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  • C07C321/24—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides, or polysulfides having thio groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
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  • C09K19/10—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings
  • C09K19/20—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms as chain links, e.g. esters or ethers
  • C09K19/2007—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms as chain links, e.g. esters or ethers the chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups
  • C09K19/2014—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms as chain links, e.g. esters or ethers the chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups containing additionally a linking group other than -COO- or -OCO-, e.g. -CH2-CH2-, -CH=CH-, -C=C-; containing at least one additional carbon atom in the chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups, e.g. -(CH2)m-COO-(CH2)n-
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  • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
  • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
  • C09K19/10—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings
  • C09K19/28—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a chain containing carbon and sulfur atoms as chain links, e.g. thioesters
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  • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
  • C09K19/3066—Cyclohexane rings in which the rings are linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms, e.g. esters or ethers
  • C09K19/3068—Cyclohexane rings in which the rings are linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms, e.g. esters or ethers chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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  • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
  • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
  • C09K2019/0444—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group

Definitions

• the invention relates to bimesogenic compounds of formula I wherein R 11 , R 12 , MG 11 , MG 12 and Sp 1 have the meaning given herein below, to the use of bimesogenic compounds of formula I in liquid crystal media and particular to flexoelectric liquid crystal devices comprising a liquid crystal medium according to the present invention.
• LCDs Liquid Crystal Displays
• TN twisted nematic
• the super twisted nematic (STN)-mode and more recently the optically compensated bend (OCB)-mode and the electrically controlled birefringence (ECB)-mode with their various modifications, as e. g. the vertically aligned nematic (VAN), the patterned ITO vertically aligned nematic (PVA)-, the polymer stabilized vertically aligned nematic (PSVA)- mode and the multi domain vertically aligned nematic (MVA)-mode, as well as others, have been increasingly used. All these modes use an electrical field, which is substantially perpendicular to the substrates, respectively to the liquid crystal layer.
• VAN vertically aligned nematic
• PVA patterned ITO vertically aligned nematic
• PSVA polymer stabilized vertically aligned nematic
• MVA multi domain vertically aligned nematic
• electro-optical modes employing an electrical field substantially parallel to the substrates, respectively the liquid crystal layer, like e.g. the In Plane Switching (short IPS) mode (as disclosed e.g. in DE 40 00 451 and EP 0 588 568) and the Fringe Field Switching (FFS) mode.
• the latter mentioned electro-optical modes which have good viewing angle properties and improved response times, are increasingly used for LCDs for modern desktop monitors and even for displays for TV and for multimedia applications and thus are competing with the TN-LCDs.
• new display modes using cholesteric liquid crystals having a relatively short cholesteric pitch have been proposed for use in displays exploiting the so called "flexo-electric" effect.
• liquid crystal means a compound that under suitable conditions of temperature, pressure and concentration can exist as a mesophase (nematic, smectic, etc.) or in particular as a LC phase.
• mesophase nematic, smectic, etc.
• Non- amphiphilic mesogenic compounds comprise for example one or more calamitic, banana-shaped or discotic mesogenic groups.
• the pitch induced by the chiral substance (Po) is in a first approximation inversely proportional to the concentration (c) of the chiral material used.
• the constant of proportionality of this relation is called the helical twisting power (HTP) of the chirai substance and defined by equation (1)
• c concentration of the chiral compound.
• the uniform lying helix texture is realized using a chiral nematic liquid crystal with a short pitch, typically in the range from 0.2 pm to 1 ⁇ , preferably of 1.0 pm or less, in particular of 0.5 pm or less, which is unidirectional aligned with its helical axis parallel to the substrates, e. g. glass plates, of a liquid crystal cell.
• the helical axis of the chiral nematic liquid crystal is equivalent to the optical axis of a birefringent plate.
• the optical axis is rotated in the plane of the cell, similar as the director of a ferroelectric liquid crystal rotate as in a surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display.
• the flexoelectric effect is characterized by fast response times typically ranging from 6 ps to 100 ps. It further features excellent grey scale capability.
• the angle of the rotation of the axis is in first approximation directly and linearly proportional to the strength of the electrical field.
• the optical effect is best seen when the liquid crystal cell is placed between crossed polarizers with the optical axis in the unpowered state at an angle of 22.5° to the absorption axis of one of the polarizers.
• This angle of 22.5° is also the ideal angle of rotation of the electric field, as thus, by the inversion the electrical field, the optical axis is rotated by 45° and by appropriate selection of the relative orientations of the preferred direction of the axis of the helix, the absorption axis of the polarizer and the direction of the electric field, the optical axis can be switched from parallel to one polarizer to the center angle between both polarizers. The optimum contrast is then achieved when the total angle of the switching of the optical axis is 45°. In that case the arrangement can be used as a switchable quarter wave plate, provided the optical retardation, i. e. the product of the effective birefringence of the liquid crystal and the cell gap, is selected to be the quarter of the wave length.
• the wavelength referred to is 550 nm, the wavelength for which the sensitivity of the human eye is highest, unless explicitly stated otherwise.
• E is the electrical field strength
• e / K is called the flexo-elastic ratio.
• This angle of rotation is half the switching angle in a flexoelectric switching element.
• ⁇ is the effective viscosity coefficient associated with the distortion of the helix.
• ⁇ is the permittivity of vacuum
• ⁇ is the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal.
• a relatively new display mode the so-called uniformly standing helix (USH) mode, may be considered as an alternative mode to succeed the
• IPS as it can show improved black levels, even compared to other display mode providing wide viewing angles (e.g. IPS, VA etc).
