Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G01K13/00—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
  • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
  • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
  • H05B1/0227—Applications
  • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
  • H05B1/0236—Industrial applications for vehicles
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
  • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater
  • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
  • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
  • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater
  • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
  • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
  • H05B3/262—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an insulated metal plate
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
  • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
  • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices the heat source being other than the propulsion plant
  • B60H2001/2246—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices the heat source being other than the propulsion plant obtaining information from a variable, e.g. by means of a sensor
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
  • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
  • H05B2203/003—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using serpentine layout
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
  • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
  • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
  • H05B2203/022—Heaters specially adapted for heating gaseous material
  • H05B2203/023—Heaters of the type used for electrically heating the air blown in a vehicle compartment by the vehicle heating system

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for producing a vehicle heater, in which a base body of the vehicle heater is equipped with a non-intrinsically safe heat conductor layer and a sensor device for detecting temperature threshold value excesses. Furthermore, the invention relates to a vehicle heater, in particular a vehicle heater produced by the method described here, with a base body, which carries a non-intrinsically safe Schumacher für, Inc., Inc.
• the main body can be, for example, a heat exchanger, in particular a metal / air and / or a metal / liquid heat exchanger.
• a heat exchanger in particular a metal / air and / or a metal / liquid heat exchanger.
• the non-intrinsically safe heat conductor layer may be, for example, but not limited to be subjected to comparatively high voltages (for example, 250 volts), too high voltages can be clocked down, for example by a pulse width modulation, if this appears advantageous.
• comparatively high voltages for example, 250 volts
• relatively high voltages are often available, for example, in electric or hybrid vehicles anyway.
• electric vehicle heaters with a power in the range of three to eight kilowatts can be operated, but the scope of the invention is by no means limited to this power range or these vehicle types.
• a vehicle heater with a heat conductor layer in the form of a non-intrinsically safe heating Elementes is known for example from the patent EP 1 361 089 B1.
• three alternative sensors for surface-specific detection of a heat radiation representing the heating element are provided for temperature monitoring, wherein the heating element is designed as a meandering corrugated fin.
• One of these sensors is designed as a non-contact infrared sensor.
• the heating element contacting sensor is provided in the form of an integrated in the heating element electrical resistance line.
• the third sensor proposed there is likewise arranged in the region of the heating element or integrated into it and operates on the basis of a temperature-sensitive optical waveguide.
• a disadvantage of the two sensors arranged in the region of the heating element is that both the subsequent integration of the resistance line and the subsequent integration of the optical waveguide are labor-intensive and thus cost-intensive, apart from the fact that these separate components themselves are comparatively expensive.
• the main body and the sensor material to be inserted must be exposed to temperatures of typically 900 ° C. or more, for example for a period of between 10 and 30 minutes.
• the material which can be used for the base body and / or the material that may already be applied to the base body prior to the stoving process is / are subject to restrictions with regard to temperature compatibility.
• the invention has for its object, starting from the generic method for the production of vehicle heaters and the generic vehicle heaters to provide a solution for low-cost sensor layers for the detection of Temperaturschwellenwertüberschreitonne, in which the body is subjected to only as few restrictions as possible in terms of its temperature compatibility.
• First proposed is a method for producing a vehicle heater, in a body of the vehicle heater is equipped with a non-intrinsically safe Schuleiter für and a sensor device for detecting Temperaturschwellenwertschreibschreitieux.
• a sensor layer is sprayed on without the base body being exposed to the temperatures customary for stoving processes.
• Such spraying of sensor layers can be performed comparably favorably as baking process, but it limits the requirements for the temperature compatibility of the base body used (or to the already carried by the body materials) significantly less. Therefore, the use of a spray-on process for the main body also makes it possible to use materials which would melt at temperatures customary for baking processes or would otherwise have a different negative change in their material properties with regard to the intended intended use.
• the main body can consist entirely or partially of aluminum by using a suitable spray-on process.
• the body which in many cases will be materials with good thermal conductivity properties.
• the sensor layer is arranged on the side of the heating conductor layer facing away from the base body, special advantages result. For example, in many cases better heat conduction between the heat conductor layer and the base body can be ensured.
• the sensor layer can also detect the temperature of the heat conductor layer more accurately than in embodiments in which the sensor layer is arranged between the base body acting as a heat sink and the heat conductor layer.
