Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
  • D02G3/04—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/58—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products
  • D01F6/74—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products from polycondensates of cyclic compounds, e.g. polyimides, polybenzimidazoles
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/78—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolycondensation products
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
  • D02G3/04—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials
  • D02G3/045—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials all components being made from artificial or synthetic material
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/44—Yarns or threads characterised by the purpose for which they are designed
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/44—Yarns or threads characterised by the purpose for which they are designed
  • D02G3/443—Heat-resistant, fireproof or flame-retardant yarns or threads

Definitions

• the invention relates to flame-resistant spun staple yarns, and fabrics and garments comprising these yarns, and methods of making the same.
• the yarns contain a blend of polymeric staple fiber containing sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole polymers.
• Polyoxadiazole polymers have unique properties and are useful in many fields, for example high performance fibers, such as flame retardant fibers.
• One method to improve flammability is to prepare sulfonated polyoxadiazole polymers. These methods have included the use of sulfonated monomers and post-sulfonation.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of a sulfonated polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and
• Q is H or SO3M, and M is one or more cations; and about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a textile staple fiber having limiting oxygen index of 24 or greater and a tenacity of about 2 grams per denier or greater, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising at least about 25 parts to about 80 parts by weight of a sulfonated polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (lla), wherein M is a cation; and about 20 to about 75 parts by weight of a modacrylic fiber, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of a sulfonated polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (lla) wherein M is a cation; and about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a high modulus staple fiber having a tensile modulus of 200 grams per denier or greater, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising about 20 to about 50 parts by weight of a sulfonated polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (lla) wherein M is a cation; and about 50 to about 80 parts by weight of a rigid-rod staple fiber, based on the total amount of the sulfonated polyoxadiazole based fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• a protective garment, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, belt, or filament comprising the flame-resistant spun yarns.
• a method of producing a spun yarn comprising: a) forming a fiber mixture of about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of a polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (lla) wherein M is a cation; and about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a textile staple fiber having limiting oxygen index of 24 or greater and a tenacity of about 2 grams per denier or greater, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn; and b) spinning the fiber mixture into a spun staple yarn.
• Also disclosed is a method of producing a spun yarn comprising: a) forming a fiber mixture of at least about 25 parts by weight of a
• polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (lla) wherein M is a cation; and about 20 to about 75 parts by weight of a modacrylic fiber, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn; and b) spinning the fiber mixture into a spun staple yarn.
• Also disclosed is a method of producing a spun yarn comprising: a) forming a fiber mixture of about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of a polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (lla) wherein M is a cation; and about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a high modulus staple fiber having a tensile modulus of 200 grams per denier or greater, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn; and b) spinning the fiber mixture into a spun staple yarn.
• Also disclosed is a method of producing a spun yarn comprising: a) forming a fiber mixture of about 20 to about 50 parts by weight of a polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (lla) wherein M is a cation; and about 50 to about 80 parts by weight of a rigid-rod staple fiber, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn; and b) spinning the fiber mixture into a spun staple yarn.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising: about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of a sulfonated polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (I la):
• Q is H or SO3M, and M is one or more cations; and about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a textile staple fiber having limiting oxygen index of 24 or greater and a tenacity of about 2 grams per denier or greater, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber is present at about 50 to about 85, or about 50 to about 75, or about 60 to about 85, or about 70 to about 80 parts by weight, and the high modulus staple fiber is present at about 15 to about 50, or about 25 to about 40, or about 15 to about 40, or about 20 to about 30 parts by weight.
• Suitable textile fibers include meta-aramid fibers, para-aramid fibers, and polyazole fibers.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising at least about 25 parts to about 80 parts by weight of a sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (I la) wherein M is a cation; and about 20 to about 75 parts by weight of a modacrylic fiber, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber is present at about 35 to about 70, or about 50 to about 75 parts by weight, or about 45 to about 60, or about 45 to about 70 parts by weight, and the modacrylic fiber is present at about 30 to about 65, or about 25 to about 50, or about 40 to about 55, or about 30 to about 55 parts by weight.
• Suitable modacrylic fibers include copolymers of acrylonitrile combined with vinylidene chloride.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising at least about 50 to about 95 by weight of a sulfonated naphthalene
• polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (I la) wherein M is a cation; and about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a high modulus staple fiber having a tensile modulus of 200 grams per denier or greater, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber is present at about 50 to about 85, or about 50 to about 75, or about 60 to about 85, or about 70 to about 80 parts by weight
• the high modulus staple fiber is present at about 15 to about 50, or about 25 to about 40, or about 15 to about 40, or about 20 to about 30 parts by weight.
• Many different fibers can be used as the high modulus staple fiber, including para-aramid fibers, polyazole fibers, carbon fibers, and mixtures thereof.
• para-aramid fiber can be used in the blend as the high modulus staple fiber.
• aramid is meant a polyamide wherein at least 85% of the amide (-CONH-) linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings.
• Additives can be used with the aramid and, in fact, it has been found that up to as much as 10 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the aramid or that copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent of other diamine substituted for the diamine of the aramid or as much as 10 percent of other diacid chloride substituted for the diacid chloride of the aramid.
• the preferred para-aramid is poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide).
• aromatic polyamide organic fibers are sold under the trademarks of Kevlar® and Twaron® by respectively, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, of Wilmington, Delaware; and Teijin, Ltd, of Japan.
• fibers based on copoly(p-phenylene/3,4'-diphenyl ether terephthalamide) are defined as para-aramid fibers as used herein.
• Technora® fiber also available from Teijin, Ltd.
• polyazole fibers can be used as the high modulus fiber in the blend.
• suitable polyazoles include polybenzazoles, polypyridazoles, and the like, and can be homopolymers or copolymers. Additives can be used with the polyazoles and up to as much as 10 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the polyazoles. Also copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent or more of other monomer substituted for a monomer of the polyazoles.
• Suitable polyazole homopolymers and copolymers can be made by known procedures, such as those described in U.S. Patents 4,533,693 (to Wolfe, et al., on Aug.
