WO2013190064A1 - Production of enzymes for ligno-cellulosic biomass - Google Patents

Production of enzymes for ligno-cellulosic biomass Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013190064A1
WO2013190064A1 PCT/EP2013/062936 EP2013062936W WO2013190064A1 WO 2013190064 A1 WO2013190064 A1 WO 2013190064A1 EP 2013062936 W EP2013062936 W EP 2013062936W WO 2013190064 A1 WO2013190064 A1 WO 2013190064A1
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Prior art keywords
enzyme
composition
cellulosic biomass
sugar
ligno
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PCT/EP2013/062936
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Stefano PARAVISI
Laura VOLPATI
Chiara GIORCELLI
Elisa RACCAGNI
Piero Ottonello
Francesco Cherchi
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Chemtex Italia S.P.A.
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Publication date
Priority to RU2014151418A priority Critical patent/RU2014151418A/ru
Priority to RS20201068A priority patent/RS60837B1/sr
Priority to ES13729968T priority patent/ES2816631T3/es
Priority to HRP20201429TT priority patent/HRP20201429T1/hr
Priority to LTEP13729968.1T priority patent/LT2864493T/lt
Priority to PL13729968T priority patent/PL2864493T3/pl
Priority to AU2013279289A priority patent/AU2013279289B2/en
Priority to EP13729968.1A priority patent/EP2864493B1/en
Priority to SI201331775T priority patent/SI2864493T1/sl
Priority to IN2550MUN2014 priority patent/IN2014MN02550A/en
Priority to KR20147036030A priority patent/KR20150035727A/ko
Priority to DK13729968.1T priority patent/DK2864493T3/da
Application filed by Chemtex Italia S.P.A. filed Critical Chemtex Italia S.P.A.
Priority to JP2015517773A priority patent/JP2015519916A/ja
Priority to US14/407,982 priority patent/US20150175984A1/en
Priority to CN201380043910.1A priority patent/CN104640995A/zh
Priority to MX2014015519A priority patent/MX2014015519A/es
Priority to BR112014032061A priority patent/BR112014032061A2/pt
Priority to CA2877425A priority patent/CA2877425A1/en
Publication of WO2013190064A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013190064A1/en
Priority to ZA2014/09404A priority patent/ZA201409404B/en

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    • C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B16/00—Regeneration of cellulose
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2477—Hemicellulases not provided in a preceding group
    • C12N9/248—Xylanases
    • C12N9/2482—Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (3.2.1.8)
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2477—Hemicellulases not provided in a preceding group
    • C12N9/2488—Mannanases
    • C12N9/2494—Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase (3.2.1.78), i.e. endo-beta-mannanase
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
    • C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
    • C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
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    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/30—Organic components
    • C12N2500/34—Sugars
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    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/70—Undefined extracts
    • C12N2500/76—Undefined extracts from plants
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01004—Cellulase (3.2.1.4), i.e. endo-1,4-beta-glucanase
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    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01021—Beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.21)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01037—Xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase (3.2.1.37)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01058—Glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.58)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01074—Glucan 1,4-beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.74)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01091—Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (3.2.1.91)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01136—Glucuronoarabinoxylan endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (3.2.1.136), i.e. feraxanase or feraxan-endoxylanase
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. Enzymes are produced by almost all living host cells. Some enzymes produced by microorganisms of the classes of fungi are useful in the conversion processes of ligno-cellulosic feedstock to chemicals. In these conversion processes, enzymes are used as catalyst in hydrolysis reaction of complex sugars, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, into sugars with lower molecular weight.
  • Trichoderma reesei The enzyme systems of the plant degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei are the most extensively investigated and believed to be the most widely organism used to obtain commercial enzyme mixtures.
  • T. reesei produces numerous cellulose- and hemicellulose - degrading enzymes even if extracellular ⁇ -glucosidase secretion is low.
  • ⁇ -glucosidase activity content is critical in order to obtain high cellulose conversion
  • T. reesei enzyme solution is commonly supplemented with ⁇ -glucosidases to obtain a well-balanced enzyme solution and further advance the hydrolysis of the cellulose.
  • commercial enzyme or enzyme mixture solutions could also be obtained using enzymes produced by other, good ⁇ -glucosidase-producing fungi.
  • the enzymes for conversion processes of ligno-cellulosic feedstocks are produced by cultivating the host cells on complex media comprising pure cellulose and/or even more expensive carbon sources. For reducing the final cost of enzyme production, many attempts have been done for using substrates less expensive than pure cellulose. Pretreated ligno-cellulosic feedstocks have been used as a substrate. Many research groups had tried to produce enzyme or enzyme mixtures using in some manner the same feedstock used for bio-ethanol production to reduce final enzyme mixture costs.
  • the stated purpose of this technology is to replace glucose feed and pure cellulose used today for enzyme or enzyme mixture production in a host cell, with a material that could be used either as the main carbon source and as the inducer for enzyme production.
  • the advantage of this is that the production cost is reduced due to use of an inducer (ligno-cellulosic biomass) which is easily available and thus cheaper than pure cellulose.
  • an inducer ligno-cellulosic biomass
  • WO 2007005918 uses a small amount of biomass and continually adds glucose to feed the organism.
  • US7,494,792 discloses a process for producing cellulolytic and/or hemicellulolytic enzymes which uses the residue from the ethanolic fermentation of enzymatic hydrolyzates of cellulosic or ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • the process may be integrated into a process for the production of ethanol from cellulosic or ligno-cellulosic biomass, in which the residue serves for the production of the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis of the pre-treated substrate.
  • the sugar solution obtained for ethanol production from hydrolysis is separated from the non hydrolyzed solid fraction, essentially constituted by lignin and it is used for ethanolic fermentation.
  • Glucose is the major sugar withdrawn at this step.
  • the residue from ethanolic fermentation, after separating the ethanol, is used as a source of inducing carbon or as a principal source of carbon for the production of enzymes.
  • Disclosed in this specification is a process for producing at least one enzyme from a host cell for the hydrolysis of a first pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass, said process comprising the steps of cultivating the host cell which is capable of producing the at least one enzyme in a sugar depleted cultivation environment comprising the host cell, water and a solid composition, said solid composition further comprising a complex sugar of the solid composition and a lignin of the solid composition.
  • the solid composition is obtained from a second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass, comprising a complex sugar of the second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass and a lignin of the second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass, and the ratio of the total amount of the complex sugars to the total amount of the lignin in the solid composition is less than the ratio of the total amount of the complex sugars to the total amount of the lignin in the second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • the solid composition is converted to a solid residue.
  • the cultivation may be done under simple sugar depleted conditions of having an amount of added simple sugar or sugars in the range of 0 to 10% by weight of the sugar depleted cultivation environment on a dry basis for a portion of the cultivation time which is at least 50% of the cultivation time.
  • the solid composition may be obtained from the second pre- treated ligno-cellulosic biomass by a process comprising the steps of hydrolysing at least a fraction of the second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass in the presence of a hydrolysis catalyst, to produce a hydrolysed composition comprising the solid composition and a solution of water and water soluble sugars; and removing at least 50% of the solution of water and water soluble sugars from the hydrolyzed composition.
  • the removal of a fraction of the hydrolyzed composition may be done by at least one method comprised in the group of decantation, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, press filtration and washing.
  • the solid composition may be obtained from the second pre- treated ligno-cellulosic biomass by a process comprising the steps of hydrolysing at least a fraction of the second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass in the presence of a hydrolysis catalyst, to produce a hydrolysed composition comprising water soluble sugars complex sugars and lignin; converting at least a fraction of the water soluble sugars in the hydrolysed composition to produce a converted composition comprising at least one sugar derived product, and the solid composition; and removing a fraction of the converted composition, said fraction comprising at least a fraction of the at least one sugar derived product.
