WO2014073570A1 - 土壌改良材およびそれを含む培土 - Google Patents
土壌改良材およびそれを含む培土 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014073570A1 WO2014073570A1 PCT/JP2013/080016 JP2013080016W WO2014073570A1 WO 2014073570 A1 WO2014073570 A1 WO 2014073570A1 JP 2013080016 W JP2013080016 W JP 2013080016W WO 2014073570 A1 WO2014073570 A1 WO 2014073570A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F7/00—Fertilisers from waste water, sewage sludge, sea slime, ooze or similar masses
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/13—Zeolites
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
- A01G24/42—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure of granular or aggregated structure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders
- C05G5/12—Granules or flakes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/02—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a soil improving material for improving soil so as to be suitable for plant cultivation, and a soil containing the same.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-246064 for which it applied to Japan on November 8, 2012, and uses the content here.
- a variety of soils are sold that are suitable for growing plants such as vegetables, fruits or flowers. These soils are pointed out as having good drainage, good water retention, good air permeability, and good fertilizer retention. In addition, it contains a chemical substance necessary for plant growth and the presence of useful bacteria for the plant.
- red soil, Kanuma soil, humus soil, pearlite, zeolite, and / or vermiculite may be added to the soil to improve the drainage, water retention, breathability, and / or fertilizer of the soil.
- water-absorbing polymers that do not contain natural soil are avoided because they dislike the scattering of natural soil, the outflow of soil due to water, and the generation of insects.
- a compound granule or a porous ceramic granule is also used as soil (Patent Document 1).
- perlite which has been used as a soil improver in the past, is lightweight and has good workability, and has the advantage of improving soil tightening and helping root growth, while its mass is light, it is used as a soil improver.
- the soil obtained by mixing as pearlite floats on the surface of the earth when irrigation is repeated, and it is washed away.
- zeolite has the advantage of excellent fertilizer retention because of its large ion exchange capacity, while it has low water retention, and soil that is formulated as a soil conditioner requires frequent irrigation.
- vermiculite has excellent water retention and fertilization properties and is advantageous in that it is lightweight and has good workability, but the production area is limited, and there is a problem such as contamination with foreign matter.
- the particulates of high molecular compounds and porous ceramics are advantageous in that they are suitable for hydroponics while suppressing the scattering of soil, etc. It was not enough.
- the present invention solves the above-mentioned problems, has excellent water retention, has good drainage, and supplies soil to the soil, thereby providing soil improvement material for producing soil suitable for plant growth, and
- the challenge is to provide a culture that includes
- a soil improvement material has the following configuration.
- Soil improvement including a granular material containing porous ceramics as a constituent material, wherein the granular material has a water content in a range of a pF value of 2.7 or less of 5% by volume or more with respect to the total volume of the granular material.
- Wood The soil improvement material according to (1) above, wherein a water retention rate of the granular material is 15% or more.
- the soil improvement material of the present invention can appropriately retain water and air that can be absorbed by plants, it can be used as a soil improvement material to provide a culture soil that is excellent in plant growth. Moreover, in the preferable form of the soil improvement material of this invention, since the large quantity of water which food can absorb can be hold
- the soil of the present invention is excellent in plant growth because it can retain water that can be absorbed by the plant. Moreover, in the preferable form of the soil of this invention, since the water which a food can absorb can be hold
- the soil improvement material of the present embodiment includes a granular material containing porous ceramics as a constituent material (hereinafter also referred to as a granular material).
- the granular material has a water content in the range of a pF value of 2.7 or less of 5% by volume or more based on the total volume of the granular material.
- the moisture content in the range of the pF value of 2.7 or less will be described.
- soil components such as soil or soil improving materials (hereinafter, soil and the like)
- the pF value corresponding to the water absorption capacity of the soil is defined by pressure.
- the pF value of soil and the like varies depending on the physical state such as filling of components and the water supply state, but water that can be used effectively by plants (water that can be absorbed by plants) is suitably absorbed by soil and the like.
- the moisture absorbed by the soil or the like when the pF value of the soil or the like is in a certain range as described later.
- the moisture content (%, volume moisture content, volume moisture content) in the range of each pF value of the granular material is measured by a centrifugal method or various pF value measurement methods (such as a tensiometer method) and various types.
- the combined use with the measuring method (TDR method etc.) of a water content can be used.
- a centrifugal method is used in which the pressure corresponding to each pF is applied to the granular material by centrifugal separation, and the mass of the granular material before and after the pressure is applied to determine the amount of water discharged from the granular material by the pressure. preferable.
- the moisture content (or the moisture content of pF value 2.7 or less) in the range of pF value 2.7 or less in this embodiment can be calculated
- the total volume means, for example, the volume of the entire space occupied by the granular material, that is, the volume of the solid component of the granular material, the space between the granular material and the pores of the granular material, the liquid contained therein, and the like Refers to the total volume of gas.
- the water content in the range where the pF value is 2.7 or less is 5% by volume or more with respect to the entire volume of the granular material is simply “the water content whose pF value is 2.7 or less is 5%. % "Or more.
- the amount of water in the range of the pF value of 2.7 or less of the granular material is less than 5% by volume with respect to the entire volume of the granular material, even if the granular material contains a large amount of water, the water that can be absorbed by the plant is small. Therefore, it is not suitable for plant growth or needs frequent watering.
- the amount of water in the range of the granular material having a pF value of 2.7 or less is preferably 8% by volume or more, more preferably 10% by volume or more, based on the total volume of the granular material.
- the upper limit is about 80% by volume.
- the moisture content of the granular material in the range of pF value of more than 1.5 to 2.7 is 1.0% by volume or more.
- the moisture content of the granular material having a pF value of more than 1.5 and not more than 2.7 is 1% by volume or more with respect to the entire volume of the granular material, for weight reduction of the planted product during transportation, Moreover, even when water is dehydrated from the cultivation soil in order to prevent water leakage from the planted material, water that can be absorbed by the plant remains in the granular material, and the plant can be prevented from withering. More preferably, the water content in this range is 2.0% by volume or more, and more preferably 3.0% by volume or more. The upper limit of the moisture content is not particularly limited, but is about 30% by volume.
- the moisture content in the range of pF value 1.5 over 2.7 or less of a granular material can be stopped also with the following formula
- Moisture content (volume%) in the range of pF value greater than 1.5 and less than 2.7 (mass (g) of granular sample after centrifugation of pF1.5 ⁇ mass of sample after centrifugation of pF2.7 (G)) / 100 (ml) ⁇ 100
- the granular material of the soil improvement material of this embodiment contains porous ceramics as a constituent material.
- it is a granular material substantially made of porous ceramics.
- the porous ceramic is a sintered body of ceramics, that is, an oxide of metal or silicon, and is porous, that is, has many pores (pores).
- the ceramic is obtained by firing a mixture containing clay as a main component.
- the pores of the ceramic are generated, for example, naturally during firing in the method for producing a porous ceramic granular material described later or by the action of an additive such as a foaming agent.
