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  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D401/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
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  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention is in the field of medicinal chemistry.
• the invention provides novel substituted pyridyl-, pyrimidinyl-, pyrazinyl-, pyridazinyl-, and triazinyl-based carboxamides.
• the compounds are used as blockers of one or more voltage-gated sodium (Na + ) channels.
• VSCs Voltage-gated sodium channels
• CNS central nervous system
• PNS peripheral nervous system
• sodium channels are primarily responsible for generating the rapid upstroke of the action potential.
• sodium channels are essential to the initiation and propagation of electrical signals in the nervous system.
• Proper function of sodium channels is therefore necessary for normal function of the neuron. Consequently, aberrant sodium channel function is thought to underlie a variety of medical disorders (See Hubner et al , Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 :2435-2445 (2002) for a general review of inherited ion channel disorders) including epilepsy (Yogeeswari et al, Curr.
• VGSCs are composed of one oc-subunit, which forms the core of the channel and is responsible for voltage-dependent gating and ion permeation, and several auxiliary ⁇ - subunits (see, e.g., Chahine et al , CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets 7: 144-158 (2008) and Kyle and Ilyin, /. Med. Chem. 50:2583-2588 (2007)).
• cc-Subunits are large proteins composed of four homologous domains. Each domain contains six oc-helical transmembrane spanning segments. There are currently nine known members of the family of voltage-gated sodium channel oc-subunits.
• the VGSC family has been phylogenetically divided into two subfamilies Na v l.x (all but SCN6A) and Na v 2.x (SCN6A).
• the Na v l.x subfamily can be functionally subdivided into two groups, those which are sensitive to blocking by tetrodotoxin (TTX- sensitive or TTX-s) and those which are resistant to blocking by tetrodotoxin (TTX-resistant or TTX-r). There are three members of the subgroup of TTX-resistant sodium channels.
• TTX- sensitive or TTX-s those which are sensitive to blocking by tetrodotoxin
• TTX-resistant or TTX-r tetrodotoxin
• SCN5A gene product (Na v 1.5, HI) is almost exclusively expressed in cardiac tissue and has been shown to underlie a variety of cardiac arrhythmias and other conduction disorders (Liu et al, Am. J. Pharmacogenomics 3:173-179 (2003)). Consequently, blockers of Na v 1.5 have found clinical utility in treatment of such disorders (Srivatsa et al, Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 4:401- 410 (2002)).
• the remaining TTX-resistant sodium channels, Na v 1.8 (SCN10A, PN3, SNS) and Na v 1.9 (SCN11A, NaN, SNS2) are expressed in the peripheral nervous system and show preferential expression in primary nociceptive neurons.
• the Na v 1.7 (PN1, SCN9A) VGSC is sensitive to blocking by tetrodotoxin and is preferentially expressed in peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons.
• the SCN9A gene has been cloned from a number of species, including human, rat, and rabbit and shows -90 % amino acid identity between the human and rat genes (Toledo-Aral et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad.
• Na v 1.7 plays a key role in various pain states, including acute, inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain.
• Sodium channel-blocking agents have been reported to be effective in the treatment of various disease states, and have found particular use as local anesthetics, e.g., lidocaine and bupivacaine, and in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, e.g. , propafenone and amiodarone, and epilepsy, e.g., lamotrigine, phenytoin and carbamazepine (see Clare et al., Drug
• sodium channel-blocking agents can be useful in the treatment of pain, including acute, chronic, inflammatory, neuropathic, and other types of pain such as rectal, ocular, and submandibular pain typically associated with paroxysmal extreme pain disorder; see, for example, Kyle and Ilyin, /. Med. Chem. 50:2583-2588 (2007); Wood et al, J. Neurobiol.
• carbamazepine, lidocaine and phenytoin are used to treat neuropathic pain, such as from trigeminal neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy and other forms of nerve damage (Taylor 90 and Meldrum, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 3:195)).
• neuropathic pain such as from trigeminal neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy and other forms of nerve damage (Taylor 90 and Meldrum, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 3:195)
• tinnitus based on a number of similarities between chronic pain and tinnitus, (Moller, Am. J. Otol. 18:511-585 (1997); Tonndorf, Hear. Res. 28:211-215 (1987)) it has been proposed that tinnitus should be viewed as a form of chronic pain sensation (Simpson, et ah, Tip.
• lidocaine and carbamazepine have been shown to be efficacious in treating tinnitus (Majumdar, B. et 95 al, Clin. Otolaryngol. 8:175-180 (1983); Donaldson, Laryngol. Otol. 95:947-951 (1981)).
• the present disclosure provides pyridyl-, pyrimidinyl-, pyrazinyl-,
• the present disclosure provides the use of Compounds of the Disclosure as blockers of one or more sodium (Na + ) channels.
• the present disclosure provides compounds as synthetic intermediates that can be used to prepare blockers of one or more sodium (Na + ) channels.
• the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of one or more sodium channels in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a Compound of the Disclosure.
• the present disclosure provides a method for treating pain ⁇ e.g. , acute pain, chronic pain, which includes but is not limited to, neuropathic pain, postoperative pain, and inflammatory pain, or surgical pain), comprising administering an effective amount of a Compound of the Disclosure to a mammal in need of such treatment.
• the present disclosure provides a method for preemptive or palliative treatment of pain by
• the present disclosure provides a method for treating stroke, neuronal damage resulting from head trauma, epilepsy, seizures, general epilepsy with febrile seizures, severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, neuronal loss following global and focal
• ischemia migraine, familial primary erythromelalgia, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, cerebellar atrophy, ataxia, dystonia, tremor, mental retardation, autism, a neurodegenerative disorder (e.g. , Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Parkinson's disease), manic depression, tinnitus, myotonia, a movement disorder, or cardiac arrhythmia, or providing local anesthesia, comprising administering an effective amount of a Compound
• the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a Compound of the Disclosure and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition for 135 treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of sodium ion channels, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of a Compound of the Disclosure in a mixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the present disclosure provides a method of modulating sodium channels in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of at 140 least one Compound of the Disclosure.
