WO2013099162A1 - 放射線検出器 - Google Patents
放射線検出器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013099162A1 WO2013099162A1 PCT/JP2012/008129 JP2012008129W WO2013099162A1 WO 2013099162 A1 WO2013099162 A1 WO 2013099162A1 JP 2012008129 W JP2012008129 W JP 2012008129W WO 2013099162 A1 WO2013099162 A1 WO 2013099162A1
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- scintillator
- light
- radiation detector
- light receiving
- blocks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/202—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/2002—Optical details, e.g. reflecting or diffusing layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
- G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
- G01T1/1641—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras
- G01T1/1644—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras using an array of optically separate scintillation elements permitting direct location of scintillations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
- G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
- G01T1/1641—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras
- G01T1/1642—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras using a scintillation crystal and position sensing photodetector arrays, e.g. ANGER cameras
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/2008—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors using a combination of different types of scintillation detectors, e.g. phoswich
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2985—In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a radiation detector.
- Radiation detectors are used in nuclear medicine imaging devices such as PET (Positron Emission Tomography), SPECT (Single Photon Emission computed tomography), and gamma cameras. These nuclear medicine imaging devices utilize the property that annihilation gamma rays are emitted when a positron-radiation isotope (RI) -labeled drug is administered to the subject, and the annihilation gamma rays are detected using a radiation detector. This is a device that obtains an RI (Radioactive Isotopes) distribution image.
- RI positron-radiation isotope
- Patent Document 1 discloses the following radiation incident position three-dimensional detector.
- the radiation incident position three-dimensional detector includes a plurality of columnar scintillators and a light receiving element connected to each bottom surface of the plurality of columnar scintillators.
- the plurality of columnar scintillators are obtained by vertically stacking a plurality of scintillator cells having a predetermined shape.
- the plurality of columnar scintillators are arranged so that the side surfaces thereof are adjacent to each other, a reflection sheet is provided on a part of the adjacent side surfaces, and at least a part of the side surface of the uppermost scintillator cell emits light from each other. There is no reflective sheet to go back and forth.
- the radiation incident position three-dimensional detector uses a photomultiplier tube as a light receiving element.
- the light receiving element is provided only on one surface of a structure in which a plurality of scintillator cells are stacked in the vertical direction.
- Patent Document 2 discloses the following radiation position detector.
- scintillator elements are three-dimensionally arranged to form a substantially rectangular parallelepiped block.
- a light receiving element is connected to at least two surfaces of the substantially rectangular parallelepiped, for example, the entire surface. That is, this technique is based on the premise that light emitted from the scintillator element is diffused three-dimensionally.
- Patent Document 3 discloses the following radiation detector.
- the radiation detector includes a scintillator crystal, a photodetector, and a light reduction unit.
- the scintillator crystal is formed in an elongated shape, and radiation enters one end.
- the photodetector is disposed at the other end of the scintillator crystal and detects the intensity of fluorescence.
- the light reduction unit is partially located on the outer surface of the scintillator crystal and reduces the intensity of fluorescence propagating through the inside.
- the radiation detector uses a photomultiplier tube as a photodetector.
- the photodetector is provided only at one end of the scintillator crystal.
- Patent Document 4 discloses the following radiation three-dimensional position detection apparatus.
- the radiation three-dimensional position detection apparatus includes a scintillator unit and a light receiving element.
- a scintillator unit is formed by stacking a plurality of scintillator cells in layers, inserting a thin transparent plate having a refractive index different from that of the scintillator cell between the scintillator cells to form a multi-layer scintillator, and placing two multi-layer scintillators in parallel between them. It is obtained by inserting a thin transparent plate partially containing a reflective material into the plate and bonding them together.
- the light receiving element is connected to one end of the multilayer scintillator.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a radiation position detector in which a plate-like or columnar scintillator and a photodetector are combined.
- the radiation position detector bundles scintillators into multiple layers and optically couples the multiple layers to detect the radiation incident position on the scintillator and the depth position of the light emitting point in the scintillator.
- Patent Document 6 a plurality of scintillator elements are stacked on an optical position detector so that the center position thereof is deviated in a direction parallel to the light receiving surface of the optical position detector, and the output light from the optical position detector is
- a radiation three-dimensional position detector is disclosed that identifies a scintillator element that emits fluorescence upon incidence of radiation, based on the center-of-gravity position calculation, by varying the center of gravity position of the spatial distribution for each laminated scintillator element.
- the technique essentially consists of stacking first and second scintillator arrays having different fluorescence decay time constants.
- Patent Document 7 discloses the following three-dimensional radiation position detector.
- the three-dimensional radiation position detector includes a scintillator unit, a light receiving element, and a calculation unit.
