Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
  • G01P21/00—Testing or calibrating of apparatus or devices covered by the preceding groups
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
  • G01C25/00—Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments or devices referred to in the other groups of this subclass
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
  • G01C25/00—Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments or devices referred to in the other groups of this subclass
  • G01C25/005—Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments or devices referred to in the other groups of this subclass initial alignment, calibration or starting-up of inertial devices

Definitions

• the subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to the calibration of a sensor, such as an accelerometer and/or a gyroscope.
• An accelerometer also referred to as a motion sensor measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences relative to a freefall (or the inertia). Proper acceleration is associated with the phenomenon of weight experienced by a proof mass that resides in a frame of reference of the accelerometer.
• An accelerometer measures the weight per unit of the proof mass, a quantity also known as specific force, or g-force.
• g-force a quantity also known as specific force, or g-force.
• an accelerometer behaves as a lamped mass on a spring. When the accelerometer experiences acceleration, the position of the proof mass is displaced with respect to the frame. The displacement is measured to determine the acceleration.
• a gyroscope (also referred to as a rotation sensor) measures the angular velocity of a system in the inertia! reference frame. By using the original orientation of the system in the inertial reference frame as the initial condition and integrating the angular velocity, the system's current orientation can be known.
• a gyroscope is a spinning rotor which maintains its orientation based on the principle of conservation of angular momentum. This phenomenon can be used for measuring and maintaining orientation in many applications, such as compasses and stabilizers in aircraft and spacecraft.
• Accelerometers and gyroscopes have been incorporated into a variety of consumer electronics.
• the integration of accelerometers and gyroscopes allows for more accurate and robust augmented reality (AR) applications, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) applications, computer vision applications, navigation applications, stability control applications, and a wide range of other applications.
• AR augmented reality
• SLAM simultaneous localization and mapping
• a processor of the mobile device receives a plurality of measurements of acceleration vectors from the accelerometer. Each of the measurements is taken when the mobile device is held stationary at a different orientation with respect to a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies.
• the processor calculates a circle that fits respective tips of measured acceleration vectors in an accelerometer coordinate system. Based on a radius of the circle and a length of the measui'ed acceleration vectors, the processor calculates a rotation angle beiween the accelerometer coordinate system with respect to a surface of the mobile device to align the accelerometer coordinate system with the mobile device surface.
• a mobile device comprises: an accelerometer, a processor coupled to the accelerometer, and a memory coupled to the processor.
• the processor is configured to: receive a plurality of measurements of acceleration from the accelerometer, each of the measurements being taken when the mobile device is held stationary at a different orientation with respect to a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies.
• the processor is further configured to calculate a circle that fits respective tips of measured acceleration vectors in an accelerometer coordinate system, and calculate an angle of rotation between the accelerometer coordinate system and a surface of the mobile device based on a radius of the circle and a length of the measured acceleration vectors to align the accelerometer coordinate system with the surface of the mobile device. The angle of rotation is then stored in the memory.
• a computer program product is implemented at a mobile device for calibrating an accelerometer located within the mobile device.
• the computer program product comprises a computer-readable medium, which comprises code for: receiving a plurality of measurements of acceleration vectors by a processor of the mobile device from the accelerometer, each of the measurements being taken when the mobile device is held stationary at a different orientation with respect to a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies; calculating a circle that fits respective tips of measured acceleration vectors in an accelerometer coordinate system; and calculating an angle of rotation between the accelerometer coordinate system and a surface of the mobile device based on a radius of the circle and a length of the measured acceleration vectors to align the accelerometer coordinate system with the surface of the mobile device.
• a mobile device comprises: means for receiving a plurality of measurements of acceleration from the accelerometer, each of the measurements being taken when the mobile device is held stationary at a different orientation with respect to a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies; means for calculating a circle that fits respective tips of measured acceleration vectors in an accelerometer coordinate system; and means for calculating an angle of rotation between the accelerometer coordinaie system and a surface of ihe mobile device based on a radius of the circle and a length of the measured acceleration vectors to align the accelerometer coordinate system with the surface of the mobile device.
• a processor of the mobile device receives a plurality of measurements of a rotation axis from the gyroscope. The measurements are taken when the mobile device is being rotated at different rates with respect to the rotation axis, where the rotation axis is a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies.
• the processor calculates a line that fits the measurements in a gyroscope coordinate system.