• the present disclosure provides Compounds of the Disclosure for use in treating pain in a mammal, e.g. , acute pain, chronic pain, which includes but is not limited to, neuropathic pain, postoperative pain, and inflammatory pain, or surgical pain.
• the present disclosure provides Compounds of the Disclosure for 145 use in treating stroke, neuronal damage resulting from head trauma, epilepsy, seizures, general epilepsy with febrile seizures, severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, neuronal loss following global and focal ischemia, migraine, familial primary erythromelalgia, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, cerebellar atrophy, ataxia, dystonia, tremor, mental retardation, autism, a neurodegenerative disorder (e.g.
• Alzheimer's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 150 (ALS), or Parkinson's disease
• manic depression tinnitus, myotonia, a movement disorder, or cardiac arrhythmia, or providing local anesthesia, in a mammal.
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 150
• Parkinson's disease manic depression, tinnitus, myotonia, a movement disorder, or cardiac arrhythmia, or providing local anesthesia, in a mammal.
• the present disclosure provides a radiolabeled Compound of the Disclosure and the use of such compounds as radioligands in any appropriately selected competitive binding assays and screening methodologies.
• the present disclosure 155 further provides a method for screening a candidate compound for its ability to bind to a sodium channel or sodium channel subunit using a radiolabeled Compound of the Disclosure.
• the compound is radiolabeled with 3 H, 11 C, or 14 C.
• This competitive binding assay can be conducted using any appropriately selected methodology.
• the screening method comprises: i) introducing a fixed concentration of the
• radiolabeled compound to an in vitro preparation comprising a soluble or membrane- associated sodium channel, subunit or fragment under conditions that permit the radiolabeled compound to bind to the channel, subunit or fragment, respectively, to form a conjugate; ii) titrating the conjugate with a candidate compound; and iii) determining the ability of the candidate compound to displace the radiolabeled compound from said channel, subunit or
• the present disclosure provides a Compound of the Disclosure for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating pain in a mammal.
• the present disclosure provides the use of a Compound of the Disclosure in the manufacture of a medicament for palliative or preemptive treatment of pain, such as acute pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain, chronic pain
• the present disclosure provides a Compound of the Disclosure for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating stroke, neuronal damage resulting from head trauma, epilepsy, seizures, general epilepsy with febrile seizures, severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, neuronal loss following global and focal ischemia, migraine, familial
• 175 primary erythromelalgia, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, cerebellar atrophy, ataxia, dystonia, tremor, mental retardation, autism, a neurodegenerative disorder (e.g. , Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Parkinson's disease), manic depression, tinnitus, myotonia, a movement disorder, or cardiac arrhythmia, or providing local anesthesia, in a mammal.
• a neurodegenerative disorder e.g. , Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Parkinson's disease
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• a neurodegenerative disorder e.g., Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Parkinson's disease
• manic depression e.g. , tinnitus, myotonia, a movement disorder, or cardiac arrhythmia, or providing local anesthesia, in
• the invention provides Compounds of the Disclosure as blockers of sodium (Na + ) channels.
• the Compounds of the Disclosure are useful for treating disorders responsive to the blockade of sodium ion channels.
• the Compounds of the Disclosure are useful for treating pain.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I- A:
• HET is a 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, e.g., pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
• X is selected from the group consisting of N and CR 1 ;
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R la is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, and NR 7a R 7b ;
• R a is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 7b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl
• R 7a and R 7b are taken together form taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo;
• R and R are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; or
• R 8a and R 8b are taken together form taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo
• R 9a and R 9b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; or
• R 9a and R 9b are taken together form taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen
• Y is -O- or -NH-
• R 11 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 12 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl
• R 13 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, and -NR 14a R 14b ;
• R 14a is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 14b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl
• R 14a and R 14b taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; 345 heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl; optionally-substituted (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl; alkanolamine; hydroxyalkyl; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl; (carboxamido)alkyl; and (haloalkylamino)alkyl; or
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; 350 (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl; or
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl; or
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl;
• heterocycloalkylamino alkyl
• heterocycloamino alkyl
• alkanolamine alkanolamine
• amino alkyl
• alkylamino)alkyl (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl; 360 (carboxamido)alkyl; (haloalkylamino)alkyl; hydroxy)(cyano)alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by 370 Formula I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein when X is CR 1 , then at least one of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen, including embodiments, such as, those provided as follows:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl; alkanolamine; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl; (carboxamido)alkyl; (haloalkylamino)alkyl; hydroxy)(cyano)alkyl; (amino)(cyano)alkyl; (hydroxy)haloalkyl; (heteroarylamino)alkyl; (heteroaryl)alkyl; COR la ;
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl; alkanolamine; hydroxyalkyl; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl; (carboxamido)alkyl; and (haloalkylamino)alkyl.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I:
• HET is a 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, e.g., pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
• E is selected from the group consisting of :
• X is selected from the group consisting of N and CR 1 ;
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of: 415 a) hydrogen
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein E is O
• the E group and the Z group are attached to the HET via separate carbon atoms.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I or I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein: 475 1) when X is CR 1 and R 1 is hydro gen or hydroxyalkyl, then:
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl; alkanolamine; hydroxyalkyl; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl; or
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; 485 (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl; or
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; 490 (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl; alkanolamine; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl; (carboxamido)alkyl; and (haloalkylamino)alkyl; or
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by 500 Formula I or I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein at least one of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen, e.g.,
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl;
• alkanolamine 505 alkanolamine; hydroxyalkyl; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl;
• R 1 when X is CR 1 then R 1 is hydrogen, then R 2 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl;
• alkanolamine hydroxyalkyl; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl;
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I or Formula I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wh
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by
• HET is a pyridyl
• Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-1, HET-2, HET- 3, HET-4, HET-12, HET-13, HET-19, HET-20, HET-21, and HET-22.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by
• HET is a pyrimidinyl
• Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-5, HET-6, HET-7, HET-14, HET-15, HET-23, and HET-24.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I or Formula I- A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof,
• HET is a pyrazinyl
• Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-8 and HET- 16.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I or Formula I- A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein HET is a triazinyl, and Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-9, 530 HET- 10, HET-11, HET-17, and HET-18.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I or Formula I- A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein HET is a pyridazinyl, and Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-25 and HET-26.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by
• Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-1, HET-2, HET-3, HET-4, HET- 5, HET-6, HET-7, HET-8, HET-9, HET- 10, and HET-11.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by
• Formula I or Formula I- A and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-12, HET-13, HET-14, HET- 15, HET-16, HET-17, and HET-18.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I or Formula I- A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof,
• Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-19, HET- 20, HET-21, HET- 22, HET-23, HET-24, HET-25, and HET-26.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I or Formula I- A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-1, HET-5, and HET-9.
