WO2013079012A1 - 溶液中物质的分离方法及装置 - Google Patents

溶液中物质的分离方法及装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013079012A1
WO2013079012A1 PCT/CN2012/085630 CN2012085630W WO2013079012A1 WO 2013079012 A1 WO2013079012 A1 WO 2013079012A1 CN 2012085630 W CN2012085630 W CN 2012085630W WO 2013079012 A1 WO2013079012 A1 WO 2013079012A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
membrane
solution
container
separated
anion
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2012/085630
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
秦才东
Original Assignee
Qin Caidong
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CN2011104065976A external-priority patent/CN103127832A/zh
Priority claimed from CN201210341726.2A external-priority patent/CN103657416A/zh
Application filed by Qin Caidong filed Critical Qin Caidong
Priority to CN201280058891.5A priority Critical patent/CN103958035A/zh
Publication of WO2013079012A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013079012A1/zh

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
    • B01D61/463—Apparatus therefor comprising the membrane sequence AC or CA, where C is a cation exchange membrane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for separating substances in a solution, in particular to a method and a device for separating substances in a solution using an anion membrane and a cation membrane, and belongs to the technical field of membrane separation. Background technique
  • the inlaid film or the amphoteric film has a channel for allowing the cation and the anion to pass through the film independently, and has high permeability to the electrolyte; therefore, it can be used for separating the non-electrolyte and the electrolyte.
  • a dielectric layer of a neutral region is added between the anion and the cation membrane layer, and the "electric neutralization" or local electric field neutralization effect causes the membrane to be dialysis. Penetration efficiency is adversely affected.
  • the mosaic film is mainly used as the main component of the new type of pressure dialysis equipment.
  • the separation method and device provide a channel for ion transfer through a combination of an anion membrane and a cation membrane (also called anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane, a charged membrane), thereby realizing separation of substances in the solution and exchange of ions, and having a low
  • anion membrane and a cation membrane also called anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane, a charged membrane
  • the present invention provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
  • the solution to be separated on both sides of the separator is connected to each other through a through hole formed in a salt bridge, a pipe or a separator, or a channel naturally formed by immersing the separator in the solution to be separated; Thereby, the substance in the solution to be separated is precipitated from the slit opening outside the solution to be separated, and the separation of the substance in the solution to be separated is achieved.
  • the present invention also provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, characterized in that the method comprises the steps of: combining an anion membrane and a cationic membrane to form a separator having a slit opening,
  • mixture solution on both sides of the separator to be subjected to metathesis reaction or to be separated is connected to each other through a salt bridge, a pipe, a through hole opened in the separator, or a channel formed by the partition immersion in the mixture solution;
  • the substance in the mixture solution is selectively or in different proportions from the gap opening located outside the mixture solution to be subjected to the metathesis reaction or to be separated due to the difference in selectivity or permeability of the anion membrane and the cation membrane to different ions.
  • Precipitation in which all or part of the metathesis reaction of the mixture or the complete or partial separation or enrichment between the mixtures is achieved.
  • the solution to be separated includes an organic solution, an aqueous solution, a non-aqueous ionic solution, or a mixed solution thereof, etc., through an anionic membrane, a cationic membrane (the present invention also includes an ultrafiltration membrane, a nanofiltration membrane, and reverse osmosis).
  • the separation method of the present invention can also utilize the selective dialysis or the difference of permeability or permeability of different ions to achieve complete or partial separation of the substances in the solution to be separated, to achieve dehydration and concentration of the solution, acid, alkali, or salt in the solution.
  • the separation method of the present invention enables the macromolecular substance which is impermeable to the ion membrane to be trapped by the anion membrane and the cation membrane irrespective of whether it is ionized into an anion or a cation, thereby achieving separation of the substance in the solution.
  • the method for separating the substance in the solution further comprises pressurizing the mixture solution to be separated from the solution or the metathesis reaction to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the method for separating the substance in the solution further comprises diluting the substance precipitated from the slit opening.
  • concentration of the precipitated material increases at the exit of the gap, Since the reverse concentration driving force is formed, it is possible to reduce the low concentration of the substance deposited in the slit opening by diluting the substance deposited from the slit opening, and to reduce the reverse resistance caused by the concentration.
  • the method for separating the substance in the solution further comprises: adding a low permeability to the anion membrane and the cation membrane in the solution to be separated, and does not affect the precipitation of the substance to be separated.
  • the electrolyte increases the concentration of the solution to be separated and promotes the precipitation of the substance to be separated.
  • the anion membrane is an anion membrane capable of permeating a hydroxide ion. More preferably, the anion membrane that is permeable to hydroxide ions is an anion membrane that can only or primarily selectively permeate hydroxide ions.
  • the cation film is a cation film capable of permeating hydrogen ions. More preferably, the ionic membrane that is permeable to hydrogen ions is a cationic membrane that can only or primarily selectively pass through hydrogen ions.
  • the anion membrane is an anion membrane having a lower hydrogen ion mobility
  • the cation membrane is replaced by an anion membrane having a higher hydrogen ion mobility.
  • Higher and lower comparisons were made between the anionic membrane employed and the anionic membrane replacing the cationic membrane.
  • the anion membrane is replaced by a cationic membrane having a higher hydroxide ion mobility, and the cationic membrane is a cationic membrane having a lower hydroxide ion mobility.
  • the higher and lower comparisons are made between the anionic membrane employed and the anionic membrane replacing the cationic membrane.
  • the anion membrane and the cation membrane are replaced by two ultrafiltration membranes having different charge strengths and polarities; or the anion membrane and the cation membrane are used in two Substituting a nanofiltration membrane having different charging strengths and polarities; or the anion membrane and the cationic membrane are replaced by two reverse osmosis membranes having different charging strengths and polarities; or the anionic membrane and the cationic membrane One of them is replaced by an ultrafiltration membrane, a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane.
  • the invention also provides a device for separating substances in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: an anion membrane, a cation membrane, a container;
  • the anion membrane and the cation membrane are combined to form a separator having a slit opening
  • the partition is sealed at the contact with the container, and at least part of the slit opening of the partition is located outside the container, and the partial slit opening is sealed when the partition has a part of the slit opening inside the container (to avoid direct contact of the solution into the gap from the interface of the contact).
  • the solution to be separated in the container on both sides of the separator should be in communication so that the ions in the solution to be separated can be freely moved and exchanged, and the electrical neutrality of the solution is always maintained.
  • the solution to be separated in the container is immersed in the channel to be separated by the separator to form a channel which is naturally formed Connected, and at least a portion of the slit opening of the separator is located outside the solution to be separated in the container, and the partition is immersed in a portion of the slit opening in the solution to be separated, in sealing contact with the solution to be separated, that is, It is said that the substance in the solution to be separated cannot directly flow out from the gap between the anion membrane and the cation membrane, but needs to be precipitated through the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, and the two parts of the container are connected by a salt bridge or a pipe.
  • the salt bridge is a salt bridge conventionally used in the art.
  • the conduit is filled with the solution in the container to allow the solution in the container to communicate through the conduit.
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, and the partition is provided with a through hole or a passage, and the two parts of the container are connected through the through hole or the passage The periphery of the through hole is sealed to prevent the solution from directly flowing into the gap between the two ion films from the edge of the through hole.
  • the slit opening located outside the container is in communication with an external chamber.
  • the anions and cations in the solution to be separated can be infiltrated into the slit openings outside the solution to be separated by the anion membrane and the cation membrane described above, the ions at the slit openings are limited due to the limited amount of water carried by the precipitated substances.