• bimesogenic liquid crystal materials For the USH mode, like for the ULH mode, flexoelectric switching has been proposed, using bimesogenic liquid crystal materials. Bimesogenic compounds are known in general from prior art (cf. also Hori, K., limuro, M., Nakao, A., Toriumi, H., J. Mol. Struc. 2004, 699, 23-29). The term "bimesogenic compound” relates to compounds comprising two
• mesogenic groups in the molecule Just like normal mesogens they can form many mesophases, depending on their structure.
• compounds of formula I induce a second nematic phase, when added to a nematic liquid crystal medium.
• mesogenic group means in this context, a group with the ability to induce liquid crystal (LC) phase behaviour.
• the compounds comprising mesogenic groups do not necessarily have to exhibit an LC phase themselves. It is also possible that they show LC phase behaviour only in mixtures with other compounds.
• liquid crystal is used hereinafter for both mesogenic and LC materials.
• birefringence ( ⁇ ) should be optimized for the optical mode.
• the birefringence ⁇ herein is defined in equation (5)
• n a v. [(2 no 2 + n e 2 )/3] /2 (6)
• the extraordinary refractive index n e and the ordinary refractive index n 0 can be measured using an Abbe refractometer. ⁇ can then be calculated from equation (5).
• d is the cell gap
• ⁇ is the wave length of light is satisfied.
• the allowance of deviation for the right hand side of equation (7) is +/- 3 %.
• the wave length of light generally referred to in this application is 550 nm, unless explicitly specified otherwise.
• the cell gap of the cells preferably is in the range from 1 pm to 20 pm, in particular within the range from 2.0 pm to 10 pm.
• the dielectric anisotropy ( ⁇ ) should be as small as possible, to prevent unwinding of the helix upon application of the addressing voltage.
• ⁇ should be slightly higher than 0 and very preferably be 0.1 or more, but preferably 10 or less, more preferably 7 or less and most preferably 5 or less.
• dielectrically positive is used for compounds or components with ⁇ > 3.0, "dielectrically neutral” with -1 .5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 3.0 and "dielectrically negative" with ⁇ ⁇ -1 .5.
• ⁇ is determined at a frequency of 1 kHz and at 20 °C.
• the dielectric anisotropy of the respective compound is determined from the results of a solution of 10 % of the respective individual compound in a nematic host mixture. In case the solubility of the respective compound in the host medium is less than 10 % its concentration is reduced by a factor of 2 until the resultant medium is stable enough at least to allow the determination of its properties. Preferably the concentration is kept at least at 5 %, however, in order to keep the significance of the results a high as possible.
• the capacitance of the test mixtures are determined both in a cell with homeotropic and with homogeneous alignment. The cell gap of both types of cells is approximately 20 ⁇ .
• the voltage applied is a rectangular wave with a frequency of 1 kHz and a root mean square value typically of 0.5 V to 1.0 V, however, it is always selected to be below the capacitive threshold of the respective test mixture.
• ⁇ is defined as ( ⁇
• the dielectric permittivity of the compounds is determined from the change of the respective values of a host medium upon addition of the compounds of interest. The values are extrapolated to a concentration of the compounds of interest of 100 %.
• a typical The host mixture is disclosed in H.J. Coles et al., J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 034104 and has the composition given in the table.
• the media have to exhibit a suitably wide range of the nematic phase, a rather small rotational viscosity and an at least moderately high specific resistivity.
• One aim of the invention was to provide improved flexoelectric devices that exhibit high switching angles and fast response times.
• Another aim was to provide liquid crystal materials with advantageous properties, in particular for use in flexoelectric displays that enable good uniform alignment over the entire area of the display cell without the use of a mechanical shearing process, good contrast, high switching angles and fast response times also at low temperatures.
• the liquid crystal materials should exhibit low melting points, broad chiral nematic phase ranges, short temperature independent pitch lengths and high flexoelectric coefficients.
• Other aims of the present invention are immediately evident to the person skilled in the art from the following detailed description.
• bimesogenic compounds when used in chiral nematic liquid crystal mixtures, lead to low melting points, broad chiral nematic phases. In particular, they exhibit relatively high values of the elastic constant kn, low values of the bend elastic constant k 3 3 and the flexoelectric coefficient.
• MG 1 and G 12 are each independently a mesogenic group, at least one of
• MG 11 and MG 12 comprises one, two or more 6-atomic rings, in case of comprising two or more 6-atomic rings at least two of these may be linked by a 2-atomic linking group, preferably selected from the group of linking groups -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -CH2-O-, -O-CH2-, -CF2-O- and
• 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11 is a group selected from -CO-S-, -S-CO-, -CS-S-, -S-CS-, -CO-S-, -S-CO-S-, -S-CS-S- and -S-, preferably -CO-S-, -S-CO- or -S-, most preferably -CO-S- and -S-CO-.
• -S-CO-Sp 1 -CO-S- Preferably is -S-CO-Sp 1 -CO-S-, -S-CO-Sp 1 -S- or -S-Sp 1 -S-, more preferably -S-CO-Sp 1 -CO-S-.
• H atoms in -(CH 2 ) n - may independently of each other optionally be replaced by F or CH 3 .
• Preferred compounds of formula I are compounds in which MG 1 and MG 12 are independently from one another a group of (partial) formula II wherein
• a 11 and A 12 are each independently in each occurrence 1 ,4- phenylene, wherein in addition one or more CH groups may be replaced by N, trans-1 ,4-cyclo-hexylene in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH 2 groups may be replaced by O and/or S, ,4-cyclohexenylene, 1 ,4-bicyclo-(2,2,2)-octylene, piperidine-1 ,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, decahydro-naphthalene-2,6-diyl,
• alkoxycarbonyl groups with 1 to 7 C atoms wherein one or more H atoms may be substituted by F or CI, preferably F, CI, CH 3 or CF 3> and k is 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 , 2 or 3 and, most
• mesogenic groups MG 11 and MG 12 at each occurrence independently from each other comprise one, two or three six-membered rings, preferably two or three six-membered rings.