• Formula I or Formula I- A and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-1 and HET-5.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein R 10 is
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein R 10 is dihydroxyalkyl (e.g., 1,2-dihydroxyethyl).
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula I-A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof,
• R 10 is -Y-R 11 .
• R . n is selected from the group of
• R 11 is selected from the group of , wherein R 1Z is CrC 4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, and propyl, etc.), and R 13 is and -NR 14a R 14b (e.g., -NH 2 ).
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula II:
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; chloro; and Ci- 4 haloalkyl.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula II-A:
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula III: and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; and (dialkylamino)alkyl.
• R 3 is selected from the 600 group consisting of halo, cyano, and haloalkyl.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula III- A:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R J R 10 are as defined above in connection with Formula I-A.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: a) optionally substituted heteroaryl; b) (hydroxy)(cyano)alkyl;
• R 1 is COR la .
• R la is NR 7a R 7b .
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula IV:
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heteroaryl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; and (haloalkylamino)alkyl.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, and haloalkyl.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula V:
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of: a) arylamino
• R 3 is fluoro.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula VI:
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 3 is fluoro.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by Formula VII:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 3 , and R 10 are as defined above in connection with Formula I-A.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl, (heterocyclo)alkyl and (dialkylamino)alkyl.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, and haloalkyl.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by any one of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, and VI, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein E is:
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by any one of Formulae I-A, II-A, III-A, and VII, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein E is:
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by any one of Formulae I-A, II-A, III-A, and VII, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by any one of Formulae I-A, II-A, III-A, and VII, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein R 10 is -Y-R 11 , and Y is -0-.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds represented by any one of Formulae I-A, II-A, III-A, and VII, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein R 10 is -Y-R 11 , and Y is -NH-.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds of represented by any one of Formulae I, I-A, II-A, III-A, or VII, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts 740 and solvates thereof, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• R 1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• R 1 is an optionally substituted heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of:
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds of represented by any one of Formulae I-A, II-A, III-A, or VII, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein R 10 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Y is -O- or -NH-
• R 11 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 12 is C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., methyl).
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds of TABLE 2, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.
• Compounds of the Disclosure are compounds of TABLE 2A, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.
• the present disclosure is drawn to the following particular 770 embodiments:
• Embodiment I A compound having Formula I-A:
• HET is a 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, e.g., pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
• E is selected from the group consisting of: 780 X is selected from the group consisting of N and CR 1 ;
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R la is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, and NR 7a R 7b ;
• R 7a is selected from the group consisting of: 810 a) hydrogen;
• R 7b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl
• R 7a and R 7b are taken together form taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo;
• R 8a and R 8b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; or
• R 8a and R 8b are taken together form taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered 825 optionally substituted heterocyclo;
• R 9a and R 9b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; or
• R 9a and R 9b are taken together form taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Y is -O- or -NH-
• R 11 is selected from the rou consisting of:
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• R 13 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, and -NR 14a R 14b ;
• R 14a is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 14b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl
• R 14a and R 14b taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted heterocyclo.
• Embodiment II The compound of Embodiment I, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein when X is CR 1 and R 1 is hydrogen or 915 hydroxyalkyl, then:
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino)alkyl (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl; (heterocycloamino)alkyl; alkanolamine; hydroxyalkyl; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl; or
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; 925 (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• Embodiment III The compound of Embodiment I, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein when X is CR 1 and R 2 is hydrogen, then:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl; 930 heteroalkyl; (aralkylamino) alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl;
• heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl (heterocycloamino)alkyl; (he terocycloamino) alkyl; alkanolamine; (amino)alkyl; (alkylamino)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (cycloalkylamino)alkyl; (nitro)alkyl; (carboxamido)alkyl; (haloalkylamino) alkyl; hydroxy) (cyano) alkyl; (amino)(cyano)alkyl; (hydroxy)haloalkyl; (heteroarylamino)alkyl; (heteroaryl)alkyl; COR la ; S0 2 NR 8a R 8b ;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; and optionally substituted heteroaryl; or
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of arylamino; (arylamino)alkyl; 940 (aryloxy)alkyl; (dialkylamino)alkyl; (heterocyclo)alkyl; optionally substituted aryl;
• Embodiment IV The compound of any one of Embodiments Ito III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the
• Embodiment V The compound of any one of Embodiments I-IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 10 is hydrogen.
• Embodiment VI The compound of any one of Embodiments I-V, or a 950 pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment VII The compound of Embodiments I-V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment VIII The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-1, HET-2, HET-3, HET-4, HET-12, HET-13, HET-19, HET-20, HET-21, and HET-22.
• Embodiment IX The compound of any one of Embodiments I-VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-5, HET-6, HET-7, HET-14, HET-15, HET-23, and HET-24.
• Embodiment X The compound of any one of Embodiments I-VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-8 and HET-16.