  • the concentration is easily increased, and the fluidity is poor, and it is difficult to achieve and achieve the purpose of effectively separating the electrolyte ions from the mother solution.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the spacer layer is arranged to facilitate the flow of the material deposited by the anion membrane or the cation membrane out of the slit opening of the separator.
  • the thickness of the spacer layer should not affect the recombination of anions and cations after precipitation from the respective ion membranes, i.e., the thickness of the spacer layer is not greater than the distance of the electromotive force on the ion membranes on both sides of the ion membrane.
  • the spacer layer is an inverted wedge.
  • the separator may be a separator as shown in FIG. 1, comprising a cationic membrane 1, an anion membrane 2, a slit opening 3, and a spacer layer 4 between the cationic membrane 1 and the anion membrane 2. .
  • the invention also provides a device for separating substances in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: an anion membrane, a cationic membrane, a container, an external chamber;
  • the anion membrane and the cation membrane are combined to form a separator having a slit opening
  • the partition is sealed at the contact with the container, and at least part of the slit opening of the partition is located outside the container, and the partial slit opening is sealed when the partition has a partial slit opening inside the container
  • the slit opening is in communication with the outer chamber and is in contact with the solution in the outer chamber.
  • the solution to be separated in the container is immersed in the partition by the separator
  • the channels naturally formed in the solution communicate with each other such that at least a portion of the slit opening of the separator is located outside the solution to be separated in the container, and the separator is immersed in a portion of the slit opening in the solution to be separated, and the solution to be separated It is in a sealed contact, that is, the substance in the solution to be separated cannot directly flow out from the gap between the anion membrane and the cation membrane, but needs to be precipitated through the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, and the two parts of the container are connected by a salt bridge or a pipe.
  • the conduit is filled with the solution in the container to allow the solution in the container to communicate through the conduit.
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, and the partition is provided with a through hole or a passage, and the two parts of the container are connected through the through hole or the passage The periphery of the through hole is sealed to prevent the solution from directly flowing into the gap between the two ion films from the edge of the through hole.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the above separating device including the external chamber may be the device shown in Fig. 2, which comprises a cationic membrane 1, an anion membrane 2, a container, a salt bridge or a pipe 5, an external chamber 9, and an extension a slit opening in the outer chamber (not shown);
  • the cationic membrane 1 and the anionic membrane 2 are combined to form a separator having a slit opening;
  • the separator is sealed at the contact with the container, and the container is divided into two parts, the portion on the side of the cationic membrane 1 is the membrane chamber 6, and the portion on the side of the anion membrane 2 is the membrane chamber 7;
  • the anode membrane chamber 6 and the capsule chamber 7 are connected by a salt bridge or a pipe 5;
  • the slit opening is in communication with the outer chamber 9.
  • the present invention also provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, characterized in that the method is carried out by using the above-mentioned separation device for a substance in a solution, comprising the steps of: arranging anions and cations in a solution in a container from a container for holding The outer slit opening is precipitated or selectively precipitated, or the anions and cations in the solution in the outer chamber are reversely infiltrated into the containing container from the slit opening outside the container to achieve separation of the substance in the solution.
  • the anion membrane and the cation membrane, and the gap therebetween serve as the sole ion channel for the solution containing the container and the outer chamber.
  • the method can also include pressurizing the solution in the outer chamber and/or the containment vessel to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the present invention also provides a separation system for a substance in a solution, characterized in that the above separation device is used as a unit, the system includes two or more of the units, and the container of each unit passes through a container with an adjacent unit. Interconnected in series.
  • a hollow tube is used as a delivery tube for the solution to be separated through each individual sheet.
  • a liquid outlet is left in the pipe diameter of the conveying pipe in each unit to convey the solution to be separated.
  • the invention also provides a separating device for a substance in a solution, characterized in that it comprises: two or more partition plates and a container;
  • the separator is an anion membrane and a cationic membrane combined to form a separator having a slit opening; the two or more separators are sealed at the contact with the container, and at least each separator A portion of the slit opening is located outside the container, and the portion of the slit opening is sealed when the partition has a portion of the slit opening in the interior of the container.
  • the wall of the container is required to withstand the pressure of the liquid or the additional dialysis pressure applied.
  • adjacent ion membranes are an anion membrane and a cation membrane, respectively.
  • the two or more separators divide the containing container into three or more independent portions (that is, the solutions between the respective portions cannot directly flow each other), and
  • the outermost two portions of the containment vessel are connected by a salt bridge, a pipe or a bridge chamber.
  • the two or more separators divide the container into three or more portions, and the separator is provided with a through hole or a passage, and the container is provided The various parts are connected by the overnight L or the channel.
  • the slit openings located outside each of the separators are each individually in communication with a separate external chamber.
  • the slit opening may be in contact with a solution in the outer chamber, and the precipitated material may be collected by the outer chamber to separate the separated material.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the above apparatus including two or more separators may be the apparatus shown in FIG. 3, comprising: a cation membrane 1, an anion membrane 2, a container, a salt bridge or a pipe 5, an external chamber 901, 902, 903; the device comprises 3 partitions (may also be composed of 2 partitions), each partition is a combination of a cationic membrane 1 and an anion membrane 2, forming a partition having a slit opening;
  • the three baffles are tightly sealed from the contact with the container to prevent leakage of the solution from the contact surface, and the three baffles divide the container into four separate portions, including the first portion 601 and the second portion of the outermost side of the container. 701, and a third portion 801 and a fourth portion 802 of the inside of the container;
  • the first portion 601 and the second portion 701 of the container are connected by a salt bridge or a pipe 5, the partition
  • the slit openings are located outside of the containment vessel, and the slit openings are each individually in communication with a separate outer chamber 901, 902, 903.
  • the present invention also provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is characterized in that it is carried out by using the above-described separation system or the above-mentioned separation device, which comprises the following steps:
  • the different substances to be separated and ion-exchanged in the metathesis reaction or the solution to be separated are precipitated from the slit openings of the respective separators outside the container.
  • substances which are precipitated from the slit opening can be collected by the respective outer chambers.
  • the solution to be separated may be replaced by a solution to be subjected to a metathesis reaction.
  • the method may also include pressurizing the solution to be separated to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the present invention also provides a separation device for a substance in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: an anion membrane, a cation membrane, a spacer;
  • the anion membrane is combined with the cationic membrane to form a membrane module
  • the membrane assembly is sandwiched between spacers and wound to form a wound membrane module
  • a gap opening is formed between the anion membrane and the cation membrane at the outlet end of the wound membrane module, and the slit opening between the anion membrane and the cation membrane at the inlet end of the wound membrane module is sealed.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the above device may be the device shown in FIG. 4, and FIG. 4 is a longitudinal section of the device after tiling, which comprises a cation film 1, an anion film 2, a spacer layer or a spacer 4, and a sealing material. 10, 101; the cationic membrane 1 is combined with the anion membrane 2, and a spacer layer 4 having a capillary function is disposed between the cationic membrane 1 and the anion membrane 2 to form a membrane module;
  • the membrane assembly is sandwiched between the spacers 4 and wound to form a wound membrane module
  • the outlet end of the spacer is alternately sealed by the seal 10, or the outlet end of the spacer is connected to a return conduit or a reflux vessel to circulate the solution to be separated within the membrane module;
  • a slit opening 3 is formed between the cation membrane and the anion membrane at the outlet end of the wound membrane module, and a slit opening between the cation membrane and the anion membrane at the inlet end of the wound membrane module is sealed or alternately sealed by the seal 101.
