WO2014200829A1 - Multi-stage bubble column humidifier - Google Patents

Multi-stage bubble column humidifier Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014200829A1
WO2014200829A1 PCT/US2014/041226 US2014041226W WO2014200829A1 WO 2014200829 A1 WO2014200829 A1 WO 2014200829A1 US 2014041226 W US2014041226 W US 2014041226W WO 2014200829 A1 WO2014200829 A1 WO 2014200829A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
stage
carrier gas
chamber
humidifier
feed liquid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2014/041226
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Prakash Govindan
Mostafa Elsharqawy
Steven Lam
Maximus St. John
John Lienhard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Original Assignee
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to MX2015017050A priority Critical patent/MX2015017050A/es
Priority to CA2915036A priority patent/CA2915036C/en
Priority to SG11201509710WA priority patent/SG11201509710WA/en
Priority to AU2014278506A priority patent/AU2014278506B2/en
Priority to JP2016519555A priority patent/JP6224235B2/ja
Priority to KR1020167000448A priority patent/KR20160025552A/ko
Priority to RU2015152497A priority patent/RU2648333C2/ru
Priority to CN201480036972.4A priority patent/CN105407994B/zh
Application filed by King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Massachusetts Institute of Technology filed Critical King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Priority to ES14734357T priority patent/ES2710377T3/es
Priority to EP14734357.8A priority patent/EP3007789B1/en
Publication of WO2014200829A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014200829A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to ZA2016/00163A priority patent/ZA201600163B/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
    • C02F1/048—Purification of waste water by evaporation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D1/00—Evaporating
    • B01D1/14—Evaporating with heated gases or vapours or liquids in contact with the liquid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
    • B01D19/0005—Degasification of liquids with one or more auxiliary substances
    • B01D19/001—Degasification of liquids with one or more auxiliary substances by bubbling steam through the liquid
    • B01D19/0015—Degasification of liquids with one or more auxiliary substances by bubbling steam through the liquid in contact columns containing plates, grids or other filling elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/06—Flash distillation
    • B01D3/065—Multiple-effect flash distillation (more than two traps)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
    • B01D3/143—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column by two or more of a fractionation, separation or rectification step
    • B01D3/146—Multiple effect distillation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
    • B01D3/32—Other features of fractionating columns ; Constructional details of fractionating columns not provided for in groups B01D3/16 - B01D3/30
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
    • C02F1/06—Flash evaporation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/10—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from quarries or from mining activities
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • Fresh water is one of the most fundamental needs of humans and other organisms; each human needs to consume a minimum of about two liters per day.
  • the world also faces greater freshwater demands from farming and industrial processes.
  • RO Reverse osmosis
  • MSF thermal-energy-based multi-stage flash
  • MED multi-effect distillation
  • Humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems include a humidifier and a dehumidifier as their main components and use a carrier gas ⁇ e.g., air) to communicate energy between the heat source and the brine.
  • a carrier gas ⁇ e.g., air
  • a simple version of this technology includes a humidifier, a dehumidifier, and a heater to heat the seawater stream.
  • the humidifier hot seawater comes in direct contact with dry air, and this air becomes heated and humidified.
  • the dehumidifier the heated and humidified air is brought into (indirect) contact with cold seawater and gets dehumidified, producing pure water and dehumidified air.
  • precipitation of scaling components can occur within the system with consequent damage if the temperature rises too high.
  • the feed liquid including the vaporizable component flows into a second- stage humidifier chamber to form a second-stage humidifier bath at a second humidification temperature.
  • a first remnant of the feed liquid from the second-stage humidifier chamber then flows into a first-stage humidifier chamber to form a first-stage humidifier bath at a first humidification temperature, wherein the first humidification temperature is lower than the second humidification temperature.
  • a second remnant of the feed liquid is then removed from the first-stage humidifier chamber.
  • a carrier gas is injected into the first-stage humidifier bath in the first-stage chamber and bubbled through the first-stage humidifier bath, where the carrier gas collects the vaporizable component in vapor form from the first remnant of the feed liquid to partially humidify the carrier gas with the vaporizable
  • the partially humidified carrier gas is then directed from the first humidifier chamber into the second-stage humidifier bath in the second-stage humidifier chamber and bubbled through the second-stage humidifier bath, where the carrier gas collects more of the vaporizable component in vapor form from the feed liquid to further humidify the carrier gas with the vaporizable component; the humidified carrier gas is then removed from the second-stage humidifier chamber.
  • a feed-liquid source contains a feed liquid; and a second-stage humidifier chamber is configured to receive the feed liquid from the feed-liquid source and contains a bubble distributor. Furthermore, a first-stage humidifier chamber is configured to receive a remnant of the feed liquid from the second-stage humidifier chamber and contains a bubble distributor.
