incorporated by reference herein. Citation of the any of the documents recited herein is not intended as an admission that any of the foregoing is pertinent prior art. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on the information available to the applicant and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A system for planting a material, comprising;

a) providing a seedtape spool comprising a material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: a seedtape; and a seedlingtape;

b) providing a means for depositing the material to be planted in a field to be planted.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the material to be planted comprises at least one strip of material comprising seed selected from the group consisting of: ungerminated seed; and

pregerminated seed.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the seed is of a plant selected from a group consisting of: rice; corn; wheat; rye; oats; buckwheat; millet; lettuce; cabbage; carrot; spinach; onion; potato; sweet potato; sugar beet; tobacco; tomato; cut flowers; sunflower; strawberry; and trees.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the seedlingtape comprises at least one strip of material comprising seedlings ready to be planted in the field.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the seedlings are of a plant selected from a group consisting of: rice; corn; wheat; rye; oats; buckwheat; millet; lettuce; cabbage; carrot; spinach; onion; potato; sweet potato; sugar beet; tobacco; tomato; cut flowers; sunflower; strawberry; and trees.

6. The system of any one of claims 4 and 5, wherein the seedlingtape comprises two or more strips of material.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the seedlings are held in place between the two or more strips of material.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the seedlingtape further comprises an expanding gel between the two or more strips of material, interspersed between the seedlings, selected from the group consisting of: water absorbing polymers, including superabsorbent polymers; and hydrogels.

9. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the means for depositing the material to be planted comprises means for opening a furrow in the field to be planted, and a means for depositing the material to be planted into the furrow.

10. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the means for depositing the material to be planted comprises a means for opening a furrow in a field to be planted, and a means for depositing the material to be planted into the furrow in an approximately vertical position.

11. The system of any one of claims 1-11, further comprising a means for propelling the means for depositing the material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: two-wheeled tractor; four-wheeled tractor; horse; mule; buffalo; ox; and human.

12. The system of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the field to be planted comprises soil selected from the group consisting of: non-puddled soil; and puddled soil.

13. A method for planting a material, comprising:

a) providing a system of any one of claims 1-12; and

b) propelling the means for depositing the material in a field to be planted across the field, thereby planting the material.

14. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the means for depositing the material to be planted in a field is hand-planting.

15. A seedtape planting machine comprising:

a) a frame;

b) at least two depth control devices mounted to the frame;

c) a means for holding at least one seedtape spool;

d) at least one furrow opener support mounted to the frame at one end of the furrow opener support, wherein each of the at least one furrow opener support comprises a furrow opener; and

e) at least one seedtape placement device mounted to an end of the furrow opener support opposite of that mounted to the frame, wherein the seedtape placement device extends rearwardly.

16. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, wherein the at least two depth-control devices are wheels connected via a central axle.

17. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, wherein the at least two depth-control devices are skids.

18. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 16 and 17, wherein the at least two depth-control devices are adjustable vertically relative to the frame.

19. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, wherein the means for holding at least one seedtape spool comprises at least one seedtape spool holder, wherein the seedtape spool holder comprises a support and a central spindle.

20. The seedtape planting machine of claim 19, wherein the seedtape spool holder further comprises a disc mounted to the support, and wherein the central spindle is centrally mounted to the disc.

21. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 19 and 20, wherein the seedtape spool holder further comprises a lock mounted to the central spindle.

22. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, wherein the furrow opener support is adjustable vertically relative to the frame.

23. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 15 and 22, wherein the furrow opener support extends approximately perpendicularly and downward from the frame, and wherein the furrow opener extends forward from a base of the furrow opener support.

24. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, wherein the seedtape placement device comprises a freely rotating wheel.

25. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, wherein the seedtape placement device comprises a means to rotate a seedtape 90°.

26. The seedtape planting machine of claim 25, wherein the means to rotate a seedtape 90° comprises a pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers adapted to rotate the seedtape 90°.

27. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, further comprising at least one press wheel mounted to the frame.

28. The seedtape planting machine of claim 27, wherein the at least one press wheel is mounted to the frame via supports, wherein the supports extend downward and rearward from the subframe.

29. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 27 and 28, wherein the at least one press wheel is adjustably mounted to the frame so that the at least one press wheel may be adjustably positioned relative to the frame.

30. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 28, and 29, wherein the supports are spring-loaded so as to press downward.

31. The seedtape planting machine of claim 15, further comprising a hitch.

32. The seedtape planting machine of claim 31, wherein the hitch is mounted centrally to the frame, extending towards a front of the seedtape planting machine.