• Phe in these groups is 1 ,4-phenylene
• PheL is a 1 ,4-phenylene group which is substituted by 1 to 4 groups L, with L being preferably F, CI, CN, OH, NO 2 or an optionally fluorinated alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyi group with 1 to 7 C atoms, very preferably F, CI, CN, OH, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5l COCH 3 , COC 2 H 5 , COOCH 3 , COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , OCF 3> OCHF2, OC 2 F 5) in particular F, CI, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , COCH 3 and OCF 3 , most preferably F, CI, CH 3 , OCH 3 and COCH 3 and Cyc is 1 ,4
• Cyc is 1 ,4-cyclohexlene, preferably trans-1 ,4-cyclohexlene, Phe is 1 ,4-phenylene,
• PheL is 1 ,4-phenylene, which is substituted by one, two or
• Z 11 has one of the meanings of Z 11 as given under partial formula II, at least one is preferably selected from -COO-, -OCO-, -0-CO-0-, -OCH 2 -, -CH 2 O-, -OCF 2 - or -CF2O-. Particularly preferred are the sub-formulae 11-1 , II-4, II-5, II-7, II-8, 11-14, Ills, 11-16, 11-17, 11-18 and 11-19.
• Z in each case independently has one of the meanings of Z 11 as given under formula i.
• Z is
• At least one of the mesogenic groups MG 1 and MG 12 is, and preferably both of them are each and independently, selected from the following formulae I la to I In (the two reference Nos. "II i" and “II I” being deliberately omitted to avoid any confusion) and their mirror images wherein
• L is in each occurrence independently of each other F or CI, preferably F and r is in each occurrence independently of each other 0, 1 , 2 or 3, preferably 0, 1 or 2.
• R 11 and R 2 are preferably alkyl with up to 15 C atoms or alkoxy with 2 to 15 C atoms.
• R 11 or R 12 is an alkyl or alkoxy radical, i.e. where the terminal CH 2 group is replaced by -O-, this may be straight-chain or branched. It is preferably straight-chain, has 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms and accordingly is preferably ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy or octoxy, furthermore methyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, nonoxy, decoxy, undecoxy, dodecoxy, tridecoxy or tetradecoxy, for example.
• R 11 and R 12 are selected from CN, N0 2 , halogen, OCH 3 , OCN, SCN, COR x , COOR* or a mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy group with 1 to 4 C atoms.
• R x is optionally fluorinated alkyl with 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 3 C atoms.
• Halogen is preferably F or CI.
• R 1 and R 12 in formula I are selected of H, F, CI, CN, N0 2) OCH3, COCH3, COC 2 H 5 , COOCH 3 , COOC2H5, CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , and OC 2 F 5 , in particular of H, F, CI, CN, OCH 3 and OCF 3 , especially of H, F, CN and OCF 3.
• compounds of formula I containing an achiral branched group R 1 and/or R 12 may occasionally be of importance, for example, due to a reduction in the tendency towards crystallisation. Branched groups of this type generally do not contain more than one chain branch.
• the spacer group Sp 1 is preferably a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 , 3 or 5 to 40 C atoms, in particular 1, 3 or 5 to 25 C atoms, very preferably 1 , 3 or 5 to 15 C atoms, and most preferably 5 to 15 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent and non-terminal CH 2 groups may be replaced by -0-, -S-, -NH-, -N(CH 3 )-, -CO-, -O-CO-, -S-CO-, -O-COO-, -CO-S-, -CO-O-, -CH(halogen)-, -CH(CN)-,
• -CH CH- or -C ⁇ C-.
• Terminal CH 2 groups are those directly bonded to the mesogenic groups. Accordingly, "non-terminal" CH 2 groups are not directly bonded to the mesogenic groups MG 11 and MG 12 .
• Typical spacer groups are for example -(CH2) 0 -, -(CH 2 CH2O) p -CH2CH2-, with o being an integer from 5 to 40, in particular from 5 to 25, very preferably from 5 to 15, and p being an integer from 1 to 8, in particular 1 , 2, 3 or 4.
• Preferred spacer groups are pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, octadecylene,
• Straight-chain alkylene groups are especially preferred.
• spacer groups which are straight-chain alkylene with odd numbers of C atoms, preferably a having 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13 or 15 C atoms, very preferred are straight-chain alkylene spacers having 7, 9, and 1 C atoms.
• the spacer groups are straight-chain alkylenes with even numbers of C atoms, preferably having 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 C atoms.
• This embodiment is particularly preferred if one of X and X 12 consists of one atom, i.e. is -S- or -O-,_or of three atoms, e.g. is -S-CO-, -S-CO-S- or -S-CS-S-, and the other does not consist of one or three C atoms.
• Very preferred are deuterated straight-chain alkylene groups.
• Most preferred are partially deuterated straight-chain alkylene groups.
• compounds of formula I wherein R 1 -MG 11 - X 11 - and R 12 -MG 12 - X 12 - in formula I are identical to each other.
• Preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the group of compounds of formulae IA to IE, preferably of formulae IA and/or IC,
• R 1 and R 2 are independently from each other as defined above, including the preferred meanings of these groups, preferably R 11 is F or CN, preferably R 12 is OCF 3 , CF 3 , F or CN, more preferably F or CN and most preferably CN and wherein L is in each occurrence independently of each other F, CI or preferably F or CI, most preferably F.