• polybenzimidazoles polybenzothiazoles, and polybenzoxazoles. If the polybenzazole is a polybenzimidazole, preferably it is poly[5,5'-bi-1 H- benzimidazole]-2,2'-diyl-1 ,3-phenylene which is called PBI. If the polybenzazole is a polybenzothiazole, preferably it is a
• polybenzobisthiazole and more preferably it is poly(benzo[1 ,2-d:4,5- d']bisthiazole-2,6-diyl-1 ,4-phenylene which is called PBT. If the
• polybenzazole is a polybenzoxazole, preferably it is a
• polybenzobisoxazole and more preferably it is poly(benzo[1 ,2-d:4,5- d']bisoxazole-2,6-diyl-1 ,4-phenylene which is called PBO.
• the preferred polypyridazoles are rigid-rod polypyridobisazoles including poly(pyridobisimidazole),
• the preferred poly(pyridobisoxazole) is poly(1 ,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6- pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d']bisimidazole which is called PIPD. Suitable
• polypyridobisazoles can be made by known procedures, such as those described in U.S. Patent 5,674,969.
• High modulus carbon fibers are well known in the art and commercially available carbon fibers include Tenax® fibers available from Toho Tenax America, Inc.
• the high modulus staple fiber has a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 24 or greater, meaning the high modulus staple fiber or fabrics made solely from the high modulus staple fiber will not support a flame in air. In some preferred embodiments the high modulus staple fiber has a LOI of at least 26 or greater.
• LOI limiting oxygen index
• the high modulus staple fiber has a break tenacity of at least 5 grams per denier (4.5 grams per dtex) or greater. In some other embodiments the high modulus staple fiber has a break tenacity of at least 10 grams per denier (9 grams per dtex) or greater.
• the addition of the higher tenacity high modulus staple fiber provides the spun yarn with additional strength that translates into improved strength and durability in the final fabrics and garments made from the spun yarns. Also, in some cases, depending on the blending percentage, it is believed the additional tenacity provided by the high modulus staple fiber to the spun yarn is magnified in the fabrics and garments made from the yarn, resulting in more tenacity improvement in the fabric than in the spun yarn.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising at least about 20 to about 50 parts by weight of a sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (I la) wherein M is a cation; and about 50 to about 80 parts by weight of a rigid-rod staple fiber based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber is present at about 30 to about 40, or about 35 to about 40, or about 30 to about 50, or about 20 to 40 parts by weight
• the rigid-rod staple fiber is present at about 60 to about 70, or about 60 to about 65, or about 50 to about 70, or about 60 to about 80 parts by weight.
• rigid-rod fiber means fibers made from rigid-rod aromatic polymers having what are known in the art as rigid spacer segments; these rigid-rod fibers also form fibrils with abrasion or wear.
• rigid-rod polymers have highly para-oriented aromatic groups and the fibers made from these polymers have a high tensile modulus.
• rigid-rod fibers With wear or abrasion, rigid-rod fibers readily fibrillate; that is, they form structures having a central fiber stalk with fibrils extending therefrom.
• the stalk is generally columnar and 4 to 50 microns in diameter and the fibrils are hair-like members only a fraction of a micron or a few microns in diameter attached to the stalk and are 10 to 100 microns long.
• para-aramid fiber can be used in the blend as the rigid-rod staple fiber.
• aramid is meant a polyamide wherein at least 85% of the amide (-CONH-) linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings.
• Additives can be used with the aramid and, in fact, it has been found that up to as much as 10 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the aramid or that copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent of other diamine substituted for the diamine of the aramid or as much as 10 percent of other diacid chloride substituted for the diacid chloride of the aramid.
• the preferred para-aramid is poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide). Methods for making para-aramid fibers useful are generally disclosed in, for example, United States Patent Nos. 3,869,430; 3,869,429; and 3,767,756.
• aromatic polyamide organic fibers are sold under the trademarks of Kevlar® and Twaron® by respectively, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, of Wilmington, Delaware; and Teijin, Ltd, of Japan.
• fibers based on copoly(p-phenylene/3,4'-diphenyl ether terephthalamide) are defined as para-aramid fibers as used herein.
• One commercially available version of these fibers is known as Technora® fiber also available from Teijin, Ltd.
• polyazole fibers can be used as the rigid-rod fiber in the blend.
• suitable polyazoles include
• polybenzazoles, polypyridazoles, and the like can be homopolymers or copolymers. Additives can be used with the polyazoles and up to as much as 10 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the polyazoles. Also copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent or more of other monomer substituted for a monomer of the polyazoles. Suitable polyazole homopolymers and copolymers can be made by known procedures, such as those described in U.S. Patents 4,533,693 (to Wolfe, et al., on Aug. 6, 1985), 4,703,103 (to Wolfe, et al., on Oct.
• polybenzimidazoles polybenzothiazoles, and polybenzoxazoles. If the polybenzazole is a polybenzimidazole, preferably it is poly[5,5'-bi-1 H- benzimidazole]-2,2'-diyl-1 ,3-phenylene which is called PBI. If the polybenzazole is a polybenzothiazole, preferably it is a
• polybenzobisthiazole and more preferably it is poly(benzo[1 ,2-d:4,5- d']bisthiazole-2,6-diyl-1 ,4-phenylene which is called PBT. If the
• polybenzazole is a polybenzoxazole, preferably it is a
• polybenzobisoxazole and more preferably it is poly(benzo[1 ,2-d:4,5- d']bisoxazole-2,6-diyl-1 ,4-(phenylene) which is called PBO.
• the preferred polypyridazoles are rigid-rod polypyridobisazoles including poly(pyridobisimidazole),
• the preferred poly(pyridobisoxazole) is poly(1 ,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6- pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d']bisimidazole which is called PIPD. Suitable
• polypyridobisazoles can be made by known procedures, such as those described in U.S. Patent 5,674,969.
• the spun staple yarns can also include a rigid-rod staple fiber having a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 21 or greater, meaning the rigid-rod staple fiber or fabrics made solely from the rigid-rod staple fiber will not support a flame in air.
• LOI limiting oxygen index
• the rigid-rod staple fiber has a LOI of at least 26 or greater.
• the rigid-rod staple fiber has a break tenacity of at least 5 grams per denier (4.5 grams per dtex) or greater. In some other embodiments the rigid-rod staple fiber has a break tenacity of at least 10 grams per denier (9 grams per dtex) or greater.