- the scintillator unit is provided on the light incident surface of the light receiving element, and four scintillator arrays are sequentially stacked in a direction perpendicular to the light incident surface.
- Each scintillator array is 8 ⁇ 8, and scintillator cells are two-dimensionally arranged.
- the scintillator cell included in the scintillator array of a certain layer and the scintillator cell included in the scintillator array of another layer have different optical conditions on at least one same side.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that the position resolution performance in the prior art is about 1 mm.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a radiation detector that has a relatively simple structure and realizes position resolution performance in the scintillator depth direction higher than that of the conventional scintillator.
- a plurality of scintillator blocks are three-dimensionally arranged in a matrix so as to form a column, and the boundary surface between each of the plurality of scintillator blocks is in the height direction of the column.
- An intervening layer having a refractive index different from that of the scintillator block and / or absorbing or scattering a part of light emitted by the scintillator block exists on the boundary surface extending in a vertical direction.
- a three-dimensional laminated scintillator in which a light-shielding layer that shields transmission of light emitted by the scintillator block is present on at least a part of the boundary surface extending in a direction parallel to the height direction of the column body;
- the two-dimensional laminated scintillator is provided so as to be paired with both end surfaces in the height direction of the column, and receives light emitted from the scintillator block and converts it into an electric signal.
- a radiation detector having a light receiving element is provided.
- a radiation detector that has a relatively simple structure and realizes position resolution performance in the scintillator depth direction higher than that of the conventional scintillator.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration of the radiation detector 1 of the present embodiment.
- the radiation detector 1 includes a three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12, light receiving elements 10 and 11, and a position specifying unit 16.
- the light receiving element 10 and the light receiving element 11 are separated from the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12, but actually, the light receiving element 10 and the light receiving element 11 are optically coupled to the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12.
- the radiation detector 1 according to the present embodiment may be in a state where the position specifying unit 16 is not provided. That is, the position specifying unit 16 may be provided in another device and connected to the radiation detector 1.
- each component will be described.
- a plurality of scintillator blocks 13 are three-dimensionally arranged in a matrix so as to form a pillar.
- the material of the scintillator block 13 is not limited as long as it absorbs radiation and emits light, and any material can be selected according to the conventional technology related to scintillators.
- the shape of the scintillator block 13 may be a column, and in addition to the rectangular parallelepiped shown in the figure, a cube, a polygonal column whose bottom shape is another polygon, a cylinder, a column whose bottom shape is another shape, etc. Can do.
- the size of the scintillator block 13 is preferably smaller from the viewpoint of improving the position resolution.
- the upper limit of the height may be 50 mm
- the upper limit of the major axis of the bottom surface may be 50 mm.
- a three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 can be formed by laminating a plurality of scintillator blocks 13 having the same configuration (material, shape, size, etc.). For this reason, it is excellent in mass productivity.
- the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 are stacked in a straight line in the height direction (z direction (H direction) shown in FIG. 1) of the three-dimensional stacked scintillator (column body) 12. That is, in the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12, a plurality of scintillator blocks 13 arranged in a straight line in the z direction (see FIG. 1) (hereinafter referred to as “z direction laminated unit”) are arranged in the x direction and the y direction (FIG. 1). It can be said that it is a configuration in which a plurality of references are referred to. When the z-direction stacked unit is observed from the z direction (see FIG. 1), the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 are almost completely overlapped. There is no problem even if there is a slight deviation, and “almost complete” is a concept including such a state.
- the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 be arranged with a gap between the x direction and a gap between the y directions as small as possible.
- the scintillator block has a polygonal column such as a triangular column, a quadrangular column, or a hexagonal column.
- the column bodies it is preferable to arrange the column bodies so that the bottom and top surfaces thereof are parallel to the xy plane.
- the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 do not necessarily have to be arranged in a straight line in the x direction and the y direction (see FIG. 1). Further, the plurality of z-direction stacked units may be shifted from each other in the z direction. That is, the positions in the z direction of the ends of each of the plurality of z direction stacked units may be shifted from each other. However, as shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of scintillator blocks are aligned in the x direction, the y direction, and the z direction, and the positions of the end portions of the plurality of z direction stacked units are aligned in the z direction. It is preferred that 13 are regularly arranged. In such a case, the structure of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 becomes simple and excellent in mass productivity.
- the number of scintillator blocks 13 arranged three-dimensionally is not particularly limited. For example, two or more and 1,000 or less scintillator blocks 13 are laminated in a straight line in the z direction to form a z-direction laminated unit, and a z or more of 4 or more and 10,000,000,000 or less.
- the direction stacking units may be arranged in the x direction and the y direction.
- the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 includes an intervening layer 15 and a light shielding layer 14 on a boundary surface between the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 (hereinafter, “scintillator block boundary surface”).