  • the removal of a fraction of the converted composition may be done by at least one method comprised in the group of decantation, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, press filtration, washing, evaporation and distillation.
  • the hydrolysis catalyst may comprise a second enzyme or enzymes mixture, and that it may be selected from the group consisting of Hydrogen ions, organic acids and inorganic acids.
  • the conversion of the hydrolysed composition may comprise a fermentation.
  • the at least one sugar derived product may comprise ethanol. It is further disclosed that the portion of the cultivation time under simple sugar depleted conditions may be selected from the group consisting of at least 75% of the cultivation time, at least 85% of the cultivation time, at least 90% of the cultivation time, at least 95% of the cultivation time and at least 98% of the cultivation time. It is also disclosed the portion of the cultivation time under simple sugar depleted conditions may be the same as the cultivation time.
  • the amount of added simple sugar or sugars is in the range of between 0 to 5%, 0 to 2.5%, 0 to 2.0% , 0 to 1.0% by weight of the cultivation environment on a dry basis. It is also disclosed that there may be no added simple sugar in the sugar depleted cultivation environment.
  • At least the first enzyme is harvested by separating the sugar depleted cultivation environment into at least a harvested composition, comprising at least a fraction of the first enzyme, and an exhausted composition, comprising at least a fraction of the solid residue of the solid composition.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may be further used to hydrolyze the first ligno-cellulosic biomass and the first ligno-cellulosic biomass and the second pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass both comprise ligno-cellulosic biomass derived from group consisting of the same grass genus or more preferably the same grass species. It is also disclosed the enzyme or the enzyme mixture produced according to the disclosed process and a hydrolysed ligno-cellulosic biomass which has been hydrolysed by the enzyme mixture.
  • the total amount of complex sugars in the exhausted composition may be present in a range selected from the group consisting of 0 to 30%, 0 to 20%, 0 to 15%, 0 to 10% , 0 to 7.5% , 0 to 5% , 0 to 2.5% by weight on a dry basis.
  • Figure la is a graph of the glucose hydrolysis yield according to comparative and working examples.
  • Figure lb is a graph of the xylose hydrolysis yield according to comparative and working examples.
  • the sugar depleted cultivation environment comprises the host cells, water and a solid composition which is obtained from a pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass; the solid composition comprises complex sugars and lignin, and it is characterized by a ratio of the total amount of the complex sugars to the total amount of the lignin less than the ratio of the total amount of the complex sugars to the total amount of the lignin of the pre- treated ligno-cellulosic biomass from which it is derived.
  • the solid composition in the sugar depleted cultivation environment is obtained from a pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass by removing a fraction, but not all, of the complex sugars contained in the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • the solid composition in the sugar depleted cultivation environment has a lower amount of complex sugars on a dry basis with respect to the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass, but still comprises complex sugars.
  • the sugars that have been removed from the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass may be converted to useful chemicals, such as ethanol.
  • the enzymes produced by the host cells may be used then in the hydrolysis of ligno- cellulosic biomass and pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the three main polymers that constitute ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Cellulose and hemicellulose are polymeric sugars.
  • simple sugars are the monomeric sugars, and may be selected from the group consisting of glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and fructose. It should be noted that there may be other simple sugars not in the preceding list. Simple sugars belong to the group of water soluble sugars. Soluble sugars are sugars, which when in the presence of a specified solvent, such as water, form a homogeneous solution in the solvent.
  • Simple sugars may feed the host cell directly, that is the host cell does not need to use enzymes to metabolize simple sugars.
  • Oligomeric sugars are polymeric sugars that are water soluble. Oligomeric sugars are constituted by more than one monomeric sugar. Oligomeric sugars can be metabolized by the host cell only in the presence of one or more enzymes, which is usually produced by the host cell.
  • Complex sugars are polymeric sugars that are not soluble in water, such as water insoluble glucans and xylans.
  • Glucans are a class of complex sugars which comprise polymer molecules of glucose having different degrees of polymerization.
  • Xylans are a class of complex sugars which comprise polymer molecules of xylose having different degrees of polymerization.
  • Many conversion processes of ligno-cellulosic biomass into chemical products convert only a fraction of complex sugars, and produce a composition containing mainly lignin and the remaining fraction of unconverted complex sugars as a by-product.
  • the inventors have surprisingly found that host cells may be cultivated in a sugar depleted cultivation environment comprising a solid composition obtained by removing at least a fraction of complex sugars from a pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass and that the host cells can use the remaining fraction of complex sugars as a carbon source.
  • the inventors have also found that the production of enzymes from the host cell may be comparable or increased with respect to the production of enzyme obtained by using a more expensive substrate as a carbon source.
  • the simple sugars such as glucose and xylose used to traditionally feed host cells may be replaced partly or entirely by the less expensive solid composition.
  • the sugar depleted cultivation environment contains no, or few, simple sugars.
  • Any method or combination of methods known in the art and still to be invented may be used for obtaining the solid composition from a second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • the methods may involve the use of chemical, physical, biological processes or combination of processes.
  • complex sugars are removed from the pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass and converted to sugar derived products, which are valuable chemical products.
  • the conversion process may be realized in a single step or in multiple steps, that is the sugar derived products may be obtained by converting removed complex sugars to intermediate products.
  • the solid composition may be obtained by hydrolyzing at least a fraction of the complex sugars in the pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Hydrolysis is a process which converts complex sugars into water soluble sugars and oligomeric sugars into sugars having lower molecular weight.
  • hydrolysis of the pre-treated biomass is conducted in the presence of a hydrolysis catalyst and eventually other additives, which may be helpful or necessary for the hydrolysis effectively occurring.
  • a hydrolysis catalyst composition may be referred to as a "hydrolysis catalyst composition”.
  • the hydrolysis catalyst composition comprises an enzyme or enzyme mixture and the hydrolysis is an enzymatic hydrolysis.
  • the enzymatic hydrolysis is conducted according to the process disclosed in WO2010113130, the teaching of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
  • the hydrolysis catalyst may comprise an acid and the hydrolysis is an acid hydrolysis. All the organic and inorganic acids able to perform a hydrolysis of the second pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass may be used. Acid may also be present in diluted solutions. Hydrogen ions may also be used in the hydrolysis process.
  • the hydrolysis of the pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass may occur in a liquid environment.
  • the liquid environment may be obtained by adding some liquid, preferably water or comprising water, to the pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Liquids may also be added in the pre-treatment of the ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • the ligno-cellulosic biomass is pretreated by soaking the ligno-cellulosic biomass in a liquid comprising water, and then steam exploding the soaked ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Liquid may also be added in the hydrolysis step or to the hydrolysis catalyst composition.
  • enzymatic hydrolysis liquid may be present in the enzymatic mixture.
  • acid hydrolysis liquid may be present in the diluted acid solution.
  • the hydrolyzed composition obtained from the ligno- cellulosic biomass will comprise a solution of water and water soluble sugars, and a solid composition, comprising complex sugars which have not been hydrolyzed into water soluble sugars.
  • the solid composition of the hydrolyzed composition comprises also the lignin contained in the pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • the lignin may also have been modified and/or partly converted into other components as an effect of the pre-treatment and hydrolysis processes.
  • the hydrolyzed composition may include other components, for the scope of the present invention, the hydrolyzed composition comprises at least a solution of water and water soluble sugars and a solid composition further comprising complex sugars and lignin of the solid composition.
