Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C17/00—Monitoring; Testing ; Maintaining
  • G21C17/02—Devices or arrangements for monitoring coolant or moderator
  • G21C17/022—Devices or arrangements for monitoring coolant or moderator for monitoring liquid coolants or moderators
  • G21C17/025—Devices or arrangements for monitoring coolant or moderator for monitoring liquid coolants or moderators for monitoring liquid metal coolants
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
  • G21C15/24—Promoting flow of the coolant
  • G21C15/243—Promoting flow of the coolant for liquids
  • G21C15/247—Promoting flow of the coolant for liquids for liquid metals
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

• a nuclear reactor with a liquid metal coolant a system for monitoring the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in such reactors, and a method for controlling the thermodynamic activity of oxygen
• the invention relates to nuclear energy, and can be used in power plants with liquid metal lead-containing coolants, in particular, fast neutron reactors, in the 1st circuit of which use heavy liquid metal coolants (TZHMT) - eutectic alloy 44.5% Pb-55 5% Bi and lead, respectively.
• liquid metal lead-containing coolants in particular, fast neutron reactors
• TZHMT heavy liquid metal coolants
• a feature of TZHMT is their rather high corrosion activity with respect to structural materials.
• the main method of protecting structural materials in contact with HLMT is oxygen passivation (inhibition) of surfaces, which consists in the formation and maintenance of oxide films on the surfaces of the material.
• a nuclear power plant including a nuclear reactor with a liquid metal coolant, the casing of which has an active zone located below the level of the coolant, steam generators, circulation pumps and a system for monitoring the state of the liquid metal coolant, which is carried out by continuous measurements of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen using one control element immersed in coolant and connected to the measuring unit.
• thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the coolant it is necessary to maintain the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the coolant at a certain level, and, therefore, ensure reliable and reliable control of this parameter.
• the usual practice for obtaining operational information on the dependence of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen on temperature is to change the operating mode of the entire nuclear installation (change in its power, coolant flow rate), which is extremely undesirable.
• the technical task of the present invention is to provide reliable control over the state of the set values of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the liquid metal coolant and maintaining them under any operating conditions of a nuclear installation.
• the technical result of the invention is to increase the reliability of the reactor by providing the possibility of obtaining constant and reliable information about the physicochemical processes taking place in the liquid metal coolant in the flow part of the reactor.
• the above result is achieved by creating a nuclear reactor with a liquid metal coolant, including a housing with an active zone located below the level of the coolant, steam generators, circulation pumps and a system for monitoring the state of the liquid metal coolant containing a control element located in the reactor connected to the measuring unit, while the control element of the system represents a thermodynamic sensors located in the central and peripheral parts of the reactor vessel ciency oxygen sensing elements are located in a layer of liquid metal coolant and the additional thermodynamic oxygen activity sensor disposed above the level of liquid metal coolant and arranged to periodically immersing it in a coolant.
• the number of sensors for the thermodynamic activity of oxygen can be different; an increase in their number increases the accuracy of measurements.
• their installation is associated with a violation of the integrity of the reactor vessel, therefore, it is preferable that the number of sensors of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen, the sensitive elements of which are in the layer of liquid metal coolant, is at least two. At the same time, one of them is located in the “hot” central part of the reactor vessel in the zone of coolant exit from the core, and the second one is in the peripheral “cold” part of the vessel.
• thermodynamic activity sensor located above the coolant level works periodically, it is equipped with the mechanism of its vertical movement for the necessary immersion of the sensitive element of this sensor in the coolant layer.
• an additional oxygen thermodynamic activity sensor is located above the coolant level in the central part of the reactor vessel.
• solid electrolyte sensors are used as sensors for the thermodynamic activity of oxygen.
• the technical result of the invention is also achieved by creating a system for monitoring the state of the liquid metal coolant in nuclear reactors, including a control element located in the reactor connected to the measuring unit, the control element being made in the form of permanently acting oxygen thermodynamic activity sensors placed in the central and peripheral parts of the reactor vessel, sensitive elements which are in the layer of liquid metal coolant, and additionally - Occupancy thermodynamic oxygen activity disposed above the level of liquid metal coolant and mounted for intermittent immersion into the coolant.
• the number of sensors of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen, the sensitive elements of which are in the layer of liquid metal coolant is at least two.
• the additional oxygen thermodynamic activity sensor located above the coolant level is equipped with a vertical displacement mechanism.
• the additional oxygen thermodynamic activity sensor is located above the coolant level in the central part of the reactor vessel.
• solid electrolyte sensors are used as sensors for the thermodynamic activity of oxygen.