• the processor further calculates a rotation angle between the line and an axis of the gyroscope coordinate system to align the gyroscope coordinate system with a surface of the mobile device.
• a mobile device comprises: a gyroscope, a processor coupled to the gyroscope, and a memory coupled to the processor.
• the processor is configured to receive a plurality of measurements of a rotation axis by a processor of the mobile device from the gyroscope, the measurements being taken when the mobile device is being rotated at different rates with respect to the rotation axis, the rotation axis being a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies; calculate a line that fits the measurements in a gyroscope coordinate system; and calculate an angle of rotation between the line and an axis of the gyroscope coordinate system to align the gyroscope coordinate system with a surface of the mobile device. The angle of rotation is then stored in the memory.
• a computer program product is implemented at a mobile device for calibrating a gyroscope located within the mobile device.
• the computer program product comprises a computer-readable medium, which comprises code for: receiving a plurality of measurements of a rotation axis by a processor of the mobile device from the gyroscope, the measurements being taken when the mobile device is being rotated at different rates with respect to the rotation axis, the rotation axis being a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies; calculating a line that fits the measurements in a gyroscope coordinate system: and calculating an angle of rotation between the line and an axis of the gyroscope coordinate system to align the gyroscope coordinate system with a surface of the mobile device.
• a mobile device comprises: means for receiving a plurality of measurements of a rotation axis by a processor of the mobile device from the gyroscope, the measurements being taken when the mobile device is being rotated at different rates with respect to the rotation axis, the rotation axis being a normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies; means for calculating a line that fits the measurements in a gyroscope coordinate system; and means for calculating an angle of rotation between the line and an axis of the gyroscope coordinate system to align the gyroscope coordinate system with a surface of the mobile device.
• FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a mobile device in which aspects of the invention may be practiced.
• FIG. IB is a side profile of the mobile device of FIG. 1A.
• FIG. 2A and FTG. 2B illustrate examples of calibrating a mobile device as viewed from the side of the mobile device according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 3 A and FIG. 3B illustrate examples of calibrating a mobile device as viewed from the top of the mobile device according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 4A illustrates calibration measurements in an accelerometer coordinate system according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 4B is a flow diagram illustrating an accelerometer calibration method according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 5A illustrates calibration measurements in a gyroscope coordmate system according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 5B is a flow diagram illustrating a gyroscope calibration method according to one embodiment.
• Embodiment s of the invention provide calibration techniques for aligning the coordinate system of a sensor with the surface of a mobile device.
• the sensor is located within the mobile device and provides sensor data to the processor of the mobile device in various AR, navigation, and stability control applications.
• the term "sensor” herein refers to an accelerometer or a gyroscope.
• the sensor is factory-calibrated such that the coordinate system of the sensor aligns with the surface of the mobile device.
• factory calibration adds cost to the mobile device.
• the calibration techniques described herein can be performed by the processor of the mobile device whe a user places the mobile device in multiple different orientations on a plane, or rotates the mobile device at different rates on a plane.
• the calibration techniques can be easily performed and the alignment result can be stored in the memory of the mobile device.
• a mobile device can be aligned (calibrated) once and the alignment result can be used in the subsequent measurements.
• FIG. 1A is block diagram illustrating a system in which embodiments of the invention may be practiced.
• the system may be a mobile device 100, which may include a processor 110, a memory 120, an interface 160 and one or more sensors such as an accelerometer 130 and a gyroscope 140.
• the mobile device 100 may include both the accelerometer 130 and the gyroscope 140; in an alternative embodiment, the mobile device 100 may include either the accelerometer 130 or the gyroscope 140.
• the mobile device 100 may also include a display device, a user interface (e.g., keyboard, touch-screen, etc.), a power device (e.g., a battery), as well as other components typically associated with a mobile communication device.
• a user interface e.g., keyboard, touch-screen, etc.
• a power device e.g., a battery
• the interface 160 may be a wireless transceiver to transmit and receive wireless signals through a wireless link to/from a wireless network. or may be a wired interface for direct connection to networks (e.g., the Internet).
• the mobile device 100 may be a: cell phone, smart phone, personal digital assistant, mobile computer, tablet, personal computer, laptop computer, e-reader, or any type of mobile device that has motion sensing and/or rotation sensing capabilities.
• the processor 1 10 may include a calibration engine 1 15, which may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination of any of the above.