  • the solid composition may be obtained by removing at least 50% of the solution of water and water soluble sugars from the hydrolyzed composition. It is noted that, while removing the largest amount of the solution of water and water soluble sugars as possible is a preferred embodiment, some water soluble sugars may still be present in the solid composition. In another embodiment, the solid composition does not comprise water soluble sugars.
  • the fraction removed from the hydrolyzed composition, comprising water and water soluble sugars may further comprise other components of the hydrolyzed composition, such as at least a fraction of the hydrolysis catalyst and additives or compounds which are formed during the pre-treatment or the hydrolysis. The fraction removed may further comprise a fraction of the solid composition comprising lignin and complex sugars.
  • the sugar depleted environment comprises substantially all the solid composition in the hydrolyzed composition and substantially all the solution of water and water soluble sugars is removed.
  • the sugar depleted environment comprises all the solid composition in the hydrolyzed composition and all the solution of water and simple sugars is removed.
  • Any methods and combination of methods know in the art and even still to be invented may be used for removing at least 50% of solution of water and water soluble sugars from the hydrolyzed composition. These methods comprise chemical and physical treatments of the hydrolysed composition. The chemical and physical treatments may be carried out sequentially or simultaneously.
  • Preferred methods for removing at least a fraction of the hydrolysed composition comprise decantation, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, including membrane filtration and press filtration and washing.
  • the hydrolysis of at least a fraction of the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass and the removal of at least 50% of the solution of water and water soluble sugars may occur sequentially or at least partially simultaneously.
  • at least a fraction of the simple sugars may be removed, for instance by membrane filtration, while hydrolysis is proceeding.
  • the solid composition may be further processed prior to being inserted in the sugar depleted cultivation environment of the host cells for the production of enzymes.
  • the solid composition may also be washed, preferably with water, for further removing water soluble sugars or other components that may affect or reduce the production of the enzymes.
  • Other components needed for cultivating the host cells may be added to the solid composition or to the sugar depleted cultivation environment.
  • the fraction of the solution of water and water soluble sugars removed from the hydrolyzed composition may be converted to useful chemical products.
  • the solid composition may be obtained by hydrolyzing at least a fraction of the complex sugars in the pretreated ligno-cellulosic biomass in the presence of a hydrolysis catalyst to produce a hydrolysed composition comprising complex sugars and lignin and the solution of water and water soluble sugars; then, converting at least a fraction of the water soluble sugars in the hydrolysed composition in a converted composition comprising at least one sugar derived product and a solid composition comprising complex sugars and lignin; and removing at least a fraction of the sugar derived product from the converted composition.
  • the hydrolysed composition may be subjected to further processing within the scope of the invention.
  • the process may improve the conversion of the water soluble sugars into products and may include physical and chemical treatments, for example, separation, purification, pH correction, dilution, and concentration.
  • Water soluble sugars in the hydrolyzed composition are converted, partly or entirely, to a converted composition, which comprises at least one sugar derived product. Conversion or modification of any other component of the hydrolyzed composition may also occur during the conversion of the simple sugars.
  • the complex sugars and lignin in the hydrolyzed composition may be affected by the conversion process to generate a solid composition comprising complex sugars and lignin; stated in another way, the solid composition may be the complex sugars and lignin in the hydrolyzed composition or a modification of complex sugars and lignin in the hydrolyzed composition.
  • the converted composition may further comprise more than one product derived from water soluble sugars.
  • the conversion of the water soluble sugars may occur in the presence of a catalyst.
  • the catalyst may eventually comprise other additives, which may be helpful or necessary for the conversion effectively occurring.
  • the catalyst and the additives may be referred to as a "catalyst composition”.
  • the catalyst may be any agent which promotes the conversion of water soluble sugars to at least one sugar derived product.
  • the catalyst may be an inorganic, organic or biological agent.
  • fermentation is a preferred process and the sugar derived product is a fermented product.
  • Fermentation is any process to convert simple sugars into fermented products in the presence of a microorganism or microorganism mixture.
  • a preferred microorganism for converting at least a fraction of the hydrolysed composition is a yeast.
  • Yeast commonly indicates an unicellular chiefly ascomycetous fungus that has usually little or no mycelium, that typically reproduces asexually by budding with the daughter cells often remaining attached and that are capable of fermenting carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
  • the yeast belongs to the genus Saccharomyces. Species of Saccharomyces are as defined phylogenetically by Kurtzman (2003) FEMS Yeast Research 3:417-432, and include S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus, S. ikatae, S. cariocanus, S. kudriavzevii , S. pastorianus and S. bayanus.
  • sugar derived products may be produced. Even if any other sugar derived products may be produced, in a preferred embodiment the sugar derived product is ethanol.
  • Hydrolysis of complex sugars to a hydrolyzed composition and conversion of at least a fraction of the water soluble sugars in the hydrolyzed composition to at least one sugar derived product may occur sequentially or simultaneously.
  • enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol occur simultaneously and the process is known in the art as Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation.
  • the conversion of at least a fraction of the water soluble sugars in the hydrolyzed composition may occur in a liquid environment.
  • the liquid environment may be obtained by adding some liquid, preferably water or comprising water, to the hydrolyzed composition.
  • Liquids may also be present in the hydrolyzed composition or in the catalyst composition.
  • the converted composition will usually comprise the at least one sugar derived product, water, and a solid composition, comprising complex sugars and lignin.
  • the lignin and complex sugars in the hydrolyzed composition may also be modified and/or partly converted into other components as an effect of the hydrolysis and conversion process. Water soluble sugars which have not been converted into products may also be comprised in the converted composition.
  • the converted composition comprises at least one sugar derived product and a solid composition comprising complex sugars and lignin.
  • the at least one sugar derived product may be soluble or insoluble in the converted composition.
  • the sugar derived product is soluble in the converted composition.
  • ethanol is soluble in the fermented composition.
  • the solid composition is obtained by removing a fraction of the converted composition comprising at least a fraction of the sugar derived product. It is noted that, while removing the largest amount of the sugar derived product as possible is a preferred embodiment, some sugar derived product may still be present in the solid composition. In another embodiment, solid composition does not comprise sugar derived product(s).
  • the fraction removed from the converted composition may further comprise other components of the converted composition, such as water soluble sugars which have not been converted, water, at least a fraction of the catalyst and additives. It may further comprise a fraction of the solid composition comprising lignin and complex sugars of the converted composition.
  • the sugar depleted environment comprises substantially all the solid composition in the converted composition and the fraction removed from the converted composition comprises substantially all the liquids in the converted composition.
  • the sugar depleted environment comprises all the solid composition in the converted composition and the fraction removed from the converted composition comprises all the liquids in the converted composition.
  • Any methods and combination of methods know in the art and even still to be invented may be used for removing a fraction of converted composition, comprising the at least one sugar derived product. These methods comprise chemical and physical treatments of the converted composition. The chemical and physical treatments may be carried out sequentially or simultaneously.
  • Preferred methods for removing at least a fraction of the converted composition comprise decantation, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, including membrane filtration and press filtration, washing, evaporation and distillation.
  • the converted product is ethanol and the solid composition is obtained from the converted composition by evaporating or distilling ethanol and removing the most fraction of the liquids in the converted composition by at least a method in the group of decantation, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, including membrane filtration and press filtration and washing.
  • the conversion of the water soluble sugars in the hydrolyzed composition to at least one sugar derived product and the removal of a fraction of the converted composition comprising at least a fraction of the converted product may occur at least partially simultaneously.
  • the converted product is ethanol and it may be removed, for instance by evaporation or distillation, while simple sugars in the hydrolyzed composition are fermented to ethanol.
  • hydrolysis of the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass conversion of at least a fraction of the water soluble sugars and removal of a fraction of the converted composition occur at least partially simultaneously.