  • the invention also provides a method for separating substances in a solution, characterized in that the method is carried out by using the above-mentioned separation device for substances in a solution, which comprises the steps of: separating the solution to be separated from the spacer into the membrane module, to be separated The substance to be separated in the solution is precipitated from the slit opening between the anion membrane and the cation membrane at the outlet end of the wound membrane module.
  • the outlet end of the spacer is sealed or the outlet end of the spacer is connected to a return pipe or a reflux container which increases the pressure of the liquid, so that the solution to be separated flows in the membrane module, which enables
  • the ions or hydrated ions in the solution to be separated are impregnated into the membrane module, and at the entry end of the wound membrane module, free movement and exchange of ions in the solution to be separated can be achieved.
  • the method may also include pressurizing the solution to be separated to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the present invention also provides a separation device for a substance in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: a bipolar membrane, a container;
  • the bipolar membrane is sealed from the contact with the containment vessel, and at least a portion of the edge region of the bipolar membrane is located outside of the containment vessel.
  • the intermediate material of the bipolar membrane is a material which is easy to flow with water and ions.
  • the edge region of the bipolar membrane is located outside the container, and in use, the bipolar membrane is immersed in the solution contained in the container.
  • the bipolar membrane divides the container into two parts, and the two parts of the container are connected by a pipe.
  • the bipolar membrane divides the container into two parts, and the bipolar membrane is provided with a through hole through which the two portions of the container are communicated.
  • the substance to be separated is precipitated from the edge region of the solution to be separated through the intermediate material of the bipolar membrane.
  • the invention also provides a device for separating substances in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: an anion membrane, a cation membrane, a container, a bridge chamber;
  • the anion membrane and the cation membrane are combined to form a separator having a slit opening
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, a portion of the container on the side of the anion membrane is called an anion chamber, and a portion of the container on the side of the cation membrane is called a membrane chamber;
  • the two parts of the container are respectively connected to a bridge chamber through a pipe.
  • a positive ion membrane is disposed between the bridge chamber and the anode membrane chamber, and an anion membrane is disposed between the bridge chamber and the capsule chamber.
  • the portion of the slit opening located outside the container is in communication with an external chamber.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the present invention also provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, characterized in that the method is carried out by using the above-mentioned separation device for a substance in a solution, which comprises the steps of: disposing an electrolyte corresponding to an ion which is difficult to permeate an anion membrane and a cation membrane In the bridge chamber, an electrolyte corresponding to the ions of the anion membrane and the cation membrane is placed in a container on both sides of the separator to realize a metathesis reaction or a partial metathesis reaction of the two electrolytes, and/or an electrolyte in the solution in the bridge chamber.
  • a solution containing an electrolyte is placed in a container in the bridge chamber and on both sides of the separator to remove the electrolyte in the solution in the bridge chamber.
  • the method can also include pressurizing the solution in the bridge chamber and/or the containment vessel to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the separator divides the container into two parts, a side of the cation membrane called a membrane chamber, and a side of the anion membrane is called an anion chamber.
  • the cations which are easily permeable to the cation membrane in the membrane chamber are preferentially precipitated, and the anion which is easily permeated through the anion membrane in the capsule chamber is preferentially precipitated.
  • the cation in the bridge chamber is replenished into the anode membrane chamber.
  • the anion is replenished into the anion chamber to achieve the effect of obtaining metathesis products and removing electrolyte in the bridge chamber in the anode and the anion chamber; and placing a solution containing the electrolyte in the container on both sides of the bridge chamber and the separator In the case of internal, only the effect of removing the electrolyte in the indoor electrolyte solution is achieved.
  • an anion film and a cation film may be provided between the bridge chamber and the container.
  • a cation film is disposed between the bridge chamber and the anode membrane chamber
  • an anion membrane is disposed between the bridge chamber and the capsule chamber.
  • the removal of the electrolyte in the solution containing the electrolyte in the bridge chamber can also be achieved. That is to say, the precipitation of ions in the anode chamber and the capsule chamber, and the precipitation of ions entering the anode chamber and the cathode chamber from the bridge chamber, thereby achieving the removal of the electrolyte in the solution containing the electrolyte in the bridge chamber.
  • the electrolyte in the bridge chamber and the containment vessel may be the same or different electrolytes.
  • the invention also provides a device for separating substances in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: an anion membrane, a cation membrane, a container;
  • the intermediate chamber separates the internal space of the container into two portions, and the two portions of the container are in communication with each other.
  • the two spaces of the container on both sides of the intermediate chamber are connected by a salt bridge or a pipe.
  • the space for holding the container on both sides of the intermediate chamber is communicated by a material having a capillary function.
  • the capillary functional material may include a capillary tube, a velvet cloth, and the like.
  • the present invention also provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, characterized in that the method is carried out by using the above-mentioned separation device for a substance in a solution, which comprises the steps of: placing a solution to be separated in the intermediate chamber, in which the solution is to be separated The substances to be separated (after passing through the anion membrane or the cation membrane) are separated into the containers on both sides of the intermediate chamber; or the solution to be separated is placed in a container on both sides of the intermediate chamber, and the substance to be separated in the solution to be separated (after passing through the anion membrane or cation membrane) enters the intermediate chamber and is separated.
  • the method may also include pressurizing the solution to be separated to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the shape of the anion membrane, the cation membrane, the container, the salt bridge, the pipe, the through hole, the passage, the bridge chamber, the intermediate chamber, and the outer chamber may be any shape, and the container and the outer container
  • the relative positions of the chamber and the bridge chamber may be any positions as long as the flow of ions according to the present invention can be produced.
  • the method and device for separating substances in various solutions provide a channel for ion transfer through a combination of an anion membrane and a cation membrane (including an ultrafiltration membrane, a nanofiltration membrane and a reverse osmosis membrane) to realize a substance in a solution. Separation, and has the advantages of low cost and simple process.
  • the separation method of the substance in the solution of the present invention can be widely applied to drinking water purification by using a combination of an anion membrane and a cationic membrane having different characteristics and functions or a combination of a pseudoisan membrane, a pseudocation membrane, and a different separation device. Sewage treatment, dehydration, concentration, deacidification, de-alkali, desalting, desalination and other processes in the production process.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a separator formed of an anionic membrane and a cationic membrane.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus comprising an anionic membrane, a cationic membrane, a containment vessel, a salt bridge or conduit, and an external chamber.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a device containing three baffles, a containment vessel, a salt bridge or conduit, and three external chambers.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a wound film assembly in which a winding axis of a plurality of anion membranes, a cation membrane, a spacer layer, and a spacer is transverse.
  • the present embodiment provides a separation device for a substance in a solution, which comprises:
  • the present invention further provides a separation device for a substance in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: an anion membrane, a cationic membrane, and two plastic bottles (a container) ), fine plastic pipe (pipe), filter cloth (spacer);
  • the cation membrane and anion membrane provided by Beijing Ting Run Film Technology Development Co., Ltd. were used to cut out a membrane having a diameter of 10 cm, and the anion membrane and the cation membrane were combined to form a separator having a slit opening. ;
  • a 400 mesh filter cloth is sandwiched between the anion membrane and the cation membrane or near the slit opening portion, and the filter cloth is provided with pores of different sizes which are randomly cut out (there are direct contact between the two membranes);
  • the separator is sandwiched between the mouths of two plastic bottles (the inner diameter of the bottle is 8 cm in diameter and the outer diameter is 8.5 cm), and the slit opening of the separator is located outside the solution to be separated in the two plastic bottles, the bottle
  • the edges of the mouth are smooth and flat, and are wrapped with scotch tape along the front, rear, left and right sides of the bottle, so that the edge of the bottle mouth of the two bottles is pressed against the separator to prevent the solution to be separated from leaking from the contact surface between the two membranes and the bottle mouth, thereby achieving sealing.