• Embodiment XI The compound of any one of Embodiments I-VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-9, HET-10, HET-11, HET-17, and HET-18.
• Embodiment XII The compound of any one of Embodiments I-VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-25 and HET-26.
• Embodiment XIII The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-1, HET-2, HET-3, HET-4, HET-5, HET-6, HET-7, HET-8, HET-9, 1000 HET-10, and HET-11.
• Embodiment XIV The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-12, HET-13, HET-14, HET-15, HET-16, HET-17, and HET-18.
• Embodiment XV The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VII, or a 1005 pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Z-HET-E is selected from the group consisting of HET-19, HET-20, HET-21, HET-22, HET-23, HET-24, HET-25, and HET-26.
• Embodiment XVI The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VIII or XIII having Formula II- A:
• Embodiment XVII The compound of Embodiment XVI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, and bromo); and Ci- 4 haloalkyl.
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, and bromo); and Ci- 4 haloalkyl.
• Embodiment XVIII The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VIII or XIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable rmula III -A:
• Embodiment ⁇ The compound of Embodiment XVIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• 1020 a) optionally substituted heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, lH-pyrazol-5-yl, lH-pyrazol-4-yl, thiophenyl, and pyridyl); b) heteroalkyl;
• heteroaryl e.g., pyrrolyl, lH-pyrazol-5-yl, lH-pyrazol-4-yl, thiophenyl, and pyridyl
• heteroalkyl e.g., pyrrolyl, lH-pyrazol-5-yl, lH-pyrazol-4-yl, thiophenyl, and pyridyl
• Embodiment XX The compound of Embodiment XIX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment XXI The compound of Embodiment XIX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Rl is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heteroaryl, (heterocyclo) alkyl, and (dialkylamino) alkyl.
• Embodiment XXII The compound of Embodiment XVIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment XXIV The compound of Embodiment XXIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is COR la .
• Embodiment XXV The compound of Embodiment XXIV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R la is NR 7a R 7b .
• Embodiment XXVI The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VIII or XIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, having Formula IV:
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heteroaryl, (heterocyclo)alkyl, and (haloalkylamino)alkyl.
• Embodiment XXVII The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VIII or XIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, havin Formula V:
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment XXVIII The compound any one of Embodiments I- VIII or XIII, or a pharmaceutically accept VI:
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of
• Embodiment XXIX The compound of any one of Embodiments I- VIII or
• Embodiment XXX The compound of Embodiment ⁇ , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment XXXI The compound of any one of Embodiments I, XVIII, or XXX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• Embodiment XXXII The compound of any one of Embodiments I-XXI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, dihydroxyalkyl and -Y-R 11 ;
• R 11 is selected from the group consisting of: , and ; and R 12 is C C 4 alkyl.
• Embodiment XXXIII The compound of Embodiment XXXII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 10 is -Y-R 11 .
• Embodiment XXXIV The compound of Embodiment XXXIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Y is -NH-.
• Embodiment XXXV The compound of Embodiment XXXIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Y is -0-.
• Embodiment XXXVI The compound of Embodiment XXXII, or a
• Embodiment XXXVII The compound of Embodiment XXXVI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 10 is dihydroxyalkyl selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment XXXVIII The compound of any one of Embodiments I-XXXVII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein E is:
• Embodiment XXXIX The compound of any one of Embodiments I-XXXVII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein E is selected from the group 1165 consisting of:
• Embodiment XL The compound of any one of Embodiments I-XXX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, and haloalkyl.
• Embodiment XLI The compound of Embodiment I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, selected from the group consisting of:
• Embodiment XIII A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments I-XLI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Embodiment XLIII A method of treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of 1280 sodium channels in a mammal suffering from said disorder, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of any one of Embodiments I-XLI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• Embodiment XLIV The method of Embodiment XLIII, wherein a disorder responsive to the blockade of TTX resistant sodium channels is treated. 1285 Embodiment XLV: The method of Embodiment XLIV, wherein a disorder responsive to the blockade of TTX sensitive sodium channels is treated.
• Embodiment XLVI The method of Embodiment XLV, wherein a disorder responsive to the blockade of Navl.7 sodium channels is treated.
• Embodiment XLVII A method for treating stroke, neuronal damage resulting
• Embodiment XLVIII The method of Embodiment XLVII, wherein said method is for treating pain.
• Embodiment XLIX The method of Embodiment XLVIII, wherein said method is 1300 for preemptive or palliative treatment of pain.
• Embodiment L The method of Embodiment XLIX, wherein said pain is selected from the group consisting of chronic pain, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, acute pain, and surgical pain.
• Embodiment LI A method of modulating sodium channels in a mammal, 1305 comprising administering to the mammal at least one compound of any one of Embodiments I-XLI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• Embodiment LII The method of Embodiment LI, wherein the Navl.7 sodium channel is modulated.
• Embodiment LIII A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound of 1310 any one of Embodiments I-XLI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of sodium ion channels.
• Embodiment LIV A compound of any one of Embodiments I-XLI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for use in treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of sodium ion channels.
• Embodiment LV A method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition, comprising admixing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of Embodiments I-XLI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the present disclosure further provides the compound as defined in any one of
• alkyl refers to a straight- or branched- chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one to twelve, i.e. , i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, carbon atoms (i.e. , C 1-12 alkyl) or the
• the alkyl group is chosen from a straight chain Cuo alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is chosen from a branched chain C 3-1 o alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is chosen from a straight chain Ci_6 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is chosen
• the alkyl group is chosen from a straight chain C 1-4 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is chosen from a branched chain C 3 ⁇ alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is chosen from a straight or branched chain C 3 ⁇ alkyl group.
• Non-limiting exemplary Cuo alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, ieri-butyl, sobutyl, 3-pentyl,
• Non-limiting exemplary C 1-4 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, ieri-butyl, and ⁇ -butyl.