  • the converted product is ethanol and it may be removed, for instance by evaporation and distillation, during Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation.
  • the solid composition may be further processed prior to be inserted in the sugar depleted cultivation environment of the host cells for the production of enzymes.
  • the solid composition may also be washed, preferably with water, for removing further water soluble sugars or other components that may affect or reduce the production of the enzymes.
  • the growth process of the invention may be a well-known process, except that the feed comprises a solid composition obtained from a pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass and having a total amount of complex sugars lower than the total amount of complex sugars in the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • the feed of simple sugars is limited during cultivation.
  • Enzyme production procedures are well known in the art.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture is preferably an extra-cellular enzyme or enzyme mixture secreted into the cultivation environment by the host cell. Alternatively, the enzyme or enzyme mixture is intracellular.
  • a host cell capable of producing enzyme or enzyme mixture is grown under precise cultural conditions at a particular growth rate.
  • the inoculated culture passes through a number of stages. Initially growth does not occur. This period is referred to as the lag phase and may be considered a period of adaptation.
  • the growth rate of the host cell culture gradually increases. After a period of maximum growth the rate ceases and the culture enters stationary phase. After a further period of time the culture enters the death phase and the number of viable cells declines.
  • the enzyme, or enzyme mixture of interest depends on the enzyme of interest and the host cell.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may, in one embodiment, be expressed in the exponential phase.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may be produced in the transient phase between the exponential phase and the stationary phase.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may also, in another embodiment, be expressed in the stationary phase and/or just before sporulation.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may, according to the invention, also be produced in more than one of the above mentioned phases.
  • the host cell is cultivated in a suitable environment and under conditions allowing at least one enzyme or enzyme mixture to be expressed, preferably secreted and optionally recovered. While as noted above, the host cell growth has many technical phases, for the purposes of this specification, these phases are grouped together in the term cultivation.
  • Host cell cultivation takes place in a sugar depleted cultivation environment comprising a solid composition obtained from a pre- treated ligno-cellulosic biomass by removing at least a fraction of complex sugars.
  • the sugar depleted cultivation environment may further comprise an additional carbon source, a nitrogen source and additional salts required for microorganism metabolism.
  • the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass has been pre-treated by being soaked/washed and then steam exploded as described in WO 2010113129, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may optionally be recovered using methods well known in the art.
  • extra-cellular enzyme or enzyme mixture recovery from the sugar depleted cultivation environment may be done using conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation. Procedures for recovery of an intracellular enzyme or enzyme mixture are also well known in the art.
  • the term "cultivation” means any process of producing an enzyme or enzyme mixture using a mass culture consisting of one or more host cells.
  • the present invention is useful for especially industrial scale production, e.g., having a cultivation environment of at least 50 liters, preferably at least 5 liters, more preferably at least 1 liter.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may include, but is not limited to any of those belonging to the group of enzyme or enzyme mixture comprising endoglucanases (endo-1, 4- ⁇ - ⁇ - glucanase), cellobiohydrolases or exoglucanases (exo-1, 4-P-D-glucanase), ⁇ -glucosidase (1, 4-P-D-glucosidase), endo-1, 4- ?-xylanase, endo-1, 4- ?-mannanase, l,4- ?-xylosidase and 1 ,4- ?-mannosidase.
  • a process of the invention may be performed as a batch, a fed-batch, a repeated fed-batch or a continuous process.
  • a process of the invention may be carried out aerobically or anaerobically. Some enzymes are produced by submerged cultivation and some by surface cultivation. Submerged cultivation is preferred according to the invention.
  • the invention relates to processes of producing an enzyme or enzyme mixture in a host cell comprising cultivating said host cell capable of producing enzyme or enzyme mixture under conditions conducive for production of an enzyme or enzyme mixture, such as enzyme or enzyme mixture, wherein a solid composition obtained from a pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass is used to grow the host cell under simple sugar depleted conditions of having an amount of added simple sugar or sugars in the range of 0 to 10% by weight of the sugar depleted cultivation environment on a dry basis for a portion of the cultivation time which is at least 50% of the cultivation time.
  • the cultivation time is the amount of time measured from the addition of the host cell pre- culture volume to the sugar depleted cultivation environment to the harvest, removal, or separation of the enzyme or enzyme mixture from the sugar depleted cultivation environment. In the case of multiple removals, the cultivation time ends at the time when the last removal of the first enzyme or enzyme mixture is ended.
  • the amount of the solid composition obtained from pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass present in the sugar depleted cultivation environment should be sufficient for the growth of the host cell to produce the enzyme or enzyme mixture.
  • simple sugar depleted conditions means generally that more than 50% by weight of the host cell feed is from the solid composition obtained from a second pre- treated ligno-cellulosic biomass and not from added simple sugars.
  • An exemplary simple sugar depleted condition is when the amount of optional simple sugars added to the process, if any is added at all, is in the range of 0 to 10% by weight of the sugar depleted cultivation environment on a dry basis. More preferably, the optional simple sugars added should be in the range of 0 to 5% by weight of the sugar depleted cultivation environment on a dry basis, with 0 to 2.5 % by weight being even more preferred, with 0 to 2.0% being the most preferred (if simple sugars are added at all). In the best case, there are no simple sugars added which is the perfect simple sugar depleted condition. Additionally, the phrase simple sugars added means that there could be one or more simple sugars added. In one embodiment the optional simple sugar is present, but at less than the percentage indicated.
  • the simple sugar depleted conditions should be maintained for at least a portion of the cultivation time. Expressed quantitatively, the simple sugar depleted conditions should be maintained for at least 50% of the cultivation time, with 75% being more preferred, 85% being even more preferred, with 95% being even yet more preferred with 99 and 100% of the cultivation time being the most preferred. 100% of the cultivation time is when the at least a portion of the cultivation time equals the cultivation time.
  • Carbon source substrates commonly used as feed for enzyme or enzyme mixture production includes glucose or similar sugars, provided their consumption relative to the consumption of the complex sugars is within the specified boundaries.
  • Nitrogen source substrates, growth stimulators and the like may be added to improve cultivation and enzyme or enzyme mixture production.
  • Nitrogen sources include urea, ammonia salts (for example NH 4 C1 or NH 4 S0 4 ) and peptides.
  • Protease may be used, e.g., to digest proteins to produce free amino nitrogen (FAN). Such free amino acids may function as nutrient for the host cell, thereby enhancing the growth and enzyme or enzyme mixture production.
  • Preferred cultivation stimulators for growth include vitamins and minerals.
  • vitamins include multivitamins, biotin, pantothenate, nicotinic acid, meso-inositol, thiamine, pyridoxine, para-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamins A, B, C, D, and E.
  • minerals include minerals and mineral salts that can supply nutrients comprising P, K, Mg, S, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu. Pure cellulose, usually used as an inducer (and carbon source) in enzyme or enzyme mixture production processes, is replaced with a solid composition obtained from a pre- treated ligno-cellulosic biomass; the composition is preferably detoxified if acid pre- treated, for instance by washing.
  • the solid composition is a carbon source and may be added to the sugar depleted cultivation environment together with a carbon source, but may also be added separately from the carbon source.
  • the solid composition may be added to the sugar depleted cultivation environment either prior to inoculation, simultaneously with inoculation or after inoculation of the host cell culture in an amount at least corresponding to the amount of available complex sugars needed to grow the host cell.
  • a new calculation of the amount optional simple sugars added or the ratio of optional simple sugars to ligno-cellulosic biomass is done. While the amount of simple sugars may not have been low enough during the initial part of the cultivation time, by adding the solid composition to the sugar depleted cultivation environment, the amount of optional simple sugars added would fall within the specified ranges, at least for the time remaining in the cultivation time.
