Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
  • F24H9/00—Details
  • F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
  • F24D19/00—Details
  • F24D19/10—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
  • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
  • H05B1/0227—Applications
  • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
  • H05B1/0244—Heating of fluids
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
  • F24H2250/00—Electrical heat generating means
  • F24H2250/02—Resistances
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
  • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
  • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
  • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
  • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
  • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
  • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

• the invention relates to a heating device according to the preamble of claim 1. It has already been proposed to use photovoltaic systems for heating.
• the object of the invention is in particular to provide a generic device with improved properties in terms of high efficiency and / or low cost.
• the object is achieved by the features of claim 1, while advantageous embodiments and modifications of the invention can be taken from the dependent claims.
• the invention is based on a heating device, in particular for heating at least one fluid, with at least one first heating resistor and at least one supply electronics, which is provided to supply at least the first heating resistor with electricity provided by at least one first photovoltaic system.
• the supply electronics be provided to operate at least the first heating resistor clocked at least in one operating mode.
• a "fluid” is intended in particular to mean a liquid, a gas and / or a
• At least the first heating resistor is provided to a
• Latency heat storage material which is liquid, in particular in at least one operating condition, to heat. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the heating resistor to a heating of at least one solid, in particular in the form of at least one , -
• Rock and / or mineral blocks, in particular for heat storage is provided.
• a "heating resistor” is to be understood in particular as meaning a unit which is intended to convert electrical energy into at least 70%, in particular at least 90%, advantageously at least 95%, preferably at least 99%, heat at least one electrical component, in particular a group of, preferably permanently, parallel and / or series-connected electrical components, in particular at least one of the electrical components is designed as, preferably a metallic, ohmic resistor, Alternatively or additionally it is conceivable in that the at least one of the electrical components is designed as a semiconductor component, in particular with a controllable resistor
• Heating resistor surrounded by a, in particular metallic, preferably tubular, enveloping body which is advantageously provided to a thermal contact, in particular by means of heat conduction and / or thermal radiation, between the
• the heating resistor forms a snake heater.
• at least one electrically insulating, advantageously good heat-conducting, preferably ceramic, material is arranged between the electrical component and the enveloping body.
• at least one of the electrical components is wound around a ceramic carrier, which is inserted into an enveloping body delimiting the medium to be heated, wherein an air gap is maintained between the electrical component and the enveloping body, so that heat transfer essentially takes place by means of heat radiation ,
• the heating resistor forms a snake heater.
• at least one electrically insulating, advantageously good heat-conducting, preferably ceramic, material is arranged between the electrical component and the enveloping body.
• at least one of the electrical components is wound around a ceramic carrier, which is inserted into an enveloping body delimiting the medium to be heated, wherein an air gap is maintained between the electrical component and the enveloping body, so that heat transfer essentially takes place by
• Heating device to a fluid container and / or a Fluidleitelement, in which the
• Heating resistor protrudes or is penetrated by the heating resistor.
• the heating resistor forms a wall of the fluid container and / or - leitelements.
• the supply electronics has at least one
• the supply electronics preferably have at least one control unit which is at least provided to control and / or regulate an operation of the heating resistor.
• a "photovoltaic system” is to be understood in particular as meaning a unit which is intended to convert light, in particular sunlight, directly into electrical energy, in particular a photovoltaic system only of photovoltaic cells, protective sheaths, carrier elements and / or connecting cables - -
• a "timed operation” is to be understood in particular as an operating mode in which the heating resistor repeats, in particular with a frequency of more than 100 Hz, in particular more than 1 kHz, advantageously more than 10 kHz, preferably more than 20 kHz, and / or A maximum frequency of 100 kHz, in particular a maximum of 60 kHz, advantageously a maximum of 40 kHz, in particular periodically, is connected to the photovoltaic system
• Photovoltaic system and the heating resistor is arranged, and advantageous to
• the control unit in particular as a semiconductor switching element, preferably as a power MOSFET and / or power IGBT, alternatively as an electromechanical switching element, in particular as a relay is formed.
• the supply electronics additionally has at least one operating mode in which the heating resistor is continuously connected to the photovoltaic system.
• the term "provided” should be understood to mean specially programmed, designed and / or equipped.Assuming that an object is intended for a specific function should in particular mean that the object fulfills this specific function in at least one application and / or operating state and / or In particular, high efficiency and / or low costs, in particular due to component savings, can be achieved.
• the supply electronics be provided to at least the first heating resistor in at least one operating mode with a frequency between 1 kHz and 100 kHz, in particular with a frequency between 10 kHz and 70 kHz, advantageously with a frequency between 20 kHz and 50 kHz , preferably with a frequency between 30 kHz and 40 kHz to operate.