  • the plastic bottle on one side of the anion membrane is called the anion chamber, and the plastic bottle on the side of the cationic membrane is called the anode membrane chamber;
  • the sides of the two plastic bottles are each provided with a 3x3 cm opening, and the openings are uniformly facing upwards.
  • a thin plastic tube (inner diameter 0.5-1 cm) is connected to the two openings to allow two plastic bottles to be placed.
  • the ions in the separation solution are free to flow to each other.
  • the apparatus may further include an outer chamber in communication with the slit opening located outside the solution to be separated.
  • the above devices can be transformed.
  • the separator is immersed in the solution to be separated, and a part of the slit opening of the separator is located outside the solution to be separated in the container, and the partition is immersed in the portion of the slit opening in the solution to be separated, and
  • the solution to be separated is in sealing contact (the sealing of the portion of the separator immersed in the solution to be separated can be sealed to achieve a sealing contact with the solution to be separated), that is, to be
  • the substance in the separation solution cannot directly flow out from the gap between the anion membrane and the cation membrane, but needs to be precipitated through the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, and the partition is provided with a through hole, and two portions of the container are communicated through the through hole, and the periphery of the through hole Sealing prevents the solution from flowing directly from the edge of the through hole into the gap between the two ion membranes.
  • a person skilled in the art can adjust the position and number of the through holes on the partition according to actual conditions.
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, and the two parts of the container are connected by a salt bridge or a pipe, and part or all of the partitions are extended as slit openings.
  • the container may be a pressure tank.
  • the embodiment further provides a separation system for substances in a solution, characterized in that the above separation device is used as a unit, the system includes two or more of the units, and the containers of the respective units are accommodated by the adjacent units. The containers are connected to each other in series.
  • a conveying pipe having a hollow pipe as a solution to be separated passes through the respective units, and a liquid outlet is left in the pipe diameter of the conveying pipe in each unit to convey the solution to be separated.
  • the embodiment further provides a separation device for a substance in a solution, which comprises: two or more separators; and a container;
  • the separator is an anion membrane and a cationic membrane combined to form a separator having a slit opening; the two or more separators are sealed at the contact with the container, and at least each separator A portion of the slit opening is located outside the container, and the portion of the slit opening is sealed when the partition has a portion of the slit opening in the interior of the container.
  • the wall of the container is required to withstand the pressure of the liquid or the additional dialysis pressure applied.
  • adjacent ion membranes are an anion membrane and a cation membrane, respectively.
  • the two or more separators divide the container into three or more independent portions, and the outermost two portions of the container pass through a salt bridge , pipe or bridge room connection.
  • the two or more separators divide the container into three or more portions, and the separator is provided with a through hole or a passage, and the container is provided The various parts are connected by the overnight L or the channel.
  • the slit openings located outside each of the separators are each individually in communication with a separate external chamber.
  • the slit opening may be in contact with a solution in the outer chamber, The precipitated material is collected from the external chamber, and the separated material is separated.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the present embodiment further provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, characterized in that it is carried out by the above separation system or separation device, which comprises the steps of: introducing a solution to be metathesized or to be separated into a container, wherein the separation is required. Different substances are precipitated from the end gap openings between the respective anion membranes and the cation membranes outside the solution and are collected by the respective outer chambers.
  • the method may also include pressurizing the solution to be separated to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the embodiment further provides a separation device for a substance in a solution, characterized in that the device comprises: an anion membrane, a cation membrane, a spacer;
  • the anion membrane is combined with the cationic membrane to form a membrane module
  • the membrane assembly is sandwiched between spacers and wound to form a wound membrane module
  • the outlet end of the spacer is alternately sealed, or the outlet end of the spacer is connected to a return pipe or a reflux container to circulate the solution to be separated in the membrane module;
  • a gap opening is formed between the anion membrane and the cation membrane at the outlet end of the wound membrane module, and the inlet end of the wound membrane module is sealed between the anion membrane and the cation membrane corresponding to the slit opening.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the present embodiment further provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, characterized in that the method is carried out by using a separating device shown in Fig. 4, and in the wound state, the position of the broken line shown by the two seals 101 is wound after the phase. After sealing and sealing, the positions indicated by the two slit openings 3 are wound and joined to form a slit opening of the device, which comprises the following steps: the solution to be separated is introduced into the membrane module from the unsealed spacer 4, the solution to be separated The substance to be separated is precipitated from the slit opening 3 between the anion membrane 2 and the cation membrane 1 at the outlet end of the wound membrane module.
  • the gap between the outlet end of the spacer 4 and the cation membrane and the anion membrane of the inlet end of the wound membrane module is sealed by the seal 10 and the seal 101, respectively, so that the solution to be separated is
  • the ions or hydrated ions are impregnated into the membrane module, and at the entry end of the wound membrane module, free movement and exchange of ions in the solution to be separated can be achieved.
  • the method may also include pressurizing the solution to be separated to increase the efficiency of the separation.
  • the present embodiment provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is carried out by using the separation device described above, which comprises the steps of: placing the solution to be separated into two plastic bottles in the above separation device, and The fine plastic skin tube is also filled with the solution to be separated, and the separation of the substances in the solution to be separated is achieved.
  • the salty taste salty taste but not sugary sweetness
  • the method of separating the substances in the above solution further includes pressurizing the solution to be separated, for example, by providing static pressure by the compressed air.
  • pressurizing the solution to be separated an additional driving force can be provided to accelerate the precipitation of water and electrolyte to achieve the effect of pressure dialysis.
  • the method of separating the substance in the solution further includes diluting the substance precipitated from the slit opening. Since the concentration of the precipitated substance increases at the slit outlet, a reverse concentration driving force is formed. Therefore, the substance precipitated from the slit opening can be diluted to maintain the low concentration of the substance precipitated in the slit opening. , reduce the reverse resistance caused by the concentration.
  • the diluent can be selected by a person skilled in the art according to the specific conditions of the precipitated substance, and the dilution may include continuous rinsing of the substance precipitated in the slit opening.
  • seawater is placed in a container for pressure dialysis desalination, and a large amount of seawater can be placed in the external chamber to maintain flow to maintain a low salt concentration in the external chamber and reduce the reverse resistance caused by the concentration.
  • a low-concentration solution in a container on both sides of the anion membrane and the cation membrane, and placing a high-concentration solution (such as adding a large amount of salt solution or solid salt in the external chamber) to the external chamber as a positive dialysis
  • the driving liquid of the process realizes the removal of moisture in the low concentration solution.
  • an organic solvent or ammonium carbonate which is easy to absorb water, and is preferably more volatile, in the external chamber reducing the energy consumption for subsequent separation
  • the aqueous organic solution is placed in a container and the aqueous solution is placed in an external chamber to effect dehydration of the organic solution during the dehydration process.
  • the dehydration of an alcohol solution or a sugar solution is concentrated.