  • the solid composition is used for feeding host cells in the enzyme production process.
  • the solid composition is obtained from a pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass, said solid composition comprising complex sugars and lignin.
  • a solid residue of the solid composition is formed from at least a fraction of the solid composition in the sugar depleted cultivation environment.
  • the solid residue comprises at least a fraction of the lignin of the solid composition and may comprise a fraction of the complex sugars of the solid composition.
  • the lignin may have been modified in the host cells cultivation step.
  • the enzymes produced by cultivating the host cells in the sugar depleted cultivation environment may be harvested by separating the sugar depleted cultivation environment in at least two fractions, the harvested composition, comprising at least a fraction of the enzymes, and the exhausted composition, comprising at least a fraction of the solid residue of the solid composition.
  • the solid residue may comprise most of the host cells.
  • at least two fractions it is meant that the sugar depleted cultivation environment may be separated in more than two fractions, this embodiment being within the scope of the invention.
  • the harvested composition may further comprise other components of the sugar depleted cultivation environment, such as for instance water and additives contained in the solid composition and/or sugar depleted cultivation environment and/or added in the host cells cultivation. It may further comprise some of the solid composition and some of the solid residue.
  • the harvested composition contains no, or very few, solid compounds.
  • the harvested composition contains all, or almost all, the produced enzymes.
  • the exhausted composition comprises at least a fraction of the solid residue of the solid composition and may further comprise other components of the sugar depleted cultivation environment, such as for instance water and additives contained in the sugar depleted environment and/or added in the host cells cultivation step. It may further comprise some of the enzymes. In a preferred embodiment, the exhausted composition contains no, or very few, enzymes. In another preferred embodiment, the exhausted composition contains all, or almost all, the solid residue of the solid composition.
  • Any methods and combination of methods know in the art and even still to be invented may be used for separating the sugar depleted cultivation environment in at least the harvested composition and the exhausted composition. These methods comprise chemical and physical treatments of the hydrolysed composition. The chemical and physical treatments may be carried out sequentially or simultaneously.
  • Preferred methods for separating the sugar depleted cultivation environment in at least the harvested composition and the exhausted composition comprise at least a method in the group of centrifugation, filtration, dialysis, washing and press filtration.
  • the harvested composition and the exhausted composition may be subjected to any further process within the scope of the invention. For instance, for examples separation, purification, pH correction, dilution, concentration.
  • a natural or naturally occurring ligno-cellulosic biomass can be described as follows. Apart from starch, the three major constituents in plant biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are commonly referred to by the generic term lignocellulose. Polysaccharide-containing biomasses as a generic term include both starch and ligno-cellulosic biomasses. Therefore, some types of feedstocks can be plant biomass, polysaccharide containing biomass, and ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Polysaccharide-containing biomasses according to the present invention include any material containing polymeric sugars e.g. in the form of starch as well as refined starch, cellulose and hemicellulose.
  • Relevant types of naturally occurring biomasses for deriving the claimed invention may include biomasses derived from agricultural crops selected from the group consisting of starch containing grains, refined starch; corn stover, bagasse, straw e.g. from rice, wheat, rye, oat, barley, rape, sorghum; softwood e.g. Pinus sylvestris, Pinus radiate; hardwood e.g. Salix spp. Eucalyptus spp.; tubers e.g.
  • the ligno-cellulosic biomass feedstock used to derive the composition is preferably from the family usually called grasses.
  • the proper name is the family known as Poaceae or Gramineae in the Class Liliopsida (the monocots) of the flowering plants.
  • Plants of this family are usually called grasses, or, to distinguish them from other graminoids, true grasses.
  • bamboo is also included. There are about 600 genera and some 9,000-10,000 or more species of grasses (Kew Index of World Grass Species).
  • Poaceae includes the staple food grains and cereal crops grown around the world, lawn and forage grasses, and bamboo. Poaceae generally have hollow stems called culms, which are plugged (solid) at intervals called nodes, the points along the culm at which leaves arise. Grass leaves are usually alternate, distichous (in one plane) or rarely spiral, and parallel- veined. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath which hugs the stem for a distance and a blade with margins usually entire. The leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which helps discourage grazing animals. In some grasses (such as sword grass) this makes the edges of the grass blades sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs, called the ligule, lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath.
  • Grass blades grow at the base of the blade and not from elongated stem tips. This low growth point evolved in response to grazing animals and allows grasses to be grazed or mown regularly without severe damage to the plant.
  • a spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets.
  • a floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts called the lemma (the external one) and the palea (the internal).
  • the flowers are usually hermaphroditic (maize, monoecious, is an exception) and pollination is almost always anemophilous.
  • the perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules, that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea; these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals.
  • the fruit of Poaceae is a caryopsis in which the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall and thus, not separable from it (as in a maize kernel).
  • bunch-type also called caespitose
  • stoloniferous stoloniferous
  • rhizomatous stoloniferous
  • the success of the grasses lies in part in their morphology and growth processes, and in part in their physiological diversity. Most of the grasses divide into two physiological groups, using the C3 and C4 photo synthetic pathways for carbon fixation.
  • the C4 grasses have a photo synthetic pathway linked to specialized Kranz leaf anatomy that particularly adapts them to hot climates and an atmosphere low in carbon dioxide.
  • C3 grasses are referred to as "cool season grasses” while C4 plants are considered “warm season grasses”.
  • Grasses may be either annual or perennial. Examples of annual cool season are wheat, rye, annual bluegrass (annual meadowgrass, Poa annua and oat). Examples of perennial cool season are orchard grass (cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata), fescue (Festuca spp), Kentucky Bluegrass and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Examples of annual warm season are corn, sudangrass and pearl millet. Examples of Perennial Warm Season are big bluestem, indiangrass, bermuda grass and switch grass.
  • anomochlooideae a small lineage of broad-leaved grasses that includes two genera (Anomochloa, Streptochaeta); 2) Pharoideae, a small lineage of grasses that includes three genera, including Pharus and Leptaspis; 3) Puelioideae a small lineage that includes the African genus Puelia; 4) Pooideae which includes wheat, barley, oats, brome-grass (Bronnus) and reed-grasses (Calamagrostis); 5) Bambusoideae which includes bamboo; 6) Ehrhartoideae, which includes rice, and wild rice; 7) Arundinoideae, which includes the giant reed and common reed; 8) Centothecoideae, a small subfamily of 11 genera that is sometimes included in Panicoideae; 9) Chlor
  • cereals Agricultural grasses grown for their edible seeds are called cereals.
  • Three common cereals are rice, wheat and maize (corn). Of all crops, 70% are grasses.
  • Sugarcane is the major source of sugar production.
  • Grasses are used for construction. Scaffolding made from bamboo is able to withstand typhoon force winds that would break steel scaffolding. Larger bamboos and Arundo donax have stout culms that can be used in a manner similar to timber, and grass roots stabilize the sod of sod houses. Arundo is used to make reeds for woodwind instruments, and bamboo is used for innumerable implements.
  • Another naturally occurring ligno-cellulosic biomass feedstock may be woody plants or woods.
  • a woody plant is a plant that uses wood as its structural tissue. These are typically perennial plants whose stems and larger roots are reinforced with wood produced adjacent to the vascular tissues.
  • Woody plants are usually either trees, shrubs, or lianas. Wood is a structural cellular adaptation that allows woody plants to grow from above ground stems year after year, thus making some woody plants the largest and tallest plants.