• a frequency between 1 kHz and 100 kHz in particular with a frequency between 10 kHz and 70 kHz, advantageously with a frequency between 20 kHz and 50 kHz , preferably with a frequency between 30 kHz and 40 kHz to operate.
• high efficiency can be achieved.
• Photovoltaic system can be achieved.
• a low-cost and / or simple design with a low number of components can be achieved.
• the supply electronics be provided to adjust a duty cycle of the pulsed operation of at least the first heating resistor to set a drop across the heating resistor performance.
• Duty cycle of the clocked operation should be understood in particular a duty cycle of a control signal, in particular a control voltage, with which the control unit, the switching element for connecting the heating resistor with the
• Photovoltaic system controls. In particular, a simple control can be achieved.
• the supply electronics be provided to vary a duty cycle of the clocked operation of at least the first heating resistor to optimize the falling across the first heating resistor performance.
• the supply electronics has at least one voltage control loop, wherein the voltage control circuit is advantageously provided to implement a voltage difference between a predetermined setpoint voltage and a measured actual voltage in a duty cycle of the clocked operation.
• the voltage control circuit is advantageously provided to implement a voltage difference between a predetermined setpoint voltage and a measured actual voltage in a duty cycle of the clocked operation.
• Supply electronics provided to change the target voltage and / or the duty cycle of the clocked operation at regular and / or irregular intervals in a variation step by a certain amount and a resulting
• Variation step increases the target voltage and / or reduces the duty cycle, if in the previous variation step by increasing the target voltage and / or
• Reduction of the duty cycle could be achieved an increase in performance or by increasing the duty cycle and / or increasing the duty cycle no performance increase could be achieved.
• Reduction of the duty cycle could be achieved an increase in performance or by increasing the duty cycle and / or increasing the duty cycle no performance increase could be achieved.
• Variation step reduces the target voltage and / or increases the duty cycle, if in the previous variation step by increasing the duty cycle and / or increasing the duty cycle performance could be achieved or by increasing the target voltage and / or reducing the duty cycle no performance improvement could be achieved.
• the control unit is provided to a variation of the desired voltage and / or the duty cycle
• the supply electronics have at least one buffering capacity allocated to the first heating resistor, which is provided to at least temporarily store energy of the photovoltaic system.
• Buffer capacity of at least one capacitor formed is achieved because in states in which the heating resistor is not connected to the photovoltaic system in the short term, energy supplied by the photovoltaic system can be used. In particular, a high energy yield can be achieved.
• the supply electronics be provided to measure, in particular only, a voltage above the buffer capacity for determining a power output via the heating resistor.
• the supply electronics has at least one voltage sensor which measures a voltage drop across the buffer capacity.
• the control unit is provided, depending on at least one voltage measurement, in particular a voltage curve over the buffer capacity, in particular only while the heating resistor is connected to the photovoltaic system, the known duty cycle of the clocked operation and an at least substantially known size of the ohmic resistance of the heating resistor to calculate a power output in the heating resistor.
• the supply electronics is provided, in particular only, to measure a current through the heating resistor.
• the supply electronics is provided to the duty cycle of the clocked operation, at least in response to a mean above the
• Buffer capacity applied voltage in particular as a function of a calculated over this power output of the heating resistor to select.
• a “medium voltage” is intended in particular to mean, in particular averaged, averaged over a period in which the heating resistor is connected to the photovoltaic system, , ,
• the heating resistor is connected directly to a buffer capacity of
• heating resistor is "directly" connected to the buffer capacitor, should be understood in particular that the heating resistor, at least in a state in which it is connected to the photovoltaic system, only about at least substantially pure resistive elements, in particular only electrical connecting lines and / or switching elements, in
• Row is connected to the buffer capacity.
• high efficiency and / or high component savings can be achieved since, in particular, additional converter stages are dispensed with.
• the buffer capacity is intended to be connected directly to the photovoltaic system.
• the buffer capacity only at least in
• the supply electronics be provided to vary a frequency of the clocked operation in at least one operating mode.
• the supply electronics are provided to vary the frequency of the clocked operation as a function of a power obtainable from the photovoltaic system.
• the supply electronics is provided, in an operating state in which a power output via the heating resistor corresponds to a maximum of 50%, in particular a maximum of 30%, advantageously not more than 20%, preferably not more than 10% of a rated power of the heating resistor, for outputs above 50% of Rated power usual frequency of clocked operation to reduce, in particular, advantageously staggered, halve, third and / or quarter.