33. The planting machine of claim 15, further comprising a covering device.

34. The planting machine of claim 33, wherein the covering device is mounted to the frame rearward of the at least one furrow opener support, extending downward approximately parallel to the at least one furrow opener support.

35. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 33 and 34, wherein the covering device comprises a central shaft and two paddles mounted to an end of the central shaft farthest from the frame, and wherein the two paddles extend forward from the central shaft to form a V-shape.

36. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 33, 34, and 35, wherein the covering device is adjustable vertically relative to the frame.

37. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 15-36, wherein the seedtape planting machine is adapted to plant a seedtape while being propelled across a field.

38. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 15-36, wherein the seedtape planting machine is adapted to plant a seedlingtape while being propelled across a field.

39. A seedtape planting machine comprising:

a) a frame;

b) at least two depth control devices mounted to the frame; and

c) at least one planting unit mounted to the frame, wherein the at least one planting unit comprises:

(1) a subframe, wherein the subframe is mounted to the frame and extends rearward and approximately perpendicularly from the frame; (2) a seedtape spool holder mounted to the subframe;

(3) a furrow opener support mounted to the subframe by one end of the furrow opener support so that the furrow opener support extends approximately perpendicularly and downward from the subframe, wherein the furrow opener support comprises a furrow opener extending forward from an end of the furrow opener support opposite to that mounted to the subframe; and

(4) a seedtape placement device mounted to the same end of the furrow opener support from which the furrow opener extends, wherein the seedtape placement device extends rearward from the furrow opener support.

40. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the at least two depth-control devices are wheels connected via a central axle.

41. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the at least two depth-control devices are skids.

42. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 39, 40, and 41, wherein the at least two depth control devices are adjustable vertically relative to the frame.

43. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the at least one planting unit is adjustably mounted to the frame.

44. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the seedtape planting machine comprises two or more planting units.

45. The seedtape planting machine of claims 44, wherein the two or more planting units are adjustably mounted to the frame, and wherein the two or more planting units are adjustable horizontally along the frame relative to each other.

46. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the seedtape spool holder comprises a support and a central spindle, wherein the support is mounted to the subframe and the central spindle is mounted to an end of the support farthest from the subframe.

47. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the seedtape spool holder comprises a support, a disc, and a central spindle, wherein the support is mounted to the subframe, the disc is mounted to an end of the support farthest from the subframe, and the central spindle is centrally mounted to the disc.

48. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 39, 46, and 47, wherein the seedtape spool holder further comprises a lock.

49. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 46, and 47, wherein the seedtape spool holder further comprises a lock mounted to a free end of the central spindle.

50. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the furrow opener support is adjustable vertically relative to the subframe.

51. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the seedtape placement device comprises a freely rotating wheel.

52. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the seedtape placement device comprises means to rotate a seedtape 90°.

53. The seedtape planting machine of claim 52, wherein the means to rotate a seedtape 90° comprises a pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers adapted to rotate the seedtape 90°.

54. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the planting unit comprises at least one press wheel mounted to the subframe.

55. The seedtape planting machine of claim 54, wherein the at least one press wheel is mounted to the subframe via supports, wherein the supports extend downward and rearward from the subframe.

56. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 39, 54, and 55, wherein the at least one press wheel is rearward relative to the furrow opener support.

57. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 39, 54, 55, and 56, wherein the at least one press wheel is adjustably mounted to the subframe so that the at least one press wheel may be adjustably positioned vertically relative to the subframe.

58. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 55, 56, and 56, wherein the supports are spring-loaded so as to press downward.

59. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, further comprising a hitch.

60. The seedtape planting machine of claim 59, wherein the hitch is mounted centrally to the frame, extending towards a front of the seedtape planting machine.

61. The planting machine of claim 39, wherein the planting unit further comprising a covering device.

62. The planting machine of claim 61, wherein the covering device is mounted to the sub frame rearward of the furrow opener support, extending downward approximately parallel to the at least one furrow opener support.

63. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 61 and 62, wherein the covering device comprises a central shaft and two paddles mounted to an end of the central shaft farthest from the frame, and wherein the two paddles extend forward from the central shaft to form a V-shape.

64. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 61, 62, and 63, wherein the covering device is adjustable vertically relative to the frame.

65. The seedtape planting machine of claim 39, wherein the planting unit comprises

a) at least one press wheel mounted to the subframe via supports that extend downward and rearward from the subframe;

b) a covering device mounted to the subframe rearward of the furrow opener and forward of the at least one press wheel, wherein the covering device extends downward from the subframe approximately parallel to the furrow opener.

66. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 39-65, wherein the seedtape planting machine is adapted to plant a seedtape while being propelled across a field.

67. The seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 39-65, wherein the seedtape planting machine is adapted to plant a seedlingtape while being propelled across a field.