  • a carrier-gas source contains a carrier gas, wherein the first-stage humidifier chamber is configured to receive the carrier gas from the carrier-gas source and to disperse the carrier gas through the bubble distributor of the first- stage humidifier chamber, and wherein the second-stage humidifier chamber is configured to receive the carrier gas from the first-stage humidifier chamber and to disperse the carrier gas through the bubble distributor of the second-stage
  • the multi-stage bubble-column humidifier described herein can substitute for the packed-bed heat exchanger previously used in humidification-dehumidification systems to efficiently humidify dry air.
  • Advantages that may be provided by embodiments of the methods and apparatus described herein include reduced-cost dehumidification, as both the equipment cost and the cost of energy for operation can be reduced.
  • the energy for humidification can be directly provided by the feed liquid in the humidification chambers.
  • very high heat and mass transfer rates in the multi-stage humidifier enable the design and use of a very small humidification device.
  • multi-extraction can be used in the multistage bubble column to further increase heat recovery.
  • the methods described herein can be used to advantageously extract water from contaminated waste streams ⁇ e.g., from oil and gas production) both to produce fresh water and to concentrate and reduce the volume of the waste streams, thereby reducing pollution and contamination and reducing costs.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional illustration of an embodiment of a multi-stage bubble-column humidifier.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional illustration of an embodiment of a first-stage
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional illustration of a multi-stage, single-column humidification-dehumidification (HDH) system.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional illustration of a multi-stage, single-column HDH system including multi-extraction conduits for the feed liquid and carrier gas.
  • Percentages or concentrations expressed herein can represent either by weight or by volume.
  • first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements are not to be limited by these terms. These terms are simply used to distinguish one element from another. Thus, a first element, discussed below, could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 An embodiment of a multi-stage bubble-column humidifier 12 with four stages is illustrated FIG. 1. In other embodiments, more or fewer humidification stages can be linked in series, as described below, for carrying out the humidification process.
  • Feed liquid containing dissolved components is fed from a feed-liquid source 14 ⁇ e.g., an ocean, pond or storage tank) into a fourth-stage humidification chamber 22 of the humidifier 12, where the feed liquid forms a bath 24 contained within the chamber 22.
  • the feed liquid is fed into the fourth- stage humidification chamber 22 at a temperature of 70°C.
  • a vaporizable component ⁇ e.g., water
  • a vaporizable component ⁇ e.g., water
  • a remnant of the feed liquid (with further-concentrated dissolved components) is fed from the fourth-stage humidification chamber 22 via a conduit 26 into a third-stage humidification chamber 20, in which the remnant of the feed liquid forms another bath 24 through which the carrier gas is bubbled.
  • the remnant of the feed liquid is fed into the third-stage
  • the temperature of the remaining feed is reduced from stage-to-stage, in part, via the energy used for vaporization of the vaporizable component from the feed liquid at each stage into the carrier gas.
  • a remnant of the feed liquid (with still-further-concentrated dissolved components) is fed from the third-stage humidification chamber 20 via a conduit 28 into a second-stage humidification chamber 18, in which the remnant of the feed liquid forms another bath 24 through which the carrier gas is bubbled.
  • the remnant of the feed liquid is fed into the second-stage humidification chamber 18 at a temperature of 56°C in this embodiment.
  • a remnant of the feed liquid (with still-further-concentrated dissolved components) is fed from the second-stage humidification chamber 18 via a conduit 30 into a first-stage humidification chamber 16, in which the remnant of the feed liquid forms another bath 24 through which the carrier gas is bubbled.
  • the remnant of the feed liquid is fed into the first-stage humidification chamber 16 at a temperature of 51.3°C in this embodiment.
  • the remnant of the feed liquid which can now be in the form of a cold brine, can be removed from the first- stage humidification chamber ⁇ e.g., at a temperature of 45.7°C in this embodiment) via a conduit 32 to a brine storage reservoir 33. Accordingly, the temperature of the feed liquid can drop by, e.g., about 5%-15% across each stage.
  • a cool, dry carrier gas is bubbled through the bath 24 of each stage to remove the vaporized component from the baths 24 (as shown in FIG. 2), where flow of the carrier gas between the chambers is shown with arrows 36 in FIG. 1.
  • the carrier gas can be, e.g., air, and it can initially be fed into the first-stage humidification chamber 16 from a carrier-gas reservoir 35 pressurized by a blower pump 34 feeding into the reservoir 35.
  • the carrier gas fills a lower gas region 38 inside the first-stage humidification chamber 16 and flows through a bubble distributor (here, a sparger plate) 40 into the bath 24 in the form of bubbles 42 (as shown in FIG.
  • the remaining humidification chambers 18, 20 and 22 have a design and operation similar to or the same as that of the first-stage humidification chamber 16; and the bath 24 in each of the humidification chambers 16, 18, 20 and 22 can have a width (w) that is