  • the aqueous solution is placed in a container on both sides of the anion membrane and the cation membrane, and the organic solution is placed in the external chamber; or the organic solution is placed in a container on both sides of the anion membrane and the cation membrane, and the aqueous solution is placed in the external chamber; Membrane extraction between the organic phase and the aqueous phase is effected; in the latter case, reverse infiltration of anions and cations in the aqueous solution in the external chamber from the slit opening into the containment vessel is achieved.
  • the method for separating the substances in the above solution further comprises: adding a low permeability to the anion membrane and the cation membrane in the solution to be separated, and not affecting the electrolyte which needs to be separated, to increase the concentration of the solution to be separated, and to promote separation.
  • the precipitation of matter For example, by hydrolyzing cellulose-based biomass with sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate or calcium sulfate can be added to the acid hydrolyzate to promote the precipitation of sulfuric acid.
  • the separator in the above apparatus can also be directly replaced by a bipolar membrane comprising an anion membrane, a cation membrane and an intermediate material between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the bipolar membrane replaces the above-mentioned separator formed by a combination of a single anionic or cationic membrane.
  • the intermediate portion of the bipolar membrane becomes a channel for moisture and electrolyte precipitation. Therefore, the intermediate material of the bipolar membrane is preferably easy to flow with water and ions. Substance.
  • An intermediate chamber (corresponding to a slit opening or an outer chamber of the above device) is formed, the intermediate chamber isolating the container into two space portions, and the two space portions of the container are in communication with each other.
  • the space for the containers on either side of the intermediate chamber is connected by a salt bridge or pipe or a material having capillary function (to keep the free flow of ions).
  • the capillary functional material may include a capillary tube, a velvet cloth, and the like.
  • the mixed solution to be separated When the mixed solution to be separated is placed in the intermediate chamber and pressurized, the ions of the electrolyte ions or the higher permeability in the mixed solution are preferentially precipitated and discharged into the unpressurized anode chamber and the negative chamber, and vice versa.
  • the mixed solution to be separated When the mixed solution to be separated is placed in the outer male and female chambers and pressurized, ions having higher electrolyte ions or permeability will be preferentially precipitated and separated into the unpressurized intermediate chamber to be separated.
  • This embodiment provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is carried out using the separation apparatus of Example 1.
  • a mixed solution of A, B, X and Y ions (water is a solvent, partially ionized ⁇ + and ⁇ -ion) as a solution to be separated, representing various aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts that are partially or completely soluble in water.
  • ⁇ , ⁇ are the same or different cations, when ⁇ is a different cation, ⁇ ⁇ permeability in the cation membrane is greater than ⁇ ;
  • X, Y are the same or different anions, when X, Y When the anions are different, the permeability of X in the anion membrane is greater than Y.
  • Embodiment 1 When any of the separation devices described is subjected to dialysis or pressure dialysis, AX will preferentially precipitate, so that AX is enriched or dissolved in the solution of the external chamber at the slit opening of the separator, and BY is trapped in the container. If the starting material is a mixed solution of AX and BY, the above method partially or completely separates the two substances AX and BY; if the starting material is a mixed solution of AY and BX, Then the above method can realize partial or complete metathesis reaction of AY and BX to obtain products AX and BY.
  • the solution containing AY is placed in the anode chamber, BX is placed in the capsule chamber, and the two chambers are connected by a pipe filled with the mixed solution of AY and BX.
  • the dialysis reaction until the completion of the precipitation of A stops the further dialysis process, and BY is trapped in the membrane chamber, the membrane chamber and the pipeline.
  • a and B may be H + , Li + , Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Mg 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ca 2+ , Fe 3+ , etc.;
  • X, Y may be OH -, F -, CH 3 COO-, HCOO-, CI", SCN -, Br -, N0 3 -, ⁇ , S0 4 2 -, C0 3 2 -, Si0 3 2 -, and organic acid radicals, etc.
  • the arrangement order of the ions is generally in the order of the permeability of the ions to the ion film.
  • the separation of the following two substances can be achieved: HC1 and H 2 S0 4 , HC1 and HN0 3 , H 2 S0 4 and HN0 3 , K 2 S0 4 and HN0 3 , or NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 , NaOH and KOH, KOH and Ca(OH) 2 , or NaCl and HAC, NaCl and NH 4 HC0 3 , NaCl and K 2 S0 4 , NaCl and NaCO 3 , NaCl and KC1, NaCl and CaCl 2 , and HC1 and NaCl, HC1 and Na 2 S0 4 , HC1 and NaN0 3 , NaN0 3 and HN0 3 , and NaCl and NaOH, KC
  • the electrolyte ion concentration is higher than the ionization of water, the electrolyte ions are preferentially precipitated, and the above separation method can achieve acid or alkali, salt solution removal or acid, Recovery of alkali and salt.
  • This embodiment provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is carried out using the apparatus shown in FIG.
  • Different electrolyte solutions are introduced into different portions of the first portion 601, the second portion 701, the third portion 801, and the fourth portion 802 shown in FIG. 3, and the dialysis is increased by increasing the pressure of the solution.
  • Driving force, in the external room The corresponding metathesis products are precipitated in 901, 902, and 903.
  • Ca(OH) 2 is introduced into the third portion 801 and the second portion 701, NaOH is obtained in the outer chambers 901 and 903, and CaCl 2 is obtained in the outer chamber 902.
  • the action of removing salt such as NaCl in the solution (such as seawater) in the first portion 601 and the fourth portion 802 can be achieved, in particular by adding the second portion 701 and
  • the electrolyte concentration of the solution in the third portion 801 increases the concentration driving force for dialysis, thereby increasing the efficiency of removing salt in seawater.
  • the electrolyte solution is KC1 and Ca(OH) 2
  • the metathesis products KOH and CaCl 2 are obtained.
  • K 2 S0 4 or K 2 C0 3 is obtained from KC1 and Na 2 S0 4 or Na 2 C0 3 or NaN0 3 .
  • K 2 S0 4 or K 2 C0 3 is obtained. Or KN0 3 and NaCl, etc.
  • the embodiment further provides a separation device for a substance in a solution, which is modified on the separation device of Embodiment 1, the device comprising: an anion membrane, a cation membrane, a container, and a bridge chamber;
  • the anion membrane and the cation membrane are combined to form a separator having a slit opening
  • the partition divides the container into two parts, a portion of the container on the side of the anion membrane is called an anion chamber, and a portion of the container on the side of the cation membrane is called a membrane chamber;
  • the two parts of the container are respectively connected to a bridge chamber through a pipe.
  • the portion of the slit opening located outside the container is in communication with an external chamber.
  • a spacer layer having a capillary function is provided between the anion membrane and the cation membrane.
  • the method for separating a substance in a solution by using the above separating apparatus may include the steps of: placing A in the chamber and the capsule, and placing BY in the bridge, that is, relatively easy to permeate the anion
  • the electrolyte corresponding to the ions of the membrane and the cation membrane is placed in a container on both sides of the separator, and an electrolyte corresponding to ions which are difficult to permeate through the anion membrane and the cation membrane is placed in the bridge chamber, and is passed through the anode chamber and the capsule chamber.
  • the ions are preferentially deposited through the ion membrane to achieve a metathesis reaction or a partial metathesis reaction of the two electrolytes, and/or a solution containing the electrolyte in the bridge chamber.
  • the removal of the electrolyte; or, a solution containing the electrolyte is placed in a container in the bridge chamber and on both sides of the separator to remove the electrolyte in the solution in the bridge chamber.
  • the cations relatively permeable to the cation membrane in the anode membrane chamber are preferentially precipitated, and the anion which is relatively easy to permeate the anion membrane in the capsule chamber is preferentially precipitated, and is at the slit opening of the separator.