- the porous ceramic in a preferred form of the present embodiment has a component obtained by sintering clay, organic sludge and diatomaceous earth as a result of being manufactured by the manufacturing method described later, and various types of materials described in the manufacturing method described later. You may contain arbitrary components, ie, various fibers, glass, etc.
- the porous ceramic granular material is porous, moisture can be absorbed into the pore, and when the moisture content in the range of pF value 2.7 or less is measured. It contributes to the property of the soil improvement material of this embodiment that the water content is 5% by volume or more with respect to the entire volume of the granular material.
- the granular material means a particle having a particle diameter of 5 cm or less. From the viewpoint of plant growth excluding hydroponics, it is preferably 3 cm or less, more preferably 2 cm or less, still more preferably 1 cm or less, and even more preferably 5 mm or less. Although a minimum is not specifically limited, 0.02 mm or more is preferable from a viewpoint of utilization of the pore currently formed in the porous ceramics, a viewpoint of a gaseous-phase ratio, and the handleability of granular materials, such as a dusting.
- granular materials various sizes of granular materials may be prepared and blended at an arbitrary ratio.
- a granular material having a particle diameter of more than 5 mm, a granular material having a particle diameter of more than 5 mm, and a particle having a diameter of 1 mm or less may be blended at an arbitrary ratio.
- the particle diameter is a value measured by sieving.
- a granular material having a size of more than 1 mm and not more than 5 mm means a particle that passes through a sieve having an opening of 5 mm and cannot pass through a sieve having an opening of 1 mm.
- the particle diameter When the particle diameter is as large as more than 5 mm, the water permeability can be remarkably improved. When the particle diameter is more than 1 mm to 5 mm or less, the water retention can be improved and the gas phase can be increased. When the particle diameter is more than 0.02 mm to 1 mm or less, it is generally squeezed and hardened due to moisture, etc., which is not preferable for food growth, but the granular material of this embodiment suppresses such a squeezing and squeezing phenomenon. In addition, it is easy to mix with the soil to be improved, and the granular material also has pores on the order of micrometers, and more preferably in the order of nanometers, so that it has a gas phase and can provide a preferable growing environment for plants.
- the soil improvement material of this embodiment is characterized by the performance characteristics due to the difference in particle size and the use place such as indoor and outdoor, the size of containers such as farmland, planters and pots, the type of plant, and the soil that needs improvement.
- An arbitrary size may be used in accordance with the state.
- the granular material of the present embodiment may have a water retention rate (volume moisture content) of 15% or more. More preferably, it is 20% or more, and further preferably 30% or more.
- the water retention rate or moisture content refers to the volume moisture content relative to the entire volume of the granular material when immersed in water in this embodiment.
- the water retention rate can be measured using a conventionally known dry heat method, heat loss method, electric resistance method, or the like.
- the granular material can be immersed in water for 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 hour or longer to obtain a saturated water-containing state, and the granular material can be measured using a dry heat method as a sample.
- the plant has sufficient water that can be absorbed in the granular material, and it is not necessary to carry out frequent watering, thereby facilitating plant growth.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but about 95% is the upper limit. From the viewpoint of the strength of the granular material, 85% or less is preferable.
- the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the granular material of the present embodiment is preferably 0.1 cm / s or more. More preferably, it is 0.5 cm / s or more, and more preferably 1.0 cm / s. If the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the granular material is 0.1 cm / s or more, water is quickly discharged from the cultivated soil, and the air permeability is maintained by the pores in the porous ceramics constituting the granular material in the cultivated soil. Oxygen can be maintained inside. This can suppress root rot and absorb water quickly, so even if the apparent density is small and light, even during irrigation and heavy rain, It is possible to suppress floating like pearlite.
- the three-phase distribution of the granular material is preferably 10 to 45% in the solid phase, 10 to 50% in the liquid phase, and 10 to 75% in the gas phase when centrifuged at pF1.5.
- the three-phase distribution is, for example, a ratio in volumetric weight, and is a value obtained by an actual volume method.
- the gas phase in the three-phase distribution of granular materials is 10% from the viewpoint of protecting the roots of plants and protecting plants even in regions where the temperature is intense. Above, preferably 20% or more, more preferably 30% or more.
- the granular material of the present embodiment may have a pH buffering property.
- the granular material has pH buffering properties, and the pH of water supplied to the soil conditioner, soil, or soil is buffered to pH 6 to 10 at about room temperature (approximately 20 to 30 ° C. or plant growth environment temperature). By this, it can be set as the soil which has the growth environment suitable for the cultivation of a plant of many varieties. Moreover, if the granular material has pH buffering properties, plant damage can be suppressed even when acid rain of pH 4 or the like falls.
- the granular material of this embodiment contains phosphorus, nitrogen, or potassium in a granular material.
- Phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium are so-called three major nutrients of plants, and are effective in plant growth.
- these nutrients are supported on the granular material by impregnating the fired porous ceramics with components such as liquid fertilizer during use as a soil conditioner.
- the granular material of this embodiment is excellent in fertilizer, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, etc. can be obtained by applying an appropriate amount of liquid fertilizer, etc. to the granular material (dropping etc.) in accordance with planting. Nutrients are supported on the granular material.
- the solid component of the granular material contains one or more of these three components and the granular material has the property of being able to elute trace amounts of calcium and / or silicon, It is preferable from the viewpoint. Whether or not these components have the property of being eluted, and the amount of elution is determined by the composition of the mixture (mainly the content of organic sludge and the like described later) used in the production of the porous ceramic described below, the porosity It can be adjusted by the state of pores of the porous ceramics, the condition of application or impregnation of the liquid fertilizer described above, and the like.
- the size of the pores formed in the porous ceramic contained as the constituent material of the granular material may be, for example, nanometer-order pores with a pore diameter of 10 to 1000 nm, or a micrometer order with a pore diameter of more than 1 ⁇ m and less than 1000 ⁇ m.
- the pores may be pores in the order of millimeters with a pore diameter exceeding 1 mm (the upper limit is the long diameter of the granular material), or these pores may be mixed. In particular, it is preferable that pores having a large pore diameter and small pores are mixed. For example, by mixing pores in the order of millimeters, pores in the order of micrometers, and pores in the order of nanometers, many voids are formed in the porous ceramics. From the viewpoint of absorbing and holding various nutrients. In addition, the presence of these pores provides a favorable place for useful microorganisms that survive in the rhizosphere, and various useful microorganisms can exist depending on the degree of aerobicity.
- the upper limit of the pore diameter is the upper side of the granular material.
- the particle size of the granular material is less than 1 mm, there are no millimeter-order pores in the granular material, but since the particle size is small and has micrometer-order pores and nanometer-order pores, the surface area is small. Large, many voids can be formed, and air retention and nutrient absorption retention as well as favorable residence of useful microorganisms can be achieved as well as when there are millimeter-order pores.
