Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D453/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids
  • C07D453/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems
  • C07D453/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems having a quinolyl-4, a substituted quinolyl-4 or a alkylenedioxy-quinolyl-4 radical linked through only one carbon atom, attached in position 2, e.g. quinine
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0201—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • B01J31/0204—Ethers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
  • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
  • B01J31/0239—Quaternary ammonium compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
  • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
  • B01J31/0244—Nitrogen containing compounds with nitrogen contained as ring member in aromatic compounds or moieties, e.g. pyridine
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
  • B01J31/0271—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0231
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
  • B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
  • B01J31/0285—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0274
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/40—Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions
  • B01J2231/42—Catalytic cross-coupling, i.e. connection of previously not connected C-atoms or C- and X-atoms without rearrangement
  • B01J2231/4205—C-C cross-coupling, e.g. metal catalyzed or Friedel-Crafts type
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/40—Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions
  • B01J2231/42—Catalytic cross-coupling, i.e. connection of previously not connected C-atoms or C- and X-atoms without rearrangement
  • B01J2231/4205—C-C cross-coupling, e.g. metal catalyzed or Friedel-Crafts type
  • B01J2231/4272—C-C cross-coupling, e.g. metal catalyzed or Friedel-Crafts type via enolates or aza-analogues, added as such or made in-situ, e.g. ArY + R2C=C(OM)Z -> ArR2C-C(O)Z, in which R is H or alkyl, M is Na, K or SiMe3, Y is the leaving group, Z is Ar or OR' and R' is alkyl
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2531/90—Catalytic systems characterized by the solvent or solvent system used
  • B01J2531/98—Phase-transfer catalysis in a mixed solvent system containing at least 2 immiscible solvents or solvent phases
  • B01J2531/985—Phase-transfer catalysis in a mixed solvent system containing at least 2 immiscible solvents or solvent phases in a water / organic solvent system

Definitions

• Cinchona alkaloid salts are known phase transfer catalysts useful in the asymmetric formation of carbon-carbon, carbon-heteroatom or carbon-halide bonds. See Takashi Ooi and Keiji Maruoka, Recent Advances in Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalysis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4222-4266 ("Maruoka"). Maruoka reviews the various reactions in which phase-transfer catalysis is useful, including enantioselective alkylation, Michael addition, aldol and related reactions and Darzens reaction.
• the present invention is directed to novel bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts and the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts in asymmetric phase transfer catalysis.
• the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts in asymmetric phase transfer catalysis surprisingly provides for a more active and efficient process as compared to mono-quarternary catalysts, providing high efficiency rates and asymmetric products in high enantiomeric excess.
• the invention is directed to novel bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts and the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts in asymmetric phase transfer catalysis.
• the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts having the chemical structure of Formula I:
• R.1 is selected from ethyl and vinyl
• R2 is selected from hydrogen and methoxy
• R3 and R ⁇ are independently selected from the group consisting of Cj.galkyl, C2_6alkenyl, C2- galkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -Cj ⁇ alkyl-aryl and -Ci_4alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein C j.galkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C3.gcycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and the aryl and heteroaryl portions of-Cj ⁇ alkyl-aryl and -Cj ⁇ alkyl-heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R6,
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C(0)R, C(0)OR, CONRR', and Cj.galkyl
• R6 is selected from the group consisting of C i_4alkyl, Ci-4haloalkyl, aryl, Ci-4alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, C0 2 R, CONRR', SR, S0 2 R, SO3R, PR 2 , PO(OR) 2 , PO(OR) (NRR'), PO(NRR') 2 , P(OR) 2 , P(OR)(NRR*), P(NRR')2, SiRR'R", B(OR) 2 , C(0)R, NRR', NO2, and halogen,
• each R, R' and R" is independently selected from the group consisting of, H, Cj.galkyl, hydroxyl, C j.galkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, -CH 2 -aryl, -CH 2 -heteroaryl, and
• each X and Y are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO4, SO4, BF4, SbF6, carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO3, sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate and perchlorate,
• phase transfer catalysts for use as phase transfer catalysts in the stereoselective formation of a carbon-carbon, carbon- heteroatom or carbon-halide bond on a substrate in a biphasic medium comprising an aqueous phase and organic phase or a micelle medium.
