WO2013167240A1 - Procédé et dispositif de jonction au laser d'au moins deux pièces à usiner à l'aide d'un capillaire de vapeur et oscillation du faisceau laser - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de jonction au laser d'au moins deux pièces à usiner à l'aide d'un capillaire de vapeur et oscillation du faisceau laser Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013167240A1
WO2013167240A1 PCT/EP2013/001246 EP2013001246W WO2013167240A1 WO 2013167240 A1 WO2013167240 A1 WO 2013167240A1 EP 2013001246 W EP2013001246 W EP 2013001246W WO 2013167240 A1 WO2013167240 A1 WO 2013167240A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
laser beam
oscillation
workpieces
laser
joining
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2013/001246
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Felix Schmitt
Benjamin MEHLMANN
Arnold Gillner
Alexander Olowinsky
Dirk HAVERMANN
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.
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Publication of WO2013167240A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013167240A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/03—Observing, e.g. monitoring, the workpiece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B23K26/082—Scanning systems, i.e. devices involving movement of the laser beam relative to the laser head
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/20—Bonding
    • B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
    • B23K26/24—Seam welding
    • B23K26/244—Overlap seam welding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for joining at least two workpieces of similar or dissimilar metallic materials to form a component by means of a continuously emitting laser beam by forming a weld seam along a joint surface by partially absorbing the laser beam in an interaction zone in the region of the joint surface
  • Melting bath forms, wherein a part of the joining surface is detected by the molten bath and this part forms a supporting cross-section after the solidification of the melt, wherein the laser beam along the joining surface on a small beam cross-section, with a main direction of the laser beam axis in the direction of the surface normal of the surface of the workpieces , is incident on the laser beam, focused and the laser beam along the joining surface of the workpieces guided by the feed direction of the laser beam, a second movement is superimposed with an oscillating components of movement both in the feed direction and perpendicular thereto.
  • the simultaneous joining method is used in which along the joining contour individual diode lasers or Strahlfokussierieri are attached and can be varied in the heating time, melting time and cooling behavior by selecting the turn-on of the diode laser or the diode laser ,
  • this procedure can not respond to local changes in the process.
  • metal welding is currently used in individual cases to set a defined TemperaturMapprofils with the ability to influence the solidification and thus, for example, the hardness of the weld a rigid Doppelspot- focusing optics, in which the laser beam is split into two sub-beams; In this way you can set a specific temperature profile by different choice of power distributions.
  • additional heating techniques such as induction or a second laser, are used to set a selectable temperature cycle.
  • the functional sizes of the welded joint are determined by a V-shaped weld geometry, the seam width of which depends to a large degree on the welding depth. Since the instabilities in the welding process and the tolerances in the production can not be prevented, the formation of a rectangular seam geometry with steep Schmelzbadflanken is desirable for a stabilization of the welding process.
  • a variant of the method of local power modulation in laser beam welding represents the rigid power density distribution with several arranged Foki.
  • the Mehrfokustechnik a suitable means.
  • the arrangement of two behind or juxtaposed foci increases the capillary and facilitates the outflow of the metal vapor.
  • the Umströmungs At a greater distance of the two foci of> 1, 5 d 0 , where d 0 indicates the focus diameter, and the formation of two separate Dampfkapillaren the Umströmungs economically the melt is reduced and the limit to the formation of seam imperfections, such as humping, can be moved to higher feed rates become.
  • No. 4,369,348 describes a system technology for deflecting a beam at frequencies up to 1000 Hz for laser welding applications, in which the focus diameter is increased by means of a copper mirror excited by electromagnetic drives. The description concentrates exclusively on the necessary system technology.
  • WO 2006/027013 A1 describes a uniaxial pendulum motion superimposed on the feed motion in order to reduce crack formation during laser welding of hardenable steels.
  • the specified oscillation frequencies are a few 10 Hz.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method for joining at least two workpieces of similar or dissimilar metallic materials to form a component by means of a continuously emitting laser beam by forming a weld along a joint surface, compared to conventional methods, a higher process efficiency based on the depth of penetration with the same power, a defined connection cross-section, improved gap bridgeability and a defined mixing of the two joining partners possible.
  • a laser beam is used with an intensity forming a vapor capillary in the workpieces.
  • This laser beam is continuously coupled into the vapor capillary.
  • Starting from this vapor capillary takes place a radial energy transport into the workpieces.
  • the oscillation of the laser beam and thus the oscillation of the vapor capillary causes at least perpendicular to the feed direction of the laser beam to the center of the oscillating motion directed towards energy transport and thereby generates a
  • an adjustable temperature distribution in the melting zone of the workpiece can be made, which should relate to an increase in volume of the weld between the trajectory of the oscillatory motion in a heat accumulation, and based on the temperature distribution outside the tracks of the oscillatory motion can lead to a controlled cooling behavior.