- the light shielding layer 14 has a function of shielding (absorbing / reflecting) transmission of light emitted by the scintillator (scintillator block 13).
- the light shielding layer 14 preferably has a function of reflecting light emitted by the scintillator. If it has such a function, the structure of the light shielding layer 14 will not be restrict
- the light shielding layer 14 may include a light reflecting film.
- the light reflecting film used for the light shielding layer 14 preferably has a high light reflectance, and may be, for example, a fluororesin film, a light reflecting material containing film such as barium sulfate, or an ESR film.
- Such a light shielding layer 14 is at least a part of a boundary surface 14a (see FIG. 2) extending in a direction parallel to the height direction H of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 (column) in the boundary surface of the scintillator block.
- the light shielding layer 14 may be provided on the entire boundary surface 14a (see FIG. 2) extending in a direction parallel to the height direction H.
- the light shielding layer 14 is located at a part of the boundary surface 14a (see FIG.
- the light shielding layer 14 is located at a part of the boundary surface 14a between the two scintillator blocks 13, The light shielding layer 14 is located on the entire boundary surface 14a between the first and second scintillator blocks 13, and the light shielding layer 14 is not located on the boundary surface 14a between the third and fourth scintillator blocks 13, or A combination of these may be considered.
- the light shielding layer 14 is located on at least a part of, for example, all of the side surface (outer peripheral surface) of the three-dimensional stacked scintillator 12 in addition to at least a part of the boundary surface 14a. A part, for example, the whole may be covered.
- the light emitted from the first scintillator block 13 included in the first z-direction stacked unit diffuses in the x-direction and the y-direction (see FIG. 1), and the other z-direction It prevents entering into other scintillator blocks 13 included in the laminated unit or leaking into the external space. As a result, the position resolution in the x direction and the y direction is improved.
- the light shielding layer 14 includes a light reflecting material
- the light shielding layer 14 further emits light emitted from the first scintillator block 13 included in the first z direction laminated unit in the z direction ( (See FIG. 1).
- the light emitted from the scintillator can be efficiently delivered to the light receiving elements 10 and 11 located at both ends in the height direction H (z direction) of the z direction laminated unit.
- the light shielding layer 14 is preferably provided on the entire boundary surface 14a (see FIG. 2) extending in a direction parallel to the height direction H.
- the above-mentioned effects are realized, although the degree is different from that in the case of providing it in all.
- the intervening layer 15 has a refractive index different from that of the scintillator block 13 and / or has a characteristic of absorbing or scattering a part of light emitted by the scintillator.
- the intervening layer 15 is not particularly limited as long as it has such characteristics, and its configuration (material, thickness, etc.) has a degree of freedom.
- the intervening layer 15 may be a gas such as air, a liquid such as water / grease / oil, or a solid such as glass, polyethylene, epoxy adhesive, or silicon adhesive.
- the intervening layer 15 may be a combination of these.
- Such an intervening layer 15 is positioned on a boundary surface 15a (see FIG. 3) extending in a direction perpendicular to the height direction H of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 (column body) in the boundary surface of the scintillator block.
- the z-direction stacking unit is configured by arranging a plurality of scintillator blocks 13 in a straight line in the z direction (see FIG. 1) with the intervening layer 15 sandwiched between the scintillator blocks 13.
- the light emitted from the first scintillator block 13 included in the first z-direction multilayer unit is until it reaches one of the light receiving elements 10 and 11 located at both ends of the z-direction multilayer unit.
- the scintillator block 13 may be moved across. When straddling between adjacent scintillator blocks 13, light passes through the intervening layer 15.
- the intervening layer 15 reduces the amount of light passing through its own layer as compared to when passing through the scintillator block 13. In other words, the amount of light generated from the scintillator block 13 can be reduced due to the passage of the intervening layer 15 before reaching the light receiving elements 10 and 11.
- the degree of decrease in the amount of light before it reaches one of the light receiving elements 10 and 11 after being emitted by the first scintillator block 13 is the number of times of movement across the scintillator blocks 13 (passing through the intervening layer 15)
- the greater the number of The number of times of moving across the scintillator blocks 13 (number of times of passing through the intervening layer 15) tends to increase as the distance from the light emitting position to each of the light receiving elements 10 and 11 increases. For this reason, when the distances from the first scintillator block 13 that emits light to the light receiving elements 10 and 11 are different, the difference between the amount of light reaching the light receiving element 10 and the amount of light reaching the light receiving element 11 is different. Appears clearly. As a result, the accuracy of the process of specifying the light emission position by the position specifying unit 16 described below is improved.
- the light receiving elements 10 and 11 receive light emitted from the scintillator (scintillator block 13) and convert it into an electrical signal.
- the light receiving elements 10 and 11 are provided so as to be paired with both end faces in the height direction H of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 (column body).