• the addition of the higher tenacity rigid-rod staple fiber provides the spun yarn with additional strength that translates into improved strength and durability in the final fabrics and garments made from the spun yarns. Also, in some cases, it is believed the additional tenacity provided by the rigid-rod staple fiber to the spun yarn is magnified in the fabrics and garments made from the yarn, resulting in more tenacity improvement in the fabric than in the spun yarn.
• a flame-resistant spun yarn comprising at least about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of a sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber comprising repeat units of Formula (I) and one or both of Formula (II) and (I la) wherein M is a cation; and about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a textile staple fiber having limiting oxygen index of 21 or greater and a tenacity of about 4 grams per denier or greater, based on the total amount of the polymeric fiber and the textile fiber in the yarn.
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber is present at about 50 to about 85, or about 50 to about 75, or about 60 to about 85, or about 70 to about 80 parts by weight, and the high modulus staple fiber is present at about 15 to about 50, or about 25 to about 40, or about 15 to about 40, or about 20 to about 30 parts by weight.
• M is typically a monovalent cation such as H, Li, Na, K, or NH .
• Formula (I) is present at about 5 molar % to about 50 molar %, or about 5 molar % to about 40 molar %, or about 10 molar % to about 30 molar %, and one or both of Formula (II) and (I la) is present at about 50 molar % to about 95 molar %, or about 60 molar % to about 95 molar %, or about 70 molar % to about 90 molar %, based on the total amount of sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber.
• Formula (II) is used in about 60 to about 95 molar %, or about 70 to about 90 molar %; and Formula (I la) is used in about 0 to about 30 molar %, or about 0 to about 20 molar %. In yet other embodiments, Formula (II) is not present or Formula (I la) is not present.
• M can be converted to another M at any time, either before or after spinning or formation into a shaped article.
• M is H
• the polymer can be neutralized by contact with a salt, such as but not limited to sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or potassium carbonate.
• a salt such as but not limited to sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or potassium carbonate.
• the ion exchange and/or neutralization can be performed by any method known in the art.
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber can further comprise repeat units of other moieties in the polymer chain. These repeat units can comprise one or both of Formula (III) and Formula (Ilia):
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber can have at least about 2 weight %, 4 weight %, or 6 weight % sulfur content.
• the amount of sulfur can be increased by sulfonation of the monomers before polymerization, or sulfonation of the polymer.
• the polymers disclosed herein can be made by any method or process known in the art.
• One suitable method comprises the steps of:
• NDA 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid
• OBBA 4,4'-oxybis(benzoic acid)
• polyoxadiazole copolymers that comprise at least about 2 weight %, 4 weight %, or 6 weight % sulfur content.
• the amount of sulfur can be increased by additional process steps in which the NDA and/or the OBBA, or one or both of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid are further sulfonated before polymerization, and/or process steps in which the polyoxadiazole copolymer product is sulfonated.
• This sulfonation can be performed by any method known in the art that is not detrimental to the final product, such as contact with oleum, sulfuric acid, or other sulfonation agent.
• Hydrazine can be used directly, or used in the form of a solid hydrazine salt.
• One suitable solid salt is hydrazine sulfate, [N 2 H 5 ]HSO 4 , also called hydrazinium sulfate.
• Oleum also known as fuming sulfuric acid, disulfuric acid or pyrosulfuric acid, refers to a solution of various compositions of sulfur trioxide (SO3) in sulfuric acid. Typically about 15% or 18%, to about 30%, or about 22% oleum is used, which refers to the weight % of SO3 in the sulfuric acid. The oleum is added in an amount of at least about 4 molar equivalents of SO3, or at least about 5 molar equivalents, based on the number of moles of hydrazine.
• SO3 sulfur trioxide
• the amounts of the reagents used is dependent on the desired percentage of the repeat units in the final polymer. Based on the total amount of dicarboxylic acids used, 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid is used in amounts of at about 1 molar % to less than about 100 molar %, or about 5 molar % to about 50 molar %, or about 5 molar % to about 30 molar %, , and one or both of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid is used in amounts of abouti molar % or less than about 100 molar %, or about 50 molar % to about 99 molar %, or about 70 molar % to about 95 molar %,.
• OBBA is present at about 1 molar % to about 30 molar %, or about 2 molar % to about 20 molar %.
• terephthalic acid is used in about 50 to about 95 molar %, or about 80 to about 90 molar %; and isophthalic acid is used in about 0 to about 30 molar %, or about 0 to about 20 molar %.
• terephthalic acid is not present or isophthalic acid is not present.
• Various ratios of hydrazine can be could be used, but is typically used at about a 1 :1 molar ratio of dicarboxylic acids : hydrazine.
• the ingredients can be combined in any order, but typically the solid ingredients are first thoroughly mixed together and then combined with the oleum.
• the oleum is added in a single step; that is, added in one aliquot.
• the oleum and NDA and optionally OBBA can be mixed together prior to the addition of the other dicarboxylic acids and hydrazine.
• the mixture is then thoroughly mixed by stirring or other agitation means until sufficiently dissolved, typically at least five minutes. This dissolution can be performed at room temperature up to about 100 °C.
• the process comprises the steps of:
• the mixture is allowed to react until sufficient polymer has formed.
• the polymerization reaction is performed at a temperature of about 100 °C to about 180 °C, or about 120 °C to about 140 °C, for at least about 0.5 hours.
• the temperature can be maintained or increased or ramped up during the reaction.
• the temperature can be used to control the amounts of sulfonation and type of sulfonated repeating units in the final polymer. For instance, if more sulfonation and/or ring-closed repeating units are desired then the temperature should be increased, typically to greater than about 120 °C. If less sulfonation and/or ring-closed repeating units are desired then the temperature should be lower, typically less than about 100 °C.
• the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole polymers prepared by the process disclosed above can be neutralized either before or after formation into a shaped article, so that the H cation is replaced by another cation, typically a monovalent cation such as Li, Na, K, or NH .
• a neutralization agent typically a basic salt such as sodium bicarbonate or other ion exchange agent.
• a sulfonated copolyoxadiazole polymer prepared by the process described herein, and shaped articles and fibers made therefrom.