  • the laser beam is moved in the feed direction at 30 mm / s to 2000 mm / s and this feed motion is superimposed on an oscillating motion, which at a beam diameter of the laser beam in focus less than 100 pm, preferably in the range of 10 to 30 ⁇ , at 300 hertz to 100 kilohertz, preferably in the range of 1 kilohertz, with an oscillation amplitude in the range of 0.02 mm to 0.5 mm, preferably from 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm , expires.
  • an oscillation amplitude in the range of 0.02 mm to 0.5 mm, preferably from 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm
  • the oscillating movement of the laser beam and thus the movement of the vapor capillary is two-dimensional in the direction of propagation of the laser beam and perpendicular to it, wherein the reference point of the oscillating motion is the position of the focus of the laser beam.
  • Characteristic of this type of process control is that the welding process is in the area of deep welding with a pronounced vapor capillary. Deep welding means that a significant portion of the laser power is absorbed within the formed vapor capillary and the laser power coupled into the workpiece is no longer primarily dependent on the reflectance of the material.
  • the method according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that the ratio of diameter of the vapor capillary and feed rate is considerably smaller. As a result, the relative heat conduction losses increase in laser welding and have a greater impact.
  • the melt composition and the concentration composition are set via the choice of the oscillation parameters of frequency and amplitude, whereby a greater mixing of the two joining partners is achieved by increasing the frequency or by increasing the amplitude.
  • an increase in the process efficiency can be achieved by selecting the oscillation parameters by adjusting the oscillation amplitude and oscillation frequency so that, given the heat conduction properties of the material, the energy within the oscillation geometry is sufficient to produce a melt.
  • the laser and oscillation parameters can be adjusted online when repeatedly processing a specific volume of material.
  • Welding process in particular a stabilization of the vapor capillary, be made.
  • the laser beam movement directed backwards perpendicularly and with respect to the main feed direction is selected such that the heat conduction losses at the weld capillary or at the respective laser interaction point in the region enclosed by the movement of the laser beam accumulate in such a way that they repeat together with the laser Recurring laser beam result in a significant increase in the available energy for welding. This results in a significant increase in the molten volume, without having to increase the available laser power.
  • the laser beam is modulated both temporally and locally with extremely high frequency, resulting in corresponding procedural advantages.
  • a setting of a defined temperature profile is possible.
  • This setting of a defined time-temperature profile can be achieved by a rapid deflection in the form of oscillatory movements with frequencies in the multi-kilohertz range of the laser beam perpendicular to the feed direction and in a suitable manner via an extension of the interaction zone with respect to the actual weld zone in the direction of the joining contour be achieved with high scanning frequency depending on the oscillation contour.
  • oscillation contours simple lines, circles, ellipses, spirals, eight-shaped geometries as well as meanders and arbitrary 2D geometries can be used.
  • a preferred geometry is a circular or elliptical-shaped geometry, since with this geometry, the radially inward heat conduction loss can best be exploited.
  • the amplitudes from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm should lie at frequencies greater than 2 kHz, and the laser beam is returned to the still molten area, the energy required to overcome the enthalpy of fusion no longer has to be applied.
  • the oscillation movement ie the oscillation frequency and amplitude as a function of the feed rate of the laser beam, must be chosen depending on the heat conduction or energy dissipation of the respective material so that with repeated irradiation by the moving laser beam, the material is still melted or even over a correspondingly high temperature. In this way, greater depths of penetration can be achieved via the higher intensity, without having to introduce high energies into the material, as in the case of cw welding.
  • Another advantage of the method according to the invention is to be emphasized that the vertical drive mechanisms of the mixing due to reduced interaction times are reduced by the superimposed movement, especially when welding in overlap configuration; As a result, the two molten materials of the workpieces to be joined to a component are less mixed, which is expressed in a reduced formation of undesirable, brittle intermetallic phases.
  • the superimposed oscillatory motion during welding of materials that are prone to unstable process behavior, such as aluminum or copper materials achieves a settling that translates into fewer process errors.
  • the functional variables of a welded connection can be set. Due to the local and temporal variability, such an adaptation can also take place during the process and, if necessary, it can be reacted to changing component conditions.
  • an improvement in the gap bridging ability and low requirements for the edge preparation during welding in butt joint should be mentioned, since the energy is introduced over a larger area cross section.
  • the local modulation of the laser power is carried out in the inventive method in that the laser beam by means of a biaxial scanner within a narrow range around the actual joint around so moves is that despite a fast oscillatory movement in the joining region, the process temperature for melting or welding is maintained and beyond by means of suitable oscillatory movements in the flow (range, seen in the direction of movement of the laser beam, in front of the laser beam) of the melting process can take place heating or in the wake ( Area, seen in the direction of movement of the laser beam, behind the laser beam) of the melting process a defined cooling is achieved.