• high efficiency can be achieved, since in particular switching losses , ,
• the supply electronics be provided for a frequency of the clocked operation in a range having a width of at least 1 kHz, in particular at least 3 kHz, advantageously at least 8 kHz, and / or in a range with a width of at most 20 kHz ,
• a maximum of 13 kHz in particular periodically and / or linearly, alternatively by leaps and bounds, to change, in order to reduce a, in particular radiated and / or retransmitted into the photovoltaic system, harmonic spectrum.
• the supply electronics have at least one sensor unit which is provided to examine a frequency of a current taken from the photovoltaic system in order to conclude arcing typical behavior.
• the sensor unit is formed by the voltage sensor provided for determining the power, wherein the control electronics are in particular provided to filter out a current frequency of the clocked operation from the measured signal of the voltage sensor.
• an additional sensor in particular a current sensor for measuring a current across the labitesselle has, in order to achieve improved measurement accuracy.
• a frequency between 10 kHz and 30 kHz, which differs from a frequency of the clocked operation, a on
• connection contacts of the photovoltaic system in particular the
• the supply electronics are provided, upon detection of arc-type behavior, at least in the short term, to interrupt operation of the heating resistor in order to extinguish the arc and / or to output at least a warning message.
• the supply electronics are provided to set an operation until completion of maintenance measures, at least in the case of repeated occurrence of arc-type behavior. In particular, it can be a high security and / or a long life of the connected
• Photovoltaic system can be achieved.
• Temperature sensor has.
• the temperature sensor is at least in the vicinity of the medium to be heated, advantageously enclosed by this, arranged.
• the temperature sensor is integrated in an envelope of the heating resistor. - -
• the supply electronics are provided to at least reduce and / or adjust an operation of at least the first heating resistor when a limit temperature is exceeded by the temperature sensor.
• improved safety can be achieved.
• a high level of comfort can be achieved.
• the heater at least one
• Fluid transport unit which is intended to pass a fluid to be heated to the heating resistor and which is controlled and / or powered by the supply electronics, in particular in dependence on the temperature sensor.
• the fluid transport unit is provided to supply a fluid to the heating resistor.
• the fluid transport unit is intended to force a movement of a fluid.
• the fluid transport unit has at least one pump, a fan and / or a screw conveyor.
• the supply electronics are provided to regulate a delivery rate of the fluid transport unit such that a temperature measured by the temperature sensor is at least substantially kept constant and / or corresponds to a predetermined value, in particular by an operator.
• the supply electronics has at least one
• the fluid transport unit is supplied via a separate mains connection, wherein the fluid transport unit preferably has at least one control interface via which the control unit of the
• Supply electronics can set a delivery rate and / or speed. In particular, a high quality can be achieved.
• the supply electronics has a control unit which is provided to monitor at least one functional unit of a control unit which controls the clocked operation of at least one heating resistor.
• control unit has at least one separate temperature sensor and is intended to provide a connection between the heating resistor and the
• Photovoltaic system when exceeding a threshold temperature, preferably redundant to interrupt. Overheating can be caused in particular by a malfunction of the - -
• Control unit a malfunction of a first sensor and / or a malfunction of a switching element caused.
• the control unit has a separate switching element connected in series between the heating resistor and the
• control unit and the control unit each have at least one communication input in order to carry out at least one check of a functioning of the control unit.
• control unit is provided via the communication inputs a
• control unit and control unit are jointly provided to allow a flow of current through the heating resistor only if a functionality of both units has been ensured.
• a high degree of safety can be achieved, in particular with regard to overheating and / or consequential damage.
• control electronics of the supply electronics be provided to be supplied by the photovoltaic system.
• the supply electronics have at least one voltage and / or frequency converter, which is provided to convert energy provided by the photovoltaic system into a form required by the control electronics, in particular at least the control unit, the control unit, and / or the at least one sensor ,
• a high degree of self-sufficiency can be achieved.
• a high level of efficiency can be achieved since the control electronics are only active, in particular, when sufficient energy is available.
• Fig. 1 shows a heating device according to the invention for generating a
• Fig. 2 shows an exemplary sequence of a clocked operation
• Fig. 3 shows an alternative heating device according to the invention for connection to a plurality of photovoltaic systems.
• FIG. 1 shows a system 1 1 with a heating device 10 and a first one
• the heating device 10 is provided for heating and drying of a fluid formed as a bulk material and has a first heating resistor 12 and a supply electronics 20, which is provided to supply the first heating resistor 12 provided by the first photovoltaic system 16 current.
• the supply electronics 20 is provided to operate the first heating resistor 12 clocked in different operating modes.