68. A method of planting, comprising;

a) providing at least one seedtape spool comprising a material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: a seedtape; and a seedlingtape;

b) providing the seedtape planting machine of any one of claims 39-67;

c) mounting a seedtape spool on the seedtape spool holder of the at least one planting unit; d) passing a free end of the material to be planted through the seedtape placement device; and

e) propelling the planting machine across a field to be planted, thereby causing the furrow opener to open a furrow in the field to be planted and the seedtape placement device to deposit the material to be planted within the furrow as the material to be planted unrolls from the seedtape spool holder,

thereby planting the material to be planted.

69. The method of planting of claim 55, wherein the seedtape placement device comprises a freely rotating wheel, and the free end of the material to be planted is fed around the freely rotating wheel, passing between the freely rotating wheel and the furrow opener support.

70. The method of planting of claim 55, wherein the seedtape placement device is a pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers and the free end of the seedtape is manually fed through the sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers.

71. The method of planting of any one of claims 68, 69, and 70, further comprising a step of affixing a free end of the material to be planted to the soil prior to propelling the planting machine across a field to be planted.

72. The method of planting of claim 71, wherein the free end of the material to be planted is affixed to the soil by a stake.

73. The method of planting of any one of claims 68-72, wherein the seedtape planting machine is propelled by a method selected from the group consisting of: pushing; and pulling.

74. The method of planting of claim 73, wherein the seedtape planting machine is propelled by a power source selected from the group consisting of: two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, horse; mule; buffalo; ox; or human.

75. The method of planting of claim 68, wherein the seedtape comprises seed selected from the group comprising: ungerminated seed; and pre-germinated seed.

76. The method of planting of claim 75, wherein the seed is of a plant selected from the group consisting of: rice; corn; wheat; rye; oats; buckwheat; millet; lettuce; cabbage; carrot; spinach; onion; potato; sweet potato; sugar beet; tobacco; tomato; cut flowers; sunflower; strawberry; and trees.

77. The method of planting of claim 68, wherein the seedlingtape comprises seedlings of a plant selected from a group consisting of: rice; corn; wheat; rye; oats; buckwheat; millet; lettuce; cabbage; carrot; spinach; onion; potato; sweet potato; sugar beet; tobacco; tomato; cut flowers; sunflower; strawberry; and trees.

78. The method of planting of claim 77, wherein the seedlingtape comprises two or more strips of material, wherein the seedlings are held in place between the two or more strips of material.

79. The method of planting of claim 78, wherein the seedlingtape further comprises an expanding gel between the two or more strips of material, interspersed between the seedlings, selected from the group consisting of: water absorbing polymers, including superabsorbent polymers; and hydrogels.

80. The method of planting of claim 68, wherein the material comprises a seedtape, and the seedtape placement device is a freely rotating wheel.

81. The method of planting of claim 68, wherein the material comprises a seedlingtape, the seedtape placement device is a pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers, and wherein the pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers deposits the seedlingtape in the furrow in an approximately vertical position.

82. The method of planting of claim 68, wherein the seedtape planting machine comprises two or more planting units.

83. The method of planting of claim 82, wherein the two or more planting units are adjusted horizontally along the frame, thereby controlling the width between planting rows.

84. The method of planting of any one of claims 68-84, wherein the at least two depth control devices are adjusted vertically relative to the frame, thereby controlling a depth at which the material to be planted is planted.

85. The method of planting of any one of claims 68-83, wherein the field to be planted is not puddled.

86. The method of planting of any one of claims 68-83, wherein the field to be planted is puddled.

87. A seedlingtape planting machine comprising:

a) a frame

b) at least one soil engaging means mounted to the frame, wherein each soil engaging means comprises a channel passing through an entire thickness of the soil engaging means; c) at least one forward axle configured to receive a seedlingtape spool mounted to the frame, extending outwardly above each of the at least one soil engaging means;

d) at least one rotation and guide means positioned between each of the at least one forward axle and each of the at least one soil engaging means; and

e) means for propelling the seedlingtape planting machine across a field to be planted, wherein the channel passing through the entire width of each soil engaging means is located towards a back end of each of the soil engaging means, starting at a base of each of the at least one rotation and guide means and extending to the back end of each of the soil engaging means.

88. The seedlingtape planting machine of claim 87, wherein the at least one soil engaging means is selected from a group consisting of: pontoon; and skid.

89. The seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 87 and 88, wherein the at least one rotation and guide means comprises an angled ramp adapted to rotate a seedlingtape from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position.

90. The seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 87 and 88, wherein the at least one rotation and guide means comprises a pair of sequentially mounted conveyor rollers adapted to rotate a seedlingtape from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position.