• Particularly preferred compounds are selected from the group of formulae given above, which bear 0, 2 or 4 F atoms in lateral positions (i.e. as L).
• R 11 is OCF 3 and R 2 is OCF 3 , F or CN, preferably OCF 3 or CN and most preferably CN.
• the compounds of formula I can be synthesized according to or in analogy to methods which are known per se and which are described in standard works of organic chemistry such as, for example, Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart. A preferred method of preparation can be taken from the following synthesis schemes.
• the compounds of formula I are preferably accessible according to the following general reaction schemes.
• n is an integer of 3 or from 5 to 15, preferably 5, 7 or 9
• R independently in each occurrence has one of the meanings given for R 11 and in the second occurrence alternativeiy may have one of the additional meanings given for R 12 including the preferred meanings of these groups, and the conditions of the successive reactions are as follows:
• All phenylene moieties shown in this scheme and in the following schemes may independently of each other be optionally bearing one, two or three, preferably one or two, F atoms or one CI atom or one CI and one F atom.
• n is an integer of 3 or from 5 to 15, preferably 5, 7 or 9 and the conditions of the successive reactions are as follows:
• n is an integer of 3 or from 5 to 15, preferably 5, 7 or 9 and the conditions of the successive reactions are as follows:
• Another object of the invention is the use of bimesogenic compounds of formula I in liquid crystalline media.
• liquid crystal mixtures comprising the new and inventive bimesogenic compounds of formula I show also a novel mesophase that being assigned as a second nematic phase. This mesophase exists at a lower temperature than the original nematic liquid crystalline phase and has been observed in the unique mixture concepts presented by this application.
• the bimesogenic compounds of formula I according to the present invention allow the second nematic phase to be induced in
• the invention thus relates to a liquid-crystalline medium which comprises at least one compound of the formula I.
• R 11 and R 12 in formula I are selected of H, F, CI, CN, N0 2 ,
• OCH 3 COCH3, COC 2 H 5 , COOCH3, COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , OCF3, OCHF2, and OC 2 F 5 , in particular of H, F, CI, CN, OCH 3 and OCF 3 , especially of H, F, CN and OCF 3.
• Typical spacer groups are for example -(CFb , -(CH2CH20) P -CH 2 CH2-, with o being 1 , 3 or an integer from 5 to 40, in particular from 1 , 3 or 5 to 25, very preferably from 5 to 15, and p being an integer from 1 to 8, in particular 1 , 2, 3 or 4.
• R -MG 12 -X 12 - in formula I are identical.
• the media according to the invention preferably comprise one, two, three, four or more, preferably one, two or three, compounds of the formula I.
• the amount of compounds of formula I in the liquid crystalline medium is preferably from 1 to 50 %, in particular from 5 to 40 %, very preferably 10 to 30 % by weight of the total mixture.
• the liquid crystalline medium according to the present invention comprises additionally one or more compounds of formula III, like those or similar to those known from GB 2 356 629.
• R 31 -MG 31 -X 31 -Sp 3 -X 32 -MG 32 -R 32 III wherein
• MG 31 and MG 32 are each independently a mesogenic group
• X 31 and X 32 are each independently -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-,
• the mesogenic groups MG 3 and MG 32 are preferably selected of formula II.
• R 31 -MG 31 -X 31 - and R 32 -MG 32 -X 32 - are identical.
• Another preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to compounds of formula III wherein R 31 -MG 31 -X 31 - and R 32 -MG 32 -X 32 - are different.
• mesogenic groups MG 31 and MG 32 comprise one, two or three six-membered rings very preferably are the mesogenic groups selected from formula II as listed below.
• MG 31 and MG 32 in formula III are particularly preferred are the subformulae 11-1 , II-4, II-6, 11-7, 11-13, 11-14, 11-15, 11-16, 11-17 and 11-18.
• Z in each case independently has one of the meanings of Z 1 as given in formula II.
• Z is -COO-, -OCO-, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -C ⁇ C- or a single bond.
• the mesogenic groups MG 31 and MG 32 are selected from the formulae lla to Ho and their mirror images.
• R 31 and R 32 are preferably alkyl with up to 15 C atoms or alkoxy with 2 to 15 C atoms.
• R 31 or R 32 is an alkyl or alkoxy radical, i.e. where the terminal CH2 group is replaced by -0-, this may be straight-chain or branched. It is preferably straight-chain, has 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms and accordingly is preferably ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, or octoxy, furthermore methyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, nonoxy, decoxy, undecoxy, dodecoxy, tridecoxy or tetradecoxy, for example.
• R 31 and R 32 are selected from CN, N0 2 , halogen, OCH 3 , OCN, SCN, COR x , COOR x or a mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy group with 1 to 4 C atoms.
• R x is optionally fluorinated alkyl with 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 3 C atoms.
• Halogen is preferably F or CI.
• R 3 and R 32 in formula III are selected of F, CI, CN, N0 2 , OCH 3 , COCH3, COC2H5, COOCH3, COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , and OC 2 F 5 , in particular of F, CI, CN, OCH 3 and OCF 3 .
• the spacer group Sp 3 in formula III all groups can be used that are known for this purpose to the skilled in the art.
• Typical spacer groups are for example -(CH 2 ) 0 -, -(CH 2 CH 2 O) p -CH 2 CH 2 -,
• Preferred spacer groups are pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, octadecylene,
• Straight-chain alkylene groups are especially preferred.
• the chiral compounds of formula III comprise at least one spacer group Sp 1 that is a chiral group of the formula IV.