- the pore diameter can be adjusted by combining raw material types and firing conditions. Note that the pore diameter of the pores may be roughly measured visually and on a scale if the pores are large in the order of millimeters. In addition, large pores and small pores on the order of micrometers or less can be measured by performing image processing according to a scale from image data obtained by microscopic observation or the like.
- the pore diameter of millimeter-order pores is a value obtained by cutting porous ceramics and measuring the major diameter of the pores using a scale.
- the pore diameter of the nanometer-order and micrometer-order pores is a value obtained by cutting the porous ceramic and measuring the major diameter of the pores using an electron microscope.
- the pores formed in the porous ceramics may be independent or may be communication holes communicating with each other, but the moisture content, water retention rate, From the viewpoint of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the supply of nutrients, those that communicate with each other are preferred. These pores communicate with each other to synergistically improve the plant growth environment.
- the soil improvement material of the present embodiment may be composed of only the granular material of the present embodiment, or an organic system such as inorganic zeolite, pearlite, or bentonite within a range not departing from the purpose of the present embodiment.
- Compost, humus or peat, or other soil conditioner such as a high molecular weight polyethyleneimine compound may be used as a soil conditioner.
- the soil of this embodiment includes the soil improving material of this embodiment.
- the soil is mixed with the soil improvement material of this embodiment in red or clay soil, etc. to compensate for the shortcomings of red or soil and Kanuma soil, and further improve the advantages, making the soil suitable for plant growth. be able to.
- the soil suitable for plant growth can be obtained by blending the soil improvement material of the present embodiment with any soil such as sand with poor water retention, such as clay soil with poor drainage, which is not preferable as plant soil. It is what.
- the soil improvement material of this embodiment and other soils are blended and used as culture soil, the blending and blending ratio is the property of the target plant, the outdoor or indoor use place or a wide area. What is necessary is just to mix
- the cultivation soil of this embodiment may consist only of the soil improvement material of this embodiment.
- the granular material contained in the soil improvement material of the present embodiment also has water retention, water permeability, and gas phase suitable for plant growth, so that only the granular material constitutes the cultivation soil. Since it is suitable, the cultivation soil of this embodiment may consist only of the soil improvement material which consists only of a granular material. Moreover, since the cultivation soil which consists only of the soil improvement material which consists only of the granular material of this embodiment does not generate
- the method for producing porous ceramics is, for example, mixing raw materials described later to form a mixture (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as a mixture) (mixing step), and molding the mixture to form a molded body (molding step). And a method of firing the body to obtain porous ceramics (firing step).
- the mixing step is a step of obtaining a mixture by mixing various raw materials, preferably those containing clay.
- the thing containing at least 1 sort (s) selected from the group which consists of a foaming agent, organic sludge, and diatomaceous earth, and a clay, for example as a raw material is preferable, and the thing containing a foaming agent, organic sludge, and clay is more preferable.
- a foaming agent it is possible to form large millimeter-order pores in the porous ceramic particles, and by using diatomaceous earth, micrometer-order pores can be formed in the porous ceramic particles.
- pores in the order of micrometers and pores in the order of nanometers can be formed in the porous ceramic particles. Furthermore, the use of organic sludge enables the porous ceramic particulates to elute the three major nutrients of plants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, the pores of the porous ceramic particles obtained using organic sludge are spaces particularly suitable for growing useful microorganisms.
- the mixture preferably contains one or more raw materials of a foaming agent, organic sludge, diatomaceous earth, and clay from the viewpoint of improving the water content and water retention at each pF value.
- the mixture preferably contains one or more raw materials of a foaming agent, organic sludge, and clay.
- the porous ceramic obtained by firing such a mixture has pores in which the pores communicate with each other.
- the foaming agent foams during firing, and a known foaming agent for ceramics such as calcium carbonate, silicon carbide, magnesium carbonate, or slag can be used.
- foaming agents slag is preferred.
- the slag is not particularly limited. Examples include cast iron slag and other glassy slag that are generated. Among them, a stable foamed state is obtained because the composition is stable, and the cast iron has a foaming ratio of about 1.5 to 2 times that of other slags. Slag is more preferred.
- the amount of slag in the mixture can be determined in consideration of the moldability of the mixture. For example, it is preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 20 to 70% by mass with respect to the total mass of the mixture, More preferably, it is 30 to 60% by mass. Within the above range, the moldability of the mixture can be smoothly and smoothly formed, and the bulk specific gravity of the porous ceramic can be adjusted to a suitable range.
- Organic sludge is sludge containing an organic substance as a main component. Any organic sludge can be used, and activated sludge derived from wastewater treatment such as sewage or factory is particularly preferable.
- the activated sludge is discharged from a wastewater treatment facility using the activated sludge method through a coagulation and dehydration process.
- pores on the order of micrometers can be efficiently formed, and pores on the order of nanometers can be formed.
- pores on the order of nanometers By forming pores on the order of nanometers, porous ceramics having a low bulk specific gravity can be obtained, and water retention can be further enhanced.
- the activated sludge derived from wastewater treatment which has been positioned as waste, can be reused as a raw material.
- the water content of the organic sludge is, for example, preferably 5 to 90% by mass of water, more preferably 60 to 90% by mass, and still more preferably 65 to 85% by mass with respect to the total mass of the organic sludge. . If it is in the said range, while obtaining a homogeneous mixture, it is easy to maintain favorable moldability.
- the content of the organic substance in the organic sludge is not particularly limited.
- the content of the organic substance (organic substance content) in the solid content of the organic sludge is preferably 70% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or more.
- the maximum content of organic matter in organic sludge is 100% by mass as a guide.
- the larger the organic content the easier it is to form micrometer-order pores, and nanometer-order pores.
- a value obtained by measuring the sludge after drying according to JIS M8812-1993 can be used. Specifically, the ash content (mass%) is measured at a carbonization temperature of 700 ° C., and the value is obtained by the following formula (1).
- the average particle diameter of the organic sludge is preferably 1 to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 3 ⁇ m. Since organic sludge is burned off by firing and pores are formed there, pores on the order of micrometers can be formed more easily as the average particle size is smaller, and pores on the order of nanometers can be formed.
- the average particle diameter is a value obtained by measuring, for example, a volume-based median diameter in the present embodiment. Specifically, a volume-based median diameter (volume 50% diameter) measured by a particle size distribution measuring device (LA-920, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.) can be used.
- the content of organic sludge in the mixture can be determined in consideration of the moldability of the mixture, for example, 1 to 60% by mass is preferable with respect to the total mass of the mixture, and 5 to 30% by mass is preferable. More preferred is 5 to 20% by mass. If the content of the organic sludge in the mixture is within the above range, the mixture has appropriate fluidity and plasticity, improves moldability, and can be molded smoothly without closing the molding apparatus.
- Diatomaceous earth is a deposit made of diatom remains and is porous with pores on the order of micrometers. By using diatomaceous earth, fine pores derived from diatomaceous earth can be formed in the porous ceramics.