• the polymers described herein can be formed into a shaped article, such as films, fibrids, fibers for floe, and fibers for textile uses, and for use in protective garments, woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, papers, belts, or filaments. It can be spun into fibers via solution spinning, using a solution of the polymer in either the polymerization solvent or another solvent for the polymer. Fiber spinning can be accomplished through a multi-hole spinneret by dry spinning, wet spinning, or dry-jet wet spinning (also known as air-gap spinning) to create a multi-filament yarn or tow as is known in the art.
• Shaped articles as described herein include extruded or blown shapes or films, molded articles, and the like.
• Films can be made by any known technique such as casting the dope onto a flat surface, extruding the dope through an extruder to form a film or extruding and blowing the dope film to form an extruded blown film.
• Typical techniques for dope film extrusion include processes similar to those used for fibers, where the solution passes through a spinneret or die into an air gap and
• the dope film prepared is preferably no more than about 250 mils (6.35 mm) thick and more preferably it is at most about 100 mils (2.54 mm) thick.
• Fiber is defined as a relatively flexible, unit of matter having a high ratio of length to width across its cross-sectional area perpendicular to its length.
• the term “fiber” is used interchangeably with the term “filament” or “end” or “continuous filament”.
• the cross section of the filaments described herein can be any shape, such as circular or bean shaped, but is typically generally round, and is typically substantially solid and not hollow. Fiber spun onto a bobbin in a package is referred to as continuous fiber. Fiber can be cut into short lengths called staple fiber. Fiber can be cut into even smaller lengths called floe.
• Yarns, multifilament yarns or tows comprise a plurality of fibers. Yarn can be intertwined and/or twisted.
• Fibers may be spun from solution using any number of processes, however, wet spinning and air-gap spinning are the best known.
• wet spinning the spinneret extrudes the fiber directly into the liquid of a coagulation bath and typically the spinneret is immersed or positioned beneath the surface of the coagulation bath.
• air-gap spinning also sometimes known as "dry-jet” wet spinning
• the spinneret extrudes the fiber first into a gas, such as air, for a very short duration and then the fiber is immediately introduced into a liquid coagulation bath.
• the spinneret is positioned above the surface of the coagulation bath, creating an "air-gap" between the spinneret face and the surface of the coagulation bath.
• the general arrangement of the spinnerets and baths is well known in the art, with the figures in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,227,793; 3,414,645;
• “Dry spinning” means a process for making a filament by extruding a solution into a heated chamber having a gaseous atmosphere to remove the solvent, leaving a solid filament.
• the solution comprises a fiber- forming polymer in a solvent which is extruded in a continuous stream through one or more spinneret holes to orient the polymer molecules.
• This is distinct from “wet spinning” or “air-gap spinning” wherein the polymer solution is extruded into a liquid precipitating or coagulating medium to regenerate the polymer filaments.
• a gas is the primary solvent extraction medium
• wet spinning a liquid is the primary solvent extraction medium.
• the filaments can then be treated with a liquid to either cool the filaments or wash the filaments to further extract remaining solvent.
• the fibers in the multi-filament yarn, or tow, after spinning can then be treated to neutralize, wash, dry, or heat treat the fibers as needed using conventional technique to make stable and useful fibers.
• the fibers formed from the polymers described herein are useful in a variety of applications. They are colorless, or colorless to white in color, although impurities can impart discoloration, and are particularly useful as flame retardant fibers as the polymers have a limiting oxygen index of about 24 or greater, or about 26 or greater, or about 28 or greater.
• fibers can be spun from sulfuric acid solutions ranging in concentration from 5 to 25 wt % polymer using a spinneret with 5-50 holes having diameter of 0.003" or 0.008".
• the volumetric flow rate of spinning solution is typically 0.3-2 mL/min.
• the fiber is then extruded directly into a coagulation bath filled with a room temperature or elevated temperature or sub-ambient temperature solution containing 0-70 wt. % sulfuric acid, saturated salt solutions, or basic aqueous solutions.
• the number, size, shape, and configuration of the orifices can be varied to achieve the desired fiber product.
• the extruded dope is fed into a coagulation bath with or without prior passage through a noncoagulating fluid layer.
• the noncoagulating fluid layer is generally air but can be any other inert gas or liquid which is a noncoagulant for the dope.
• the fibers and/or film can contain common additives such as dyes, pigments, antioxidants, delusterants, antistatic agents, and U.V.
• the fibers would exhibit good dyeability, especially cationic dyes.
• Basic or cationic dyes are water soluble and dissociate into anions and colored cations.
• the cations have a strong affinity for the sulfonic group in the polymer masterbatch, and forms salts.
• the sulfonated polyoxadiazole copolymers prepared by the process disclosed above can be neutralized either before or after formation into a shaped article, so that the H cation is replaced by another cation, typically a monovalent cation such as Li, Na, K, or NH 4 .
• a neutralization agent typically a basic salt such as sodium bicarbonate or other ion exchange agent.
• staple fibers refers to fibers that are cut to a desired length or are stretch broken, or fibers that occur naturally with or are made having a low ratio of length to the width of the cross-sectional area perpendicular to that length when compared with filaments.
• Man- made staple fibers are cut or made to a length suitable for processing on cotton, woolen, or worsted yarn spinning equipment.
• the staple fibers can have (a) substantially uniform length, (b) variable or random length, or (c) subsets of the staple fibers have substantially uniform length and the staple fibers in the other subsets have different lengths, with the staple fibers in the subsets mixed together forming a substantially uniform distribution.
• suitable staple fibers have a length of about
• the length of a staple fiber is from about 1 cm (0.39 in) to about 20 cm (8 in). In some preferred embodiments the staple fibers made by short staple processes have a staple fiber length of about 1 cm (0.39 in) to about 6 cm (2.4 in).
• the staple fibers can be made by any process.
• the staple fibers can be cut from continuous straight fibers using a rotary cutter or a guillotine cutter resulting in straight (i.e., non crimped) staple fiber, or additionally cut from crimped continuous fibers having a saw tooth shaped crimp along the length of the staple fiber, with a crimp (or repeating bend) frequency of preferably no more than 8 crimps per centimeter.
• the staple fibers can also be formed by stretch breaking continuous fibers resulting in staple fibers with deformed sections that act as crimps.
• Stretch broken staple fibers can be made by breaking a tow or a bundle of continuous filaments during a stretch break operation having one or more break zones that are a prescribed distance creating a random variable mass of fibers having an average cut length controlled by break zone adjustment.