• X 31 and X 32 in formula III denote preferably -0-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -O-CO-O- or a single bond. Particularly preferred are the following compounds selected from formulae 111-1 to III-4:
• Z 31 , R 32 have the meaning given under formula III
• Z 31 and Z 31" ' are defined as Z 31 and Z 32 and Z 32" ' are respectively the reverse groups of Z 31 and Z 32"1 in formula III and o and r are independently at each
• L is in each occurrence independently of each other preferably F, CI, CN, OH, O 2 or an optionally fluorinated alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl group with 1 to 7 C atoms, very preferably F, CI, CN, OH, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5) COCH3, COC2H5, COOCH3, COOC2H5, CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , OC 2 F 5 , in particular F, CI, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , COCH 3 13 001772
• OCF 3 most preferably F, CI, CH 3 , OCH 3 and COCH 3 and from which compounds of formula I are excluded.
• Particularly preferred mixtures according to the invention comprise one or more compounds of the formulae lll-1a to 111-1 e and lll-3a to lll-3b.
• liquid crystalline medium is consisting of 2 to 25, preferably 3 to 15 compounds of formula III.
• the amount of compounds of formula III in the liquid crystalline medium is preferably from 10 to 95 %, in particular from 15 to 90 %, very preferably 20 to 85 % by weight of the total mixture.
• the proportion of compounds of the formulae 111-1 a and/or lll-1 b and/or lll-1c and/or lll-1e and or lll-3a and/or lll-3b in the medium as a whole is preferably at least 70 % by weight.
• Particularly preferred media according to the invention comprise at least one or more chiral dopants which themselves do not necessarily have to show a liquid crystalline phase and give good uniform alignment themselves.
• chiral dopants selected from formula IV
• WO 98/00428 Especially preferred is the compound CD-1 , as shown in table D below.
• the compounds of formula V and their synthesis are described in GB 2,328,207.
• chiral dopants with a high helical twisting power (HTP) in particular those disclosed in WO 98/00428.
• chiral dopants are e.g. the commercially available R/S-5011 , CD-1 , R/S-811 and CB-15 (from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
• the liquid crystalline medium preferably comprises preferably 1 to 5, in particular 1 to 3, very preferably 1 or 2 chiral dopants, preferably selected from the above formula IV, in particular CD-1 , and/or formula V and/or R-5011 or S-5011 , very preferably the chiral compound is R-5011 , S-5011 or CD-1.
• the amount of chiral compounds in the liquid crystalline medium is preferably from 1 to 20 %, in particular from 1 to 15 %, very preferably 1 to 10 % by weight of the total mixture.
• liquid crystalline media comprising one or more additives selected from the following formula VI
• alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl or alkenyloxy with up to 12 C atoms wherein alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl or alkenyloxy with up to 12 C atoms
• L 1 through L 4 are each independently H or F, Z 2 is -COO-, -CH2CH2- or a single bond, m is 1 or 2
• R has one of the meanings of R 5 above and L 1 , L 2 and L 3 have the above meanings.
• the liquid crystalline medium preferably comprises preferably 1 to 5, in particular 1 to 3, very preferably 1 or 2, preferably selected from the above formulae Via to Vlf, very preferably from formulae Vlf.
• the amount of suitable additives of formula VI in the liquid crystalline medium is preferably from 1 to 20 %, in particular from 1 to 15 %, very preferably 1 to 10 % by weight of the total mixture.
• the liquid crystal media according to the present invention may contain further additives in usual concentrations.
• the total concentration of these further constituents is in the range of 0.1 % to 10 %, preferably 0.1 % to 6 %, based on the total mixture.
• the concentrations of the individual compounds used each are preferably in the range of 0.1 % to 3 %. The concentration of these and of similar additives is not taken into
• the liquid crystal media according to the present invention consists of several compounds, preferably of 3 to 30, more preferably of 4 to 20 and most preferably of 4 to 16 compounds. These compounds are mixed in conventional way. As a rule, the required amount of the compound used in the smaller amount is dissolved in the compound used in the greater amount. In case the temperature is above the clearing point of the compound used in the higher concentration, it is particularly easy to observe completion of the process of dissolution. It is, however, also possible to prepare the media by other conventional ways, e.g. using so called pre-mixtures, which can be e.g. homologous or eutectic mixtures of compounds or using so called multi-bottle-systems, the constituents of which are ready to use mixtures themselves. Particularly preferred mixture concepts are indicated below: (the acronyms used are explained in Table A).