  • the cations in the bridge chamber are replenished into the membrane chamber, and the anions are replenished into the membrane chamber to achieve metathesis in the membrane chamber and the membrane chamber.
  • AX and BY are the same substance, only the removal of electrolyte in the solution in the bridge chamber is achieved.
  • removal of electrolytes from solutions such as sea water, milk solutions containing salt, biomass hydrolysis solutions or fermentation solutions.
  • AX and/or BY may be considered as a driving liquid for causing the solution in the bridge chamber to remove the electrolyte.
  • NaOH, sodium acetate, ammonium carbonate, or the like which is easily dialyzed or concentrated and reused can be used as a driving liquid for removing NaCl from seawater, by increasing the concentration of the electrolyte in the driving liquid or by using a driving liquid having a high electrolyte concentration, the external chamber.
  • dilute solution as a carrier solution will promote the precipitation of ions in the anion chamber and the membrane chamber, indirectly promoting the rapid, efficient and economical removal of electrolyte ions in the bridge chamber, which is equivalent to indirectly amplifying the electrolyte to be removed.
  • the concentration of electrolyte in the solution increases the effective concentration gradient of dialysis, that is, increases the chemical driving force of dialysis, thereby reducing or avoiding the use of external pressure for pressure dialysis, while the external chamber obtains the precipitated raw material electrolyte. Therefore, the electrolyte ions in the bridge chamber are replaced by the electrolyte ions that are easily permeable to the ion membrane in the anode and the membrane chamber (the electrolyte ions in the bridge chamber can be combined with the membrane chamber and the membrane chamber).
  • the electrolyte ions are the same or different), so that the solution in the bridge chamber removes the electrolyte or promotes the required metathesis reaction; when the required metathesis reaction is completed or partially completed or the electrolyte in the bridge chamber is completely removed, the reaction can be stopped.
  • the electrolyte precipitated in the external chamber can be reused for the metathesis reaction or the driving solution for removing the electrolyte.
  • an anion membrane and a cation membrane may be disposed between the bridge chamber and the container to prevent the electrolyte molecules in the bridge chamber from directly entering the anode chamber or the capsule chamber.
  • a cation film is disposed between the bridge chamber and the anode membrane chamber
  • an anion membrane is disposed between the bridge chamber and the capsule chamber.
  • the removal of electrolyte in the solution in the bridge chamber can also be achieved in the container on both sides (ie, the male and female chambers). That is to say, the precipitation of ions in the solution in the bridge chamber is achieved by the precipitation of ions in the anode and cathode chambers and the precipitation of ions from the bridge chamber into the anode chamber and the cathode chamber.
  • seawater is placed in the bridge chamber, and a hydrochloric acid solution or a sodium hydroxide alkali solution or a concentrated sodium chloride solution is placed in the chamber and the anion chamber, and the anode film is separated by concentration dialysis and/or pressure dialysis.
  • the electrolyte in the chamber and the anion chamber indirectly weakens the seawater in the bridge chamber.
  • This embodiment provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is carried out by using the separation apparatus and the separation method of the first embodiment.
  • a commercially available alkali lignin powder of 100 g a solution of 2000 ml was prepared, and its pH was about 11.
  • This alkali lignin solution was used as a solution to be separated, and placed in a holding container of the separating apparatus of Example 1, and alkaline water was observed at the slit opening.
  • the flow of tap water (or acid solution) in the external chamber reduces the alkali content of the alkali lignin solution to a pH of 9.
  • the above separation method can be used for producing vitamin C by using a sodium salt containing vitamin C, and similarly using a sodium salt of lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, salicylic acid or taurine to produce a corresponding organic acid. .
  • This embodiment provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is basically carried out by using the separation device of Example 1, except that the anion membrane adopts a membrane which can only or mainly selectively pass through OH-, and the cationic membrane is non-selective. Passed cation membrane.
  • the separating device and the separating method are used for separating water mainly from the acid-containing solution to be separated, and separating the alkali-containing solution from the alkali-containing solution to be separated; when the free energy conditions are suitable, the separating device and the separating device In the method, the salt-containing solution to be separated is precipitated into the alkali-containing solution, and the ion-containing membrane is trapped in the container containing the acid.
  • the above anion membrane adopts a membrane which can only selectively or mainly pass through OH_
  • the cation membrane adopts a membrane which can only pass through or mainly mainly through H+
  • the precipitated substance is mainly diluted water, and a concentrated mixture is obtained.
  • Solution (acid, base, salt or a mixture thereof).
  • the separation device and the separation method are used only for the main or acid-containing treatment.
  • An acid-containing solution is precipitated in the separation solution, and water is precipitated from the alkali- and/or salt-containing solution to be separated; when the free energy condition is suitable, the separation device and the separation method are used to precipitate the salt-containing solution to be separated.
  • the acid-containing solution is trapped in the container by the ion membrane as an alkali-containing solution.
  • This embodiment provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is basically carried out by using the separation device of Example 1, except that the anion membrane is an anion membrane having a lower H+ twist (and the anion membrane is not selected).
  • An anion membrane that is transmissive, the cation membrane is replaced by an anion membrane with a higher H+ twist, which acts to allow H+ permeation, forming a separator composed of a pseudo-anion membrane and a cationic membrane, thereby making the acid-containing
  • the acid is precipitated in the solution to be separated; Alternatively, water may be precipitated from the alkali- and/or salt-containing solution to be separated.
  • the separation apparatus and separation method can be acid-containing, alkali-containing, or salt-containing.
  • the separation solution mainly precipitates the diluted water.
  • a cationic membrane having a higher degree of OH-high enthalpy is used as an alternative to the anionic membrane, and another cation membrane having an OH-impermeable or lower temperature is used as the cationic membrane (and the cationic membrane is non-selective) a permeated cationic membrane), forming a separator composed of a pseudo-anion membrane or a cationic membrane, thereby precipitating water in the acid-containing and/or salt-containing solution to be separated; or precipitating alkali-containing from the alkali-containing solution to be separated Solution.
  • the separation device and the separation method When the free energy of the system is changed, the separation device and the separation method cause the salt-containing solution to be separated to precipitate an alkali-containing solution and trap the acid-containing solution. If the OH-impermeable or lower-density cation membrane is a cation membrane that can selectively permeate H+, the separation device and the separation method can enable the acid-containing, alkali-containing, or salt-containing solution to be separated. Mainly precipitates the diluted water.
  • This embodiment provides a method for separating a substance in a solution, which is basically carried out by using the separation device of Example 1, except that the anion membrane and the cation membrane are respectively ultrafiltration membranes, or the anion membrane and the cation membrane are respectively nanofiltration membranes. Or the anion membrane and the cation membrane are reverse osmosis membranes respectively, or one of the anion membrane and the cation membrane is an ultrafiltration membrane, a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane, as an alternative to the anionic membrane and the cationic membrane.
  • the above-mentioned separator corresponds to a combination of an ion membrane with a H+ selective permeation membrane and an OH-selective permeation membrane. Separator. Especially when using two ultrafiltration membranes, nanofiltration membranes or reverse osmosis membranes with different charging strengths and polarities to form the separator (in order to form the potential difference between membranes), it will be more conducive to ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or permeation. get on.