• the cinchona alkaloid salts of Formula I encompass all stereoisomers, including cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinidine, and dihydroquinine.
• the invention encompasses the bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts of Formula I for use as phase transfer catalysts in one of the following asymmetric reactions: (1) alkylation with an electrophilic alkylating agent, (2) Michael addition with an electron deficient olefin, (3) aldol reaction with an aldehyde, (4) Mannich reaction with a a- imino ester, (5) Darzens reaction with an aldehyde, (6) Neber rearrangement of an oxime into an a-aminoketone, (7) epoxidation of an electron deficient olefin, (8) aziridination of an electron deficient olefin, (9) dihydroxylation of an electron deficient olefins, (10) fluorination of a carbonyl substrate, and (1 1) sulfenylation of a ⁇ -keto sulfoxide.
• the aforementioned reactions are well know in the art and described by Maruoka.
• Q forms a fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each optionally substituted with 1 to 4 RC groups,
• each RA and each are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organic substituent group, and one R ⁇ and one R ⁇ may be joined together to form a mono-, bi- or tricyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system, optionally substituted with 1 to 4 RC groups,
• RC is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organic substituent group
• PG is a nitrogen protecting group
• W is a functional group that has leaving ability, in a water-immiscible organic phase in the presence of a bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salt and a base in an aqueous phase to form a biphasic medium comprising the aqueous phase and water-immiscible organic phase, wherein the bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salt has the chemical structure of Formula I:
• Rl is selected from ethyl and vinyl
• R2 is selected from hydrogen and methoxy
• R3 and R ⁇ are independently selected from the group consisting of Cj.galkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2- 6alkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -Ci ⁇ alkyl-aryl and -Ci ⁇ alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein C j.galkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and the aryl and heteroaryl portions of-C i_4alkyl-aryl and -C j ⁇ alkyl-heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R6,
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C(0)R, C(0)OR, CONRR', and C j.galkyl
• R.6 is selected from the group consisting of Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4haloalkyl, aryl, Cj-4alkoxy, hydroxy,
• each R, R' and R" is independently selected from the group consisting of, H, Cj ⁇ alkyl, hydroxy and Ci _4alkoxy, and
• each X and Y are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO4, SO4, BF4, SbFg, carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO3, sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate and perchlorate,
• each R ⁇ and each R ⁇ are independently selected frorn the group consisting of:
• R ⁇ and R ⁇ together may complete a mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic system of up to 10 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF 3 , R 8 , OR 7 , SR 8 , SO2R 8 , S0 2 N(R 7 )2,
• R 7 is H or Cj.galkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen atoms or with OH, CN, CF3, Cj ⁇ alkoxy, amino, Cj ⁇ alkylamino or di(Ci_4alkyl)amino, or R 7 is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF3, Cj ⁇ alkyl, Ci_4alkoxy, amino, C ⁇ .
• R 7 groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete a heterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF3, C ⁇ alkyl, Cj ⁇ alkoxy, amino, C ⁇ alkylamino and di(Ci_
• R 8 is C j .galkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen atoms or with OH, CN, CF3, Ci_4alkoxy, amino, Cj ⁇ alkylamino or di(Ci_4alkyl)amino, or R 8 is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF3, C ⁇ _4alkyl, C 1 _4alkoxy, amino, C ⁇ .
• R 8 groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete a heterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF3, Cj ⁇ alkyl, Cj ⁇ alkoxy, amino, Cj ⁇ alkylamino and di(Cj.
• R 7 is H or C ⁇ _6alkyl which is optionally substituted with Up to 3 halogen atoms or with OH, CN, CF3, Cj ⁇ alkoxy, amino, C malkylamino or di(Ci_4alkyl)amino, or R 7 is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF3, C j _4alkyl, C j ⁇ alkoxy, amino, C ⁇ .