• the sensors must work reliably in the conditions of aggressive action of the Pb or Pb-Bi melt at temperatures of 350-650 ° C, pressures up to 1.5 MPa, thermal shock up to 100 ° C / s and coolant speeds up to 1.0 m / s.
• the oxygen thermodynamic activity sensors used in the invention operate on the basis of the electrochemical method using a galvanic concentration element based on solid oxide electrolyte.
• Such sensors are known, and are used to determine the oxygen content in various substances in the energy sector, the chemical industry and the automotive industry - to control oxygen in gases; in metallurgy and semiconductor technology - in molten metals.
• the applicant also protects the method for monitoring the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in a nuclear reactor with a liquid metal coolant according to claim 1, carried out by measuring the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the coolant and transmitting readings to the measuring unit, while constantly measuring in the central "hot” and peripheral “cold” parts the reactor vessel and additionally periodically measure the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the central "hot” part of the reactor.
• thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the central part of the reactor is carried out 1-2 times a month.
• FIG. 1 shows a nuclear reactor with a system for monitoring the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in a liquid metal coolant
• FIG. 2 is a graph of the readings of the sensors of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen (DAK) on the temperature of the lead-bismuth coolant in the BM-40A and OK-550 installations.
• DAK thermodynamic activity of oxygen
• a nuclear reactor with a liquid metal coolant has a housing 1 with an active zone 2 located below the coolant level, above which a protective plug 3 with a channel 4 for accommodating the sensor is located.
• Steam generators 5 and circulation pumps 6 are also located in the reactor housing 1; in its upper part is shielding gas.
• the system for monitoring the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the coolant contains a permanent sensor of thermodynamic activity of oxygen 7, which is equipped with a sensing element 8 located in the layer of liquid metal coolant in the central "hot" part of the reactor vessel 1 in the channel 4 of the protective plug 3. Sensor 7 is connected to a single measuring block (not shown).
• the sensor of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen 9 of the control system has a sensitive element 10, which is located in the layer of liquid metal coolant in the peripheral "cold" part of the reactor vessel 1.
• the sensor 9 is connected to a single measuring unit (not shown in the drawing).
• An additional oxygen thermodynamic activity sensor 1 1 of the control system is located above the level of the liquid metal coolant and is mounted with the possibility of periodically moving its sensing element 12 to the coolant level using the vertical movement mechanism 13, which can be performed in any way suitable for this purpose.
• the sensor 1 1 is also connected to a single measuring unit (not shown in the drawing).
• the frequency of measurements of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen by an additional sensor 1 1 is determined experimentally in each case, and is on average once or twice a month.
• a nuclear reactor with a system for monitoring the thermodynamic activity of oxygen works, and the control method is carried out as follows:
• thermodynamic activity of oxygen 7 and 9 determine the numerical values of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the "hot” and “cold” zones of the vessel 1 of the reactor. Measurement indicators are transferred to a single measuring unit. Then, the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen is determined, and it is compared with tabulated values, which allows us to conclude that the state of the liquid metal coolant in the reactor, for example, the presence of impurities formed in the coolant as a result of its interaction with structural steels.
• the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the coolant is maintained by dissolving the oxides of the coolant components in it, which are previously introduced into the circuit, or form them by crystallization from the coolant and accumulation on the filter.
• thermodynamic activity of oxygen in the coolant should be in a range that ensures, in all sections of the non-isothermal circuit, on the one hand, the safety of oxide passivation films on the surfaces of structural materials, i.e. their corrosion resistance, on the other hand. lack of formation of slag deposits on the inner surfaces of the elements of the reactor loop.
• the oxygen dissolved in the coolant is continuously consumed to bind components of structural materials (iron, chromium) that diffuse into the melt volume and have a greater chemical affinity for oxygen than the coolant components.
• the measurements are carried out with an oxygen thermodynamic activity sensor 1 1 (having a monitoring and backup function). Measurements are carried out periodically, for example, 1-2 times a month, in order to compare them with the readings of sensors 7 and 9 or to be able to measure the thermodynamic activity of oxygen when they fail.
• Using the present invention allows to increase the service life of the steel circulation loop of a nuclear reactor with a liquid metal coolant, to prevent the formation of slag deposits and to increase the efficiency of the filtering devices used in the circuits.
• FIG. 2 is a graph of the dependence of the readings of sensors of thermodynamic activity of oxygen (DAK) on the temperature of lead-bismuth coolant, which illustrates the description of the invention specific changes in the readings of the sensors of the thermodynamic activity of oxygen in lead-bismuth circulation circuits of various nuclear facilities.
• DAK thermodynamic activity of oxygen

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
• Monitoring And Testing Of Nuclear Reactors (AREA)

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• 2013
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