- diatomaceous earth it is not specifically limited, The thing similar to what was conventionally used for a fireproof heat insulation brick, a filter medium, etc. can be used. For example, it is not necessary to separate and refine clay minerals (such as montmorillonite), quartz, and feldspar that are confined in diatomaceous earth, and the amount of mixture in the mixture can be adjusted after recognizing these contents. .
- the fireproof heat insulation brick, the filter material, or the stove etc. which were manufactured and discarded using diatomaceous earth can also be grind
- the moisture content of the diatomaceous earth is not particularly limited.
- the moisture content in a natural dry state is preferably 20 to 60 mass%, more preferably 30 to 50 mass%, and more preferably 35 to 45 mass% with respect to the total mass of diatomaceous earth. Further preferred. If the water content of diatomaceous earth is within the above range, it is possible to obtain a mixture with good moldability by removing the coarse particles in the narrow material while mixing while recognizing the water content. It is.
- the moisture content in diatomaceous earth can be measured by a conventionally known method such as a dry weight loss method or a Karl Fischer method of diatomaceous earth
- infrared rays having the following specifications for the dry weight loss method (dry weight loss method)
- the sample was dried (200 ° C., 12 minutes) using a moisture meter, and the value obtained by the following equation (2) can be used.
- Measurement method Drying loss method (heat drying / mass measurement method), Minimum display: moisture content; 0.1% by mass, Measurement range: moisture content; 0.0 to 100% by mass, Drying temperature: 0 to 200 ° C Measurement accuracy: sample weight 5g or more, moisture content ⁇ 0.1% by mass, Heat source: infrared lamp; 185W
- Water content (mass%) [(m 1 -m 2 ) / (m 1 -m 0 )] ⁇ 100 (2) m 1 : Total mass (g) of the mass of the container before drying and the mass of the sample before drying, m 2 : the total mass (g) of the weight of the container after drying and the weight of the sample after drying, m 0 : Mass of the container after drying (g)
- the content of diatomaceous earth in the mixture can be determined in consideration of the saturated water content and strength required for the porous ceramics, and is preferably 1 to 55% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 45% by mass. If the diatomaceous earth content is 55% by mass or less, the moldability of the mixture is good, and if it is 45% by mass or less, it is even better. When the content of diatomaceous earth is 1% by mass or more, it is easy to obtain porous ceramics having a desired saturated water content and porous ceramics having a desired strength.
- the clay in the present embodiment is a mineral material having a clay-like property generally used as a ceramic raw material, and is other than diatomaceous earth.
- Conventional clays known in the art can be used, and are composed of mineral compositions such as quartz, feldspar, or other clay-based materials, and the constituent minerals are mainly kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, illite. Those containing bentonite or pyrophyllite are preferred. Among these, from the viewpoint of suppressing the extension of cracks during sintering and preventing the destruction of the porous ceramics, those containing coarse quartz grains having a particle diameter of 500 ⁇ m or more are more preferable.
- the coarse particle diameter of the quartz is preferably 5 mm or less as a guide. Examples of such clays include cocoon clay. Clay can be blended singly or in combination of two or more.
- the clay content in the mixture can be determined in consideration of the strength and formability required for the porous ceramic, and is preferably 5 to 60% by mass, more preferably 5 to 50% by mass, and more preferably 10 to 40% by mass. Is more preferable. Within the above range, the moldability of the mixture is not impaired and can be smoothly molded, and the strength of the porous ceramic can be made sufficient.
- the mixture may contain an arbitrary component as long as the effect of the present embodiment is not impaired.
- optional components include naphthalene-based fluidizing agents such as Mighty 2000WH (trade name, manufactured by Kao Corporation), and melamine-based fluidizing agents such as Melment F-10 (trade name, manufactured by Showa Denko KK).
- Polycarboxylic acid type fluidizers such as Darex Super 100pH (trade name, manufactured by Grace Chemicals Co., Ltd.), antibacterial agents such as silver, copper or zinc, deodorizers such as ammonium chloride or zinc chloride, zeolite or apatite, etc.
- Adsorbent carbon fiber having a length of 1 to 5 cm, strength improver such as basalt fiber or rock wool, or metal aluminum.
- the blending amount of the optional component is preferably determined in the range of 5 to 10% by mass, for example.
- water may be appropriately blended, but when organic sludge is blended at a suitable blending ratio, it is not necessary to add water in the mixing step. Also good. Moreover, when there is much water
- the material of the high melting point glass is not particularly limited, but alkali-free glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass or quartz glass is preferable, and among them, borosilicate glass is preferable. With such a material, the strength of the porous ceramic can be sufficiently improved.
- the alkali-free glass is a glass that does not substantially contain an alkali metal element such as sodium, potassium, or lithium. “Substantially not contained” means that the content of the alkali metal element in the glass composition is 0.1% by mass or less in terms of oxide.
- Aluminosilicate glass is an oxide glass mainly composed of aluminum and silicon.
- Borosilicate glass is an oxide glass mainly composed of boron and silicon. Quartz glass refers to glass made from quartz and having high silicon oxide purity.
- Borosilicate glass is an oxide glass mainly composed of boron and silicon. Examples of the borosilicate glass include AN100 (trade name, non-alkali borosilicate glass, manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.).
- the high melting point glass is, for example, a panel such as a liquid crystal display such as a liquid crystal television or a plasma display, a cover glass for EL, a cover glass for a solid-state imaging device represented by a CCD, a glass for an optical filter such as a hand pass filter, a chip, etc. -Used for glass substrates for on-glass applications or various products such as flasks and beakers.
- a panel such as a liquid crystal display such as a liquid crystal television or a plasma display, a cover glass for EL, a cover glass for a solid-state imaging device represented by a CCD, a glass for an optical filter such as a hand pass filter, a chip, etc.
- a glass for an optical filter such as a hand pass filter, a chip, etc.
- a panel for a flat display such as a liquid crystal television generates a large amount of waste glass when the flat display is manufactured with an increase in the size of the panel or the spread of a smartphone. Waste can be reduced by making the waste glass of the flat display panel into particles of high melting point glass. For this reason, it is preferable to use the waste glass of the panel for flat displays as a high melting glass particle from a viewpoint of reducing environmental load.
- the waste glass of the flat display panel can be used as a high-melting glass having a stable quality without special purification because the purity of the glass composition is high.
- roof tiles can be used as waste. Since roof tiles have a high melting point, general roof tiles can be used without special consideration.
- the roof tile since the roof tile has a large amount of moisture absorption, the roof tile is preferably mixed when the water content in the organic sludge is particularly large.
- the particle diameter of the high melting point glass or tile particles is preferably 0.1 to 5 mm. If the particle diameter is less than 0.1 mm, the formation of pores in the porous ceramics may be insufficient. If the pores are not sufficiently formed, the appropriate amount of water, water retention rate or water permeability at each pF value may be impaired. If the particle diameter is more than 5 mm, the moldability of the porous ceramic may be lowered, or the metal fitting at the extrusion port may be damaged during the molding.