  • the pressure drop on the carrier-gas (bottom) side of the sparger plate 40 is a strong function of the height of the bath 24 because the hydrostatic height of the bath 24 needs to be overcome by the air to keep the bath liquid from "weeping" through the sparger plate 40 to the stage below.
  • a main advantage of the low height of the bath 24 is, hence, the reduced electricity consumption in the air-moving device (blower) 34 because of the lower pressure drop. Maintaining a low height of the bath is also feasible in this context because the characteristic dimension of heat transfer is of the order of a few millimeters.
  • FIG. 3 An embodiment in which a multi-stage bubble-column humidifier 12 and dehumidifier 48 are stacked is illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the humidifier 12 includes four stages 16, 18, 20 and 22 and operates as described in the embodiments, above.
  • the dehumidified carrier gas 66 from the fourth-stage humidification chamber 22 is pumped from the fourth-stage
  • the dehumidifier 48 can have the same or essentially the same design as the multi-stage bubble-column dehumidifier of US Application Serial No. 13/241,907.
  • the baths 58 in the dehumidification chambers 50, 52, 54, and 56 can be formed of a liquid having the same composition ⁇ e.g., water) as the component vaporized from the feed liquid in the humidifier 12.
  • the temperature of the bath 58 in the first-stage dehumidification chamber 50 is higher than the temperature of the bath 58 in the second-stage dehumidification chamber 52; the temperature of the bath 58 in the second-stage dehumidification chamber 52 is higher than the temperature of the bath 58 in the third-stage dehumidification chamber 54; and the temperature of the bath 58 in the third-stage dehumidification chamber 54 is higher than the temperature of the bath 58 in the fourth-stage dehumidification chamber 56.
  • Pure condensed liquid ⁇ e.g., liquid water
  • output conduit 76 into which the condensate flows from each of the dehumidification chambers 50, 52, 54 and 56.
  • the baths 58 can be heated by thermal energy transferred from the hot humidified carrier gas 66 successively injected into and through each of the baths 58, where the condensable vapor component is condensed from the humidified carrier gas 66 in liquid form into the baths 58 as the carrier gas 66 is successively cooled through the stages.
  • the feed liquid is pumped from the feed-liquid source 14 through a serpentine conduit 60 that snakes through the bath 58 in each stage; thermal energy is conducted from the baths 58 through the conduit 60 into the feed liquid to gradually pre-heat the feed liquid en route to a heater 62 that injects additional thermal energy 70 into the feed liquid to raise its temperature, e.g., to 70°C before the feed liquid is injected into the fourth-stage humidification chamber 22 to form the bath 24 therein.
  • the apparatus also includes multi-extraction conduits 72 and 74 extending between intermediate locations ⁇ i.e., locations between the initial and final chambers) in the multi-stage humidifier 12 and dehumidifier 48.
  • Conduit 74 extracts a portion of the feed-liquid remnant from the fourth-to-third- stage conduit 26 (though it can also/ alternatively extract from conduit 28 or 30) and recirculates the extracted feed-liquid remnant (at a warmer temperature) back to the feed-liquid conduit 60 between stages (here, between the first- and second-stage dehumidification chambers 50 and 52) of the multi-stage dehumidifier 48.
  • the extraction/injection of the feed liquid from in-between the stages of the bubble column(s) via conduits 72 facilitates thermodynamic balancing of the system in operation.
  • a portion of the carrier gas can be extracted from at least one intermediate location in the humidifier 12 (here, from second-stage humidification chamber 28) via conduit 74 and injected into a stage (here, into the second-stage dehumidification chamber 52) of the multi-stage dehumidifier 12.
  • parameters for various properties or other values can be adjusted up or down by l/100 th , l/50 th , l/20 th , l/10 th , l/5 th , l/3 rd , 1/2, 2/3 rd , 3/4 th , 4/5 th , 9/10 th , 19/20 th , 49/50 th , 99/100 th , etc. (or up by a factor of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 50, 100, etc.), or by rounded-off approximations thereof, unless otherwise specified.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
  • Drying Of Gases (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)
  • Air Humidification (AREA)
  • Accommodation For Nursing Or Treatment Tables (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
PCT/US2014/041226 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier Ceased WO2014200829A1 (en)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
RU2015152497A RU2648333C2 (ru) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Многоступенчатый барботажный колонный увлажнитель
SG11201509710WA SG11201509710WA (en) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier
AU2014278506A AU2014278506B2 (en) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier
JP2016519555A JP6224235B2 (ja) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 多段気泡搭加湿器
KR1020167000448A KR20160025552A (ko) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 다단식 기포탑 가습 장치
MX2015017050A MX2015017050A (es) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Humidificador multietapa con columna de burbujeo.
EP14734357.8A EP3007789B1 (en) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier and method for humidification
CN201480036972.4A CN105407994B (zh) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 多级鼓泡塔增湿器
ES14734357T ES2710377T3 (es) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Humidificador de columna de burbujas de múltiples fases y método de humidificación
CA2915036A CA2915036C (en) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier
ZA2016/00163A ZA201600163B (en) 2013-06-12 2016-01-08 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/916,038 US9120033B2 (en) 2013-06-12 2013-06-12 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier
US13/916,038 2013-06-12