  • the scan area perpendicular to the welding direction is typically 20 ⁇ to 500 pm (oscillation amplitude). In the welding direction, this scan area can be extended to a few millimeters in the feed direction, depending on the desired preheating or reheating.
  • the oscillation geometries to be set to optimize the preheat, melt, and cool phases may be formed by simple line, circle, ellipse, and spiral movements, octahedral geometries, sinusoidal geometries, meandering geometries, and other free-form geometries adapted to the machining process give temporally and locally modulated temperature profile.
  • defined temperature profiles can be generated dependent on the process via multiple scans with simultaneous variation of the laser power.
  • the geometric sizes of the superimposed motion can also be varied online during the process, if required by the process state.
  • the implementation of the method according to the invention can be carried out by means of a single fast beam deflection unit, which allows both the local modulation and the feed along the required contour, for example by galvanometer scanner.
  • a combination of two different motion systems is used for the implementation of the process technology according to the invention.
  • a first movement system either as a linear table combination or in the form of a galvanometer scanner takes over the irradiation along the actual welding path (macrogeometry).
  • a second highly dynamic scanner which is designed either as a galvanometer scanner or at high scanning speeds as an electro-optical, acousto-optic or phase-shifting scanner, takes over the rapid oscillation of the laser radiation around a reference point (microgeometry) and ensures the adjustment a temporally and locally variable temperature field. Alternatively, this temporal and spatial modulation of the laser radiation by means of a micromirror array done. Galvanometers, acousto-optic deflectors, piezo systems, phase shifters, electro-optical deflectors are used to deflect the laser radiation, the two first-mentioned devices being preferred.
  • the microscanner In order to be able to generate a homogeneous temperature field or temperature field that can be set according to the processing process at the actual processing location, the microscanner must enable scanning frequencies of a few hundred hertz to megahertz.
  • the scan amplitude can be from a few tens of micrometers to a few millimeters.
  • the fields of application of the method according to the invention and the system technology cover welding processes of metallic materials with laser radiation.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation for explaining the method according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a section through the component of FIG. 1 perpendicular to the feed direction of the laser beam
  • Figure 3A and Figure 3B are two schematic representations in a section perpendicular to the feed direction of the laser beam
  • Figure 3A shows the prior art
  • Figure 3B relates to the inventive method in which each caused by the movement of the laser beam melting states in the workpieces are shown with additional flow arrows
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B are temperature diagrams associated with the illustrations of FIGS. 3A and 3B showing the temperature profile on the workpiece surface in the sections shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and FIGS
  • Figure 5 is a representation comparable to that of Figure 1, but with an oscillating movement of the laser beam in the shape of an eight.
  • Figure 1 shows a plan view of the upper workpiece 1 of two to be joined, superimposed workpieces 1, 2, which can be seen in the sectional view of Figure 2.
  • These two workpieces 1, 2 are formed by a continuously emitting laser beam 3 by forming a
  • the laser beam 3 is directed onto the surface of the upper workpiece 1, wherein the main direction of the laser beam axis, denoted by the reference numeral 5, extends in the direction of the surface normal of the surface of the workpiece 1.
  • the laser beam 3 is guided along a predetermined main or feed direction 6. This main direction or feed direction 6 of the laser beam 3 is superimposed on a second movement, the embodiment shown in Figure 1 a spiral course, indicated by the spiral path 7, shows.
  • the laser beam 3 depending on the material of the two workpieces 1, 2 to be joined, which may be those of similar or dissimilar metallic materials, one is selected which, due to its intensity in the workpieces 1, 2, is a vapor capillary 8 generated.
  • the laser beam 3 is continuously coupled into this vapor capillary 8. It can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2 that these vapor capillaries 8 (see FIG. Wegungsbahn 7 (see Figure 1) describes a spiral path. From this vapor capillary 8 takes place a radial energy transport both outward and to the center of the oscillating motion. The energy transport to the outside, indicated by the arrows 9, leads to heat conduction losses.
  • the energy transport directed towards the center of the oscillation represents the energy which can be used for the joining process.
  • this energy transport 10 directed towards the center of the oscillating movement 7 a melted or heated region 11 is produced.
  • the vapor capillary 8 has a high aspect ratio due to the radiation used from beam sources of high brilliance.
  • the vapor capillary 8 In the lower region of the trajectory of the vapor capillary 8 results by radially inwardly directed heat conduction losses in addition molten and re-solidified after process end region 12, with the advantage that the applied energy for melting the entire material volume is smaller than in conventional linear path welding.
  • the local modulation of the laser radiation results in an adjustable temperature distribution in the melting zone in the workpieces 1, 2.
  • the melting zone and thus the increase in volume of the weld metal due to the heat build-up lie between the path of the oscillation movement.