- the light receiving element 10 and the light receiving element 11 are separated from the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12, but actually, the light receiving element 10 and the light receiving element 11 are optically coupled to the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12.
- a photoelectric converter using a silicon photomultiplier, a CCD element, a photomultiplier tube, an avalanche photodiode, a photodiode, or the like can be used.
- the position specifying unit 16 receives an electric signal from the pair of two light receiving elements 10 and 11, and specifies the position where the light that is the basis of the electric signal is emitted based on the received electric signal.
- the light emitted from the first scintillator block 13 is guided to diffuse in the z direction (two directions), One of the light receiving elements 10 and 11 is reached.
- the amount of light emitted from the first scintillator block 13 decreases until it reaches the light receiving element 10 or 11 due to the influence of absorption, reflection, diffusion, and the like.
- the degree of reduction increases as the distance from the first scintillator block 13 that emits light to the light receiving element 10 or 11 increases.
- the intervening layer 15 exists, as described above, the amount of light emitted from the first scintillator block 13 is long from the first scintillator block 13 that emits light to the light receiving element 10 or 11. It tends to decrease.
- the amount of light received by each of the light receiving elements 10 and 11 (the total amount of light received by the light receiving element) is relatively large when the position of the first scintillator block 13 that emits light is close, and conversely, it is far away. Relatively small.
- the position specifying unit 16 specifies the light emitting position in the depth direction (the position in the z direction of the emitted scintillator block 13) using the following formula (1).
- (Depth position) (height of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12) ⁇ (total amount of light incident on the light receiving element 10) / ⁇ (total amount of light incident on the light receiving element 11) + (light receiving element 10 Total energy of light incident on the surface ⁇ -------- (1)
- FIG. 4 shows an example of a functional block diagram of the position specifying unit 16.
- Each of the signals output from the light receiving elements 10 and 11 is converted into a signal having position information and wave height information in the in-plane direction (xy plane direction) of each of the light receiving elements 10 and 11 by the centroid calculating circuits 22 and 23, respectively.
- Each of the signals is branched after being converted, and one of the signals is input to the ADC 30 through each of the delay circuits 27 and 28.
- the other signal branched from the center-of-gravity calculation circuits 22 and 23 passes through the discriminators 24 and 25, and then ANDed (AND circuit 26), generates a Gate signal (ADC Gate29), and then ADC30
- ADC Gate29 Gate signal
- Position information in the in-plane direction (xy plane direction) and depth direction (z direction) is obtained by performing the centroid calculation of the signals from the delay circuits 27 and 28, and energy information is obtained from the signals of the delay circuits 27 and 28. Each is determined from the sum.
- the method for specifying the light emission position in the depth direction is not limited to the expression (1) and the circuit described above, but the light emission position and the amount of light received by the light receiving element (the total amount of light received by the light receiving element). Other methods that take advantage of the differences may be used.
- a plurality of scintillator crystals having a predetermined shape whose surface is optically polished (eg, a cube having a length of 3 mm, a width of 3 mm, and a height of 3 mm) are prepared. Thereafter, the scintillator blocks 13 are arranged and fixed in M rows ⁇ N columns (example: 4 rows ⁇ 4 columns) on the glass plate with a predetermined interval (example: 0.2 mm).
- a mixed liquid containing a reflective material in the gaps between the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 (for example, in a state where the periphery of the M scintillator block group of M rows ⁇ N columns on the glass plate is surrounded by an enclosure having a predetermined height) : Barium sulfate / water / adhesive / dispersant mixed solution) is dropped and filled. Next, this is heated and solidified (eg, heated and dried in an oven at 50 ° C. for 24 hours) to form the light shielding layer 14.
- a transparent plate may be disposed in a part of the gap between the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 and then the mixed liquid may be dropped and filled to form the light shielding layer 14 only in part. Thereafter, the glass plate is peeled to obtain a scintillator array in which the thickness of the light shielding layer 14 is 0.2 mm, and 4 ⁇ 4 scintillator blocks are arranged in the xy plane direction (see FIG. 1). it can.
- a plurality of scintillator arrays are stacked so that the vertical positions of the scintillator blocks 13 coincide (z direction in FIG. 1).
- an intervening layer 15 having a refractive index different from that of the scintillator block 13 and / or absorbing or scattering a part of the light emitted by the scintillator is installed between the arrays using air, an adhesive, or the like. To do. In this manufacturing method, arrays can be simply stacked in the air.
- a three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 can be obtained by attaching a Teflon (registered trademark) tape reflector to the side surface of the laminated scintillator array and fixing them.
- the light receiving elements 10 and 11 are optically coupled to two upper and lower surfaces (two surfaces at both ends in the z direction) of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12.