• the supply electronics 20 has a first heating resistor 12 associated buffer capacity 22, which is intended to temporarily store energy of the photovoltaic system 16.
• the supply electronics 20 has a first
• the buffer capacity 22 is intended to be connected directly to the photovoltaic system 16.
• the buffer capacity 22 is directly with the
• the heating resistor 12 is connected directly to the buffer capacity 22 of the supply electronics 20.
• the supply electronics 20 further comprises an insulation measuring unit 25, which is provided to determine whether the photovoltaic system 16 is operated in earthed or floating configuration.
• the isolation unit 25 is between the poles of
• the insulation measuring unit 25 has a
• Voltage divider which operates in a first state by voltage bisecting and asymmetrically dividing in a second state, wherein a voltage at the center tap of the voltage divider is measured via a high resistance to ground potential. If too low bleeder resistances are detected by measurement in both states, a warning message is output.
• the supply electronics 20 has a control unit 40 which controls and regulates an operation of the heating resistor 12.
• the supply electronics 20 has a first, as - -
• Semiconductor switching element trained, switching element 42 which is arranged in series with the heating resistor 12 and the buffer capacitor 22 and the photovoltaic system 16.
• the power electronics 20 has a freewheeling diode 32, which is provided to occur when disconnecting the connection to the photovoltaic system 16, by possibly.
• Supply electronics 20 has a voltage sensor 26, which measures a voltage U P across the buffer capacitor 22.
• the supply electronics 20 has a control unit 45, which is provided to monitor at least one functioning of the control unit 40.
• Control unit 45 has a first temperature sensor 49.
• the temperature sensor 49 is provided to detect a temperature of the fluid in a vicinity of the
• the control unit 45 is provided at
• the control unit 45 has a second one
• the second switching element 46 is arranged in series with the heating resistor 12 and the buffer capacitor 22 or the photovoltaic system 16. Provides the
• Control unit 45 a functionality of the control unit 40 and by means of the first temperature sensor 49 determines a temperature below the threshold temperature, the control unit 45 causes a switching of the second switching element 46, so that this does not preclude a connection of the heating resistor 12 with the photovoltaic system 16.
• the second switching element 46 is designed as a relay, but could alternatively be designed as a semiconductor switching element. Furthermore, it is alternatively conceivable that the second switching element is provided to interrupt a control signal U s of the first switching element.
• the control unit 40 has a second temperature sensor 41. Furthermore, the heating device 10, a fluid transport unit 50, which is intended to pass a fluid to be heated to the heating resistor 12 and by the
• Supply electronics 20 is controlled and supplied. A delivery rate of - -
• Fluid transport unit 50 is controlled by the control unit 40 such that one of the second temperature sensor 41, seen in the transport direction behind the
• Heating resistor 12 is arranged, measured temperature constant on a
• the fluid transport unit 50 has a drive unit 52 designed as a screw conveyor for transporting the fluid.
• Supply electronics 20 has a voltage converter 54, which is provided to supply the drive unit 52 of the photovoltaic system 16.
• Control electronics so the control unit 40, the control unit 45, the
• the drive unit is designed as a conveyor belt and the heating resistor as, for example, arranged above the conveyor belt radiant heater. But also embodiments as a water heater for liquids, especially water, are conceivable. If the control unit 40 determines that the control unit 45 is functional, the control unit 40 generates a control signal U s for driving the first switching element 42. A duty cycle t / T of the control signal U s is determined iteratively.
• the supply electronics 20 determines from the voltage U P measured during a connection phase t of an overall interval T by the voltage sensor 26 via the buffer capacitor 22 a mean voltage U M (FIG. 2).
• Heating resistor 12 dropping power P is then calculated by the control unit 40 after
• Supply electronics 20 is provided for setting an over the
• Heating resistor 12 dropping power P to adjust a duty ratio t / T of the clocked operation of the first heating resistor 12.
• the duty ratio t / T of the clocked operation is hereby indirectly by varying a target voltage of a voltage regulator, which is provided to one of the buffer capacitor 22 and / or the
• Power interface 36 to regulate applied voltage to a desired voltage varies to maximize the decaying power P. Should an available power be the - -
• the supply electronics 20 are provided to operate the heating resistor 12 in an operating mode in which a power obtainable from the photovoltaic system 16 is at least 10% of a rated power of the heating resistor 12, with a frequency varying between 30 kHz and 50 kHz. In operating modes where the available power falls below 10% of rated power, the
• Supply electronics 20 provided to operate the heating resistor 12 clocked with a frequency varying between 15 kHz and 25 kHz frequency.
• the supply electronics 20 is provided to operate the heating resistor 12 continuously.