  • the movement of the laser beam 3 in the feed direction 6, which is superimposed on the oscillating movement 7, is 30 mm / s to 2000 mm / s.
  • the beam diameter of the laser beam 3 in the focus (the focus is in the illustration of Figure 2 at the upper edge of the upper workpiece) is less than 100 pm, preferably in the range of 10 to 30 pm, at 300 hertz to 100 kilohertz, preferably in the range of 1 kilohertz.
  • the oscillation amplitude, denoted by reference numeral 14 in FIG. 2, is in the range of 0.02 mm to 0.5 mm, preferably 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B show two schematic representations in a section perpendicular to the feed direction of the laser beam, FIG. 3A representing the prior art while FIG. 3B relates to the method according to the invention.
  • the representation of FIG. 3B corresponds to that of FIG. 2, but in addition the melt bath flows around the vapor capillary 8 are indicated by corresponding flow arrows 13.
  • FIG. 3A which illustrates the joining of the two workpieces 1, 2 with a progressive only in the feed direction 7 laser beam 3, with the figure 3B, which illustrates the inventive method with the additional oscillation of the laser beam 3 and thus the vapor capillary 8, shows that influencing the molten bath dynamics can be achieved by the method according to the invention. While in the prior art method there is a very pronounced upward component of the molten bath flows, indicated by the length of the flow arrows 13, this upstream component of the molten bath flow is significantly reduced due to the reduced interaction times, indicated by the smaller length of the flow arrows 13.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B which respectively show temperature diagrams associated with the illustrations of FIGS. 3A and 3B, illustrate the temperature profile in the workpieces 1, 2 during joining. While the temperature profile in the method used in FIG. 4A shows a Gaussian distribution corresponding to the intensity of the laser radiation, in the method according to the invention according to FIG. 4B a temperature profile determined by the choice of the oscillation movement does not correspond to the original intensity distribution of the laser radiation.
  • FIG. 5 shows the possibility of carrying out the method according to the invention with an oscillating movement of the laser beam, which progresses in the form of an eight in the feed direction 6.
  • corresponding effects can be achieved, as described with reference to Figures 1 and 2.
  • the corresponding reference numerals are used in Figure 5, which are also used in Figure 1, so that the comments on the one figure are transferable to the other figure.
  • the nature of the oscillating motion, as shown in Figure 5, has the advantage over circular oscillating motion of homogenizing the energy input with respect to the vertical component, and no differences in the path energy due to the counter-oscillatory oscillatory motion exist in relation to the actual welding direction; disadvantageous, however, is the higher system complexity.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif de jonction d'au moins deux pièces à usiner (1, 2) en matériaux métalliques identiques ou non pour former un composant, au moyen d'un faisceau laser émis de manière continue (3) par le biais de la formation d'une soudure le long d'une surface de jonction. Le faisceau laser (3) est partiellement absorbé dans une zone d'interaction dans la zone de la surface de jonction et un bain de fusion (11, 12) se forme, une partie de la surface de jonction étant contenue dans le bain de fusion (11, 12) et cette partie formant, après la solidification de la partie fondue une section transversale de support. Le faisceau laser (3) est focalisé le long de la surface de jonction sur une petite section transversale de faisceau, avec une direction principale de l'axe du faisceau laser (5) se trouvant en direction de la normale à la surface supérieure de la pièce à usiner (1, 2), sur laquelle le faisceau laser (3) est incident. Le faisceau laser (3) est ensuite guidé le long de la surface de jonction des pièces à usiner (1, 2), la direction d'avancement du faisceau laser (3) étant superposée à un deuxième mouvement (7) avec un composant de mouvement oscillant, aussi bien dans la direction d'avancement que dans le sens perpendiculaire à celle-ci. Le faisceau laser (3) est inséré avec une intensité formant un capillaire de vapeur (8) dans les pièces à usiner (1, 2) et le faisceau laser (3) est couplé de manière continue dans le capillaire de vapeur (8) et, depuis ce capillaire de vapeur (8), un transport d'énergie radiale sortante a lieu dans les pièces à usiner (1, 2), de telle sorte que l'oscillation du faisceau laser (3) et du capillaire de vapeur (8) agit de manière au moins perpendiculaire à la direction d'avancement d'un transport d'énergie dirigée vers un point intermédiaire du mouvement oscillant et produisant ainsi une zone de fusion.
PCT/EP2013/001246 2012-05-08 2013-04-25 Procédé et dispositif de jonction au laser d'au moins deux pièces à usiner à l'aide d'un capillaire de vapeur et oscillation du faisceau laser WO2013167240A1 (fr)

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DE102012008940.6 2012-05-08
DE102012008940.6A DE102012008940B4 (de) 2012-05-08 2012-05-08 Verfahren zum Fügen von mindestens zwei Werkstücken

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