- an MPPC Multi Pixel Photon Counter
- an MPPC array having a light receiving area of 3 ⁇ 3 mm 2 .times.4 rows.times.4 columns is bonded to the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 using optical grease.
- a plurality of scintillator crystals having a predetermined shape whose surface is optically polished (eg, a cube having a length of 3 mm, a width of 3 mm, and a height of 3 mm) are prepared. Thereafter, in accordance with the shape of the scintillator block 13 in the x direction and the y direction (see FIG. 1), a lattice is produced using, for example, a light reflecting film. Next, the scintillator blocks 13 are placed in the lattice so as to have a predetermined number of layers and stacked to produce a stacked array in which the layers are stacked in the z direction (see FIG. 1).
- an adhesive eg, a light reflecting material-containing adhesive
- a material such as an air layer having a predetermined thickness
- an adhesive that transmits scintillation light, or a light transmission plate is disposed as the intervening layer 15.
- a three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 can be obtained by preparing a predetermined number of laminated arrays and arranging them in parallel. The subsequent steps are similar to those of the manufacturing method 1.
- a plurality of scintillator crystals having a predetermined shape whose surface is optically polished (eg, a cube having a length of 3 mm, a width of 3 mm, and a height of 3 mm) are prepared. Thereafter, a plurality of scintillator blocks 13 are stacked in the z direction (see FIG. 1) while sandwiching an intervening layer 15 (an air layer of a predetermined thickness or an adhesive that transmits scintillation light, a light transmitting plate, etc.) A two-layer array is obtained.
- an intervening layer 15 an air layer of a predetermined thickness or an adhesive that transmits scintillation light, a light transmitting plate, etc.
- second laminated arrays After producing a predetermined number of second laminated arrays, they are arranged on a glass plate in M rows ⁇ N columns (eg, 4 rows ⁇ 4 columns) with a predetermined interval (eg, 0.2 mm). , Fix. Then, a mixture containing a reflective material in a gap between the plurality of second stacked arrays in a state where the periphery of the second stacked array group of M rows ⁇ N columns is surrounded by an enclosure having a predetermined height on the glass plate. A liquid (eg, mixed solution of barium sulfate / water / adhesive / dispersant) is dropped and filled. Next, this is heated and solidified (eg, heated and dried in an oven at 50 ° C.
- a liquid eg, mixed solution of barium sulfate / water / adhesive / dispersant
- the light shielding layer 14 can be formed only on a part of the gap between the plurality of scintillator blocks 13 by, for example, placing a transparent plate and then dropping and filling the mixed liquid. Thereafter, the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 can be obtained by peeling the glass plate.
- a plurality of scintillator crystals having a predetermined shape whose surface is optically polished (for example, a rectangular parallelepiped having a length of 3 mm, a width of 3 mm, and a height of 12 mm) are prepared.
- an intervening layer 15 an intervening layer having a characteristic of absorbing or scattering a part of light emitted by the scintillator, for example, three places at an interval of 3 mm with respect to a height of 12 mm
- the second lamination Get an array is generated by irradiation with a laser or the like.
- second laminated arrays After producing a predetermined number of second laminated arrays, they are arranged on a glass plate in M rows ⁇ N columns (eg, 4 rows ⁇ 4 columns) at a predetermined interval (eg, 0.2 mm). , Fix. Then, a mixture containing a reflective material in a gap between the plurality of second stacked arrays in a state where the periphery of the second stacked array group of M rows ⁇ N columns is surrounded by an enclosure having a predetermined height on the glass plate. A liquid (eg, mixed solution of barium sulfate / water / adhesive / dispersant) is dropped and filled. Next, this is heated and solidified (eg, heated and dried in an oven at 50 ° C.
- a liquid eg, mixed solution of barium sulfate / water / adhesive / dispersant
- the light shielding layer 14 can be formed only on a part of the gap between the plurality of second stacked arrays, for example, by placing a transparent plate and then dropping and filling the mixed liquid. Thereafter, the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 can be obtained by peeling the glass plate.
- Example 1 a radiation detector in which scintillator blocks 13 were stacked in the z direction was produced.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the radiation detector according to the first embodiment.
- Ce-doped cerium: GAGG (Ce: Gd 3 A l2 Ga 3 O 12) ( hereinafter, "Ce: GAGG” hereinafter) is a crystal.
- the shape was a cubic shape of 3 mm length ⁇ 3 mm width ⁇ 3 mm height.
- the radiation detector was irradiated with 662 keV gamma rays from a cesium 137 radiation source, and the voltage pulse signal output from each silicon photomultiplier (light receiving elements 10 and 11) was analyzed using the equation (1).
- the position-resolved spectrum shown in FIG. 6 was obtained.
- the radiation detector of the present embodiment obtained by arranging a plurality of radiation detectors of Example 1 in parallel has excellent position resolution performance in the depth direction (z direction).