• Spun staple yarn can be made from staple fibers using traditional long and short staple ring spinning processes that are well known in the art.
• cotton system spinning fiber lengths from about 1 .9 to 5.7 cm (0.75 in to 2.25 in) are typically used.
• worsted or woolen system spinning fibers up to about 16.5 cm (6.5 in) are typically used.
• this is not intended to be limiting to ring spinning because the yarns may also be spun using air jet spinning, open end spinning, and many other types of spinning which converts staple fiber into useable yarns.
• Spun staple yarns can also be made directly by stretch breaking using stretch-broken tow to top staple processes.
• the staple fibers in the yarns formed by traditional stretch break processes typically have length of up to about 18 cm (7 in) long.
• spun staple yarns made by stretch breaking can also have staple fibers having maximum lengths of up to around 50 cm (20 in.) through processes as described for example in PCT Patent Application No. WO 0077283.
• Stretch broken staple fibers normally do not require crimp because the stretch-breaking process imparts a degree of crimp into the fiber.
• the staple fibers can also be formed by stretch breaking continuous fibers resulting in staple fibers with deformed sections that act as crimps.
• Stretch broken staple fibers can be made by breaking a tow or a bundle of continuous filaments during a stretch break operation having one or more break zones that are a prescribed distance creating a random variable mass of fibers having an average cut length controlled by break zone adjustment.
• continuous filament refers to a flexible fiber having relatively small-diameter and whose length is longer than those indicated for staple fibers.
• Continuous filament fibers and multifilament yarns of continuous filaments can be made by processes well known to those skilled in the art.
• aramid fiber can be used in the blend as the textile staple fiber.
• meta-aramid fibers are used in the blend as the textile staple fiber.
• aramid is meant a polyamide wherein at least 85% of the amide (-CONH-) linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings.
• a meta-aramid is such a polyamide that contains a meta configuration or meta-oriented linkages in the polymer chain. Meta-aramid fibers are currently available under the trademarks Nomex® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours of Wilmington, Delaware.
• Additives can be used with the aramid and, in fact it has been found that up to as much as 10 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the aramid or that copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent of other diamine substituted for the diamine of the aramid or as much as 10 percent of other diacid chloride substituted for the diacid chloride of the aramid.
• the preferred meta-aramid fiber is poly(meta- phenylene isophthalamide) (MPD-I). This fiber may be spun by dry or wet spinning using any number of processes; United States Patent Nos.
• para-aramid fibers can be used as the textile staple fiber in the blend for increased flame strength and reduced thermal shrinkage.
• Para-aramid fibers are currently available under the trademarks Kevlar® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours of Wilmington, Delaware and Twaron® from Teijin Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan.
• Kevlar® from E. I. du Pont de Nemours of Wilmington, Delaware
• Twaron® Teijin Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan.
• Technora® fiber which is available from Teijin Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan, and is made from copoly(p-phenylene/3,4'diphenyl ester terephthalamide), is considered a para-aramid fiber.
• polyazole fibers can be used as the textile fiber in the blend.
• suitable polyazoles include
• polybenzazoles, polypyridazoles, and the like can be homopolymers or copolymers. Additives can be used with the polyazoles and up to as much as 10 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the polyazoles. Also copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent or more of other monomer substituted for a monomer of the polyazoles. Suitable polyazole homopolymers and copolymers can be made by known procedures, such as those described in U.S. Patents 4,533,693 (to Wolfe, et al., on Aug. 6, 1985), 4,703,103 (to Wolfe, et al., on Oct.
• polybenzimidazoles polybenxothiazoles, and polybenzoxazoles. If the polybenzazole is a polybenzimidazole, preferably it is poly[5,5'-bi-1 H- benzimidazole]-2,2'-diyl-1 ,3-phenylene which is called PBI. If the polybenzazole is a polybenxothiazole, preferably it is a
• polybenxobisthiazole and more preferably it is poly(benxo[1 ,2-d:4,5- d']bisthiazole-2,6-diyl-1 ,4-phene which is called PBT.
• the polybenzazole is a polybenzoxazole, preferably it is a polybenzobisoxazole and more preferably it is poly(benzo[1 ,2-d:4,5-d']bisoxazole-2,6-diyl-1 ,4-phenylene which is called PBO.
• the preferred polypyridazoles are rigid rod polypyridobisazoles including poly(pyridobisimidazole), poly(pyridobisthiazole), and poly(pyridobisoxazole).
• the preferred poly(pyridobisoxazole) is poly(1 ,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6- pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d']bisimidazole which is called PBI. Suitable
• polypyridobisazoles can be made by known procedures, such as those described in U.S. Patent 5,674,969.
• modacrylic fibers can be used.
• the preferred modacrylic fibers used in this invention are copolymers of acrylonitrile combined with vinylidene chloride.
• the copolymer can have, in addition, an antimony oxide or antimony oxides for improved fire retardancy.
• Such useful modacrylic fibers include, but are not limited to, fibers disclosed in United States Patent No. 3,193,602 having 2 weight percent antimony trioxide, fibers disclosed in United States Patent No. 3, 748,302 made with various antimony oxides that are present in an amount of at least 2 weight percent and preferably not greater than 8 weight percent, and fibers disclosed in United States Patent Nos. 5,208,105 & 5,506,042 having 8 to 40 weight percent of an antimony compound.
• the preferred modacrylic fiber is commercially available from Kaneka Corporation, Japan, in various forms, some containing no antimony oxides while others such as Protex C are said to contain 10 to 15 weight percent of those compounds.
• the various types of staple fibers are present as a staple fiber blend.
• fiber blend it is meant the combination of two or more staple fiber types in any manner.
• the staple fiber blend is an "intimate blend", meaning the various staple fibers in the blend form a relatively uniform mixture of the fibers.
• the two or more staple fiber types are blended prior to or while the yarn is being spun so that the various staple fibers are distributed homogeneously in the staple yarn bundle.
• Fabrics can be made from the spun staple yarns and can include, but is not limited to, woven or knitted fabrics.
• General fabric designs and constructions are well known to those skilled in the art.
• woven fabric is meant a fabric usually formed on a loom by interlacing warp or lengthwise yarns and filling or crosswise yarns with each other to generate any fabric weave, such as plain weave, crowfoot weave, basket weave, satin weave, twill weave, and the like. Plain and twill weaves are believed to be the most common weaves used in the trade and are preferred in many embodiments.