• R 7 groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete a heterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF3, C ⁇ alkyl, Ci_4alkoxy, amino, Ci_4alkylamino and di(Cj_
• R 8 is Ci_6alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen atoms or with OH, CN, CF3, Cj_4alkoxy, amino, Cj ⁇ alkylamino or di(Ci_4alkyl)amino, or R 8 is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF3, Cj ⁇ alkyl, C j ⁇ alkoxy, amino, C ⁇ .
• R 8 groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete a heterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF3, C j ⁇ alkyl, Cj ⁇ alkoxy, amino, Cj ⁇ alkylamino and di(C i_
• the invention encompasses the aforementioned process wherein in Formula A PG is selected from the group consisting of: Cj.g alkyl, vinyl,
• the invention encompasses the aforementioned process wherein in Formula A W is selected from the group consisting of: halogen and sulfonate.
• the invention encompasses the aforementioned process wherein the water-immiscible organic phase is selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylenes, chlorobenzene, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofliran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl tert-butyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, hexanes, heptanes, cyclohexane, dichloromethane and dichloroethane.
• the water-immiscible organic phase is selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylenes, chlorobenzene, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofliran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxan
• the inventidn encompasses the aforementioned process the base is selected from the group consisting of: sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium hydroxide, cesium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, cesium hydrogen carbonate, lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, lithium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert- butoxide, sodium phosphate, lithium phosphate and potassium phosphate.
• the invention encompasses the aforementioned process wherein the water-immiscible organic phase is toluene and the base is sodiurri hydroxide.
• the invention also encompasses the bis-quartefnary cinchona alkaloid salts of Formula I for use as a phase transfer catalyst in one of the following reactions:
• G is N or CH
• R.i, R.ii and R* u are independently H, halogen or an organic substituent group
• R iv is selected from -OR v ,SR vi and NR vii R viii , whereih R v and R vi are independently U or an organic substituent group, R vu and R vm are independently H or an organic substituent group or R vn and R vm may be joined together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and when G is N, R" and R u ' may be joined together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a 5- or 6-membered mono- or 9- or 10-membered bi-cyclic ring containing one Or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen, said ring optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from: halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organic substituent group;
• n 0 or 1
• ring T is optional and forms a fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ring optionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organic substituent group and R* x is H or an organic substituent group,
• n is 0 or 1
• ring T is optional and forms a fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ring optionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organic substituent group and R x is selected from -OR x, ,SR xn and NR X1U R X1V , wherein R 1 and R x " are independently H or an organic substituent group and R x ' n and R x ' v are independently H or an organic substituent group or R xm and R X1V may be joined together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
• each EWG is independently an electron withdrawing group; comprising reacting the substrate with electrophilic alkylating agent, an electron deficient olefin or an aldehyde in the presence of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salt and a base in a biphasic medium comprising an aqueous phase and organic phase to form the carbon-carbon bond.
• the invention also encompasses bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts having the chemical structure of Formula II:
• R1 is selected from ethyl and vinyl
• R2 is selected from hydrogen and methoxy
• Ar 1 is aryl or heteroaiyl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R3,
• Ar 2 is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R3,
• each X and Y are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO4, SO4, BF4, SbF , carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO3, sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate and perchlorate.
• the cinchona alkaloid salts of Formula II encompass all stereoisomers, including cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinidine, and dihydroquinine.
• An embodiment of the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchoria alkaloid salts of Formula II wherein Ar 1 is phenyl which is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R3, and Ar 2 is phenyl which is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R3.
• An embodiment of the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts of Formula Ha wherein R.1 is vinyl and R.2 is methoxy.
• Another embodiment of the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts of Formula Ila wherein R.3 is selected from halogen and methoxy.
• R is selected from the group consisting of vinyl and ethyl
• R is selected from the group consisting of vinyl and ethyl; R 3 is selected from the following groups:
• alkyl refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having a number of carbon atoms in the specified range.
• Ci -6 alkyl (or “CJ-C6 alkyl”) refers to any of the hexyl alkyl and pentyl alkyl isomers as well as n-, iso-, sec- and t-butyl, n- and iso- propyl, ethyl and methyl.