91. The seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 87-90, further comprising at least one drive wheel mounted to a side of the at least one soil engaging means, wherein the drive wheel is adapted to rotate the forward axle.

92. The seedlingtape planting machine of claim 91, wherein the seedlingtape planting machine comprises two soil engaging means and as single drive wheel mounted to the frame between and rearward of the two soil engaging means.

93. The seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 91 and 92, wherein the drive wheel is mounted to the frame by a central drive axle, and the central drive axle is adapted to engage a drivetrain mechanism, wherein the drivetrain mechanism is adapted to rotate the forward axle.

94. The seedlingtape planting machine of claim 9, wherein the drivetrain mechanism is selected from a group consisting of: a chain and sprocket-type drivetrain; a belt-based drivetrain; and a propeller shaft-based drivetrain.

95. The seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 91,-94, wherein the drive wheel is a paddled wheel.

96. The seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 87-95, further comprising a furrow opener attached to a bottom surface of each of the at least one soil engaging means, wherein the furrow opener is positioned directly forward of the channel.

97. A seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 87-96, further comprising a handle mounted to the frame.

98. The seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 87-97, wherein the seedlingtape planting machine is adapted to plant a seedlingtape while being propelled across a field.

99. A method of planting, comprising:

a) providing at least one seedlingtape spool comprising a material to be planted selected from the group consisting of: a seedlingtape; and a seedtape;

b) providing the seedlingtape planting machine of any one of claims 87-98;

c) mounting a seedlingtape spool on each of the at least one forward axle;

d) engaging a free end of the material to be planted of the seedlingtape spool with each of the at least one rotation and guide means;

e) guiding the free end of the material to be planted through each channel, wherein the channel is located rearward of the rotation and guide means with which the free end of the material to be planted is engaged;

f) engaging the free end of the material passed through the channel with the soil of a field to be planted;

g) propelling the seedlingtape planting machine across the field to be planted, thereby

causing the material to be planted to be planted to be planted.

100. The method of planting of claim 99, wherein the rotation and guide means is an angled ramp, and the free end of the material to be planted is draped over the angled ramp, thereby rotating the material to be planted from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position before being guided through the channel.

101. The method of planting of claim 99, wherein the rotation and guide means is a pair of sequentially- mounted conveyor rollers, wherein the free end of the material to be planted is passed through the pair of sequentially-mounted conveyor rollers, thereby rotating the material to be planted from an approximately horizontal position to an approximately vertical position before being guided through the channel.

102. The method of planting of any one of claims 99, 100, and 101, further comprising a step of affixing a free end of the seedtape to the soil.

103. The method of planting of claim 102, wherein the free end of the material to be planted is affixed to the soil by a stake.

104. The method of planting of any one of claims 99-103, wherein the seedlingtape planting machine is propelled by a method selected from the group consisting of: pushing; and pulling.

105. The method of planting of claim 104, wherein the seedlingtape planting machine is propelled by a power source selected from the group consisting of: two-wheeled tractor, four-wheeled tractor, horse; mule; buffalo; ox; or human.

106. The method of planting of claim 99, wherein the seedlingtape comprises seedlings of a plant selected from a group consisting of: rice; corn; wheat; rye; oats; buckwheat; millet; lettuce; cabbage; carrot; spinach; onion; potato; sweet potato; sugar beet; tobacco; tomato; cut flowers; sunflower; strawberry; and trees.

107. The method of planting of claim 106, wherein the seedlingtape comprises two or more strips of material, wherein the seedlings are held in place between the two or more strips of material.

108. The method of planting of claim 107, wherein the seedlingtape further comprises an expanding gel between the two or more strips of material, interspersed between the seedlings, selected from the group consisting of: water absorbing polymers, including superabsorbent polymers; and hydrogels.

109. The method of planting of claim 99, wherein the seedtape comprises seed selected from the group comprising: ungerminated seed; and pre-germinated seed.

110. The method of planting of claim 109, wherein the seed is of a plant selected from the group consisting of: rice; corn; wheat; rye; oats; buckwheat; millet; lettuce; cabbage; carrot; spinach; onion; potato; sweet potato; sugar beet; tobacco; tomato; cut flowers; sunflower; strawberry; and trees.

111. The method of planting of any one of claims 99-110, wherein the seedlingtape planting machine comprises a furrow opener, and propelling the seedlingtape planting machine across the field to be planted results in a furrow being opened in the soil immediately in front of the channel into which the material to be planted is deposited as the material to be planted passes through the channel.

112. The method of planting of any one of claims 99-111, wherein the field to be planted is puddled.