• thermal spraying methods are suitable, for example a plasma spraying method, a cold gas spraying method or a flame spraying method.
• a thermal spray process it may be advantageous to form other components of the vehicle heater, such as the heat conductor layer, by a thermal spray process.
• Cold spray plasma spraying and suspension flame spraying are currently considered to be particularly suitable thermal spray processes.
• a gas such as nitrogen
• high speed e.g, multiple sonic speeds
• suspension flame spraying a suspension with the particles to be sprayed on is first prepared in order to then make this suspension into a flame inject.
• the liquid evaporates at least partially, but preferably completely, and (ideally) only the respective particles strike the target surface, which makes it possible to produce dense layers.
• the method in question for spraying the sensor layer has in common that the base body does not have to be exposed to the usual high temperatures for baking processes.
• the base body may be exposed only to temperatures of less than 800 ° C., less than 650 ° C. and even less than 500 ° C. It will be appreciated that the lower the temperatures that can be maintained, the greater the usefulness of the body (and / or any components already carried by it) increases. It should be clear that the phrase "exposure to temperatures" should not necessarily mean that the entire body should or must accept this temperature. Rather, it is all about the fact that the body is not exposed to some temperatures, by which he could be damaged.
• the base body already carries components (for example, electrical or other components) in the areas not directly exposed to the spraying process, which only very much lower temperatures than 500 ° C can withstand, for example, only 100 ° C or even less.
• components for example, electrical or other components
• the sensor layer may have a layer thickness in the range of 10 ⁇ to 200 ⁇ . But there are also layer thicknesses in the range of 10 ⁇ to 100 ⁇ or only 10 ⁇ to 50 ⁇ into consideration.
• the term "sensor layer” is intended to include not only homogeneous sensor layers here, but moreover also multilayer sensor layer structures.
• the sensor layer may comprise one or more insulation layers and / or one or more contact layers and / or one or more layers whose change of electrical, optical or other properties can be used to detect exceedances of temperature threshold values.
• the structure and the thickness of the sensor layer need not be the same in all sections.
• a sensor layer is monitored, for example, for current flows occurring in its longitudinal direction, then it may be sufficient to equip only the end sections with contact areas in relation to the longitudinal direction.
• a planar sensor layer is to be monitored for current flows which extend essentially in the direction of its surface normal, then it will generally be sensible to use two spaced planar electrodes or contact layers. provide that extend substantially perpendicular to the surface or the normal.
• the person skilled in the art will, for example, select the structure and the thickness of the sensor layer in such a way that a sufficiently reliable detectable electrical (or optical or other) effect results when the temperature threshold is exceeded and the material consumption nevertheless is kept as low as possible.
• the sensor layer is produced by means of a powder, wherein powder particles of the powder are present in agglomerated form or are brought into agglomerated form and wherein the non-agglomerated powder particles have an average particle size d50 of less than 20 ⁇ m, preferably less than 10 have ⁇ .
• mean particle size d50 referred to here, reference is made to the relevant ISO 9276-2, insofar as there is a need for clarification in this regard.
• barium titanate powder which in some cases can be used to create the sensor layer, typically has a crystal size of less than 10 ⁇ m (for example between 2 ⁇ m and 8 ⁇ m or between 4 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m).
• This particle size may be too small for some thermal spraying processes (such as plasma spraying), as it may cause obstruction of ports of the spray gun used in these processes (or any other component of the spraying device).
• thermal spraying processes such as plasma spraying
• a plurality of powder particles may be connected to the shell material, which may for example have a plastic such as polyvinyl alcohol as an ingredient. Because the agglomerates are at least predominantly larger than individual powder particles, clogging of the spray gun (or any other component of the device used for spraying) can thus be avoided, at least in many cases.
• agglomerates are not limited to barium titanate powders. On the contrary, this technique can be used for any powder in the scope of the invention that has too small powder particles.
• the sprayed-on sensor layer as a whole it may be useful to suitably condition the shell material used to form the agglomerates.
• the cladding material should preferably have a specific electrical conductivity which is at least as great as the specific electrical conductivity of the powder particles (in the case of a normal operating temperature of the vehicle heater), provided that the agglomerates are not destroyed during spraying or the shell material at least partially remains part of the sprayed sensor layer.