  • xylem vascular cambium
  • conifers Conifer ae: there are some six hundred species of conifers. All species have secondary xylem, which is relatively uniform in structure throughout this group. Many conifers become tall trees: the secondary xylem of such trees is marketed as softwood.
  • angiosperms there are some quarter of a million to four hundred thousand species of angiosperms. Within this group secondary xylem has not been found in the monocots (e.g. Poaceae). Many non-monocot angiosperms become trees, and the secondary xylem of these is marketed as hardwood.
  • the term softwood is used to describe wood from trees that belong to gymnosperms. The gymnosperms are plants with naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary. These seed "fruits" are considered more primitive than hardwoods.
  • Softwood trees are usually evergreen, bear cones, and have needles or scale like leaves. They include conifer species e.g. pine, spruces, firs, and cedars. Wood hardness varies among the conifer species.
  • the term hardwood is used to describe wood from trees that belong to the angiosperm family.
  • Angiosperms are plants with ovules enclosed for protection in an ovary. When fertilized, these ovules develop into seeds.
  • the hardwood trees are usually broad-leaved; in temperate and boreal latitudes they are mostly deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostly evergreen. These leaves can be either simple (single blades) or they can be compound with leaflets attached to a leaf stem. Although variable in shape all hardwood leaves have a distinct network of fine veins.
  • the hardwood plants include e.g. Aspen, Birch, Cherry, Maple, Oak and Teak.
  • a preferred naturally occurring ligno-cellulosic biomass may be selected from the group consisting of the grasses and woods.
  • Another preferred naturally occurring ligno- cellulosic biomass can be selected from the group consisting of the plants belonging to the conifers, angiosperms, Poaceae and families.
  • Another preferred naturally occurring ligno- cellulosic biomass may be that biomass having at least 10% by weight of it dry matter as cellulose, or more preferably at least 5% by weight of its dry matter as cellulose.
  • ligno-cellulosic biomass is pre-treated.
  • pre-treated may be replaced with the term “treated”.
  • preferred techniques contemplated are those well known for "pre-treatment" of ligno-cellulosic biomass as will be describe further below.
  • treatment or pre-treatment may be carried out using conventional methods known in the art, which promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose and increased accessibility of the cellulose from ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Pre-treatment techniques are well known in the art and include physical, chemical, and biological pre- treatment, or any combination thereof.
  • the pre-treatment of ligno-cellulosic biomass is carried out as a batch or continuous process.
  • Physical pre-treatment techniques include various types of milling/comminution (reduction of particle size), irradiation, steaming/steam explosion, and hydrothermolysis, in the preferred embodiment, soaking, removal of the solids from the liquid, steam exploding the solids to create the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • Comminution includes dry, wet and vibratory ball milling.
  • physical pre- treatment involves use of high pressure and/or high temperature (steam explosion).
  • high pressure includes pressure in the range from 3 to 6 MPa preferably 3.1 MPa.
  • high temperature include temperatures in the range from about 100 to 300°C, preferably from about 160 to 235 °C.
  • impregnation is carried out at a pressure of about 3.1 MPa and at a temperature of about 235 °C.
  • the physical pre-treatment is done according to the process described in WO 2010/113129, the entire teachings of which are incorporated by reference.
  • chemical pre-treatment techniques include acid, dilute acid, base, organic solvent, lime, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, pH-controlled hydrothermolysis, wet oxidation and solvent treatment. If the chemical treatment process is an acid treatment process, it is more preferably, a continuous dilute or mild acid treatment, such as treatment with sulfuric acid, or another organic acid, such as acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, or any mixture thereof. Other acids may also be used. Mild acid treatment means at least in the context of the invention that the treatment pH lies in the range from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3.
  • the acid concentration is in the range from 0.1 to 2.0 % wt acid, preferably sulfuric acid.
  • the acid is mixed or contacted with the ligno-cellulosic biomass and the mixture is held at a temperature in the range of around 160-220 °C for a period ranging from minutes to seconds.
  • the pre-treatment conditions may be the following: 165-183 °C, 3-12 minutes, 0.5-1.4% (w/w) acid concentration, 15-25, preferably around 20% (w/w) total solids concentration.
  • Other contemplated methods are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,473, 5,366,558, 5,188,673, 5,705,369 and 6,228,177.
  • Wet oxidation techniques involve the use of oxidizing agents, such as sulfite based oxidizing agents and the like.
  • solvent treatments include treatment with DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) and the like.
  • Chemical treatment processes are generally carried out for about 5 to about 10 minutes, but may be carried out for shorter or longer periods of time.
  • Biological pre-treatment techniques include applying lignin-solubilizing micro-organisms (see, for example, Hsu, T.-A., 1996, Pre-treatment of biomass, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C.
  • both chemical and physical pre-treatment is carried out including, for example, both mild acid treatment and high temperature and pressure treatment.
  • the chemical and physical treatment may be carried out sequentially or simultaneously.
  • the pre-treatment is carried out as a soaking step with water at greater than 1 °C, removing the ligno-cellulosic biomass from the water, followed by a steam explosion step.
  • the pre-treated ligno-cellulosic biomass is comprised of complex sugars, also known as glucans and xylans (cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin.
  • An enzyme or enzyme mixture means a cellulolytic enzyme or mixture of enzymes capable of degrading ligno-cellulosic biomass.
  • An enzyme or enzyme mixture produced according to the described process may be of any origin including of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered variants are included.
  • Suitable enzyme or enzyme mixtures include enzyme or enzyme mixtures from the general Cellulomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, Thielavia, Acremonium, Chrysosporium, Penicillium, Themobifida and Trichoderma, e.g., fungal enzyme or enzyme mixtures produced by Humicola insolens, Themobifida fusca, Cellulomonas fimi, Myceliophthora thermophila, Thielavia terrestris, Fusarium oxysporum, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Penicillium decumbens, and Trichoderma reesei.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture produced is an enzyme or enzyme mixture complex homologous to the host cell.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture produced is an enzyme or enzyme mixture complex homologous to a host cell of the genus Penicillium, preferably a strain of Penicillium decumbens.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture produced may also be a mono- component enzyme or enzyme mixture, e.g., comprise an endoglucanase, exo- cellobiohydrolase, glucohydrolase, or beta-glucosidase produced recombinantly in a suitable host cell.
  • the enzyme or enzymes mixture may also include other enzymes or enzyme classes produced in recombinant cells exploiting at least a part of the coding region of the enzymes previously listed including the regulating and/or the promotor regions as known in the art. Suitable host cells are described further below.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture produced may also be an enzyme or enzyme mixture preparation where one or more homologous enzyme or enzyme mixture components are deleted or inactivated from the host cell natively producing the enzyme or enzyme mixture.
  • the host cell may be of any origin.
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture may be homologous or heterologous to the host cell capable of producing the enzyme or enzyme mixture.
  • recombinant host cell means a host cell which harbours gene(s) encoding enzyme or enzyme mixture and is capable of expressing said gene(s) to produce enzyme or enzyme mixture, wherein the enzyme or enzyme mixture coding gene(s) have been transformed, transfected, transduced, or the like, into the host cell.
  • the transformation, transfection, transduction or the like technique used may be well known in the art.
  • the gene is integrated into the genome of the recombinant host cell in one or more copies.
  • the recombinant host cell capable of producing the enzyme or enzyme mixture is preferably of fungal or bacterial origin.
  • the choice of recombinant host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene(s) coding for the enzyme or enzyme mixture and the origin of the enzyme or enzyme mixture.
  • wild-type host cell refers to a host cell that natively harbors gene(s) coding for enzyme or enzyme mixture and is capable of expressing said gene(s).