• knitted fabric is meant a fabric usually formed by interlooping yarn loops by the use of needles.
• spun staple yarn is fed to a knitting machine which converts the yarn to fabric.
• multiple ends or yarns can be supplied to the knitting machine either plied of unplied; that is, a bundle of yarns or a bundle of plied yarns can be co-fed to the knitting machine and knitted into a fabric, or directly into a article of apparel such as a glove, using conventional techniques.
• it is desirable to add functionality to the knitted fabric by co-feeding one or more other staple or continuous filament yarns with one or more spun staple yarns having the intimate blend of fibers.
• the tightness of the knit can be adjusted to meet any specific need.
• a very effective combination of properties for protective apparel has been found in for example, single jersey knit and terry knit patterns.
• the spun staple yarns can be used to make flame-resistant garments.
• the garments can have essentially one layer of the protective fabric made from the spun staple yarn.
• Exemplary garments of this type include jumpsuits and coveralls for fire fighters or for military personnel. Such suits are typically used over the firefighters clothing and can be used to parachute into an area to fight a forest fire.
• Other garments can include pants, shirts, gloves, sleeves and the like that can be worn in situations such as chemical processing industries or industrial electrical/utility where an extreme thermal event might occur.
• the fabrics have an arc resistance of at least 0.8 calories per square centimeter per ounce per square yard.
• the fiber mixture of the sulfonated naphthalene polyoxadiazole based staple fiber and the textile staple fiber is formed by making an intimate blend of the fibers. If desired, other staple fibers can be combined in this relatively uniform mixture of staple fibers.
• the blending can be achieved by any number of ways known in the art, including processes that creel a number of bobbins of continuous filaments and concurrently cut the two or more types of filaments to form a blend of cut staple fibers; or processes that involve opening bales of different staple fibers and then opening and blending the various fibers in openers, blenders, and cards; or processes that form slivers of various staple fibers which are then further processed to form a mixture, such as in a card to form a sliver of a mixture of fibers.
• Other processes of making an intimate fiber blend are possible as long as the various types of different fibers are relatively uniformly distributed throughout the blend. If yarns are formed from the blend, the yarns have a relatively uniform mixture of the staple fibers also. Generally, in most preferred
• the individual staple fibers are opened or separated to a degree that is normal in fiber processing to make a useful fabric, such that fiber knots or slubs and other major defects due to poor opening of the staple fibers are not present in an amount that detract from the final fabric quality.
• the intimate staple fiber blend is made by first mixing together staple fibers obtained from opened bales, along with any other staple fibers, if desired for additional functionality.
• the fiber blend is then formed into a sliver using a carding machine.
• a carding machine is commonly used in the fiber industry to separate, align, and deliver fibers into a continuous strand of loosely assembled fibers without substantial twist, commonly known as carded sliver.
• the carded sliver is processed into drawn sliver, typically by, but not limited to, a two-step drawing process.
• Spun staple yarns are then formed from the drawn sliver using techniques including conventional cotton system or short-staple spinning processes such as open-end spinning and ring-spinning; or higher speed air spinning techniques such as Murata air-jet spinning where air is used to twist the staple fibers into a yarn.
• the formation of spun yarns can also be achieved by use of conventional woolen system or long-staple processes such as worsted or semi-worsted ring-spinning or stretch-break spinning. Regardless of the processing system, ring-spinning is the generally preferred method for making the spun staple yarns.
• pre-reacted NDA is used.
• 2,6-NDA was dissolved in 18.7% oleum, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 6.5 hours at 130 °C.
• the reactor was charged with hydrazine sulfate and the other dicarboxylic acids, in the same ratios as above.
• the mixture of sulfonated 2,6-NDA was then added.
• the mixture contained a lot of solid chunks which did not incorporate into the reaction mixture.
• the polymer reaction mixture was diluted with sulfuric acid (95-
• the fibers were allowed to dry at ambient conditions. In some examples, a sample of the fiber was dried under high vacuum at room temperature for molecular weight determination by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in methane sulfonic acid.
• SEC size exclusion chromatography
• the fibers were spun from sulfuric acid solutions that ranged in concentration from 6-9 wt % polymer.
• the solution was delivered by a gear pump through a spinneret with 5-20 holes having diameter of 0.003" or 0.008".
• the volumetric flow rate of spinning solution was 0.2-2 mL/min.
• the fiber was extruded directly into a coagulation bath filled with a room temperature solution that was 0-70 wt. % sulfuric acid.
• the fiber emerged from the coagulation bath through a ceramic guide into a wash bath of room temperature water. In the wash bath the fiber was wrapped around two speed-controlled driven rolls and then drawn 50-600%. Three wraps were usually made around each of these rolls.
• the fiber was wound onto a phenolic core.
• the wound fiber bobbins were then neutralized in 0.5 wt % sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide solution, washed in de-ionized water and air dried at room temperature in a series of batch steps.
• the polymerization solution was diluted with sulfuric acid (95-98%) until the viscosity achieved would allow pouring onto a glass plate to give a uniform film. This viscosity was typically less than the viscosity required to coagulate fiber.
• the polymer and glass plate were immersed into a water bath in order to coagulate the film.
• the coagulated film was washed with water and then soaked in dilute sodium bicarbonate until fully neutralized.
• the film was then washed and soaked with water to remove any residual sodium bicarbonate.
• the film was pressed under varying amounts of pressure between paper towels, repeatedly, until mostly dry by touch.
• the film was then placed between aluminum foil sheets and pressed at 10,000 lb for 5 minutes.
• the resulting film was dried under high vacuum at room temperature for 24 hours.
• Limiting Oxygen Index is the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as a volume percent, in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support the flaming combustion of a material initially at room temperature under the conditions of ASTM G125 / D2863.
• LOI was measured using a modified ASTM method (ASTM D 2863) to allow for rapid screening of the samples. Films were mounted in sample holder which was inserted in the LOI apparatus and covered with a glass chimney. The oxygen content within the glass chimney was controlled digitally. The film was exposed to a flame, and the oxygen level in the chimney was increased until the sample burns. The LOI of any given sample was measured at the point at which candle-like burning can be sustained.
• Isophthalic acid IA. 5 molar equivalents of oleum used.