• destroying the agglomerates or at least partially removing the cladding material can also be specifically supported so that the properties of the sensor layer are (at least largely) determined by the property of the powder particles.
• suitable thermal, chemical and / or physical processes or post-treatment steps can be carried out as soon as the agglomerates have passed the sections which are prone to clogging.
• the corresponding material can be provided in its original state.
• a conversion then takes place into a solid material, in particular by means of sintering.
• the solid material is pulverized by crushing the solid material.
• the powder particles can be agglomerated by the use of a binder system as well as subsequent drying and burn-out of the binder. It is also possible to pulverize the powder particles by means of a granulation process.
• a granulated perovskite powder having a predetermined average particle size d50 the following procedure can be followed: In a first process stage, weighing and mixing, dissolution of the salts in acid, precipitation with alkali, filtration and washing and Dry. In a second process stage, a heat treatment for phase reaction and / or conversion can then be carried out. In a third process stage, a wet grinding can then be carried out to the desired fineness, wherein in a fourth process stage fractionation by sifting or sieving, a control of the finished powder material and / or a treatment of residual amounts can be carried out.
• the sensor layer is produced with the aid of a powder which leads to a resistance or impedance characteristic with a positive temperature coefficient.
• This approach is particularly useful when the sensor layer has an elongate extension with two end portions between which a measurement signal is tapped to monitor the sensor layer for currents occurring in its longitudinal direction (or forced).
• the mode of operation may then be similar to the use of a PTC resistor ladder because, due to the series circuit nature of such an elongated extent, sufficient heating of a comparatively short length section is sufficient to reduce the total wattage. To increase the resistance (or the total impedance) so far that a local Temperaturschwellenwertschreibauerschreitung can be detected safely.
• Temperaturschwellenwertschreibschreitungen can be determined so certainly certainly certainly.
• An example of obtaining a resistance characteristic with a positive temperature coefficient is the use of the above-mentioned barium titanate powder, wherein the relatively inexpensive barium titanate is or will be doped with lead.
• the sensor layer is produced with the aid of a powder, which leads to a resistance or impedance characteristic having a negative temperature coefficient.
• a negative temperature coefficient comes into consideration, in particular, if the sensor layer is in the broadest sense an at least partially flat layer which is to be monitored with respect to current flows in the direction of its (possibly respective) surface normal.
• a flat sensor layer is to be understood here, for example, a one or more (possibly very narrow) strip sensor layer, for example, a strip consisting of strips, in which the strip a cylinder surface repeatedly and at different heights wraps around, so that a variety of (differential) surface normals.
• the top and the bottom of the negative temperature coefficient layer will each be equipped with a likewise flat electrode for tapping a measuring signal.
• a sensor layer can be regarded as a parallel connection of a plurality of resistors or impedances (capacitances), so that even a local temperature threshold value overshoot leads to a reliably detectable sinking of the total resistance (or of the total impedance). Temperature threshold overruns that affect larger areas or even the entire area can of course also be determined with certainty. Likewise, for example, a local breakdown or a local arcing between the electrodes can be determined or, ideally, foreseen and thus avoided.
• the term negative temperature coefficient is to be understood here in the broadest sense.
• materials such as silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and other ceramics can be used, for example. the.
• a glass ceramic can be provided that this contains one or more alkali metals, for example in an amount up to ten percent by weight.
• the glass ceramic is or is doped with zirconium oxide, zirconium silicate, quartz, titanium oxide and / or zinc oxide. The proportion of doping can be, for example, up to three percent by weight.
• vehicle heater made using a variant of the method described above falls within the scope of the appended claims.
• vehicle heater in particular a vehicle heater, which has been produced by means of the method described above.
• the vehicle heater has a main body, which carries a non-intrinsically safe heating conductor layer, and a sensor device associated with the heat conductor layer, which is provided to detect an exceeding of a temperature threshold value.
• the sensor device comprises a sprayed-on sensor layer which has been produced without the base body assuming temperatures which are customary for stoving processes.
• Such vehicle heaters can be recognized, for example, from the fact that the base body carrying the sensor layer consists of a material which would have been melted or otherwise adversely modified at temperatures customary for baking processes.
• the base body can also be a heat exchanger or a heat exchanger component in the case of vehicle heating, for example a metal / air and / or a metal / liquid heat exchanger.