• the processor 1 10 may be a general-purpose processor or a special-purpose processor configured to execute instructions for performing the operations of calibration engine 1 15 that aligns the coordinate sy stem of the sensor (e.g., the accelerometer 130 and/or the gyroscope 140) with the surface of the mobile device 100.
• the memory 120 may be coupled to the processor 1 10 to store instructions for execution by the processor 1 10.
• the memory 120 may also store calibration data 121, which includes the alignment results generated by the calibration described herein.
• circuitry of the mobile device 100 may operate under the control of a program, routine, or the execution of instructions to execute methods or processes in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
• a program may be implemented in firmware or software (e.g. stored in the memory 120 and/or other locations) and may be implemented by processors, such as the processor 1 10, and/or other circuitry of the mobile de v ice 100.
• processors such as the processor 1 10, and/or other circuitry of the mobile de v ice 100.
• processors such as the processor 1 10, and/or other circuitry of the mobile de v ice 100.
• processor, microprocessor, circuitry, controller, etc. refer to any type of logic or circuitry capable of executing logic, commands, instructions, software, firmware, functionality and the like.
• FIG. IB illustrates a side profile of the mobile device 100 according to one embodiment.
• the mobile device 100 has a front surface and a back surface (one facing up and the other facing down in the example of FIG. IB).
• the "surface" of the mobile device 100 to which the sensor coordinate system (i.e., the accelerometer coordinate system 183 and/or the gyroscope coordinate system 184) is to be aligned is a surface 170 that faces and is in contact with a plane 180 (e.g., a table top). If the front surface and the back surface of the mobile device 100 are parallel to each other, aligning the back surface of the mobile device 100 is the same as aligning its front surface.
• the surface 170 defines a surface coordinate system 182 (also referred to as a "device coordinate system"), in which the surface 170 lies on the x-y plane (with the assumption that the surface 170 is planar) and the normal of the surface is parallel to the z axis of the surface coordinate system 182.
• the acceferometer coordinate system 1 83 is the coordinate system in which all of the accelerometer measurements lie.
• the gyroscope coordinate system 184 is the coordinate system in which all of the gyroscope measurements lie.
• the sensor coordinate systems 183, 184 are not necessarily aligned with the surface coordinate system 182.
• the accelerometer coordinate system 183 and the surface coordinate system 182 are misaligned when the x-y plane of the surface coordinate system 182 is not aligned with the ax-ay plane of the accelerometer coordinate system 183,
• the gyroscope coordinate system 184 and the surface coordinate system 182 are misaligned when the x-y plane of the surface coordinate system 182 is not aligned with the ft)x-o>y plane of the gyroscope coordinate system 184. That is, the misalignment described herein is the rotational misalignment.
• embodiments of the invention provide calibration techniques to align each of the sensor coordinate systems 183, 184 with the surface coordinate system 182.
• alignment with the surface coordinate system 182 is also referred to as alignment with the surface of the mobsie device 100.
• the accelerometer 130 may be calibrated as follows.
• FIG. 2A illustrates an example in which the mobile device 100 lies on a tilted plane 2.10 as viewed from the side of the mobile device 100.
• the plane 210 is tilted with respect to the horizontal axis.
• the plane 210 has a planar surface on which the mobile device 100 lies.
• the gravity vector g which equals 9.81 m/s " measured at sea level, points straight down to the earth center.
• the gravity vector g may be represented by [0, 0, 9.81 ] in a coordinate system having a z axis pointing straight down to the earth center.
• the gravity vector measured by the accelerometer 130 is g', which has the same vector length (9.81 m/s" measured at sea level) as the gravity vector g, but may be a rotated version of g due to the orientation of the accelerometer 130 and calibration errors.
• the measured gravity vector g' may be [5, 2.69, 8] in the accelerometer coordinate system 183. If the accelerometer coordinate system 183 and the surface coordinate system 182 are aligned, the gravity vector in the surface coordinate system 182. will be also g '. However, when the accelerometer coordinate system 183 and the surface coordinate system 182 are misaligned, the gravity vector g" in the surface coordinate system 182 is further rotated from g' by an angle in the 3-D Euclidian frame.
• the alignment results generated by the calibration described herein is a rotational transformation that transforms g ' to g",
• FIG. 2B illustrates another example in which the mobile device 100 lies on a tilted plane 220 as viewed from the side of the mobile device 100.
• the plane 220 is tilted with respect to the horizontal axis.
• the plane 220 has a planar surface on which the mobile device 100 lies.