  • the enzyme or enzyme mixture is a homologous preparation or enzyme or enzyme mixture complex
  • the wild-type host cell or mutant thereof capable of producing the enzyme or enzyme mixture is preferably of fungal or bacterial origin.
  • a “mutant thereof” may be a wild-type host cell in which one or more genes have been deleted or inactivated, e.g., in order to enrich the enzyme or enzyme mixture preparation in a certain component.
  • a mutant host cell may also be a wild-type host cell transformed with one or more additional genes coding for additional enzymes or proteins in order to introduce one or more additional enzyme activities or other activities into the enzyme or enzyme mixture complex or preparation natively produced by the wild-type host cell.
  • the additional enzyme(s) may have the same activity (e.g., enzyme or enzyme mixture activity) or merely be another enzyme molecule, e.g., with different properties.
  • the mutant wild- type host cell may also have additional homologous enzyme coding genes transformed, transfected, transduced, or the like, preferably integrated into the genome, in order to increase expression of that gene to produce more enzyme.
  • the recombinant or wild-type host cell is of filamentous fungus origin.
  • host cells include the ones selected from the group comprising Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Bjerkandera, Ceriporiopsis, Chrysosporium, Coprinus, Coriolus, Cryptococcus, Filobasidium, Fusarium, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Phlebia, Piromyces, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Trametes, or Trichoderma cell.
  • the filamentous fungal host cell is selected from the group comprising a strain of Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae.
  • the strain is Penicillium decumbens.
  • the filamentous fungal host cell is a strain of Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides, or Fusarium venenatum cell.
  • the filamentous fungal host cell is selected from the group comprising a strain of Bjerkandera adusta, Ceriporiopsis aneirina, Ceriporiopsis aneirina, Ceriporiopsis caregiea, Ceriporiopsis gilvescens, Ceriporiopsis pannocinta, Ceriporiopsis rivulosa, Ceriporiopsis subrufa, or Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Coprinus cinereus, Coriolus hirsutus, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium decumbens, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus eryngii, Thielavia terrestris, Trame
  • the recombinant or wild-type host cell is of bacterial origin.
  • host cells include the ones selected from the group comprising gram positive bacteria such as a strain of Bacillus, e.g., Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis; or a Streptomyces strain, e.g., Streptomyces lividans or Streptomyces murinus; or from a gram negative bacterium, e.g., E. coli or Pseudomonas sp.
  • gram positive bacteria such as a strain of Bacillus, e.g., Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyl
  • the biomass will contain some compounds which are hydrolysable into a water soluble species obtainable from the hydrolysis of the biomass.
  • cellulose can be hydrolyzed into glucose, cellobiose, and higher glucose polymers and includes dimers and oligomers.
  • some of the water soluble hydrolyzed species of cellulose are glucose, cellobiose, and higher glucose polymers and includes their respective dimers and oligomers.
  • Cellulose is hydrolysed into glucose by the carbohydrolytic cellulases.
  • the carbohydrolytic cellulases are examples of catalysts for the hydrolysis of cellulose.
  • CBH cellobiohydrolases
  • EG endo-l,4-[beta]-D-glucanases
  • EG endo-l,4-[beta]-D-glucanases
  • 1,4- [beta] -D-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.21
  • glucose is a water soluble hydrolyzed species obtainable from the hydrolysis of the biomass and the afore mentioned cellulases are specific examples, as well as those mentioned in the experimental section, of catalysts for the hydrolysis of cellulose.
  • the hydrolysis products of hemicellulose are water soluble species obtainable from the hydrolysis of the biomass, assuming of course, that the biomass contains hemicellulose.
  • Hemicellulose includes xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, and xyloglucan.
  • the different sugars in hemicellulose are liberated by the hemicellulases.
  • the hemicellulytic system is more complex than the cellulolytic system due to the heterologous nature of hemicellulose.
  • the systems may involve among others, endo-l,4-[beta]-D-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8), which hydrolyse internal bonds in the xylan chain; 1 ,4-[beta]-D-xylosidases (EC 3.2.1.37), which attack xylooligosaccharides from the non- reducing end and liberate xylose; endo-l,4-[beta]-D-mannanases (EC 3.2.1.78), which cleave internal bonds; 1,4- [beta] -D-mannosidases (EC 3.2.1.25), which cleave mannooligosaccharides to mannose.
  • endo-l,4-[beta]-D-xylanases EC 3.2.1.8
  • 1 ,4-[beta]-D-xylosidases EC 3.2.1.37
  • the side groups are removed by a number of enzymes; such as [alpha] -D- galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22), [alpha] -L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55), [alpha] -D-glucuronidases (EC 3.2.1.139), cinnamoyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.-), acetyl xylan esterases (EC 3.1.1.6) and feruloyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.73).
  • enzymes such as [alpha] -D- galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22), [alpha] -L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55), [alpha] -D-glucuronidases (EC 3.2.1.139), cinnamoyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.-), acetyl xylan esterases (EC 3.1.1.6) and feruloyl este
  • xylose and mannose are examples of a water soluble hydrolyzed species obtainable from the hydrolysis of the hemicellulose containing biomass and the afore mentioned hemicellulases are specific examples, as well as those mentioned in the experimental section, of catalysts for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose.
  • the hydrolysis catalyst composition consists of the catalyst, the carrier, and other additives/ingredients used to introduce the catalyst to the process.
  • the catalyst may comprise at least one enzyme or microorganism which converts at least one of the compounds in the biomass to a compound or compounds of lower molecular weight, down to, and including, the basic sugar or carbohydrate used to make the compound in the biomass.
  • the enzymes capable of doing this for the various polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch are well known in the art and would include those not invented yet.
  • the hydrolysis catalyst composition may also comprise an inorganic acid preferably selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or mixtures thereof.
  • the inorganic acid is believed useful for processing at temperatures greater than 100 °C. The process may also be run specifically without the addition of an inorganic acid.
  • the term catalyst composition therefore includes the catalyst(s) plus the carrier(s) used to add the catalyst(s) to the process. If a pH buffer is added with the catalyst, then it is part of the catalyst composition as well. Often the ligno-cellulosic biomass will contain starch. The more important enzymes for use in starch hydrolysis are alpha-amylases ( 1,4- [alpha] -D-glucan glucanohydrolases, (EC 3.2.1.1)).
  • endo-acting hydrolases which cleave 1 ,4-[alpha]-D-glucosidic bonds and can bypass but cannot hydrolyse l,6-[alpha]-D-glucosidic branchpoints.
  • exo-acting glycoamylases such as beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) and pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) can be used for starch hydrolysis.
  • beta-amylase EC 3.2.1.2
  • pullulanase EC 3.2.1.41
  • the result of starch hydrolysis is primarily glucose, maltose, maltotriose, [alpha] -dextrin and varying amounts of oligosaccharides.
  • the starch-based hydrolysate is used for fermentation it can be advantageous to add proteolytic enzymes.
  • Such enzymes may prevent flocculation of the microorganism and may generate amino acids available to the microorganism. Therefore, if the biomass contains starch, then glucose, maltose, maltotriose, [alpha] -dextrin and oligosaccharides are examples of a water soluble hydrolyzed species obtainable from the hydrolysis of the starch containing biomass and the afore mentioned alpha-amylases are specific examples, as well as those mentioned in the experimental section, of catalysts for the hydrolysis of starch.
  • the process relates to the use of a solid composition obtained from a pre- treated ligno-cellulosic biomass as a carbons source feed for producing an enzyme or enzyme mixture in a host cell.
  • first ligno- cellulosic biomass and second ligno-cellulosic biomass should be derived from the same grass genus and more preferably derived from the same grass species. It is also preferable that the first ligno-cellulosic biomass upon which the enzymatic hydrolysis to is to be conducted be pre-treated prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
  • Ligno-cellulosic biomass was introduced into a continuous reactor and subjected to a soaking treatment.