• a basic idea of the invention is to produce electrical vehicle heaters, in particular electric vehicle heaters with comparatively high operating voltages of, for example, a few hundred volts DC voltage, thereby inexpensively and without the use of burn-in methods, that at least the sensor layer associated with the heat conductor layer for the detection of temperature threshold excesses, but preferably all layers of the layered structure, are applied to the base body by the use of thermal spraying methods.
• the base body is exposed to significantly less high temperatures than conventional stoving methods, so that, for example, also materials with a comparatively low melting point come into question for the base body.
• the starting powder used to produce the respective layer for example barium titanate powder
• the powder grains to be agglomerated can be enclosed by a shell material.
• the shell material may either be removed (at least as much as possible) after leaving the clogging-prone portions, or it may remain selectively as part of the produced layer, the material properties of the shell material then being selected to match the properties of the layer to be formed .
• both materials with positive and also materials with a negative temperature coefficient are considered.
• Figure 1 is a schematic, partial perspective view of a first embodiment of a vehicle heating system, which simultaneously illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heating
• Figure 2 is a schematic, partially perspective view of a second embodiment of a vehicle heater, which simultaneously illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heating
• Figure 3 is a schematic, partially sectional view of a third embodiment of a vehicle heater, which simultaneously illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heating;
• Figure 4 is a schematic, partially sectional view of a fourth embodiment of a vehicle heater, which simultaneously illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heating.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic, partially perspective view of a first embodiment of a vehicle heater 10, and at the same time illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heater 10.
• the vehicle heater 10 shown in FIG. 1 as well as all other vehicle heaters described below can be air heaters as well as so-called water heaters, for example - and without being limited thereto - for electric or hybrid cars.
• Air heaters differ from the so-called water heaters in that air heaters to be heated air is passed directly through a heat exchanger of the air heater, while in the so-called water heaters first a liquid, usually a mixture of water - hence the name - and an antifreeze, For example, glycol, is passed through a heat exchanger of the water heater to bring the heat using the liquid and another heat exchanger to the desired location.
• the vehicle heater 10 shown schematically in FIG. 1 overall only as a block has a main body 12, which in this case is a heat exchanger.
• this heat exchanger 12 is provided to heat air or a liquid, including the heat exchanger 12 on its underside not shown ribs or similar means for increasing the effective surface for the heat exchange may have.
• the surface of the heat exchanger 12 was equipped with a non-intrinsically safe Schuleiter für 14, with the aid of a thermal spraying see spraying.
• the heating conductor layer 14 is connected to a voltage source, not shown, which may be, for example, a dc voltage source clocked down to 250 volts by pulse width modulation.
• a voltage source not shown
• the heat conductor layer 14 is at its end portions (in relation to their elongated extension direction) suitable to contact, which is at the discretion of the skilled person and is also not shown.
• a sensor layer 16 was sprayed by means of a thermal spraying process, which has a positive temperature coefficient in the case of the embodiment of Figure 1, so that at least a PTC characteristic results for the sensor layer 16.
• thermal spraying method may possibly lead to a configuration instead of the schematically shown exact sandwich-type layer structure in which the material of the sensor layer 16 extends at least in sections over the edge regions of the heating conductor layer 14 or in the case of the heating conductor layer 14 even more or less completely buried under the sensor layer 16.
• the electrical conductivity of the sensor layer 16 must be (significantly) selected lower than the electrical conductivity of the heat conductor layer 14 for normal operating temperatures. to ensure proper operation of the vehicle heater 10.
• the sensor layer 16 with a positive temperature coefficient is part of a sensor device which, in addition to the sensor layer 16, also comprises a measuring device 18 and a controller 20, which are not exclusively assigned to the sensor device got to.
• the controller 20 controls or regulates the operation of the entire vehicle heating, or that the functions essential for the sensor device are detected by a controller 20, which is present in the vehicle anyway.
• the measuring device 18 monitors the temperature-dependent resistance of the sensor layer 16, for example by applying a preferably constant voltage to the end sections of the sensor layer 16 as indicated by the dashed lines and detecting the resulting current flow, for example via a Shunt resistance, which may be part of the measuring device 18.
• the measuring device 18 can then provide the controller 20 with a suitable signal so that it reduces, for example, the current flow through the heating conductor layer 14 as a countermeasure or completely prevents it.