- the content of the high melting point glass or tile particles in the mixture may be appropriately selected according to the intended fluidity of the composition within the range not departing from the purpose of the present embodiment, but other than the high melting point glass and the roof tile.
- the amount is preferably 5 to 40 parts by mass and more preferably 10 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of the raw materials.
- the mixing apparatus used for a mixing process is not specifically limited, A well-known mixing apparatus can be used.
- the mixing device include a kneader such as a mix muller (manufactured by Toshin Kogyo Co., Ltd.), a kneader (manufactured by Moriyama Co., Ltd.), a mixer (manufactured by Nippon Ceramics Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- the forming step is a step of forming the mixture obtained in the mixing step into an arbitrary shape.
- a known molding method can be used as the molding method, and can be determined in consideration of the properties of the mixture and the desired shape of the molded body.
- the molding method is, for example, a method of extruding using a molding machine to obtain a molded body such as a plate, granule, or columnar shape including pellets, etc., filling the mixture into a mold of any shape, and forming the molded body Examples thereof include a method of obtaining, or a method of extruding, stretching or rolling the mixture and then cutting it into an arbitrary dimension.
- the molding machine include a vacuum clay molding machine, a flat plate press molding machine, and a flat plate extrusion molding machine. Among these, a vacuum clay molding machine is preferable.
- the firing step is a step of drying the molded body obtained in the molding step (drying operation), firing the dried molded body (firing operation), and sintering diatomaceous earth or clay to obtain ceramics.
- the drying operation may be performed as necessary, and a known method can be used.
- the molded body may be naturally dried at room temperature (for example, around 20 to 30 ° C. as a guide), or may be dried in a hot air drying oven at 50 to 220 ° C. for an arbitrary time.
- the moisture content of the molded object after drying is not specifically limited, For example, less than 5 mass% is preferable and less than 1 mass% is more preferable.
- the firing operation is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used.
- a method of baking at an arbitrary temperature using a continuous sintering furnace such as a roller hearth kiln or a batch sintering furnace such as a shuttle kiln can be used.
- a continuous sintering furnace for the firing operation from the viewpoint of productivity.
- the firing temperature can be determined according to the properties of the mixture, and is, for example, 850 ° C. to 1200 ° C.
- the firing temperature is equal to or higher than the above lower limit value
- the odor component derived from the organic sludge is thermally decomposed and eliminated, and most of the organic matter in the organic sludge is volatilized and reduced. If it exceeds the above upper limit value, vitrification of the entire ceramic structure may progress, and the pores may be blocked.
- a crushing step for crushing the porous ceramics to an arbitrary size can be provided as necessary.
- the porous ceramics obtained in the firing process are crushed and crushed (crushing operation) with a hammer mill, biaxial rotary crushing, jet mill, ball mill, edge runner mill, etc. Obtainable.
- the obtained granular material is sieved so as to have an arbitrary particle size, preferably as described above, as necessary (sieving operation).
- the granular material containing porous ceramics as a constituent material is included, and the granular material has a moisture content in a range of a pF value of 2.7 or less with respect to the entire volume of the granular material.
- 5% by volume or more of the soil improvement material is used to improve the soil into soil suitable for plant growth, in other words, the step of incorporating the soil improvement material into the soil is suitable for plant growth. It can be set as the manufacturing method of the earth. Moreover, it can be set as the manufacturing method of the cultivation soil suitable for the cultivation of a plant by using the said soil improvement material of this embodiment as it is, and in other words, the manufacturing method of the said soil improvement material.
- the raw materials used in the examples are as follows.
- Organic sludge As the organic sludge, the activated sludge discharged from the wastewater treatment facility by the activated sludge method of the dyeing factory ( Komatsu Seiren Co., Ltd.) through the coagulation / dehydration process was used.
- the activated sludge had an organic content (based on solid content) of 83% by mass and a water content of 85% by mass.
- Sakaime clay As the clay, Sakaime clay (Gifu Prefecture) was used.
- the cast iron slag is a ductile iron slag SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, CaO, Fe 2 O 3, FeO, MgO, MnO, the K 2 O and Na 2 O as main components.
- ⁇ Diatomaceous earth> powdery diatomaceous earth, which is a raw material for refractory bricks from the Noto district and has a moisture content of 5% by weight with respect to the total mass of the diatomaceous earth, was used.
- ⁇ Tile> After being used as a roof tile for a house, a discarded one having a particle diameter of 0.1 mm to 1.2 mm was used.
- the physical property values of this embodiment were measured by the following methods.
- the apparent density provisional specific gravity, g / ml was determined as the apparent density.
- Example 1 Slag, organic sludge, clay and diatomaceous earth were mixed with a mix muller (manufactured by Shinto Kogyo Co., Ltd.) with the composition shown in Table 1 to obtain a plastic mixture (mixing step). Next, the obtained mixture was extruded with a vacuum kneading machine (manufactured by Takahama Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and rolled to obtain a strip-shaped primary molded body having a width of 60 cm and a thickness of 2 cm. The primary molded body was cut at an arbitrary pitch and width to obtain a substantially square flat plate-shaped molded body having a thickness of 2 cm (molding step).
- the obtained molded body was dried with a hot air dryer (180 ° C., 0.5 hour) to a moisture content of 1% by mass or less, and then using a continuous sintering furnace, the firing temperature was 1050 ° C. at the firing temperature. Firing was performed under firing conditions of a residence time of 7 minutes (firing step).
- a roller hearth kiln (effective length of the sintering furnace: total length 15 m, the sintering furnace was divided into zones 1 to 10 each having a length of 1.5 m) was used.
- the obtained porous ceramic plate-like material was a mixture of pores in the order of millimeters, pores in the order of micrometers and pores in the order of nanometers.
- this soil improvement material consisting only of porous ceramic particles (medium particles) was used as lawn soil and spread on the lawn in July. Even at the end of September, after about 3 months, the lawn was lush, and it was also effective as a joint, as was the case where the wash sand that is generally distributed as a joint was spread. Therefore, the soil improvement material of this embodiment can be used as a soil as it is.
- the blending amount of the medium particles of the soil improvement material of this embodiment is 10 mass with respect to the clay soil (clay used for the production of porous ceramics). % And 30% by mass.
- the saturated hydraulic conductivity was 1.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 cm / s in clay soil alone, but 10% by mass of the soil improvement material of this embodiment was 1.1 ⁇
- the mixture containing 10-2 cm / s and 30% by mass was 4.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 cm / s, which is a large improvement of 10 times or more, and a well-drained soil was obtained. Therefore, it has excellent performance as a soil improvement material.
- the soil improvement material of this embodiment is also effective as a soil improvement material that improves water retention.
- the soil improvement material of this embodiment could be preferably used also as culture medium for hydroponics.
- Example 2 The composition of the mixture for obtaining the porous ceramics is as shown in Table 1.