• the voltage sensor 26 is used by the power electronics 20 to a
• Frequency of the photovoltaic system 16 taken to investigate current is adjusted by filtering the current frequency of the clocked operation. If dominant frequencies in the range between 10 kHz and 30 kHz are still to be found, a photovoltaic system 16 characteristic of the arc is closed and an operation of the heating resistor 12 is interrupted for a few seconds.
• FIG. 3 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
• the following descriptions and the drawings are essentially limited to the differences between the exemplary embodiments, wherein, with regard to identically named components, in particular with regard to components having the same reference numerals, in principle also to the drawings and / or the description of the other embodiments, in particular FIGS to 2, can be referenced.
• FIG. 3 shows a system 11a having a heating device 10a and a first, a second and a third photovoltaic system 16a, 17a, 18a.
• the heater 10 a is as - -
• Hot water boiler formed and has to heat water a first
• Heating resistor 12a a second heating resistor 13a and a third heating resistor 14a.
• the heating device 10a has a supply electronics 20a, which is provided to supply the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a respectively with supplied current and voltage of exactly one of the photovoltaic systems 16a, 17a, 18a.
• the supply electronics 20a is intended to operate the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a clocked in several operating modes.
• the supply electronics 20a For each of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a, the supply electronics 20a has a separate buffer capacity 22a, 23a, 24a to which it is directly connected. Furthermore, the supply electronics 20a three power interfaces 36a, 37a, 38a, which are each intended to be connected to one of the photovoltaic systems 16a, 17a, 18a and each directly with an associated the
• Buffer capacitors 22a, 23a, 24a are connected, so that the buffer capacitances 22a, 23a, 24a energy of each associated photovoltaic system 16a, 17a, 18a
• the power interfaces 36a, 37a, 38a have a common contact.
• the supply electronics 20a has voltage sensors 26a, 27a, 28a assigned to the respective buffer capacities 22a, 23a, 24a.
• the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a are operated at the same frequency.
• duty cycles of the clocked operations of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a are varied separately in order to achieve a maximization of the falling over the respective heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a performances.
• the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a serve to heat fluid or solid in a single container.
• the supply electronics 20a has a control unit 45a, which is provided to monitor at least one functioning of a control unit 40a, which controls the timed operation of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a.
• the control unit 40a has a first temperature sensor 41a.
• Temperature sensor 41 a is used to monitor a temperature of the fluid and / or the solid in the container.
• the control unit 40a is provided at
• the control unit 45a has a second temperature sensor 49a.
• the second temperature sensor 49a also serves to monitor a temperature of the fluid and / or the solid in the container.
• the control unit 45a is provided to set an operation of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a by the second temperature sensor 49a when a second threshold temperature slightly higher than the first threshold temperature is exceeded.
• the supply electronics 20a has a first, a third and a fifth switching element 42a, 43a, 44a, each with exactly one of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a and exactly one of the buffer capacitors 22a, 23a, 24a or exactly one of
• Photovoltaic systems 16a, 17a, 18a are arranged in series.
• the first, third and fifth switching elements 42a, 43a, 44a are each formed as a MOSFET or IGBT.
• the first, third and fifth switching elements 42a, 43a, 44a are driven by the control unit 40a with clocked control signals with frequencies between 15 kHz and 50 kHz to operate the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a clocked.
• Each of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a is connected in parallel with a freewheeling diode 32a, 33a, 34a.
• the control unit 45a further comprises three switching elements 46a, 47a, 48a, each of which is provided to prevent operation of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a upon overheating, detected by the second temperature sensor 49a or detection of malfunction of the control unit 40a.
• the second, fourth and sixth switching elements 46a, 47a, 48a each of which is provided to prevent operation of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a upon overheating, detected by the second temperature sensor 49a or detection of malfunction of the control unit 40a.
• Switching elements 46a, 47a, 48a are respectively arranged in series with exactly one of the heating resistors 12a, 13a, 14a and exactly one of the buffer capacitors 22a, 23a, 24a or precisely one of the photovoltaic systems 16a, 17a, 18a.
• control unit has only a single switching element, which is arranged in series with all the heating resistors and each of the first, third and fifth switching elements.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
• Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

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• 2013
  • 2013-03-12 DE DE102013102465.3A patent/DE102013102465A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-11-27 EP EP13801507.8A patent/EP2973931A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-11-27 US US14/774,850 patent/US20160033169A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-11-27 JP JP2015561959A patent/JP2016516264A/ja active Pending
  • 2013-11-27 WO PCT/EP2013/074869 patent/WO2014139601A1/de active Application Filing

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