• alkyl as used by itself or as part of another group means that the alkyl as defined above is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently chosen from
• the optionally substituted alkyl is substituted with two substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted alkyl is substituted with one substituent.
• Non-limiting exemplary optionally substituted alkyl groups include -CH 2 CH 2 NO 2 , -
• cycloalkyl refers to saturated and partially unsaturated (containing one or two double bonds) cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons containing one to three rings having from three to twelve carbon atoms (i.e. , C 3-12 cycloalkyl) or the number of carbons designated.
• the cycloalkyl group has two rings. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl group has one ring. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl group is a saturated cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one or two rings, preferably one ring, and having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl group is chosen from a C 3 _8 cycloalkyl group. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl group is chosen from a C 3 _ 6
• Non-limiting exemplary cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornyl, decalin, adamantyl, cyclohexenyl, and the like.
• cycloalkyl as used by itself or as part of another group means that the cycloalkyl as defined above is
• the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is substituted with two substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted cycloalkyl is substituted with one substituent.
• cycloalkenyl as used by itself or part of another group refers to a partially unsaturated cycloalkyl group as defined above.
• the cycloalkenyl has one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
• the cycloalkenyl group is chosen from a C 4 _8 cycloalkenyl group having 4, 5, 6,
• cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and the like.
• cycloalkenyl as used by itself or as part of another group means that the cycloalkenyl as defined above is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents
• 1380 independently chosen from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, monohydroxy alkyl, dihydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, ureido, guanidino, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, alkoxyalkyl, (amino)alkyl, hydroxyalkylamino,
• the optionally substituted cycloalkenyl is substituted with two substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted cycloalkenyl is substituted with one substituent. In another embodiment, the cycloalkenyl is unsubstituted.
• alkenyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group as defined above containing one, two or three carbon-to-carbon double bonds.
• the alkenyl group is chosen from a C 2 _ 6 alkenyl group having 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
• the alkenyl group is chosen from a C 2 ⁇ alkenyl group having 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms.
• alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, seobutenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
• alkenyl as used herein by itself or as part of another group means the alkenyl as defined above is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently chosen from
• halo nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, ureido, guanidino, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclo.
• alkynyl as used by itself or as
• alkynyl 1405 part of another group refers to an alkyl group as defined above containing one to three carbon-to-carbon triple bonds.
• the alkynyl has one carbon-to-carbon triple bond.
• the alkynyl group is chosen from a C 2 _ 6 alkynyl group having 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
• the alkynyl group is chosen from a C 2 _ 4 alkynyl group having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
• alkynyl 1410 groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 2-butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl groups.
• alkynyl as used herein by itself or as part of another group means the alkynyl as defined above is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently chosen from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,
• haloalkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted by one or more fluorine, chlorine,
• the alkyl group is substituted by one, two, or three fluorine and/or chlorine atoms.
• the haloalkyl group is chosen from a C 1-4 haloalkyl group.
• Non-limiting exemplary haloalkyl groups include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, and trichloromethyl groups.
• (hydroxy)haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms and one hydroxy group.
• a non-limiting exemplary (hydroxy)haloalkyl group is - CH(OH)CF 3 .
• hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more, e.g., one, two, or three, hydroxy groups.
• the hydroxyalkyl group is a monohydroxyalkyl group, i.e., substituted with one hydroxy group.
• the hydroxyalkyl group is a dihydroxyalkyl group, i.e., substituted with two hydroxy groups.
• the hydroxyalkyl group is chosen from a C 1-4 hydroxyalkyl group.
• Non-limiting exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and hydroxybutyl groups, such as 1 -hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 1,2- dihydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3 -hydroxypropyl, 3 -hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2- hydroxy-l-methylpropyl, and l,3-dihydroxyprop-2-yl.
• (cycloalkyl)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with at least one optionally substituted cycloalkyl group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (cycloalkyl)alkyl groups include:
• hydroxy(cycloalkyl)alkyl as used 1445 by itself or as part of another group refers to (cycloalkyl)alkyl group substituted with at least one hydroxy group.
• the hydroxy group(s) can be at any available position.
• the alkoxy group 1450 of another group refers to an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
• the alkoxy group is chosen from a C 1-4 alkoxy group.
• the alkoxy group is chosen from a C 1-4 alkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, and ieri-butoxy.
• alkylthio refers to a sulfur atom substituted by an optionally substituted alkyl group.
• the alkylthio group is chosen from a C 1-4 alkylthio group.
• Non- limiting exemplary alkylthio groups include -SCH 3 , and -SCH 2 CH 3 .
• alkoxyalkyl as used by itself or
• Non- limiting exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl, ethoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, ethoxybutyl, propoxymethyl, iso-propoxymethyl, propoxyethyl, propoxypropyl, butoxymethyl, tert- butoxymethyl, isobutoxymethyl, sec-butoxymethyl, and pentyloxymethyl.
• heteroalkyl refers to a stable straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 10, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, carbon atoms and at least two heteroatoms, which can be the same or different, selected from O, N, or S, wherein: 1) the nitrogen atom(s) and sulfur atom(s) can optionally be oxidized; and/or 2) the nitrogen atom(s)
• the heteroatoms can be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at a position at which the heteroalkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
• the heteroalkyl group contains two oxygen atoms.
• Non-limiting exemplary heteroalkyl groups include -CH2OCH2CH2OCH 3 , -OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3, -CH2NHCH2CH2OCH2, -OCH2CH2NH2, and
• haloalkoxy as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a haloalkyl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
• Non-limiting exemplary haloalkoxy groups include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.
• aryl refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system having from six to fourteen, i.e. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, carbon atoms (i.e. , C 6 -Ci4 aryl).
• Non-limiting exemplary aryl groups include phenyl (abbreviated as "Ph”), naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracyl, indenyl, azulenyl, biphenyl, biphenylenyl, and fluorenyl groups.
• the aryl group is chosen from phenyl or naphthyl.