- the mixture was extruded into a cylinder having a diameter of 1.5 cm by a vacuum kneader and cut into a cylinder having a length of 3 cm.
- a soil conditioner made of porous ceramic particles was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the drying operation for reducing the moisture content of the compact was omitted in the firing step.
- the apparent density and the like of each of small particles, medium particles and large particles were measured and listed in Table 1.
- “instantaneous” means that the water transmission speed is high and the time required for the water surface in the scale pipe to descend from the upper line to the lower line cannot be measured.
- Example 3 The composition of the mixture for obtaining the porous ceramics is as shown in Table 1.
- the mixture was extruded into a cylinder having a diameter of 1.5 cm by a vacuum kneader and cut into a cylinder having a length of 3 cm.
- a soil conditioner made of porous ceramic particles was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the drying operation for reducing the moisture content of the compact was omitted in the firing step.
- the apparent density and the like of each of small particles, medium particles and large particles were measured and listed in Table 1.
- the soil improvement material of the present invention can be improved into soil suitable for plant growth, and the soil containing the soil improvement material of the present invention is a culture soil excellent in plant growth. Moreover, the soil improvement material of this invention can be used also as culture soil as it is.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2012年11月8日に日本に出願された特願2012-246064号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
また、室内やベランダにて行われる植物の栽培では、天然の土の飛散や水による土の流出、また、虫の発生などが嫌がられるので、天然の土を含まない吸水性のある高分子化合物の粒状物や多孔質セラミックスの粒状物を培土として用いることも行われている(特許文献1)。
また、ゼオライトは、イオン交換容量が大きいため保肥性に優れているという利点がある一方で、保水性が低く、これを土壌改良材として配合した培土は、頻繁な灌水が必要となる。
また、バーミキュライトは、保水性および保肥性に優れ、また、軽量であり作業性がよいという利点がある一方で、産地が限定されており、異物混入などの問題がある。
また、高分子化合物の粒状物や多孔質セラミックスの粒状物は土の飛散などは抑制され水耕栽培には適しているという利点がある一方で、水耕栽培以外では、植物育成の観点からは十分なものではなかった。
(1)多孔質セラミックスを構成素材として含有する粒状物を含み、前記粒状物はpF値2.7以下の範囲における水分量が前記粒状物の全体体積に対して5体積%以上である土壌改良材。
(2)前記粒状物の保水率が15%以上であることを特徴とする前記(1)記載の土壌改良材。
また、本発明にかかる培土は以下の構成を有する。
(4)本発明の培土は、前記(1)~(3)のいずれかの土壌改良材を含む。
(5)pF値2.7以下の水分量が5%以上である多孔質セラミックスの粒状物を含む土壌改良材。
(多孔質セラミックスの粒状物)
粒状物のpF値2.7以下の範囲における水分量は、好ましくは粒状物の全体体積に対して8体積%以上、さらに好ましくは10体積%以上である。上限は80体積%程度である。
なお、粒状物のpF値1.5超2.7以下の範囲における水分量は、以下の式にてもとめることができる。
本実施形態の好ましい形態での多孔質セラミックスは、後述する製造方法で製造された結果として、粘土、有機汚泥および珪藻土が焼結された成分を有し、後述する製造方法で述べるような各種の任意成分、すなわち各種の繊維やガラス等を含有していてもよい。
粒子径が1mm超~5mm以下であると、保水性を向上させ、かつ、気相も増やすことができる。
粒子径が0.02mm超~1mm以下であると、一般的には水分等により絞め固まり、食物の育成に好ましくない状態となるが、本実施形態の粒状物ではこのような絞め固まり現象を抑制し、土壌改良したい土と混ざりやすく、また、粒状物にはマイクロメートルオーダー、さらに好ましい形態ではナノメートルオーダーの気孔をも有するため、気相を有し、植物の好ましい育成環境を提供できる。
本実施形態の土壌改良材は、上記の粒子径の相違による性能の特徴と屋内、屋外などの使用場所、農地やプランター、鉢などの容器の大きさ、植物の種類、改良が必要な土の状態などに合わせ任意の大きさのものを用いればよい。
このような範囲の三相分布のバランスを有する土壌改良材を、改良する土の目的とする性能に合わせて混入することで、土の中に植物の育成に適した十分な空気、水を有するものとすることができ、本実施形態の粒状物を含む土壌改良材は、好ましい土壌改良材または培土となることができる。
また、気相が多い培土とすることにより、断熱性を発揮し、寒暖の激しい地域においても植物の根を守り、植物を守るとの観点より、粒状物の三相分布における気相は10%以上、好ましくは20%以上、より好ましくは30%以上がよい。
これらの成分の溶出することができる性質を有するか、およびその溶出量は、以下に説明する多孔質セラミックスの製造に用いる混合物の組成(主には、後述する有機汚泥等の含有量)、多孔質セラミックスの気孔の状態、前記した液体肥料等の付与または含浸の条件などにより調整することができる。
本実施形態の土壌改良材は、本実施形態の粒状物のみからなるものであってもよいし、本実施形態の目的を逸脱しない範囲で、無機質系のゼオライト、パーライト、もしくはベントナイトなど、有機質系の堆肥、腐葉土、もしくは泥炭など、または、高分子系のポリエチレンイミン系化合物などの他の土壌改良材と配合し、土壌改良材として用いてもよい。