• 2,6-Naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (0.5053 g, Aldrich 99%) was added to 27.9g of 18.7 % oleum.
• the material was heated to 130°C and reacted with stirring by magenetic bar for 30 minutes. The reaction was removed from heat and allowed to cool to room temperature. 1 H NMR spectrum and LC/MS were performed and indicate that the desired sulfonated products were formed. A saturated solution of the
• Fibers were made from the polymer of Example 1 using the following procedure.
• the fibers were spun from sulfuric acid solutions with a concentration of 7.2 wt % (15 mol% NDA) POD co-polymer.
• the solution was delivered by a gear pump through a spinneret with 10 holes having diameter of 0.005".
• the volumetric flow rate of spinning solution was 1 .8 mL/min.
• the fiber was extruded directly into a coagulation bath filled with a room temperature solution that was 56 wt. % sulfuric acid.
• the fiber emerged from the coagulation bath through a ceramic guide into a wash bath of room temperature solution of NaOH in water maintained at a pH -12.0.
• the fiber was wrapped around two speed- controlled driven rolls and then drawn 400%. Three wraps were usually made around each roll.
• the fiber was wound onto a phenolic core.
• the wound fiber bobbins were then washed in de-ionized water and air dried at room temperature in a series
• Fibers were made from the polymer of Example 2 using the following procedure.
• the fibers were spun from sulfuric acid solutions with a concentration of 7.8 wt % (20 mol% NDA) POD co-polymer.
• the solution was delivered by a gear pump through a spinneret with 20 holes having diameter of 0.005".
• the volumetric flow rate of spinning solution was 1 .8 mL/min.
• the fiber was extruded directly into a coagulation bath filled with a room temperature solution that was 58 wt. % sulfuric acid.
• the fiber emerged from the coagulation bath through a ceramic guide into a wash bath of room temperature solution of NaOH in water maintained at a pH -12.0.
• the fiber was wrapped around two speed- controlled driven rolls and then drawn 340%. Three wraps were usually made around each roll.
• the fiber was wound onto a phenolic core.
• the wound fiber bobbins were then washed in de-ionized water and air dried at room temperature in a
• the mixture was further heated to 70 °C for 15 minutes, and then to 100-130 °C for 60 minutes, it took -5-10 minutes to increase the heat.
• the solution was removed leaving the fiber behind in the flask.
• the fiber was then washed with hot de-ionized water (-70 °C), and again with room temperature de-ionized water.
• a solution of MERPOL® HCS 0.061 g of a 0.1 wt% solution
• de-ionized water 50g
• the fiber was then washed with hot de-ionized water ( ⁇ 70°C) and room temperature de-ionized water sequentially.
• the fiber was wrapped in a Sontara® SPSTM towel to dry. Fibers were analyzed by cross-section. Images indicate distribution of each dye to the core of the fiber. (Fibers dyed at lower concentration of dye showed dye penetration to the core, but the absence of dye around the sheath; fibers dyed at higher concentrations of dye showed uniform dye penetration.) Dye test without using carrier
• the mixture was further heated to 70 °C for 15 minutes, and then to 100-130 °C for 60 minutes, it took -5-10 minutes to increase the heat.
• the solution was removed leaving the fiber behind in the flask.
• the fiber was then washed with hot de-ionized water (-70 °C), and again with room temperature de-ionized water.
• a solution of MERPOL® HCS 0.061 g of a 0.1 wt% solution
• de-ionized water 50g
• the fiber was then washed with hot de-ionized water (-70 °C) and room temperature de-ionized water sequentially.
• the fiber was wrapped in a Sontara® SPSTM towel to dry. Fibers were analyzed by cross-section. Images indicate distribution of each dye to the core of the fiber. (Fibers dyed at lower concentration of dye showed dye penetration to the core, but the absence of dye around the sheath; fibers dyed at higher concentrations of dye showed uniform dye penetration.)
• the mixture was further heated to 70 °C for 15 minutes, and then to 25-100 °C for 60 minutes, it took -5-10 minutes to increase the heat.
• the solution was removed leaving the fiber behind in the flask.
• the fiber was then washed with hot de-ionized water ( ⁇ 70°C), and again with room temperature de-ionized water.
• a solution of MERPOL® HCS 0.061 g of a 0.1 wt% solution
• de-ionized water 50g
• the fiber was then washed with hot de-ionized water (-70 °C) and room temperature de-ionized water sequentially.
• the fiber was wrapped in a Sontara® SPSTM towel to dry. Fibers were analyzed by cross-section. Images indicate distribution of each dye to the core of the fiber. (Fibers dyed at lower concentration of dye showed dye penetration to the core, but the absence of dye around the sheath; fibers dyed at higher concentrations of dye showed uniform dye penetration.)
• POD-NDA yarns were then separated into single filaments and mounted to a cardboard frame to provide full exposure to light.
• the cardboard frames were placed into a Xe arc chamber and the test was conducted for 96 hrs following AATCC 16E: Colorfastness to Light standardized test. Filaments were conditioned at 70F & 60% humidity for 18 hrs.
• This example illustrates flame-resistant spun yarns and fabrics of intimate blends of the NDA-POD fiber from Example 25 and a textile staple fiber having limiting oxygen index of 24 or greater and a tenacity of about 4 grams per denier or greater, such as poly(meta-phenylene isophthalamide) (MPD-I) fiber available from E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company under the trademark Nomex® fiber.
• MPD-I poly(meta-phenylene isophthalamide)
• a picker blend sliver of 50 weight percent of NDA-POD staple fiber and 50 weight percent of MPD-I staple fiber is prepared and processed by conventional cotton system equipment and spun into a flame resistant spun staple yarn having a twist multiplier of about 4.0 and a single yarn size of about 21 tex (28 cotton count) using a ring spinning frame. Two such single yarns are then plied on a plying machine to make a two-ply flame resistant yarn for use as a fabric warp yarn. Using the same blend and a similar process, including the same twist and blend ratio, a 24 tex (24 cotton count) singles yarn is made, and two of these single yarns are plied to form a two-ply flame resistant yarn for use as a fabric fill yarn.
• Both of these two-ply warp and two-ply fill yarns have a tenacity greater than the tenacity of a two-ply 100% NDA-POD staple fiber yarn made under similar conditions, i. e., the two-ply yarns have a tenacity of at least 3 grams per denier (2.7 grams per dtex).