- Example 2 a radiation detector in which the scintillator blocks 13 were three-dimensionally arranged (4 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4) was produced.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view of the radiation detector according to the second embodiment.
- the scintillator block 13 is a Ce: GAGG crystal.
- the shape was a cubic shape of 3 mm length ⁇ 3 mm width ⁇ 3 mm height.
- the intervening layer 15 was an air layer having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m.
- the light shielding layer 14 had a thickness of 0.2 mm and was a layer containing barium sulfate.
- the light shielding layer 14 is formed on all the boundary surfaces extending in a direction parallel to the height direction H (z direction in FIG. 7) of the three-dimensional stacked scintillator 12 (column body) in the scintillator block boundary surface. Provided.
- the light receiving elements 10 and 11 were silicon photomultipliers having a light receiving surface of 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm.
- the radiation detector was irradiated with 662 keV gamma rays from a cesium 137 radiation source. And the light emission position was pinpointed using the position specific
- the energy resolution was 8.6%@662 keV.
- Example 3 a LYSO (Ce: (Lu, Y) 2 SiO 5 ) (hereinafter referred to as “Ce: LYSO”) crystal doped with cerium was used as the scintillator block 13.
- Ce: LYSO a LYSO crystal doped with cerium
- the radiation detector was irradiated with 662 keV gamma rays from a cesium 137 radiation source, and the voltage pulse signal output from each silicon photomultiplier was analyzed using equation (1). As a result, the position-resolved spectrum shown in FIG. Obtained.
- the radiation detector of the present embodiment obtained by arranging a plurality of radiation detectors of Example 3 in parallel has excellent position resolution performance in the depth direction (z direction).
- FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the radiation detector according to the fourth embodiment.
- the light shielding layer 14 was provided on a part of the boundary surface extending in the direction parallel to the height direction H (z direction in FIG. 10) of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator 12 (column body).
- Other configurations are the same as those of the radiation detector of the second embodiment.
- a light transmission plate 17 is disposed on the boundary surface where the light shielding layer 14 is not provided. As shown in FIG. 10, the light transmission plate 17 is provided only between the scintillator blocks 13a and 13b.
- the radiation detector was irradiated with 662 keV gamma rays from a cesium 137 radiation source. And the light emission position was pinpointed using the position specific
- ⁇ Comparative Example 1> a radiation detector in which scintillator blocks were three-dimensionally arranged (4 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4) was produced.
- the scintillator block 13 is a Ce: GAGG crystal.
- An intervening layer having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m made of a silicon-based adhesive that transmits the scintillator light was provided on all the scintillator block boundary surfaces. Further, the entire side surface of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator obtained by three-dimensionally arranging the scintillator blocks 13 (4 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4) was covered with a light shielding layer.
- the light receiving element was a silicon photomultiplier having a light receiving surface of 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm.
- the radiation detector was irradiated with 662 keV gamma rays from a cesium 137 radiation source, and the voltage pulse signal output from each silicon photomultiplier was analyzed using equation (1).
- FIG. 12 shows the obtained two-dimensional map. Compared with the three-dimensional map of FIG. 11 obtained by Example 4, the position-resolved spectrum in the xy direction is distorted toward the center, and the position discrimination characteristics are deteriorated.
- FIG. 13 is a position-resolved spectrum in the depth direction (z direction) obtained in Comparative Example 1. Compared to the spectrum of FIG. 9 obtained from Example 3, it can be seen that adjacent position-resolved spectra are closer to each other, and the position-resolving characteristics are deteriorated.
- ⁇ Comparative example 2> a radiation detector in which scintillator blocks were arranged three-dimensionally (4 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4) was produced.
- the scintillator block 13 is a Ce: GAGG crystal.
- the boundary surface of the scintillator block was all an intervening layer, and an air layer having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m was provided. Further, the entire side surface of the three-dimensional laminated scintillator obtained by three-dimensionally arranging the scintillator blocks 13 (4 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4) was covered with a light shielding layer.
- the light receiving element was a silicon photomultiplier having a light receiving surface of 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm.
- the radiation detector was irradiated with 662 keV gamma rays from a cesium 137 radiation source, and the voltage pulse signal output from each silicon photomultiplier was analyzed using equation (1).
- FIG. 14 shows the obtained two-dimensional map. Compared with the two-dimensional map of FIG. 11 obtained by Example 4, the position-resolved spectrum is distorted toward the center, and the position discrimination characteristics are deteriorated.
- FIG. 15 is a position-resolved spectrum in the depth direction (z direction) obtained in Comparative Example 2.