本実施形態の土壌改良材を、水はけの悪い粘土質の土または保水性の悪い砂などに混ぜることにより、これらの土や砂の性質を改良し、植物の育成に適した培土とすることができる。
従って、屋外の広大な農地用土壌改良から屋内の観賞用土壌改良まで様々なものの土壌改良材として用いることができる。
本実施形態の培土は、本実施形態の土壌改良材を含むものである。培土は、赤玉土、または鹿沼土などに本実施形態の土壌改良材を配合し、赤玉土や鹿沼土の欠点を補い、また、長所をさらに向上させ、より植物の育成に適した培土とすることができる。また、植物の培土としては好ましくない水はけの悪い粘土質の土をはじめ、保水性の悪い砂など任意の土と本実施形態の土壌改良材とを配合することにより、植物の育成に適した培土としたものである。
なお、本実施形態の土壌改良材と他の土等とを配合して培土として用いる場合には、その配合物や配合比は目的とする植物の性質や室外または室内などの、用いる場所または広さ等に合わせて配合すればよく、特に限定されるものではない。
また、本実施形態の粒状物のみからなる土壌改良材のみからなる培土は、一般的な土に比べ土埃が発生したり、水と共に流出することが抑制されるため本実施形態の粒状物のみで用いると室内外(特に室内)の園芸用、水耕栽培用の培土として用いるのにも適している。
また、本実施形態の培土は、芝生などの目土としても好ましく用いることができる。
多孔質セラミックスの製造方法は、例えば、後述の原料を混合して混合物(以下、単に混合物ということがある)とし(混合工程)、この混合物を成形して成形体とし(成形工程)、この成形体を焼成して多孔質セラミックスを得る(焼成工程)方法等が挙げられる。
混合物としては、例えば、発泡剤、有機汚泥、および珪藻土からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種と、粘土とを原料として含むものが好ましく、発泡剤、有機汚泥および粘土を含むものがより好ましい。発泡剤を用いることで多孔質セラミックスの粒状物に大きなミリメートルオーダーの気孔を形成することができ、珪藻土を用いることで多孔質セラミックスの粒状物にマイクロメートルオーダーの気孔を形成することができる。また、有機汚泥を用いることで多孔質セラミックスの粒状物にマイクロメートルオーダーの気孔と、さらに小さなナノメートルオーダーの気孔を形成することができる。さらにまた、有機汚泥を用いることで、多孔質セラミックスの粒状物が窒素、リン、およびカリウムなどの植物の三大栄養素を溶出することができるようになる。また、有機汚泥を用いて得られた多孔質セラミックスの粒状物の気孔は有用微生物の育成に特に適した空間となる。
有機汚泥の含水率は、例えば、有機汚泥の全体質量に対して水が5~90質量%であることが好ましく、60~90質量%であることがより好ましく、65~85質量%がさらに好ましい。上記範囲内であれば、均質な混合物が得られると共に、良好な成形性を維持しやすい。
珪藻土としては、特に限定されず、従来、耐火断熱煉瓦、濾過材等に使用されていたものと同様のもの等を用いることができる。例えば、珪藻土に狭雑している粘土鉱物(モンモリロナイト等)、石英、および長石等を分別精製する必要はなく、これらの含有率を認識した上で、混合物への配合量を調整することができる。また、珪藻土を用いて製造され廃棄された耐火断熱煉瓦、濾過材またはコンロなどを粉砕して珪藻土として用いることもでき、廃棄物削減の観点から好ましい。
珪藻土の含水率が前記範囲内であれば、含水率を認識しながら、混合の際に狭雑物中の粗粒子分を除去して使用することで、成形性が良好な混合物を得られるためである。
なお、珪藻土中の含水率は、珪藻土の乾燥減量法またはカールフィッシャー法等の従来知られた方法により測定できるが、本実施形態では、乾燥減量法(乾燥減量方式)のための下記仕様の赤外線水分計を用い、試料を乾燥(200℃、12分)し、下記(2)式により求めた値を用いることができる。
測定方式:乾燥減量法(加熱乾燥・質量測定方式)、
最小表示:含水率;0.1質量%、
測定範囲:含水率;0.0~100質量%、
乾燥温度:0~200℃、
測定精度:試料質量5g以上で、含水率±0.1質量%、
熱源:赤外線ランプ;185W
m1:乾燥前の容器の質量と乾燥前の試料の質量との合計質量(g)、
m2:乾燥後の容器の質量と乾燥後の試料の質量との合計質量(g)、
m0:乾燥後の容器の質量(g)
粘土は、従来、セラミックスに用いられる公知のものを用いることができ、石英、長石、またはその他の粘土系素材等の鉱物組成で構成され、構成鉱物はカオリナイトを主とし、ハロイサイト、モンモリロナイト、イライト、ベントナイトまたはパイロフィライトを含むものが好ましい。中でも、焼結時のクラックの伸展を抑え、多孔質セラミックスの破壊を防ぐ観点から目安として粒子径が500μm以上の石英の粗粒を含むものがより好ましい。また、前記石英の粗粒の粒子径は、目安として5mm以下が好ましい。このような粘土としては、例えば、蛙目粘土等が挙げられる。粘土は、1種単独でまたは2種以上を適宜組み合わせて配合できる。
混合物に任意成分を配合する場合、任意成分の配合量は、例えば、5~10質量%の範囲で決定することが好ましい。
また、水分が多い場合には、例えば、ガラスや瓦などの破砕物を含んでいるとよい。特に瓦の破砕物を配合することにより、過剰な水分を吸収し、配合物の流動性を調整し、成形性を向上させることができる。また、ガラスを用いる場合には、好ましくは、溶融温度が900℃以上、2000℃以下の高融点ガラスの粒子状フィラーがより好ましい。高融点ガラスの粒子を用いることで、多孔質セラミックスに形成される気孔を維持しながら水分調整が可能である。また、高融点ガラスは強度向上剤としても用いることができる。
このような材質であれば、多孔質セラミックスの強度を十分に向上できる。
アルミノケイ酸ガラスは、アルミニウムと珪素とを主成分とする酸化物ガラスである。
ホウケイ酸ガラスは、ホウ素と珪素とを主成分とする酸化物ガラスである。
石英ガラスは、石英から作製されるガラスで、酸化珪素の純度が高いものをいう。
ホウケイ酸ガラスは、ホウ素と珪素とを主成分とする酸化物ガラスである。ホウケイ酸ガラスとしては、AN100(商品名、無アルカリホウケイ酸ガラス、旭硝子株式会社製)等が挙げられる。
高融点ガラスの粒子には、上記の製品の製造工程で排出される廃ガラスや、廃棄された液晶テレビ等から回収されるパネルを用いることができる。
また、瓦も廃棄物として出されたものをもちいることができる。瓦は融点が高いため、一般的なものは特別な配慮をおこなわなくとも用いることができる。また、瓦は水分の吸収量も多いため、有機汚泥中の水分が特に多い場合には、瓦を配合するとよい。
粒子径が5mm超であると、多孔質セラミックスの成形性が低下したり、成形時に押出し口の金具が破損するおそれがある。
混合装置としては、例えば、ミックスマラー(東新工業株式会社製)等の混練機や、ニーダー(株式会社モリヤマ製)または混合機(日陶科学株式会社製)等が挙げられる。
成形方法は、公知の成形方法を用いることができ、混合物の性状や所望する成形体の形状を勘案して決定することができる。成形方法は、例えば、成形機を用いて、押し出し成形し、ペレットなどを含めた板状、粒状または柱状等の成形体を得る方法、混合物を任意の形状の型枠に充填して成形体を得る方法、あるいは、混合物を押し出し、延伸または圧延した後、任意の寸法に切断する方法等が挙げられる。
成形機としては、真空土練成形機、平板プレス成形機および平板押出し成形機等が挙げられ、中でも、真空土練成形機が好ましい。