  • the soaked mixture was separated in a soaked liquid and a fraction containing the solid soaked raw material by means of a press.
  • the fraction containing the solid soaked raw material was subjected to steam explosion.
  • Pretreatment parameters for the two biomasses are reported in Table 1. TABLE 1 : Process parameters used in the pre-treatment
  • Pretreated biomass was mixed with water to obtain a mixture having 7.5% dry matter content and the mixture was inserted into an enzymatic reactor.
  • An enzyme cocktail was added, corresponding to the specified concentration of protein per gram of glucans contained in the pretreated biomass. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out for 72 hours under agitation.
  • Wheat straw hydrolyzate prepared according to the conditions of composition HW2, was inserted into a bioreactor with 3 g/1 urea and 0.5 g/1 of a fermenting yeast. pH was set to 5 and temperature to 30 °C and fermentation carried out for 48 hours. Enzymatic cocktail was not removed from the hydrolyzate, in such a way that the enzymatic hydrolysis continued during fermentation.
  • the fermentation broth comprising solids, ethanol and other liquid fractions, was pressed by a press filtering at a temperature of 80 °C at 15 bar, for separating ethanol and liquid components from the solid-rich fraction.
  • the solid-rich fraction comprising lignin extracted from the press indicated as HFW, was used in the cultivation experiments.
  • Arundo Donax hydrolyzate was prepared according to parameters corresponding to HW2 and fermented according to the procedure used for wheat straw.
  • composition of pre-treated biomass and solid compositions in terms of water soluble sugars, complex sugars, lignin and other compounds was determined according to standard analytical methods listed at the end of experimental section.
  • Table 3 reports the composition of pretreated biomass AR and WS, solid compositions derived from WS hydrolyzates HWl and HW2 and solid compositions derived from fermentation of AR and WS hydrolyzates (HFW and HFA).
  • the table contains also the compositions of LSI and LS2, which were used in following experiments and are described in a following experimental section.
  • compositions are expressed in terms of complex C6 sugars, complex C5 sugars, total water soluble sugars (C5 and C6) and other components (comprising lignin and water).
  • Complex C6 sugars are based on glucose
  • complex C5 sugars are based mainly on xylose.
  • compositions are conveniently characterized by the complex sugars to lignin ratio.
  • Complex sugars correspond to the sum of complex C6 sugars and complex C5 sugars.
  • WS that is HWl, HW2 and HFW, it is noted that: complex sugars to lignin ratio in HW1 and HW2 is lower than complex sugars to lignin ratio in WS, reflecting the complex sugar depletion occurred in the hydrolysis;
  • complex sugars to lignin ratio in HW2 is lower than complex sugars to lignin ratio in HW1, reflecting the more effective hydrolysis in HW2 performed at higher enzyme concentration;
  • complex sugars to lignin ratio in HFW is lower than complex sugars to lignin ratio in HW2, due to the fact that enzymes were not deactivated and removed and hydrolysis continued during fermentation
  • the cultivation of the host cell for the production of enzymes proceeded as in the following examples.
  • Each host cell cultivation, which in the reported examples used Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium decumbens as the host cell started from a spore solution recovered from a PDA-plate seeded with fresh spores seven days before recovery.
  • the spore solution was stored at 4 °C.
  • Pre-culture medium was prepared as reported in table 4, choosing the appropriate volume with respect to that of the host cell cultivation phase (one-tenth and one-twentieth for P. decumbens and T. reesei respectively)
  • composition Composition Composition
  • P. decumbens pre-culture was incubated at 30 °C, 170 rpm for 30 h while T. reesei pre-culture was incubated at 28 °C, 170 rpm for 64 h.
  • the biomass is selected from the group of compositions prepared for demonstrating the invention (indicated as WS, AR, HW1, HW2, HFW, HFA).
  • Table 6 compares activity upon different ligno-cellulosic biomasses used to feed the host cell, Trichoderma reesei.
  • composition used indicates the biomass used in the cultivation medium as the source of carbon atoms. Medium content was calculated to provide approximately the same amount of lignin in each cultivation environment. As each used biomass is characterized by decreasing complex sugar to lignin ratio, the amount of complex sugar used in each cultivation media decreases from CE1 to WE3. This establishes the method for various types of host cells.
  • CE1 activities were chosen as reference for expressing experimental results on a relative scale in the second section of the table.
  • WEI, WE2 and WE3 experiments used a cultivation medium where the only carbon source was the composition obtained from hydrolysed (HW1 and HW2) and fermented (HFW) pretreated biomass. Cultivation time was the same in all the experiments (169 hours).
  • Table 7 Total activity obtained from different medium prepared using different composition with decreasing complex sugar content.
  • compositions having no or very low complex sugar content were used in the cultivation medium as carbon sources.
  • CE2 and CE3 were produced using two different commercial lignin samples.
  • CE2 contained 8% of Lignin alkali low sulphonate content (Sigma, code 471003) and CE3 contained 8% of Lignin alkali (Sigma, code 370959).
  • the commercial lignin used have a complex sugar content lower than 5%.
  • compositions of LSI and LS2 are contained in table 3.
  • WE4 and WE5 cultivation media contained 5 times more material then CEl with respect to lignin content and 2.5 - 2.8 times more material than LSI and LS2 respectively.
  • complex sugar content in LSI and LS2 is less than 8% and the corresponding amount of complex sugar added to the medium is reported in the table.
  • Cultivation time was 169 hours.
  • Table 9 reports the activities obtained after 138h of enzyme production. The experiments show that at least the same amount of total enzymes could be produced when PeniciUium decumbens is cultivated either in the presence of pre-treated or sugar depleted ligno- cellulo sic biomas s .
  • the enzymes produced in WE3 on wheat straw solid composition HFW were further used to hydrolyze wheat straw pre-treated biomass WS.
  • Pretreated biomass was mixed with water to obtain a mixture having 7.5% dry matter content and the mixture was inserted into a 100 ml flask.
  • Enzyme mixtures grown in WE3 were loaded at 60 and 90 mg of protein/g glucans of the pre-treated biomass in WE7 and WE8 experiments respectively, and hydrolysis were carried out at pH 5.0 and 50°C for 72h.
  • CE5 experiment was performed using a commercial enzyme solution following producer specifications.
  • Glucose and xylose concentrations were measured at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours and are reported in Table 10. Glucose and xylose released were reported to the initial amount of glucans and xylans in the WS pre-treated biomass to quantify glucans hydrolysis yield and xylans hydrolysis yield.
  • Figure 1 reports the graphs of glucans hydrolysis yield ( Figure la) and xylans hydrolysis yield ( Figure lb).
  • the FPU (filter paper activity), Beta-glucosidase and Xylanase activity were determined using industry known methods of determining enzymatic activity. The difference being that filter paper was the substrate for FPU and salicin and the xylan mixture described below were used as the Beta-glucosidase and Xylanase activity assays.
  • compositions were performed according to the following NREL standards NREL Analytical Method

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SI2864493T1 (sl) 2020-11-30
ZA201409404B (en) 2016-08-31
AU2013279289A1 (en) 2015-01-29
IN2014MN02550A (en, 2012) 2015-07-24
PL2864493T3 (pl) 2021-01-11
JP2015519916A (ja) 2015-07-16
AU2013279289B2 (en) 2016-09-29
MX2014015519A (es) 2015-06-04
DK2864493T3 (da) 2020-08-31
RS60837B1 (sr) 2020-10-30
KR20150035727A (ko) 2015-04-07

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