  • the separation device and the separation method provided by the embodiment can be applied to separate various sewages containing organic substances and inorganic substances dissolved in an aqueous solution; in non-electrolyte-related chemical reactions (such as oxidation, halogenation, sulfonation, nitrification of organic substances, Ammonia hydrolysis, hydrolysis, ionic compounds (such as hydrogen chloride, water, and spent catalyst) in the electrolyte and products or by-products converted into non-electrolytes are precipitated in time to promote the conversion of non-electrolytes into electrolytes, such as the oxidation of methanol to produce formic acid. Removal of organic acids in sugar fermentation products; and purification of daily drinking water; dehydration and concentration of various mixed solutions containing organic matter; instead of electrodialysis dehydration; desalting and purification.
  • non-electrolyte-related chemical reactions such as oxidation, halogenation, sulfonation, nitrification of organic

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Abstract

一种溶液中物质的分离方法和装置，该方法包括以下步骤：将阴离子膜（2）和阳离子膜（1）组合在一起，形成具有缝隙开口（3）的隔板；使待分离溶液与隔板的阴离子膜（2）和阳离子膜（1）接触，使隔板的至少部分缝隙开口（3）位于待分离溶液的外部，且使位于待分离溶液内部的缝隙开口（3）与待分离溶液密封接触；将隔板两侧的待分离溶液通过盐桥、管道、隔板上开设的通孔或由于隔板浸没在待分离溶液中自然形成的通道（5）互相连通，从而使待分离溶液中的物质从缝隙开口析出，实现待分离溶液中物质的分离。该装置包括该隔板和盛装容器。通过使用具有不同特性和功能的阴离子膜和阳离子膜的组合，该方法和装置可应用于饮用水净化、污水处理，以及生产过程中的脱水、浓缩、脱酸、脱碱、脱盐、盐水淡化过程中。

Description

溶液中物质的分离方法及装置 技术领域
本发明涉及一种溶液中物质的分离方法及装置，尤其是涉及一种利用阴离子膜和阳 离子膜的溶液中物质的分离方法及装置， 属于膜分离技术领域。 背景技术
在水处理、 化工分离与化学反应、 轻工与食品、 原子能等工业领域， 常涉及有机物 与水、 酸、 碱、 盐等不同种类物质的分离、 脱水、 提纯和浓缩以及复分解反应问题。 例 如： 酸水解生物质生产水解糖、 糠醛等有机化工产品； 发酵工业生产酒精、 药品等有机 化工产品； 化学合成、 中药、 天然物质提取等领域， 都会涉及物质的分离。
在现有膜技术领域，镶嵌膜或两性膜具有使阳离子、阴离子各自独立透过膜的通道, 对电解质有较高的透过性； 故可用于分离非电解质与电解质。 但为了使阴离子、 阳离子 不互相接触而造成电中和，需在阴离子、阳离子膜层中间加一中性区域的介电层，该"电 中和"或者局部电场电中和效应使膜的渗析渗透效率受到不利影响。 镶嵌膜主要作为新 型压渗析设备的主要部件， 压渗析具有超过电渗析和反渗透的潜力， 但因镶嵌膜是特性 膜， 制造工艺复杂， 至今尚未研制出具有实用价值的商品膜。 因此， 解决镶嵌膜难以制 造的问题， 实现镶嵌膜技术的实际应用仍是本领域有待解决的问题之一。 发明内容
为解决上述技术问题， 发掘离子膜新的应用方法和领域， 本发明的目的在于提供一 种溶液中物质的分离方法及装置。 该分离方法及装置通过阴离子膜和阳离子膜（也称阴 离子交换膜和阳离子交换膜、 荷电膜） 的组合， 提供离子转移的通道， 实现溶液中物质 的分离和离子的交换反应， 且具有低成本、 工艺简单的优点。
为达上述目的， 本发明提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法包括 以下步骤：
将阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
使待分离溶液与所述隔板的阴离子膜和阳离子膜接触，使所述隔板的至少部分缝隙 开口位于待分离溶液的外部， 且位于待分离溶液内部的缝隙开口与所述待分离溶液密封 接触；
将所述隔板两侧的待分离溶液通过盐桥、 管道、 隔板上开设的通孔或由于隔板浸没 在待分离溶液中自然形成的通道互相连通； 从而使待分离溶液中的物质从位于待分离溶液外部的缝隙开口析出， 实现待分离溶 液中物质的分离。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法包括以下步骤： 将阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板，
将待进行复分解反应或待分离的混合物溶液（除水以外， 包含两种以上的物质）与 所述隔板的阴离子膜和阳离子膜接触，使所述隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于待进行复分 解反应或待分离的混合物溶液的外部， 且位于待分离溶液内部的缝隙开口与所述待分离 溶液密封接触；
将所述隔板两侧的待进行复分解反应或待分离的混合物溶液通过盐桥、 管道、 隔板 上开设的通孔或由于隔板浸没在混合物溶液中自然形成的通道互相连通；
从而使混合物溶液中的物质由于阴离子膜和阳离子膜对不同离子的选择性或透过 性的差别， 从位于待进行复分解反应或待分离的混合物溶液外部的缝隙开口选择性地或 以不同比例地析出， 实现混合物的全部或部分复分解反应或混合物之间的完全或部分相 互分离或富集。
在本发明中， 所述待分离溶液包括有机溶液、 水溶液、 不含水的离子溶液、 或它们 的混合溶液等， 通过阴离子膜、 阳离子膜（本发明也包括超滤膜、纳滤膜以及反渗透膜） 的组合， 提供离子转移的通道， 使在水中可解离成为阴离子、 阳离子的化合物（电解质) 或离子溶液中的离子，在阴离子膜、阳离子膜的接触界面处透过离子膜重新结合后排出， 实现水及在水中可解离成为阴离子、 阳离子的化合物 （电解质）与在水中或离子溶液中 不能解离成为阴离子、 阳离子的化合物 （非电解质） 的相互分离。
本发明的分离方法还能够利用不同离子的选择性渗析或渗透或透过性的差别， 实现 待分离溶液中物质的完全或部分分离， 达到溶液的脱水浓缩、 溶液中的酸、 碱、 或盐的 脱除、 提纯、 净化分离的效果， 或达到酸、 碱、 盐、 水 （水作为一种弱电解质） 相互之 间复分解反应或水解反应 （即复分解反应的逆反应） 的效果。 此外， 本发明的分离方法 还能够使不能透过离子膜的大分子物质， 不论其是否电离成为阴离子和阳离子， 都能被 阴离子膜和阳离子膜截留， 实现溶液中物质的分离。
根据本发明的具体实施方式， 优选地， 所述的溶液中物质的分离方法还包括对待分 离溶液或待进行复分解反应的混合物溶液进行加压， 以提高分离的效率。
根据本发明的具体实施方式， 优选地， 所述的溶液中物质的分离方法还包括对从所 述缝隙开口析出的物质进行稀释。 由于析出的物质的浓度在缝隙出口处的不断增加， 会 形成反向的浓差驱动力， 因此， 可以通过对从所述缝隙开口析出的物质进行稀释， 以维 持缝隙开口析出的物质的低浓度， 减少浓差造成的反向阻力。
根据本发明的具体实施方式， 优选地， 所述的溶液中物质的分离方法还包括： 在待 分离溶液中添加对于阴离子膜和阳离子膜的透过性低， 且不影响需要分离的物质析出的 电解质， 以增加待分离溶液的浓度， 促进需要分离的物质的析出。
在上述溶液中物质的分离方法中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜为能透过氢氧根离子的阴 离子膜。 更优选地， 所述能透过氢氧根离子的阴离子膜为只能或主要选择透过氢氧根离 子的阴离子膜。
在上述溶液中物质的分离方法中， 优选地， 所述阳离子膜为能透过氢离子的阳离子 膜。更优选地，所述能透过氢离子的阳离子膜为只能或主要选择透过氢离子的阳离子膜。
在上述溶液中物质的分离方法中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜为较低氢离子淌度的阴离 子膜， 且所述阳离子膜为较高氢离子淌度的阴离子膜所替代。 较高和较低的比较是在所 采用的阴离子膜以及替代阳离子膜的阴离子膜之间进行的。
在上述溶液中物质的分离方法中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜为较高氢氧根离子淌度的 阳离子膜所替代， 且所述阳离子膜为较低氢氧根离子淌度的阳离子膜。 较高和较低的比 较是在所采用的阴离子膜以及替代阳离子膜的阴离子膜之间进行的。