乾燥操作は、必要に応じ行えばよく、公知の方法を用いることができる。例えば、成形体を常温(例えば、目安として20~30℃前後)で自然乾燥してもよいし、50~220℃の熱風乾燥炉で任意の時間処理して乾燥してもよい。乾燥後の成形体の含水率は、特に限定されないが、例えば、5質量%未満が好ましく、1質量%未満がより好ましい。
焼成温度(最高到達温度)は、混合物の性状等に応じて決定でき、例えば、850℃~1200℃とされる。焼成温度が上記下限値以上であれば、有機汚泥由来の臭気成分が熱分解され解消されると共に、有機汚泥中の有機物の大部分が揮発して減量する。上記上限値超であると、セラミックスの組織全体のガラス化が進み、気孔が閉塞するおそれがある。
実施例に用いた原料は、次の通りである。
<有機汚泥>
有機汚泥としては、染色工場(小松精練株式会社)の活性汚泥法による排水処理設備から凝集・脱水工程を経て排出された活性汚泥を用いた。この活性汚泥の有機物含有量(対固形分)は83質量%、含水率は85質量%であった。
<粘土>
粘土としては、蛙目粘土(岐阜県)を用いた。
発泡剤として、鋳鉄スラグを用いた。この鋳鉄スラグは、SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3、FeO、MgO、MnO、K2OおよびNa2Oを主成分とするダクタイル鋳鉄スラグである。
<珪藻土>
珪藻土には、能登地区産の耐火煉瓦の原料で、含水率が珪藻土の全体質量に対して5重量%の粉末状の珪藻土を用いた。
住宅用の瓦として使用された後、廃棄されたものを粉砕した粒子径0.1mm~1.2mmのものを用いた。
<ゼオライト>
株式会社伸興サンライズ製。商品名:ピュアライト。
<パーライト>
有限会社北松製。
<バーミキュライト>
中国産。株式会社PLANTにて販売。
<みかけ密度>
「土壌標準分析・測定法」(博友社)に記載の三相分布・容積重(実容積法)に準じ三相分布の測定をおこない、その測定中に測定される乾土重量(g)より求められる容積重(仮比重、g/ml)を見かけ密度とした。
「土壌標準分析・測定法」(博友社)に記載の保水性 C 遠心法 100ml円筒用水平ローターに準じて各pF値の水分量の測定をおこなった。ただし、「土壌標準分析・測定法」(博友社)では、加圧板法でpF値3.2までの測定が終わった試料を用いることになっているが、水中に1時間浸漬した後の飽和含水状態の粒状物を試料として用いた。なお、計算式は前記のとおりである。
<保水率>
「土壌標準分析・測定法」(博友社)に記載の水分(乾熱法)に準じて測定をおこない、体積水分率(%)を保水率(%)とした。なお、水中に1時間浸漬した後の飽和含水状態の粒状物を試料として用いた。
<飽和透水係数>
「土壌標準分析・測定法」(博友社)に記載の飽和透水係数 変水位法に準じて測定をおこなった。
「土壌標準分析・測定法」(博友社)に記載の三相分布・容積重(実容積法)に準じて測定をおこなった。なお、pF値1.5の処理がされたものを試料として用いた。
<pH>
「土壌標準分析・測定法」(博友社)に記載のpH測定法(pH(H2O)を、ガラス電極法で測定する測定法)に準じて測定をおこなった。
<気孔同士の連通の有無の確認>
多孔質セラミックスにおける気孔同士の連通の有無の確認は、得られた多孔質セラミックスの大粒子を水に浸漬し、充分に吸水させた後に切断し、その断面を観察することで確認した。多孔質セラミックスの内部に、満遍なく水分が分布・保水されている場合、気孔同士が連通していると判断した(「○」と表示)。多孔質セラミックスの内部に水分が行き渡っていない場合には、個々の気孔または孔隙が独立しており、気孔同士が連通していないまたは連通が不充分であると判断した(「×」と表示)。なお、多孔質セラミックスの基板状のものは、基盤の状態で確認をおこなった。
表1に示す組成でスラグ、有機汚泥、粘土および珪藻土をミックスマラー(新東工業株式会社製)で混合し、可塑状態の混合物を得た(混合工程)。
次いで、得られた混合物を真空土練成形機(高浜工業株式会社製)で押し出し、圧延成形し、幅60cm、厚み2cmの帯状の一次成形体を得た。この一次成形体を任意のピッチと幅で切断して、厚み2cmの略正方形の平板状の成形体を得た(成形工程)。
焼成後、得られた多孔質セラミックスの板状物をハンマーミルで粉砕した。次に篩を用い、0.02mm超1mm以下(以下、小粒子という)、1mm超5mm以下(以下、中粒子という)、5mm超50mm以下(以下、大粒子という)に分け多孔質セラミックスの粒状物からなる土壌改良材を得た。そして、小粒子、中粒子および大粒子の夫々のみかけ密度等を測定し、表1に記載した。
また、水やりも1カ月に一度程度でよく、メンテナンスも簡単であった。従って、本実施形態の土壌改良材は、そのまま培土としてももちいることができる。
多孔質セラミックスを得るための混合物の組成を表1に記載のものとし、成形工程では真空土練成形機で混合物を直径1.5cmの円柱状に押し出したものを長さ3cmに切断し円柱状の成形体を得、また、焼成工程では成形体の含水率を低下させるための乾燥操作を省略した以外は実施例1と同様にし、多孔質セラミックスの粒状物からなる土壌改良材を得た。そして、小粒子、中粒子および大粒子の夫々のみかけ密度等を測定し、表1に記載した。なお、表1の「飽和透水係数」の欄において「瞬時」とは、透水速度が速く、目盛管内の水面が上部線から下部線まで降下するのに要する時間が測定できなかったことを指す。
多孔質セラミックスを得るための混合物の組成を表1に記載のものとし、成形工程では真空土練成形機で混合物を直径1.5cmの円柱状に押し出したものを長さ3cmに切断し円柱状の成形体を得、また、焼成工程では成形体の含水率を低下させるための乾燥操作を省略した以外は実施例1と同様にし、多孔質セラミックスの粒状物からなる土壌改良材を得た。そして、小粒子、中粒子および大粒子の夫々のみかけ密度等を測定し、表1に記載した。
また、本発明の土壌改良材をそのまま培土としても用いることができる。
Claims (4)
- 多孔質セラミックスを構成素材として含有する粒状物を含み、前記粒状物はpF値2.7以下の範囲における水分量が前記粒状物の全体体積に対して5体積%以上である土壌改良材。
- 前記粒状物の保水率が15%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の土壌改良材。
- 前記粒状物の飽和透水係数が0.1cm/s以上である請求項1または2に記載の土壌改良材。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかの土壌改良材を含む培土。
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CN109154591A (zh) * | 2016-05-10 | 2019-01-04 | 柯尼卡美能达株式会社 | 土壤状态评价装置、其方法以及其程序 |
JP2020192517A (ja) * | 2019-05-30 | 2020-12-03 | 有限会社エコルネサンス・エンテック | 汚染土壌の再資源化方法 |
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CN104735968A (zh) * | 2012-09-27 | 2015-06-24 | 东洋橡胶工业株式会社 | 人工土壤粒子、人工土壤团粒体、人工土壤成型体、以及使用该人工土壤成型体的绿化用片材、壁面绿化板及园艺用块体 |
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JP7334932B2 (ja) | 2019-05-30 | 2023-08-29 | 有限会社エコルネサンス・エンテック | 汚染土壌の再資源化方法 |
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