• FIG. 2 shows a schematic, partially perspective representation of a second embodiment of a vehicle heater 10, and at the same time illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heater 10.
• the heat conductor layer 14 is sprayed directly onto the body formed by a heat exchanger 12 of the vehicle heater 10.
• the vehicle heater according to FIG. 2 differs from the vehicle heater according to FIG. 1 in that the sensor layer 16 comprises three components in this embodiment, namely the heating conductor layer 14, which forms a constituent of the sensor layer 16 in addition to its actual function as a heating conductor in this case
• the negative temperature coefficient layer 22 sprayed onto the heating conductor layer 14 by thermal spraying and an electrically conductive contact layer 24 applied to the layer 22.
• FIG. 3 shows a schematic, partially sectioned illustration of a third embodiment of a vehicle heater 10 and at the same time illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heater 10.
• the base body 12 is formed by a heat exchanger.
• the heat exchanger 12 is made of an electrically conductive material, in particular of aluminum. Therefore, in this embodiment, the heating conductor layer 14 is subdivided into a first insulation layer 26, the actual heating layer 28 and a second insulation layer 30. Preferably, all three constituents of the heating conductor layer are sprayed by a thermal spraying method. Based on the illustration above of the total designated 14 Thompsonleiter für, a generally designated 16 sensor layer is provided, which was also sprayed by a thermal spray process and in turn having three components in this embodiment.
• a first electrically conductive contact layer 32 onto which a layer 34 of a material having a negative temperature coefficient has been sprayed.
• the layer 34 may be, but is not limited to, in particular, one of the materials proposed in the general part of the description for negative temperature coefficient layers.
• a second electrically conductive contact layer 36 was injected.
• the layer 34 with negative temperature coefficient is conditioned so that even a local exceeding of a predetermined temperature threshold in any area of the Edelleitertik 14 causes the effective between the first contact layer 32 and the second contact layer 34 total resistance or effective there total impedance of the layer 34 with Negative Temperaturkoeffizien- th due to the parallel circuit nature of the structure significantly decreases. This can be done by an analogous to Figure 2 between the contact layers 32 and 36, but 3, not shown, so that appropriate countermeasures can be taken.
• FIG. 4 shows a schematic, partially sectioned illustration of a fourth embodiment of a vehicle heater 10, and at the same time illustrates method steps for producing this vehicle heater 10.
• the vehicle heater 10 shown in FIG. 4 differs from the vehicle heater according to FIG. 3 in that the second insulation layer 30 and the first contact layer 32 have been omitted there.
• the heating conductor layer 14 comprises only the lower, first insulating layer 26 and the actual heating layer 28.
• the actual heating layer 28 assumes a dual function because, in addition to the heating function, it is also referred to as the lower contact layer 16 Sensor layer is used.
• the sensor layer 16 therefore in this case includes the actual heating layer 28, the negative temperature coefficient layer 34 and the upper contact layer 36.
• the measuring device not shown in FIG. 4, is therefore to switch between the actual heating layer 28 and the upper contact layer 36 to obtain functionality explained with reference to FIG.
• an unillustrated top cover layer can be provided in all cases, in particular an insulating uppermost cover layer, which can preferably assume a protective function.
• the above-mentioned insulating layers 26 and 30 can be, for example, aluminum oxide layers, while the heating conductor layer 14 or the actual heating layer 28 can be realized, for example, by a nickel-chromium layer.
• contact layers 32, 36 may serve as copper layers, for example, and as a layer 34 with a negative temperature coefficient in addition to the already mentioned in the general part of the description materials, for example, a layer of doped with chromium oxide titanium into consideration.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Resistance Heating (AREA)
• Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
• Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)

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• 2012
  • 2012-02-16 DE DE102012202370A patent/DE102012202370A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2013
  • 2013-02-08 US US14/379,080 patent/US10112457B2/en active Active
  • 2013-02-08 CN CN201380009593.1A patent/CN104115552B/zh active Active
  • 2013-02-08 JP JP2014556084A patent/JP6069734B2/ja active Active
  • 2013-02-08 EP EP13705129.8A patent/EP2815626B1/de active Active
  • 2013-02-08 KR KR1020147022154A patent/KR101652472B1/ko active Active
  • 2013-02-08 WO PCT/EP2013/052600 patent/WO2013120786A1/de not_active Ceased

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