- Comparative Example 2 the position resolution performance in the depth direction (z direction) is higher than that in Comparative Example 1, but the position resolution spectrum in the xy direction is distorted toward the center, and the position discrimination characteristics are deteriorated.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 since the boundary surface in the xy direction of the scintillator block is not a light shielding layer but an intervening layer that transmits the scintillation light, the scintillator light generated in the scintillator block is not only in the z direction but also in the xy direction. It spreads in three dimensions. For this reason, it is thought that position resolution performance deteriorates as a result.
- the radiation detector according to the present invention accurately obtains information on which radiation is incident from the scintillator layer optically coupled to the light receiving element, and has a three-dimensional position detection function having a highly accurate position resolution. Can be obtained. Unlike conventional methods, it is not necessary to use different types of scintillator elements with different fluorescence lifetimes or complex three-dimensional arrays that combine reflectors and light transmission plates, making it easy to create a three-dimensional array that combines laminated scintillators. And there is no worry of degrading energy resolution.
- the three-dimensional position-recognizing radiation detector according to the present invention has a configuration in which light receiving elements are combined with two upper and lower surfaces of a three-dimensional array, and is not configured to combine light receiving elements with six surfaces of a cubic array unlike the conventional method.
- the containers can be easily connected to a shape such as a flat plate or a ring. If it is introduced into a positron emission tomography apparatus (PET), it is possible to acquire radiation reaction position information with a simple circuit configuration.
- PET positron emission tomography apparatus
- the position resolution performance in the prior art is about 1 mm.
- the present invention by reducing the thickness of the scintillator block, a decomposition performance of about 0.3 mm can be realized in principle.
- the side surface of the z-direction laminated unit is covered with a light shielding layer or a light shielding layer having a reflection function, so that light does not disperse in the xy directions, and the light efficiently reaches the light receiving element. Therefore, the amount of emitted light is increased and the energy resolution can be increased.
- a radiation detector that has a relatively simple structure and realizes position resolution performance in a scintillator depth direction and a planar direction higher than conventional ones is realized.
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Abstract
Description
まず、複数のシンチレータブロック13は、3次元積層シンチレータ(柱体)12の高さ方向(図1に示すz方向(H方向))においては、一直線になるよう積層される。すなわち、3次元積層シンチレータ12は、複数のシンチレータブロック13がz方向(図1参照)に一直線に配列されたもの(以下、「z方向積層ユニット」という)を、x方向及びy方向(図1参照)に複数並列した構成ということができる。z方向積層ユニットをz方向(図1参照)から観察した場合、複数のシンチレータブロック13はほぼ完全に重なりあっている。なお、多少ずれていても問題なく、「ほぼ完全」とは、このような状態を含む概念である。