• the mixtures according to the invention preferably comprise - one or more compounds of formula I in a total concentration in the range from 1 to 50 %, in particular from 5 to 40 %, very preferably 10 to 30 % by weight of the total mixture and/or - one or more compounds of formula III in a total concentration in the range from 10 to 95 %, in particular from 15 to 90 %, very preferably 20 to 85 % by weight of the total mixture, preferably these compounds are selected from formulae lll-1a to 111-1 e and lll-3a to lll-3b especially preferred they comprise
• N-PGI-ZI-n-Z-GP-N preferably N-PGI-ZI-7-Z-GP-N and/or N- PGI-ZI-9-Z-GP-N preferably in concentrations > 5 %, in particular 10-30 %, based on the mixture as a whole, and/or
• F-UIGI-ZI-n-Z-GU-F preferably F-UIGI-ZI-9-Z-GU-F, preferably in concentrations > 5 %, in particular 10-30 %, based on the mixture as a whole, and/or
• F-PGI-O-n-O-PP-N preferably F-PGI-O-9- ⁇ - ⁇ -, preferably in concentrations of > 1 %, in particular 1-20 %, based on the mixture as a whole, and/or
• N-PP-O-n-O-PG-OT preferably N-PP-O-7-O-PG-OT, preferably in concentrations of > 5 %, in particular 5-30 %, based on the mixture as a whole, and/or
• N-PP-O-n-O-GU-F preferably N-PP-O-9-O-GU-F, preferably in concentrations of > 1 %, in particular 1-20 %, based on the mixture as a whole
• F-PGI-O-n-O-GP-F preferably F-PGI-O-7-O-GP-F and/or F- PGI-0-9-0-GP-F preferably in concentrations of > 1 %, in particular 1-20 %, based on the mixture as a whole, and/or
• N-GIGIGI-n-GGG-N in particular N-GIGIGI-9-GGG-N, preferably in concentration > 5 %, in particular 10-30 %, based on the mixture as a whole, and/or
• N-PGI-n-GP-N preferably N-PGI-9-GP-N, preferably in
• PP-n-N preferably in concentrations of > 1 %, in particular 1-20 %, based on the mixture as a whole, and/or one or more chiral compounds preferably in a total concentration in the range from 1 to 20 %, in particular from 1 to 15 %, very preferably 1 to 10 % by weight of the total mixture, preferably these compounds are selected from formula IV, V, and R-5011 or S-501 , especially preferred they comprise
• bimesogenic compounds of formula I and the liquid crystalline media comprising them can be used in liquid crystal displays, such as STN, TN, AMD-TN, temperature compensation, guest-host, phase change or surface stabilized or polymer stabilized cholesteric texture (SSCT, PSCT) displays, in particular in flexoelectric devices, in active and passive optical elements like polarizers, compensators, reflectors, alignment layers, color filters or holographic elements, in adhesives, synthetic resins with
• Another object of the present invention is a flexoelectric display comprising one or more compounds of formula I or comprising a liquid crystal medium comprising one or more compounds of formula I.
• inventive bimesogenic compounds of formula I and the mixtures thereof can be aligned in their cholesteric phase into different states of orientation by methods that are known to the expert, such as surface treatment or electric fields. For example, they can be aligned into the planar (Grandjean) state, into the focal conic state or into the homeotropic state.
• Inventive compounds of formula I comprising polar groups with a strong dipole moment can further be subjected to flexoelectric switching, and can thus be used in electrooptical switches or liquid crystal displays.
• the sample is placed into a cell comprising two plane-parallel glass plates coated with electrode layers, e.g. ITO layers, and aligned in its cholesteric phase into a planar state wherein the axis of the cholesteric helix is oriented normal to the cell walls.
• This state is also known as Grandjean state, and the texture of the sample, which is observable e.g. in a polarization microscope, as Grandjean texture.
• Planar alignment can be achieved e.g. by surface treatment of the cell walls, for example by rubbing and/or coating with an alignment layer such as polyimide.
• a Grandjean state with a high quality of alignment and only few defects can further be achieved by heating the sample to the isotropic phase, subsequently cooling to the chiral nematic phase at a temperature close to the chiral nematic-isotropic phase transition, and rubbing the cell.
• the sample shows selective reflection of incident light, with the central wavelength of reflection depending on the helical pitch and the mean refractive index of the material.
• an electric field is applied to the electrodes, for example with a frequency from 10 Hz to 1 kHz, and an amplitude of up to 12 Vrms um
• the sample is being switched into a homeotropic state where the helix is unwound and the molecules are oriented parallel to the field, i.e. normal to the plane of the electrodes.
• the sample In the homeotropic state, the sample is transmissive when viewed in normal daylight, and appears black when being put between crossed polarizers.
• the sample Upon reduction or removal of the electric field in the homeotropic state, the sample adopts a focal conic texture, where the molecules exhibit a helically twisted structure with the helical axis being oriented perpendicular to the field, i.e. parallel to the plane of the electrodes.
• a focal conic state can also be achieved by applying only a weak electric field to a sample in its planar state. In the focal conic state the sample is scattering when viewed in normal daylight and appears bright between crossed polarizers.
• a sample of an inventive compound in the different states of orientation exhibits different transmission of light. Therefore, the respective state of orientation, as well as its quality of alignment, can be controlled by measuring the light transmission of the sample depending on the strength of the applied electric field. Thereby it is also possible to determine the electric field strength required to achieve specific states of orientation and transitions between these different states.
• the above described focal conic state consists of many disordered birefringent small domains.
• the inventive flexoelectric compounds and mixtures can be subjected to flexoelectric switching by application of an electric field. This causes rotation of the optic axis of the material in the plane of the cell substrates, which leads to a change in transmission when placing the material between crossed polarizers.
• the flexoelectric switching of inventive materials is further described in detail in the introduction above and in the examples.
• the ULH texture starting from the focal conic texture, by applying an electric field with a high frequency, of for example 10 kHz, to the sample whilst cooling slowly from the isotropic phase into the cholesteric phase and shearing the cell.
• the field frequency may differ for different compounds.
• flexoelectric liquid crystal displays as they can easily be aligned into macroscopically uniform orientation, and lead to high values of the elastic constant kn and a high flexoelectric coefficient e in the liquid crystal medium.
• the liquid crystal medium preferably exhibits a
• the inventive bimesogenic compounds as well as mixtures thereof are also suitable for other types of displays and other optical and electrooptical applications, such as optical compensation or polarizing films, color filters, reflective cholesterics, optical rotatory power and optical information storage.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a display cell wherein the cell walls exhibit hybrid alignment conditions.
• hybrid alignment conditions The term "hybrid
• alignment or orientation of a liquid crystal or mesogenic material in a display cell or between two substrates means that the mesogenic groups adjacent to the first cell wall or on the first substrate exhibit homeotropic orientation and the mesogenic groups adjacent to the second cell wall or on the second substrate exhibit planar orientation.