• Ci -4 alkyl refers to n-, iso-, sec- and t-butyl, n- and isopropyl, ethyl and methyl.
• Ci-3 alkyl refers to n-propyl, isopropyl, ethyl and methyl.
• haloalkyl means an alkyl radical as defined above, unless otherwise specified, that is substituted with one to five, preferably one tb three halogen. Representative examples include, but are not limited to trifluoromethyl, dichtoroethyl, and the like.
• acyl means -C(0)-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above.
• alkoxy means -O-alkyl whefe alkyl is as defined above.
• alkenyl refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having a number of carbon atoms in the specified range and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and otherwise carbon-cafbon single bonds.
• Alkenyl includes for example ethenyl, 1-methylethynyl, 2-propenenyl, 2-butenyl, 1,4-pentadienyl and the like.
• alkynyl refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having a number of carbon atoms in the specified rangei and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and otherwise carbon-carbon double or single bonds.
• Alkynyl includes for example 2-propynyl, 1 -butynyl, 3-hexen-5-ynyl and the like.
• cycloalkyl refers to any monocyclic ring of an alkane having a number of carbon atoms in the specified range.
• C3-6 cycloalkyl (or “C3-C6 cycloalkyl”) refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl
• C3-5 cycloalkyl refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl.
• halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine (alternatively referred to as fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo).
• aryl refers to phenyl, naphthyl, dnd anthranyl.
• heteroaryl refers to (i) a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or (ii) is a heterobicyclic ring selected from quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and quinoxalinyl.
• Suitable 5- and 6- membered heteroaromatic rings include, for example, pyridyl (also referred to as pyridinyl), pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
• Heteroaryls of particular interest are pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl (or quinolyl), isoquinolinyl (or isoquinolyl), and quinoxalinyl.
• Examples of 4- to 7-membered, saturated heterocyclic rings within the scope of this invention include, for example, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrazolidinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, thiazinanyl, thiazepanyl, azepanyl, diazepanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and dioxanyl.
• Examples of 4- to 7-membered, unsaturated heterocyclic rings within the scope of this invention include mono-unsaturated heterocyclic ritigs corresponding to the saturated heterocyclic rings listed in the preceding sentence in which a single bond is replaced with a double bond (e.g., a carbon-carbon single bond is replaced with a carbon-carbon double bond).
• any of the various cyclic rings and ring systems described herein may be attached to the rest of the compound at any ring atom (i.e., any carbon atom or any heteroatom) provided that a stable compound results.
• a heteroaromatic ring described as containing from “1 to 4 heteroatoms” means the ring can contain 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms. It is also understood that any range cited herein includes within its scope all of the sub-ranges within that range. Thus, for example, a heterocyclic ring described as containing from “1 to 4 heteroatoms” is intended to include as aspects thereof, heterocyclic rings containing 2 to 4 heteroatoms, 3 or 4 heteroatoms, 1 to 3 heteroatoms, 2 or 3 heteroatoms, 1 or 2 heteroatoms, 1 heteroatom, 2 heteroatoms, 3 heteroatoms, and 4 heteroatoms.
• an aryl or heteroaryl described as optionally substituted with "from 1 to 4 substituents” is intended to include as aspects thereof, an aryl or heteroaryl substituted with 1 to 4 substituents, 2 to 4 substituents, 3 to 4 substituents, 4 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, 2 to 3 substituents, 3 substituents, 1 to 2 substituents, 2 substituents, and 1 substituent.
• any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in Formula I, II, Ila, A, B or C, or in any other formula depicting and describing compounds of the present invention
• its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
• combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
• substitution by a named substituent is permitted on any atom in a ring (e.g., cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl) provided such ring substitution is chemically allowed and results in a stable compound.
• the compounds of the invention contain chiral centers and, as a result of the selection of substituents and substituent patterns, can contain additional chiral centers, and thus can occur as mixtures of stereoisomers, or as individual diastereomers, or enantioniers. All isomeric forms of these compounds, whether individually or in mixtures, are within the scope of the present invention. Unless depicted or specified otherwise* the cinchona alkaloid salts of the invention encompass all stereoisomers, including cinchonine, ciiichonidine, quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinidine, and dihydroquinine.