• FIG. 2B is similar to FIG. 2A except that the plane 22.0 is tiled at a different angle.
• the plane on which the mobile device lies may be horizontal. It is appreciated that the plane on which the mobile device 100 lies may be oriented at any angle (including horizontal) without affecting the correctness and accuracy of the calibration techniques described herein.
• a user of the mobile device 100 may rotate the mobile device 100 around a rotation axis 250 on the plane 210 in a series of rotate-and-hoid motions. That is, the user may hold the mobile device 100 stationary at multiple orientations with respect to the rotation axis 250.
• the rotation axis 250 is the normal of the plane 2.10 (also referred to as the "plane normal").
• plane normal is the normal of the plane 2.10.
• Each "rotate” changes the orientation of the mobiie device 100 with respect to the plane normal, while each "hold” allows the accelerometer 130 to take a measurement of the gravity vector g'.
• the plane normal is the same as the normal of the surface 170.
• FIG. 3A illustrates yet another example in which the mobile device 100 lies on a plane 230 as viewed from the top of the mobiie device 100.
• the plane 230 can be the plane 210, 220 (of FIGs. 2A and 2B), or any other plane that has a planar top surface.
• the mobile device 100 may be rotated around the rotation axis 250.
• the mobile device 100 may be rotated and moved along a circular or semi- circular path. That is, in addition to the rotational motion around the rotation axis 250, the mobile device 100 may also be subject to a translational motion on the plane 230.
• the accuracy of the calibration techniques described herein is not affected by the translational motion on ihe plane 2.10.
• the calibration techniques described herein can produce accurate results as long as the user positions the mobile devices 100 in multiple different orientations on the plane 230.
• FIG. 4A illustrates an embodiment of the accelerometer coordinate system 183 in which measurements of acceleration vectors are taken and collected at different orientations with respect to the plane normal.
• Each measurement is a measured acceleration vector that extends from the origin 430 of the accelerometer coordinate system 183 to a point in the 3 -D space.
• These points which are the respective tips of the measured acceleration vectors, transcribe a circle in the accelerometer coordinate system 183.
• a circle 410 can be calculated to fit these multiple points.
• the circle 410 lies on a plane (referred to as the "circle plane") which is parallel to the plane (e.g., the plane 210, 2.20 or 230) on which the mobile device lies.
• the radius 415 of the circle 410 is the in-plane component of a representative acceleration vector, where the in- plane component is perpendicular to the plane normal.
• the representative acceleration vector represents an "average” or “normalized” vector of the measured acceleration vectors.
• the rotation angle between the representative acceleration vector and the plane normal can be calculated. This rotation angle can be stored in memory of the mobile device 100 and used for calibrating the subsequent accelerometer measurements.
• a bias exists when there are other sources of errors than the rotational error between the accelerometer coordinate system 183 and the surface coordinate system 182.
• the bias can be measured by extending the plane normal from the origin 430 of the accelerometer coordinate system 183 to the circle plane, where the plane normal meets the circle plane at an intersecting point.
• the distance between the intersecting point and the circle center 42.0 is the bias, b.
• the intersecting point coincides with the circle center 420. It is noted that the circle plane, the plane on which the mobile de vice 100 lies, and the surface 170 of the mobile de vice 100 are ail parallel to each other. Therefore, the plane normal is al so the normal of the circle plane.
• FIG. 4B illustrates an embodiment of accelerometer calibration method 400 performed by a mobile device, such as the processor 1 10 of FIG. 1A.
• the method 400 may be performed by the calibration engine 1 15 of FIG. 1A, which can be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of any of the above.
• the processor receives multiple measurements of acceleration vectors from the accelerometer (block 401 ). Each measurement is a measured acceleration vector. Each measurement is taken when the mobile device is held stationary at a different orientation with respect to the normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies.
• the processor calculates a circle that fits respective tips of the measured acceleration vectors in the accelerometer coordinate system (block 402). Based on the radius of the circle and the length of the measured acceleration vectors, the processor calculates an angle of rotation between the accelerometer coordinate system and the surface of the mobile device (block 403). The angle of rotation can be stored in the memory within the mobile device to calibrate subsequent measurements of the accelerometer and to thereby align the accelerometer coordinate system and the mobile device surface,
• the gyroscope 140 may be calibrated as follows. Referring again to FIG. 3A, to calibrate the misalignment error between the gyroscope coordinate system 184 and the surface coordinate system 182, a user of the mobile device 100 may rotate the mobile device 100 around the rotation axis 2.50 (i.e., the plane normal) one or more times on the plane 230 at multiple different rotation rates (i.e., rotation speeds).