• homeotropic alignment or orientation of a liquid crystal or mesogenic material in a display cell or on a substrate means that the mesogenic groups in the liquid crystal or mesogenic material are oriented substantially perpendicular to the plane of the cell or substrate,
• planar alignment or orientation of a liquid crystal or mesogenic material in a display cell or on a substrate means that the mesogenic groups in the liquid crystal or mesogenic material are oriented
• a flexoelectric display comprises two plane parallel substrates, preferably glass plates covered with a transparent conductive layer such as indium tin oxide (ITO) on their inner surfaces, and a flexoelectric liquid crystalline medium provided between the substrates, characterized in that one of the inner substrate surfaces exhibits homeotropic alignment conditions and the opposite inner substrate surface exhibits planar alignment conditions for the liquid crystalline medium.
• ITO indium tin oxide
• Planar alignment can be achieved e.g. by means of an alignment layer, for example a layer of rubbed polyimide or sputtered SiO x , that is applied on top of the substrate.
• an alignment layer for example a layer of rubbed polyimide or sputtered SiO x
• rubbing can be achieved by means of a rubbing cloth, such as a velvet cloth, or with a flat bar coated with a rubbing cloth.
• rubbing is achieved by means of a at least one rubbing roller, like e.g. a fast spinning roller that is brushing across the substrate, or by putting the substrate between at least two rollers, wherein in each case at least one of the rollers is optionally covered with a rubbing cloth.
• rubbing is achieved by wrapping the substrate at least partially at a defined angle around a roller that is preferably coated with a rubbing cloth.
• Homeotropic alignment can be achieved e.g. by means of an alignment layer coated on top of the substrate.
• Suitable aligning agents used on glass substrates are for example alkyltrichlorosilane or lecithine, whereas for plastic substrate thin layers of lecithine, silica or high tilt polyimide orientation films as aligning agents may be used.
• silica coated plastic film is used as a substrate.
• the flexoelectric display according to present invention may also comprise plastic substrates instead of glass substrates.
• Plastic film substrates are particularly suitable for rubbing treatment by rubbing rollers as described above.
• Another object of the present invention is that compounds of formula I, when added to a nematic liquid crystalline mixture, produce a phase below the nematic.
• the bimesogenic compounds of formula I according to the present invention allow the second nematic phase to be induced in nematic mixtures that do not show evidence of this phase normally.
• liquid crystal media comprising one or more compounds of formula I exhibiting a second nematic phase.
• the total concentration of all compounds in the media according to this application is 100 %.
• K crystalline
• N nematic
• N2 second nematic
• S or Sm smectic
• Ch cholesteric
• I isotropic
• Tg glass transition.
• the numbers between the symbols indicate the phase transition temperatures in °C.
• + are preferably straight chain alkyl groups with n, m and I C-atoms, respectively, all groups C n H2 n , C m H2 m and C
• -CH CH- preferably is trans- respectively E vinylene.
• Table A lists the symbols used for the ring elements, table B those for the linking groups and table C those for the symbols for the left hand and the right hand end groups of the molecules.
• Table D lists exemplary molecular structures together with their respective codes.
• n und m each are integers and three points indicate a space for other symbols of this table.
• liquid crystalline media according to the present invention comprise, besides the compound(s) of formula I one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae of the following table.
• n is an integer selected from 3 and 5 to 15, preferably from 3,
• a mixture of the previous intermediate product, the product of step 1.1 (10 g, 26.8 mmol), 4-cyanophenylboronic acid (4.09 g, 27.8 mmol), potassium phosphate (23.07 g, 109 mmol), dioxan (66 ml), water (33 ml) and Pd( dppf )CI 2 :DCM (457 mg) are "sonicated” under a nitrogen atmosphere for 30 minutes.
• “Sonication” in this application refers to a treatment of the reaction vessel in an ultrasonic bath to degas the reaction mixture with additional evacuation/purging with nitrogen. The mixture is heated to a temperature of 90°C for 16 h, then cooled and separated. The organic material is concentrated under reduced pressure, dissolved in minimum CH2CI2 and purified on a column of silica, eluted with a mixture of petrol and CH 2 CI 2 (1 :1). The appropriate fractions are combined and concentrated to give an oil.
• dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (4.13 g, 20 mmol) and DCM (50 ml) are stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h.
• the mixture is filtered, the solvent removed in vacuo.
• the residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica eluting first with a mixture of petrol and DCM (1 :1) then pure DCM.
• the product is crystallized from acetonitrile to give the desired product.
• the intermediate product from step 2.3 (1.9 g, 8.2 mmol) is placed into a round bottom flask together with 1 ,9-dibromononane (1.14 g, 4.0 mmol), cesium carbonate (1.33 g, 4.0 mmol), acetone (20 ml) and dimethyl- formamide (30 ml).
• the mixture is stirred at a temperature of 60°C for 16h and then cooled to ambient temperature before being poured into water.
• the organic material is extracted twice with EtOAc (70 ml each time), combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a solid. This is filtered through a plug of silica (50 g), eluted with a mixture of petrol and CH2CI2 (2:1). Re-crystallization from aceonitrile lead to the desired product.
• the product has the following phase range: K 95 (X 64 N 84) I and an e/K of 2.31 Cm "1 1ST 1 .
• Pd(dppf)CI 2 :DCM (0.37 g, 0.5 mmol) are "sonicated” under nitrogen atmosphere for 30 minutes.
• the mixture is heated at a temperature of 90°C for 16 h and then cooled to room temperature and the organic phase is separated from the phase.
• the aqueous phase is extracted six times with ethyl acetate (50 ml each time), dried over sodium sulphate (i.e. Na 2 S0 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a dark oil.