• organic substituent group means any substituent group containing a carbon atom, which may be optionally substituted.
• Organic substituent groups include, but are not limited to, C i . i oalkyl, C2- 1 oalkenyl, C2- 1 oalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- or partially aromatic heterocycles, C3.i Qcycloalkyl, C j.i oalkoxy, Ci ⁇ Qalkylthio, and C j.i oacyl, each optionally substituted with, for example, one or more of the following: halide, hydroxy, nitrogen containing substituents such as amino, sulfur containing substituent such as sulfates, C j ⁇ alkoxy and Ci _4alkylthio.
• nitrogen protecting group means a substituent that protects a nitrogen atom in a reaction from a reagent or chemical environment.
• Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include for example, /-butyl, vinyl, phenyl, benzyl, -methoxybenzyl, 3,4- dimethoxy benzyl, /?-nitrobenzyl, benzhydryl, trityl, trialkylsilyl, methoxymethyl ether, (2,2,2- trichloroethoxy)methyl and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl, Boc, Cbz.
• the term "functional group that has leaving ability” means an atom or atom group that leaves from a substrate in a substitution or elimination reaction, that is a leaving group, and includes for example halogen and sulfonate.
• electrophilic alkylating agent means an agent that delivers the equivalent of an alkyl cation, such as for example an alkyl halide.
• sulfonate means an anion or leaving group having the formula R#.
• R which is the conjugate base of sulfonic acid.
• R includes for example C j ⁇ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen, and aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen or methyl or nitro. Examples include mesylate, triflate, tosylate and besylate.
• electron withdrawing group is well known in the art are includes for example, cyano, nitro, -C(0)OR xvii ,-C(0)SR x viii and -C(0)NR xvix R xx , wherein R x ii and Rxviii are independently H or an organic substituent group and R Xv,x and R xx are independently H or an organic substituent group or R v i x and R xx may be joined together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
• DCPP l,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)propane
• NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
• the resulting slurry was aged at 22 °C for 1 to 2 h, filtered, rinsed with AcOEt (2 x 24 ml), then hexane (2 x 24 ml). The solid was dried under vacuum to give powder as a mixture of bis-salts (bis-quinidine salt 10 and bis-dihydroquinidine salt). (Total 19.7 g, 94% yield).
• the authentic sample of 10 was purified by SFC (IC column, 20 x 250 mm, 60% MeOH/C02, 50 mL/min, 100 bar, 35°C, 220 nm, sample concentration: 133 mg/mL in MeOH; desired peak: 3 to 4.5 min).
• a slurry cinchonidine (5.0 g, 16.98 mmol) and 2-cyano-benzyl bromide (4.0 g, 20.38 mmol) in 50 ml of IPA was degassed by vacuum and flushed with N 2 , then it was heated to 67 °C until completely conversion (4 to 5 h). It was cooled down and ⁇ 40 mL of solvent was removed by reducing pressure. This concentrated solution was added into AcOEt (160 ml) over 5 to 10 min while stirring.
• the resulting slurry was aged for 1 to 2 h at 22 °C, filtered, rinsed with IPA/hexane (1 : 1 ; 50 ml) and dried under vacuum to give 19 as a solid (7.43 g, 89% ⁇ ).
• the bis-quaternary catalyst is much more active and efficient as compared to the mono-quaternary catalyst for the spirocyclization reaction shown.
• the bis-catalysts contained -12 to 15% of the double saturated compounds hydroquinidine or hydrocinchonine.
• Tables 2 and 3 show a SAR study of bis-quaternary PTC catalysts for spirocyclization. Both bis-quaternary quinidine and cinchonine catalysts are very efficient (Entries 2 to 5). The Bis-Quinidine catalyst is relatively better than bis-cinchonine catalyst (Entry 2 and 3). 2-Bromo-5-Methoxy-benzyl group is the optimized group for this reaction.
• Table 4 shows a study of different functional groups.

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