• the term "optionally substituted aryl" as used herein by itself or as part of another group means that the aryl as defined above is either unsubstituted or substituted with one to five substituents independently chosen from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy,
• the optionally substituted aryl is an optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has four substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has three substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has two substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has one substituent.
• the optionally substituted aryl is an optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has four substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has three substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has two substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally substituted phenyl has one substituent.
• exemplary substituted aryl groups include 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2- fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3- fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4- fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2,6-di-fluorophenyl, 2,6-di-chlorophenyl, 2-methyl, 3- methoxyphenyl, 2-ethyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-di-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-di-fluorophenyl 3,5- 1505 di-methylphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxy, 4-methylphenyl, 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl, and 3-chloro-4- fluorophenyl.
• the term optionally substituted aryl is
• aryloxy as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an optionally substituted aryl attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
• a non-limiting exemplary aryloxy group is PhO-.
• heteroaryloxy as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an optionally substituted heteroaryl attached to a terminal
• aralkyloxy refers to an aralkyl group attached to a terminal oxygen atom.
• a non- limiting exemplary aralkyloxy group is PhCH 2 0-.
• heteroaryl refers to monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic ring systems having 5 to 14 ring atoms (i.e. , C 5 - Ci4 heteroaryl) and 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently chosen from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
• the heteroaryl has three heteroatoms.
• the heteroaryl has two heteroatoms.
• the heteroaryl has one
• the heteroaryl is a C5 heteroaryl. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl is a C 6 heteroaryl.
• Non-limiting exemplary heteroaryl groups include thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, benzofuryl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzooxazonyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl,
• the heteroaryl is chosen from thienyl (e.g. , thien-2-yl and thien-3-yl), furyl (e.g. , 2-furyl and 3-furyl), pyrrolyl (e.g. , lH-pyrrol-2-yl and
• thiazol-2-yl thiazol-4-yl, and thiazol-5-yl
• isothiazolyl e.g. , isothiazol-3- yl, isothiazol-4-yl, and isothiazol-5-yl
• oxazolyl e.g. , oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, and oxazol-
• isoxazolyl e.g. , isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, and isoxazol-5-yl.
• heteroaryl is also meant to include possible N-oxides. Exemplary N-oxides include pyridyl N-oxide and the like.
• heteroaryl as used by itself or as part of another group means that the heteroaryl as defined above is
• substituents 1545 either unsubstituted or substituted with one to four substituents, e.g. , one or two substituents, independently chosen from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, ureido, guanidino, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo,
• the optionally substituted heteroaryl has one substituent.
• the optionally substituted is an optionally substituted pyridyl, i.e., 2-, 3-, or 4- pyridyl. Any available carbon or nitrogen atom can be substituted.
• the optionally substituted heteroaryl is an optionally substituted indole.
• heterocycle or “heterocyclo” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to saturated and partially unsaturated (e.g., containing one or two double bonds) cyclic groups containing one, two, or three rings having from three to fourteen ring members (i. e. , a 3-,, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13- or 14-
• heterocyclo 1560 membered heterocyclo
• Each heteroatom is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone, and/or nitrogen atoms, which can be quaternized.
• heterocyclo is meant to include cyclic ureido groups such as 2-imidazolidinone and cyclic amide groups such as ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ - lactam, ⁇ -lactam and ⁇ -lactam.
• heterocyclo is also meant to include groups 1565 having fused optionally substituted aryl groups, e.g. , indolinyl.
• the heterocyclo group is chosen from a 5- or 6-membered cyclic group containing one ring and one or two oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms.
• the heterocyclo can be optionally linked to the rest of the molecule through a carbon or nitrogen atom.
• Non-limiting exemplary heterocyclo groups include 2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl, 2-imidazolidinone, piperidinyl, morpholinyl,
• the term "optionally substituted heterocyclo" as used herein by itself or part of another group means the heterocyclo as defined above is either unsubstituted or substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,
• haloalkyl hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkylthio, carboxamido, sulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, ureido, guanidino, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, alkoxyalkyl, (amino)alkyl, hydroxyalkylamino, (alkylamino)alkyl, (dialkylamino)alkyl, (cyano)alkyl, (carboxamido)alkyl, mercaptoalkyl, (heterocyclo)alkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl, and
• Non-limiting exemplary optionally substituted heterocyclo groups include:
• the term "optionally substituted heterocyclo" also covers a heterocycle, which is 1585 substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from the above listed
• amino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NH 2 .
• alkylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NHR 15 , wherein R 15 is alkyl.
• dialkylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NR 16a R 16b , wherein R 16a and R 16b are each independently alkyl or R 16a and R 16b are taken together to form a 3- to 8-membered optionally substituted 1595 heterocyclo.
• hydroxy alkylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NHR 17 , wherein R 17 is hydroxyalkyl.
• arylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NR 18a R 18b , wherein R 18a is optionally substituted aryl and R 18b 1600 is hydrogen or alkyl.
• cycloalkylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NR 19a R 19b , wherein R 19a is optionally substituted cycloalkyl and R 19b is hydrogen or alkyl.
• heteroarylamino as used by itself 1605 or as part of another group refers to -NR 20a R 20b wherein R 20a is optionally substituted heteroaryl and R 20b is hydrogen or alkyl.
• heterocycloamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NR 21a R 21b wherein R 21a is optionally substituted heterocyclo and R 21b is hydrogen or alkyl.
• (amino)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an amino group.
• Non- limiting exemplary amino alkyl groups include -CH2CH2NH2, -CH2CH2CH2NH2, -CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 and the like.
• diaminoalkyl as used by itself or 1615 as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with two amino groups.
• a non- limiting exemplary diaminoalkyl includes -CH 2 CH(NH2)CH 2 CH2NH2.
• (alkylamino)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkylamino group.
• a non-limiting exemplary (alkylamino)alkyl group is -CH 2 CH 2 N(H)CH 3 .
• dialkylaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a dialkylamino group.
• a non-limiting exemplary (dialkylamino) alkyl group is -CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 .
• (cycloalkylamino)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a cycloalkylamino 1625 group.
• Non- limiting exemplary (cycloalkylamino)alkyl groups include
• (C1-C4 haloalkoxy) alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a C1-C4 haloalkoxy group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (C1-C4 haloalkoxy) alkyl groups include -CH2OCH2CF 3 and
• (cyano) alkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more cyano, e.g., - CN, groups.
• Non-limiting exemplary (cyano)alkyl groups include -CH 2 CH 2 CN,
• (hydroxy)(cyano)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with a cyano group and a hydroxy group.
• a non-limiting exemplary (hydroxy)(cyano)alkyl group is -CH(OH)CN.
• (amino)(cyano)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with a cyano group and 1640 an amino group.
• a non-limiting exemplary (amino)(cyano)alkyl group is -CH(NH 2 )CN.
• heteroarylamino alkyl
• (heteroarylamino) alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one heteroarylamino group.
• a non-limi teroarylamino)alkyl group is:
• R 24a and R 24b are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R 24a and R 24b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached from a 3- to 8-membered heterocyclo group.
• R 24a and R 24b are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R 24a and R 24b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached from a 3- to 8-membered hetero
• R 24b are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
• Non- limiting exemplary carboxamido groups include -CONH 2 , -CON(H)CH 3 , CON(CH 3 ) 2 , and CON(H)Ph.
• sulfonamido refers to a radical of the formula -S0 2 NR 23a R 23b , wherein R 23a and 1655 R 23b are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl, or R 23a and R 23b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached from a 3- to 8-membered heterocyclo group.
• Non-limiting exemplary sulfonamido groups include -S0 2 NH 2 , -S0 2 N(H)CH 3 , and -S0 2 N(H)Ph.
• a non- limiting exemplary alkylcarbonyl group is -COCH 3 .
• a non-limiting exemplary arylcarbonyl group is -COPh.
• alkylsulfonyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a sulfonyl group, i.e., -S0 2 -, substituted by any of the above-mentioned optionally substituted alkyl groups.
• a non-limiting exemplary alkylsulfonyl group is -SO 2 CH 3 .
• arylsulfonyl as used by itself or
• sulfonyl group 1670 as part of another group refers to a sulfonyl group, i.e. , -S0 2 -, substituted by any of the above-mentioned optionally substituted aryl groups.
• a non-limiting exemplary arylsulfonyl group is -S0 2 Ph.
• mercaptoalkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to any of the above-mentioned alkyl groups substituted by a - 1675 SH group.
• carboxy as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula -COOH.
• carboxy alkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to any of the above-mentioned alkyl groups substituted with a 1680 -COOH.
• a non- limiting exemplary carboxyalkyl group is -CH 2 CO 2 H.
• Non-limiting exemplary alkoxycarbonyl groups are -C0 2 Me and -C0 2 Et.
• (acetoxy)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an acetoxy group.
• aralkyl as used by itself or as part 1690 of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three optionally substituted aryl groups.
• the aralkyl group is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one optionally substituted aryl group.
• Non-limiting exemplary aralkyl groups include benzyl, phenethyl, -CHPh 2 , and -CH(4-F-Ph) 2 .
• ureido as used by itself or as part
• the term "azido" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula -N 3 .
• (heterocyclo) alkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three
• the (heterocyclo) alkyl is a Ci_ 4 alkyl substituted with one optionally substituted heterocyclo group.
• heterocycloalkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a (heterocyclo)alkyl group which is optionally substituted at the heterocyclo and/or alkyl moieties with one, two, three, four, five, or six same or different substituents.
• Suitable optional substituents include those for an alkyl group and those for a heterocyclo group (as above defined).
• the (heteroaryl) alkyl group is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one optionally substituted heteroaryl group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (heteroaryl)alkyl groups include:
• alkylcarbonylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkylcarbonyl group attached to an amino.
• a non- limiting exemplary alkylcarbonylamino group is -NHCOCH 3 .
• heteroalkyl as used by itself or part of another group refers to a stable straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical
• heteroatoms containing 1 to 10, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, carbon atoms and at least two heteroatoms, which can be the same or different, selected from O, N, or S, wherein: 1) the nitrogen atom(s) and sulfur atom(s) can optionally be oxidized; and/or 2) the nitrogen atom(s) can optionally be quaternized.
• the heteroatoms can be placed at any interior position or terminal position of the heteroalkyl group, or at a position at which the heteroalkyl group is
• the heteroalkyl group contains two oxygen atoms. In another embodiment, the heteroalkyl group contains two nitrogen atoms. In other embodiment, the heteroalkyl group contains one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom.
• Non-limiting exemplary heteroalkyl groups include:
• (heterocyclo) alkyl as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one optionally
• the (heterocyclo)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one optionally substituted heterocyclo group and one hydroxy group. In another embodiment, the (heterocyclo) alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one optionally substituted heterocyclo group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (heterocyclo)alkyl groups include:
• the term "(carboxamido)alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one carboxamido group, and optionally one heterocyclo, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino group.
• the (carboxamido)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one carboxamido group, 1755 and optionally one heterocyclo, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino group.
• the (carboxamido)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one carboxamido group and one heterocyclo, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (carboxamido)alkyl groups include -CH 2 CONH 2 , -C(H)CH 3 -CONH 2 , -CH 2 CON(H)CH 3 , 1760
• heterocycloalkylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NHR 17a , wherein R 17a is heterocycloalkyl.
• a non- limiting exemplary heterocyclo is
• (heterocycloalkylamino)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one heterocycloalkylamino group.
• the term "(heterocycloamino)alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one heterocycloamino group.