• This is purified on a column of silica, eluted with a mixture of petrol and CH 2 CI 2 (1 :1) to give an oil.
• the intermediate thiol from Synthesis Example 1 stage 1.3 (1.05 g, 5 mmol) is added to a solution of DMAP (0.6 g, 5 mmol) and undecanoic acid (1.1 g, 5 mmol) in DCM (25 ml).
• the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature of 5°C and then dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.1 g, 5 mmol) is added. Subsequently the reaction mixture is stirred for 16 h and allowed to warm to ambient temperature.
• step 3.2 (0.93 g, 4.2 mmol) is added together with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.1 g, 5 mmol).
• the reaction mixture is stirred for 72 h before the precipitates are removied by filtration in vacuo.
• the filtrate is concentrated and purified by column chromatography through silica, eluted with a mixture of petrol and DCM (1 :1). Final purification is carried out by column chromatography through silica gel, eluting with petrol and increasing amounts of Tetrahydrofuran until the desired product is obtained.
• a 5.6 ⁇ thick cell, having an anti-parallel rubbed PI alignment layer is filled on a hotplate at a temperature at which the flexoelectric mixture in the isotropic phase.
• phase transitions including clearing point, are measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and verified by optical inspection.
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• a Mettler FP90 hot-stage controller connected to a FP82 hot-stage is used to control the temperature of the cell. The temperature is increased from ambient temperature at a rate of 5 degrees C per minute, until the onset of the isotropic phase is observed. The texture change is observed through crossed polarizers using an Olympus BX51 microscope and the respective temperature noted.
• Wires are then attached to the ITO electrodes of the cell using indium metal.
• the cell is secured in a Linkam THMS600 hot-stage connected to a Linkam TMS93 hot-stage controller.
• the hot-stage is secured to a rotation stage in an Olympus BX51 microscope.
• the cell is heated until the liquid crystal is completely isotropic.
• the cell is then cooled under an applied electric field until the sample is completely nematic.
• the driving waveform is supplied by a Tektronix AFG3021B arbitrary function generator, which is sent through a Newtons4th LPA400 power amplifier before being applied to the cell.
• the cell response is monitored with a Thorlabs PDA55 photodiode. Both input waveforms and optical response are measured using a Tektronix TDS 2024B digital oscilloscope.
• the applied field is monitored using a HP 34401A multimeter.
• the tilt angle is measured using the aforementioned microscope and oscilloscope.
• the undisturbed cholesteric pitch, P 0 is measured using an Ocean Optics USB4000 spectrometer attached to a computer.
• the selective reflection band is obtained and the pitch determined from the spectral data.
• the host mixture H-0 is prepared and investigated.
• the mixture H-1 may be used for the USH-mode. It has a clearing point of 82°C and a lower transition temperature [T(N2,N)] of 33°C. It has a cholesteric pitch of 291 nm at 0.9T(N,I).
• the e/K of this mixture is
• This mixture (M-1) is prepared and investigated. It is well suitable for the ULH-mode. It has a cholesteric pitch of 301.5 nm at 35°C. The e/K of this mixture is 2.31 Cm '1 N "1 at a temperature of 51 °C.
• the investigation described above is performed with 10 % each of several compounds of formula I instead of that of synthesis example 1 used in host mixture H-0, together with 2 % R-5011. The results are shown in the following table.
• This mixture, mixture H-1.1 shows an N to N2 transition at 42°C.
• This mixture, mixture H-1.2, has a clearing point of 108°Cand shows an N to N2 transition at 26.5°C. It has a cholesteric pitch of 332 nm at 0.9T(N,I). 13 001772
• the e/K of this mixture is 1.70 Cm “1 N "1 at 0.9T(N,I), i.e.at a temperature of 70°C.
• This mixture, mixture M-2 has a a clearing point [T(N,I)] of 71 °C and shows a transition from the second nematic phase to the nematic phase [T(N2,N)] at 25°C. It is well suitable for the ULH-mode. It has a cholesteric pitch of 320 nm at 35°C. The e/K of this mixture is4.0 Cm "1 N "1 at a temperature of 35°C. The data are from a cell with a cell gap of 5.4 ⁇ .
• the response time for switching on ( ⁇ ⁇ , driven) and for switching off ( ⁇ 0 «, relaxation) are at 35°C and at an applied electric field of 1.3 V/ ⁇ 2.1 ms and 2.8 ms, respectively. These values are 0.6 ms and 3.2 ms,
• This mixture, mixture M-3 has a clearing point [T(N,I)] of 72°C and shows an N to N2 transition [T(N,N2)] at 25°C. It is well suitable for the ULH- mode. It has a cholesteric pitch of 299 nm at 35°C. The e/K of this mixture is 4.33 Cm "1 N "1 at a temperature of 35°C.
• This mixture, mixture M-4 has a clearing point [T(N,I)J of 100°C and shows an N to N2 transition [T(N,N2)] at 25°C. It is well suitable for the ULH-mode. It has a cholesteric pitch of 320 nm at 35°C. The e/K of this mixture is 5.1 Cm "1 N "1 at a temperature of 35°C. The sum of response times for switching on ( ⁇ ⁇ , driven) and for switching off (x 0 ff, relaxation) at 35°C and at an applied electric field of 3.3 V/ ⁇ is 4.2 ms. The double response time for switching on (i.e. 2 ⁇ ⁇ ), which is important, if the display is driven actively both to the "on” and to the "off' state, is even as low as 0.5 ms at this field and temperature.
• Mixture Example 5 Mixture M-5
• This mixture, mixture M-5 has a clearing point [T(N,I)] of 76°C and shows a N2 phase. It is well suitable for the ULH-mode.

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