まず、表面が光学研磨された所定形状(例:縦3mm×横3mm×高さ3mmの立方体)のシンチレータ結晶(シンチレータブロック13)を複数個用意する。その後、ガラス板上に、所定間隔(例:0.2mm)あけて、M行×N列(例:4行×4列)にシンチレータブロック13を配置し、固定する。その後、ガラス板上においてM行×N列のシンチレータブロック群の周囲を所定の高さを有する囲いで囲った状態で、複数のシンチレータブロック13間の隙間に、反射材料を含有する混合液(例:硫酸バリウム・水・接着剤・分散剤の混合溶液)を滴下・充填する。次いで、これを加熱して固化させることで(例:50℃のオーブンで24時間加熱・乾燥)、遮光層14を形成する。この時、複数のシンチレータブロック13間の隙間の一部に、例えば透明板を配置した後、上記混合液の滴下・充填を行うことで、一部のみに遮光層14を形成することもできる。この後、ガラス板を剥離することで、遮光層14の厚さ:0.2mm、4個×4個のシンチレータブロックをx-y平面方向(図1参照)に配列したシンチレータアレイを得ることができる。
まず、表面が光学研磨された所定形状(例:縦3mm×横3mm×高さ3mmの立方体)のシンチレータ結晶(シンチレータブロック13)を複数個用意する。その後、シンチレータブロック13のx方向及びy方向(図1参照)の形状に合わせ、例えば光反射フィルムを用いて、格子を作製する。次いで、当該格子の中に、シンチレータブロック13を所定の層数になるように入れて積み重ね、z方向(図1参照)に積層した積層アレーを作製する。この時、シンチレータブロック13と光反射フィルム(遮光層14)の間に接着剤(例:光反射材料含有接着剤)等を充填して固定してもよい。また、複数のシンチレータブロック13間には、介在層15として、所定の厚さの空気層あるいはシンチレーション光を透過する接着剤、光透過板等の材料を配置する。
まず、表面が光学研磨された所定形状(例:縦3mm×横3mm×高さ3mmの立方体)のシンチレータ結晶(シンチレータブロック13)を複数個用意する。その後、介在層15(所定の厚さの空気層あるいはシンチレーション光を透過する接着剤、光透過板等)を挟みながら、複数個のシンチレータブロック13をz方向(図1参照)に積層し、第2積層アレーを得る。
まず、表面が光学研磨された所定形状(例:縦3mm×横3mm×高さ12mmの直方体)のシンチレータ結晶を複数個用意する。その後、レーザー等の照射により介在層15(シンチレータが発する光の一部を吸収又は散乱する特性を有する介在層、例:高さ12mmに対し、3mm間隔で3箇所)を生成し、第2積層アレーを得る。
<実施例1>
実施例1では、図5に示すように、シンチレータブロック13をz方向に積層した放射線検出器を作製した。図5は、実施例1の放射線検出器の断面模式図である。
実施例2では、図7に示すように、シンチレータブロック13を3次元配列(4×4×4)した放射線検出器を作製した。図7は、実施例2の放射線検出器の断面模式図である。
実施例3では、シンチレータブロック13として、セリウムをドープしたLYSO(Ce:(Lu,Y)2SiO5)(以下「Ce:LYSO」という)結晶を用いた。その他の構成は、実施例1の放射線検出器と同様である。
図10は、実施例4の放射線検出器の断面模式図である。実施例4では、3次元積層シンチレータ12(柱体)の高さ方向H(図10中、z方向)に平行な方向に延在する境界面の一部に、遮光層14を設けた。その他の構成は、実施例2の放射線検出器と同様である。なお、遮光層14を設けない境界面には光透過板17を配置した。光透過板17は、図10に示すように、シンチレータブロック13a及び13bの間にのみ設けた。
比較例では、シンチレータブロックを3次元配列(4×4×4)した放射線検出器を作製した。シンチレータブロック13は、Ce:GAGG結晶である。シンチレータ光を透過するシリコン系接着剤からなる、厚さ100μmの介在層をシンチレータブロック境界面全てに設けた。また、シンチレータブロック13を3次元配列(4×4×4)して得られる3次元積層シンチレータの側面全部を、遮光層で覆った。そして、受光素子は、受光面3mm×3mmのシリコンフォトマルチプライヤとした。
比較例2では、シンチレータブロックを3次元配列(4×4×4)した放射線検出器を作製した。シンチレータブロック13は、Ce:GAGG結晶である。シンチレータブロック境界面は全て介在層とし、厚さ10μmの空気層を設けた。また、シンチレータブロック13を3次元配列(4×4×4)して得られる3次元積層シンチレータの側面全部を、遮光層で覆った。そして、受光素子は、受光面3mm×3mmのシリコンフォトマルチプライヤとした。
Claims (5)
- 柱体となるように複数のシンチレータブロックがマトリクス状に3次元配列されており、前記複数のシンチレータブロック各々の間の境界面の内、前記柱体の高さ方向に対して垂直な方向に延在する前記境界面には、前記シンチレータブロックと異なる屈折率を有する、及び/又は、前記シンチレータブロックが発する光の一部を吸収又は散乱する特性を有する介在層が存在し、前記柱体の高さ方向に平行な方向に延在する前記境界面の少なくとも一部には、前記シンチレータブロックが発する光の透過を遮蔽する遮光層が存在する3次元積層シンチレータと、
前記3次元積層シンチレータの前記柱体の高さ方向両端面に対となるように設けられており、前記シンチレータブロックが発する光を受光し、電気信号に変換する受光素子と、
を有する放射線検出器。 - 請求項1に記載の放射線検出器において、
前記3次元積層シンチレータは、前記柱体の高さ方向に平行な方向に延在する前記境界面の全部に、前記遮光層が存在する放射線検出器。 - 請求項1または2に記載の放射線検出器において、
前記3次元積層シンチレータは、複数の前記シンチレータブロックが前記柱体の高さ方向に一直線に配列された積層ユニットを複数有する放射線検出器。 - 請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の放射線検出器において、
前記遮光層は、前記シンチレータブロックが発する光を反射する機能を有する放射線検出器。 - 請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の放射線検出器において、
対となる2つの前記受光素子から前記電気信号を受信し、受信した前記電気信号に基づいて、当該電気信号の基となった光を発した位置を特定する位置特定部をさらに有する放射線検出器。
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- 2012-12-19 CN CN201280064604.1A patent/CN104024887A/zh active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP6145248B2 (ja) | 2017-06-07 |
EP2799911A1 (en) | 2014-11-05 |
EP2799911A4 (en) | 2015-09-02 |
US20150028218A1 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
JP2013140024A (ja) | 2013-07-18 |
RU2014131069A (ru) | 2016-02-20 |
CN104024887A (zh) | 2014-09-03 |
CN107678053A (zh) | 2018-02-09 |
RU2603240C2 (ru) | 2016-11-27 |
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