• the (heterocycloamino)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one heterocycloamino group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (heterocyclo)alkyl groups include:
• aralkylamino as used by itself or as part of another group refers to -NR 19c R 19d wherein R 19c is any aralkyl group as "aralkyl” is defined above and R 19d is hydrogen or any alkyl group as "alkyl” is defined above.
• Non- limiting exemplary aralkylamino groups include:
• (aralkylamino)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one aralkylamino group.
• the (aralkylamino)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one aralkylamino group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (aralkylamino)alkyl groups include:
• alkanolamine as used by itself or part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one hydroxyl group and one amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino group.
• the alkanolamine is optionally linked to the rest of the molecule through a carbon atom.
• the alkanolamine is an 1790 ethanolamin -limiting exemplary alkanolamine groups include:
• the term "(nitro)alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group substituted with one nitro (-N0 2 ) group, and optionally one hydroxy group.
• the (nitro)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted 1795 with one nitro group, and optionally one hydroxy group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (nitro)alkyl groups include -CH 2 CH 2 N0 2 and -CH(OH)CH 2 N0 2 .
• Non-limiting exemplary haloalkylamino groups include
• (haloalkylamino)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one haloalkylamino group.
• the (haloalkylamino)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one haloalkylamino group.
• Non-limiting exemplary haloalkylamino groups include
• (arylamino)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one arylamino group.
• the (arylamino)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one arylamino group.
• Non-limiting exemplary (arylamino) alkyl groups include -CH 2 N(H)Ph and -CH 2 N(CH 3 )Ph.
• (aryloxy)alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one aryloxy group.
• the (aryloxy)alkyl is a C 1-4 alkyl substituted with one aryloxy group.
• Non- limiting exemplary (aryloxy)alkyl groups include -CH 2 OPh, -CH 2 0-4-F-Ph, and -CH 2 0-4- CN-Ph.
• the present disclosure encompasses any of the Compounds of the Disclosure being isotopically-labelled (i.e. , radiolabeled) by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, n C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 31 P,
• Isotopically-labeled Compounds of the Disclosure can be prepared by methods known in the art.
• the present disclosure encompasses 3 H, 11 C, or 14 C radiolabeled Compounds of the Disclosure and the use of any such compounds as radioligands for their ability to bind to the sodium channel.
• radioligands for their ability to bind to the sodium channel.
• one use of the labeled compounds of the present disclosure is
• the receptor assay can be performed at a fixed concentration of a labeled Compound of the Disclosure and at increasing concentrations of a test compound in a competition assay.
• a tritiated Compound of the Disclosure can be prepared by
• This method may include reacting a suitably halogen- substituted precursor of the compound with tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst, for example, Pd/C, in the presence or absence of a base.
• a suitable catalyst for example, Pd/C
• Other suitable methods for preparing tritiated compounds can be found in Filer, Isotopes in the Physical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 1, Labeled
• 14 C-labeled compounds can be prepared by employing starting materials having a 14 C carbon.
• Some of the Compounds of the Disclosure may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms.
• the present disclosure is meant to encompass the use of all such possible forms, as well as
• stereoisomers is a general term for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).
• chiral center refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.
• enantiomer and “enantiomeric” refer to a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image and hence is optically active wherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image compound rotates the 1855 plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.
• racemic refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers and which mixture is optically inactive.
• resolution refers to the separation or concentration or depletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule.
• treat is meant to encompass administering to a subject a compound of the present disclosure for the purposes of amelioration or cure, including preemptive and palliative treatment.
• the term “treat,” “treating” or “treatment” is meant to encompass administering to a subject a compound of the
• compositions of the Disclosure including non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic and organic acid addition salts and basic salts.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, cesium salt and the like; alkaline
• earth metals such as calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like; organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, ⁇ , ⁇ '-dibenzylethylenediamine salt and the like; inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, phosphate, sulphate and the like; organic acid salts such as citrate, lactate, tartrate, maleate, fumarate, mandelate, acetate, dichloroacetate,
• Acid addition salts can be formed by mixing a solution of the particular Compound of the Disclosure with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acid such as
• Basic salts can be formed by mixing a solution of the compound of the present disclosure with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, sodium carbonate and the like.
• Solvates typically do not significantly alter the physiological activity or toxicity of the compounds, and as such may function as pharmacological equivalents.
• the term "solvate” as used herein is a combination, physical association and/or solvation of a compound of the present disclosure with a solvent molecule such as, e.g. a 1895 disolvate, monosolvate or hemisolvate, where the ratio of solvent molecule to compound of the present disclosure is about 2: 1, about 1 : 1 or about 1 :2, respectively.
• This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding.
• the solvate can be isolated, such as when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid.
• solvent molecules such as, e.g. a 1895 disolvate, monosolvate or hemisolvate, where the ratio of solvent molecule to compound of the present disclosure is about 2: 1, about 1 : 1 or about 1 :2, respectively.
• This physical association involves
• solvates 1900 encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates.
• Compounds of the Disclosure can be present as solvated forms with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the disclosure includes both solvated and unsolvated forms of Compounds of the Disclosure.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent such as water, methanol, ethanol, and the like
• One type of solvate is a hydrate.
• a "hydrate” relates to a particular subgroup of solvates where the solvent molecule is water.
• Solvates typically can function as pharmacological equivalents. Preparation of solvates is known in the art. See, for example, M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceut. Sci., 93(3):601-611 (2004), which describes the preparation of solvates of fluconazole with ethyl acetate and with water. Similar preparation of solvates, hemisolvates, hydrates, and the like are described by E.C. van Tonder et al. , AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 5(1 ): Article 12 (2004), and A.L. Bingham et
• a typical, non-limiting, process of preparing a solvate would involve dissolving a Compound of the Disclosure in a desired solvent (organic, water, or a mixture thereof) at temperatures above 20°C to about 25°C, then cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals, and isolating the crystals by known methods, e.g. , filtration.
• a desired solvent organic, water, or a mixture thereof
• Analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy can be used to confirm the presence of

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• 2014
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