• the ring-spun warp and fill yarns are woven into a fabric on a shuttle loom, making a greige fabric having a 2x1 twill weave and a construction of 26 ends x 17 picks per cm (72 ends x 52 picks per inch), and a basis weight of about 215 g/m 2 (6.5 oz/yd 2 ).
• the greige twill fabric is then scoured in hot water and is dried under low tension.
• the scoured fabric is then jet dyed using basic dye.
• the resulting fabric has a basis weight of about 231 g/m 2 (7 oz/yd 2 ) and an LOI in excess of 28.
• a portion of the fabric is cut into various shapes and the shapes are sewn together to convert the fabric into single-layer protective garments useful for those exposed to thermal hazards.
• ring-spun yarns, and associated fabric and garment are made from 100% NDA-POD staple fiber as a control.
• Table 2 illustrates the properties of the resulting fabric and garments. A “+” indicates superior properties to those of the control, while the notation "0" indicates the performance of the control or performance equivalent to the control.
• This example illustrates flame-resistant spun yarns and fabrics of intimate blends of the NDA-POD fiber from Example 24 and a modacrylic fiber, such as modacrylic fiber made by Kaneka Corporation under the trademark of Protex C®.
• a picker blend sliver of 65 weight percent of NDA-POD staple fiber and 35 weight percent of modacrylic staple fiber is prepared and processed by the conventional cotton system equipment and spun into a flame resistant spun staple yarn having a twist multiplier of about 4.0 and a single yarn size of about 21 tex (28 cotton count) using a ring spinning frame. Two such single yarns are then plied on a plying machine to make a two-ply flame resistant yarn for use as a fabric warp yarn. Using the same blend and a similar process, and the same twist and blend ratio, a 24 tex (24 cotton count) singles yarn is made, and two of these single yarns are plied to form a two-ply flame resistant yarn for use as a fabric fill yarn.
• Both of these two-ply warp and two-ply fill yarns have a tenacity greater than the tenacity of a two-ply 100% NDA-POD staple fiber yarn made under similar conditions, i. e., the two-ply yarns have a tenacity of at least 3 grams per denier (2.7 grams per dtex).
• the ring-spun warp and fill yarns are woven into a fabric on a shuttle loom, making a greige fabric having a 2x1 twill weave and a construction of 26 ends x 17 picks per cm (72 ends x 52 picks per inch), and a basis weight of about 215 g/m 2 (6.5 oz/yd 2 ).
• the greige twill fabric is then scoured in hot water and is dried under low tension.
• the scoured fabric is then jet dyed using basic dye.
• the resulting fabric has a basis weight of about 231 g/m 2 (7 oz/yd 2 ) and an LOI in excess of 28.
• a portion of the fabric is cut into various shapes and the shapes are sewn together to convert the fabric into single-layer protective garments useful for those exposed to thermal hazards.
• ring-spun yarns, and associated fabric and garment are made from 100% N DA-POD staple fiber as a control.
• Table 3 illustrates the properties of the resulting fabric and garments. A “+” indicates superior properties to those of the control, while the notation "0" indicates the performance of the control or performance equivalent to the control.
• This example illustrates flame-resistant spun yarns and fabrics of intimate blends of the NDA-POD fiber from Example 25 and a fiber having high modulus, specifically a tensile modulus of 200 grams per denier or greater, such as poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide) (PPD-T) fiber available from E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company under the trademark Kevlar® fiber.
• PPD-T poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide)
• a picker blend sliver of 85 weight percent of the NDA-POD staple fiber and 15 weight percent of PPD-T staple fiber is prepared and processed by conventional cotton system equipment and spun into a flame resistant spun staple yarn having a twist multiplier of about 4.0 and a single yarn size of about 21 tex (28 cotton count) using a ring spinning frame.
• Two such single yarns are then plied on a plying machine to make a two-ply flame resistant yarn for use as a fabric warp yarn Using the same blend and a similar process, including the same twist and blend ratio, a 24 tex (24 cotton count) singles yarn is made, and two of these single yarns are plied to form a two-ply flame resistant yarn for use as a fabric fill yarn.
• Both of these two-ply warp and two-ply fill yarns have a tenacity greater than the tenacity of a two-ply 100% NDA-POD staple fiber yarn made under similar conditions, i. e., the two-ply yarns have a tenacity of at least 3 grams per denier (2.7 grams per dtex).
• the ring-spun warp and fill yarns are woven into a fabric on a shuttle loom, making a greige fabric having a 2x1 twill weave and a construction of 26 ends x 17 picks per cm (72 ends x 52 picks per inch), and a basis weight of about 215 g/m 2 (6.5 oz/yd 2 ).
• the greige twill fabric is then scoured in hot water and is dried under low tension.
• the scoured fabric is then jet dyed using basic dye.
• the resulting fabric has a basis weight of about 231 g/m 2 (7 oz yd 2 ) and an LOI in excess of 28.
• a portion of the fabric is cut into various shapes and the shapes are sewn together to convert the fabric into single-layer protective garments useful for those exposed to thermal hazards.
• ring-spun yarns, and associated fabric and garment are made from 100% NDA-POD staple fiber as a control.
• Table 4 illustrates the properties of the resulting fabric and garments. A “+” indicates superior properties to those of the control, while the notation "0" indicates the performance of the control or performance equivalent to the control.
• Example 29 is repeated, except the picker blend sliver contains 40 weight percent of the NDA-POD staple fiber and 60 weight percent of the PPD-T staple fiber. As in Example 29, ring-spun yarns, and associated fabric and garment are made from 100% NDA-POD staple fiber as a control.
• Table 5 illustrates the properties of the resulting fabric and garments. A “+” indicates superior properties to those of the control, while the notation "0" indicates the performance of the control or performance equivalent to the control. Table 5
• Example 29 is repeated, except the picker blend sliver contains 60 weight percent of the NDA-POD staple fiber and 40 weight percent of the FR rayon. As in Example 29, ring-spun yarns, and associated fabric and garment are made from 100% NDA-POD staple fiber as a control.
• Table 6 illustrates the properties of the resulting fabric and garments. A “+” indicates superior properties to those of the control, while the notation "0" indicates the performance of the control or performance equivalent to the control.

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