• This plane 230 may be the plane 210 (FIG, 2A), plane 220 (FIG. 2B), a horizontal plane, or any plane that has a planar top surface on which the mobile device 100 lies.
• the rotation speed is faster at the beginning and slower towards the end of the rotation.
• the gyroscope 140 can make multiple measurements from one manual rotation of the mobile de vice 100.
• the mobile device 100 may be rotated and moved along a circular or semi-circular path. That is, in addition to the rotational motion around the rotation axis 250, the mobile device 100 may also be subject to a translational motion on the plane 230.
• the accuracy of the calibration techniques described herein is not affected by the translational motion on the plane 210.
• the calibration techniques can produce accurate calibration results as long as ihe user rotates the mobile devices 100 at multiple different rates on the plane 230.
• FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of the gyroscope coordinate system 184, in which measurements of the rotation axis 250 (i.e., the plane normal) are taken and collected at different rotation rates when the mobile device 100 is rotated with respect to the plane normal.
• Each measurement is a point that lies on the plane normal in the gyroscope coordinate system 184.
• the angular speed at which the mobile device 100 is rotated is the length of the vector that extends from the origin 530 of ihe gyroscope coordinate system 1 84 to the measured point.
• Each vector may have a different length depending on the rotation rate at which the corresponding measurement is made.
• the multiple points of the measurements transcribe a line in the gyroscope coordinate system 184.
• a line 510 can be calculated to fit these multiple points.
• the line 510 is a measured plane normal in the gyroscope coordinate system 184.
• the misalignment error between the gyroscope coordinate system 184 and the surface coordinate system 182 can be obtained by calculating the rotation angle ( ⁇ ) between the line 510 (i.e., the measured plane normal) and the o.)z axis (e.g., [0. 0. 1]) or -coz axis.
• a bias cob exists when there are other sources of errors than the rotational error between the gyroscope coordinate system 184 and the surface coordinate system 182.
• the bias can be measured by the perpendicular distance (shown as a dotted line) between the origin 530 of the gyroscope coordinate system 184 and the line that fits all the gyroscope measurements, which is also the measured plane normal 510.
• the line that fits the gyroscope measurements will pass through the origin 530 of the gyroscope coordinate system 184; in other words, the measurements will read zero angular velocity when the gyroscope is perfectly stationary.
• the bias cob is the additive offset error in the gyroscope measurements of angular velocity.
• the bias (Ob is the mean value of the gyroscope measurements when the gyroscope is perfectly stationary.
• FIG, 5B illustrates an embodiment of gyroscope calibration method 500 performed by a mobile device, such as the processor 110 of FIG, 1 A.
• the method 500 may be performed by the calibration engine 1 15 of FIG. 1A, which can be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of any of the abo v e.
• the processor receives multiple measurements of a rotation axis from the gyroscope (block 501). The measurements are taken when the mobile device is being rotated at different rates with respect to the rotation axis, where the rotation axis is the normal of a plane on which the mobile device lies (block 501 ). Each measurement is a point representing the measured plane normal in the gyroscope coordinate system.
• the processor calculates a line that fits the measurements in the gyroscope coordinate system (block 502), The processor calculates a rotation angle between the line and an axis (e.g., the 0)z axis) of the gyroscope coordinate system to align the gyroscope coordinate system with the surface of the mobile device (block 503).
• the rotation angle can be stored in the memory within the mobile device to calibrate subsequent measurements of the gyroscope.
• the calibration techniques described above allows the alignment of the accelerometer coordinate system with respect to the gyroscope coordinate system to be computed and vice versa. Any ambiguity with respect to the rotation along the normal vector n (of the mobile device surface) can be removed by prior knowledge of the placement of the sensors within the mobile device. For example, if both sensors are placed in the same semiconductor chip within the mobile device and their axes are aligned, both sensors' rotations along the normal vector are zero. If one sensor is placed perpendicularly to another sensor in the plane of the same chip and their axes are orthogonal, the sensors' rotations along the normal vector are 90 degrees apart.
• each sensor may be calibrated separately against the mobile device surface in accordance with the methods of FIG. 4B and FIG. 5B.