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2014200829A1 true WO2014200829A1 (en) 2014-12-18

Family

ID=51033559

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2014/041226 Ceased WO2014200829A1 (en) 2013-06-12 2014-06-06 Multi-stage bubble column humidifier

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (5) US9120033B2 (enExample)
EP (1) EP3007789B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP6224235B2 (enExample)
KR (1) KR20160025552A (enExample)
CN (2) CN105407994B (enExample)
AU (1) AU2014278506B2 (enExample)
CA (1) CA2915036C (enExample)
CL (1) CL2015003587A1 (enExample)
ES (1) ES2710377T3 (enExample)
MX (1) MX2015017050A (enExample)
RU (1) RU2648333C2 (enExample)
SG (1) SG11201509710WA (enExample)
WO (1) WO2014200829A1 (enExample)
ZA (1) ZA201600163B (enExample)

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US9079117B2 (en) 2013-09-12 2015-07-14 Gradiant Corporation Systems including a condensing apparatus such as a bubble column condenser
US20170334736A1 (en) * 2016-05-20 2017-11-23 Gradiant Corporation Humidification-dehumidification systems and methods at low top brine temperatures
US9969638B2 (en) 2013-08-05 2018-05-15 Gradiant Corporation Water treatment systems and associated methods
US9981860B2 (en) 2015-05-21 2018-05-29 Gradiant Corporation Production of ultra-high-density brines using transiently-operated desalination systems
US10143936B2 (en) 2015-05-21 2018-12-04 Gradiant Corporation Systems including an apparatus comprising both a humidification region and a dehumidification region with heat recovery and/or intermediate injection
US10143935B2 (en) 2015-05-21 2018-12-04 Gradiant Corporation Systems including an apparatus comprising both a humidification region and a dehumidification region
US10167218B2 (en) 2015-02-11 2019-01-01 Gradiant Corporation Production of ultra-high-density brines
US10245555B2 (en) 2015-08-14 2019-04-02 Gradiant Corporation Production of multivalent ion-rich process streams using multi-stage osmotic separation
US10301198B2 (en) 2015-08-14 2019-05-28 Gradiant Corporation Selective retention of multivalent ions
US10308537B2 (en) 2013-09-23 2019-06-04 Gradiant Corporation Desalination systems and associated methods
US10308526B2 (en) 2015-02-11 2019-06-04 Gradiant Corporation Methods and systems for producing treated brines for desalination
US10345058B1 (en) 2015-11-18 2019-07-09 Gradiant Corporation Scale removal in humidification-dehumidification systems
US10463985B2 (en) 2015-05-21 2019-11-05 Gradiant Corporation Mobile humidification-dehumidification desalination systems and methods
US10513445B2 (en) 2016-05-20 2019-12-24 Gradiant Corporation Control system and method for multiple parallel desalination systems
US10518221B2 (en) 2015-07-29 2019-12-31 Gradiant Corporation Osmotic desalination methods and associated systems
US10689264B2 (en) 2016-02-22 2020-06-23 Gradiant Corporation Hybrid desalination systems and associated methods
US10981082B2 (en) 2015-05-21 2021-04-20 Gradiant Corporation Humidification-dehumidification desalination systems and methods
US11629072B2 (en) 2018-08-22 2023-04-18 Gradiant Corporation Liquid solution concentration system comprising isolated subsystem and related methods
US11667549B2 (en) 2020-11-17 2023-06-06 Gradiant Corporation Osmotic methods and systems involving energy recovery
US12023608B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2024-07-02 Gradiant Corporation Hybrid desalination systems and associated methods

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US20090158299A1 (en) 2007-10-31 2009-06-18 Carter Ernst B System for and method of uniform synchronization between multiple kernels running on single computer systems with multiple CPUs installed
US9072984B2 (en) * 2011-09-23 2015-07-07 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Bubble-column vapor mixture condenser
US9120033B2 (en) * 2013-06-12 2015-09-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Multi-stage bubble column humidifier
CN105980025B (zh) 2013-12-18 2017-08-22 格雷迪安特公司 逆流式热/质量交换反馈控制
US9643102B2 (en) * 2014-06-05 2017-05-09 King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals Humidification-dehumidifaction desalination system
US9745208B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2017-08-29 King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals Multi-stage bubble column humidifier apparatus
US10179296B2 (en) 2015-05-21 2019-01-15 Gradiant Corporation Transiently-operated desalination systems and associated methods
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