• the measurement in the accelerometer coordinate system can then be converted into the gyroscope coordinate system, and vice versa, via their respective calibrations against the mobile device surface.
• the mobile device can use measurements from both these sensors and convert them to a common coordinate system before using them in an application.
• a measurement in the accelerometer coordinate system can be converted to the gyroscope coordinate system as follows, assuming that any ambiguity with respect to the rotation along the normal vector has been removed.
• a measured acceleration vector is rotated by the angle of rotation obtained using the method 400 (FIG. 4B) to transform the measured acceleration vector from the accelerometer coordinate system to a vector in the surface coordinate system.
• the vector in the surface coordinate system can be converted to a gyroscope coordinate system based on a rotational transformation between the surface coordinate system and the gyroscope coordinate system, where the rotational transformation is representative of the angle ⁇ obtained using the method 500 (FIG.
• a measurement in the gyroscope coordinate system can be converted to the accelerometer coordinate system as follows. First, the angle ⁇ obtained using the method 500 (FIG. 5B) can be applied to a measurement of the gyroscope to align that measurement to the surface coordinate system. Subsequently, the aligned measurement in the surface coordinate system can be converted to an accelerometer coordinate system based on a rotational transformation between the surface coordinate system and the accelerometer coordinate system, where the rotational transformation is representative of the angle of rotation obtained using the method 400 (FIG.
• the mobile device when it is a wireless mobile device, it may communicate via one or more wireless communication links through a wireless network that are based on or otherwise support any suitable wireless communication technology.
• computing device or server may associate with a network including a wireless network.
• the network may comprise a body area network or a personal area network (e.g., an ultra- wideband network).
• the network may comprise a local area network or a wide area network.
• a wireless device may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of wireless communication technologies, protocols, or standards such as, for example, CDMA, TDMA, OFDM, OFDMA, WiMAX, and Wi-Fi.
• a wireless device may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of corresponding modulation or multiplexing schemes, A wireless device may thus include appropriate components (e.g., air interfaces) to establish and communicate via one or more wireless communication finks using the above or other wireless communication technologies.
• a device may comprise a wireless transceiver with associated transmitter and receiver components (e.g., a transmitter and a receiver) ihai may include various components (e.g., signal generators and signal processors) that facilitate communication over a wireless medium.
• a mobile wireless device may therefore wirelessly communicate with other mobile devices, ceil phones, other wired and wireless computers, Internet web-sites, etc.
• CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
• TDMA Time division multiple access
• FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
• OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
• SC-FDMA Single Carrier FDMA
• a CDMA system can implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), CDMA2000, etc.
• UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and other variants of CDMA.
• CDMA200G covers Interim Standard (IS)- 2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards.
• a TDMA system can implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
• GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
• An OFDMA system can implement a radio technology such as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access; (Evolved UTRA or E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 1 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM.RTM., etc.
• Evolved UTRA or E-UTRA Ultra Mobile Broadband
• IEEE institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
• WiMAX IEEE 802.16
• IEEE 802.20 Flash-OFDM.RTM.
• Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and E- UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).
• 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an upcoming release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink.
• UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described in documents from an organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3 GPP).
• CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2" (3GPP2).
• 3 GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
• the techniques described herein may be incorporated into (e.g., implemented within or performed by) a variety of mobile apparatuses (e.g., devices).
• one or more aspects taught herein may be incorporated into a phone (e.g., a cellular phone), a personal data assistant ("PDA"), a tablet, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a tablet, an entertainment device (e.g., a music or video device), a headset (e.g., headphones, an earpiece, etc.), a medical device (e.g., a biometric sensor, a heart rate monitor, a pedometer, an EKG device, etc.), a user I/O device, a point-of-sale device, an entertainment device, or any other suitable device.
• PDA personal data assistant
• a tablet e.g., a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a tablet
• an entertainment device e.g., a music or video device
• a headset e.g., headphones, an earpiece, etc.
• a medical device e.g., a biometric sensor, a heart rate monitor, a pedometer, an
• DSP digital signal processor
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• FPGA field programmable gate array
• a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine,
• a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• a software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
• An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium.
• the storage medium may be integral to the processor.
• the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASTC.
• the ASIC may reside in a user terminal.
• the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
• the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software as a computer program product, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
• Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
• a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.
• such computer- readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
• any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
• the software is transmitted from a web site, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave
• the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium .
• Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

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  • 2013-02-14 US US13/767,838 patent/US9714955B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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