在上述溶液中物质的分离方法中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜用两种荷 电强度及极性不同的超滤膜替代； 或所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜用两种荷电强度及极 性不同的纳滤膜替代； 或所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜用两种荷电强度及极性不同的反 渗透膜替代； 或所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜中之一为超滤膜、 纳滤膜或反渗透膜所替 代。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器；
所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且所述隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛 装容器的外部， 当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时， 该部分缝隙开口密封 (以避免溶液从接触的界面处直接进入缝隙中） 。
在采用上述溶液中物质的分离装置时， 隔板两侧的盛装容器中的待分离溶液应是连 通的， 以使待分离溶液中的离子能够自由移动和交换，始终保持溶液的电中性。优选地， 所述盛装容器中的待分离容溶液通过所述隔板浸没在待分离溶液中自然形成的通道互 相连通， 并使隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器中的待分离溶液的外部， 而所述隔 板浸没在待分离溶液中的部分缝隙开口， 与待分离溶液是密封接触的， 也就是说， 待分 离溶液中的物质不能直接从阴离子膜和阳离子膜间的缝隙流出， 而是需要透过阴离子膜 和阳离子膜析出。 或者， 优选地， 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 盛装 容器的两个部分以一盐桥或管道连通。 所述盐桥为本领域常规使用的盐桥。 在使用时， 所述管道充满盛装容器中的溶液，使盛装容器中的溶液通过该管道连通。或者，优选地， 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 所述隔板上设有通孔或通道， 所述盛装 容器的两个部分通过所述通孔或通道连通， 所述通孔的周边密封， 避免溶液从该通孔的 边沿直接流入两离子膜之间的缝隙。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 位于盛装容器外部的所述缝隙开口与一 外部室连通。 虽然待分离溶液中的阴离子和阳离子能够分别通过上述的阴离子膜、 阳离 子膜渗透到在待分离溶液外部的缝隙开口处， 但由于析出物质所携带出来的水分量有 限， 因此， 缝隙开口处的离子浓度容易增加， 且流动性差， 难以达到和实现电解质离子 与母溶液有效地进行相互分离的目的。 通过增加外部室， 能够解决阴离子、 阳离子经离 子膜析出后在缝隙开口处浓度增加阻碍离子的后续析出，和离子难以流动离开缝隙开口 处的问题。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设置 有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。 该间隔层的设置能够便于通过阴离子膜、 阳离子膜析出的 物质流出隔板的缝隙开口。该间隔层的厚度应不影响阴离子和阳离子从各自的离子膜析 出后的再结合， 即间隔层的厚度不大于两侧离子膜上电动势对对方离子的作用距离。 优 选地， 该间隔层为倒楔形。
根据本发明的具体实施方式，上述隔板可以为图 1所示的隔板，其包括阳离子膜 1， 阴离子膜 2， 缝隙开口 3， 以及在阳离子膜 1与阴离子膜 2之间的间隔层 4。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器、 外部室；
所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且所述隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛 装容器的外部，当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时，该部分缝隙开口密封; 所述缝隙开口与外部室连通， 并与外部室中的溶液接触。
在上述装置中， 优选地， 所述盛装容器中的待分离容溶液通过所述隔板浸没在待分 离溶液中自然形成的通道互相连通， 并使隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器中的待 分离溶液的外部， 而所述隔板浸没在待分离溶液中的部分缝隙开口， 与待分离溶液是密 封接触的， 也就是说， 待分离溶液中的物质不能直接从阴离子膜和阳离子膜间的缝隙流 出， 而是需要透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜析出。 或者， 优选地， 所述隔板将所述盛装容器 分为两个部分， 并且， 盛装容器的两个部分以一盐桥或管道连通。 在使用时， 所述管道 充满盛装容器中的溶液， 使盛装容器中的溶液通过该管道连通。 或者， 优选地， 所述隔 板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 所述隔板上设有通孔或通道， 所述盛装容器的 两个部分通过所述通孔或通道连通， 所述通孔的周边密封， 避免溶液从该通孔的边沿直 接流入两离子膜之间的缝隙。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设置 有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
根据本发明的具体实施方式， 上述包括外部室的分离装置可以是图 2所示的装置， 其包括阳离子膜 1、 阴离子膜 2、 盛装容器、 盐桥或管道 5、 外部室 9、 伸出在外部室的 缝隙开口 （未标示） ；
所述阳离子膜 1和阴离子膜 2组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且把盛装容器分成两个部分， 在阳离子膜 1 一侧的部分为阳膜室 6， 在阴离子膜 2—侧的部分为阴膜室 7;
所述阳膜室 6与所述阴膜室 7以一盐桥或管道 5连通；
所述缝隙开口与外部室 9连通。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用上述的溶液中 物质的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤： 使盛装容器中的溶液中的阴离子和阳离子从位 于盛装容器外部的缝隙开口析出或选择性析出， 或者使外部室中的溶液中的阴离子和阳 离子从位于盛装容器外部的缝隙开口反向渗入到盛装容器中， 实现溶液中物质的分离。 在这种情况下， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜， 以及二者之间的缝隙作为盛装容器与外 部室的溶液的唯一离子通道。该方法还可以包括对外部室和 /或盛装容器中的溶液进行加 压， 以提高分离的效率。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离系统， 其特征在于， 以上述的分离装置作为一 个单元， 该系统包括两个以上的所述单元， 各个单元的盛装容器通过与相邻单元的盛装 容器相互连通串联在一起。
在上述的分离系统中， 优选地， 以一个空心管作为待分离溶液的输送管穿过各个单 元， 并在每个单元内的输送管的管径上留有出液口以便输送待分离溶液。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 其包括： 两个以上隔板、 盛装容器；
其中， 所述隔板为阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成的具有缝隙开口的隔板； 所述两个以上隔板均与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且每个隔板的至少部分缝隙 开口位于盛装容器的外部， 当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时， 该部分缝 隙开口密封。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中，所述盛装容器的器壁需可以承受液体压力或所额 外施加的渗析压力。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述两个以上隔板中， 相邻的离子膜分 别为阴离子膜和阳离子膜。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述两个以上隔板将所述盛装容器分为 三个以上独立的部分 （即每个部分之间的溶液互相不能直接流通） ， 并且， 所述盛装容 器中最外侧的两个部分通过盐桥、 管道或桥室连通。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述两个以上隔板将所述盛装容器分为 三个以上部分， 并且， 所述隔板上设有通孔或通道， 所述盛装容器的各个部分通过所述 通孑 L或通道连通。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 位于每个所述隔板外部的缝隙开口各自 单独与一独立的外部室连通。在使用时，所述缝隙开口可以与所述外部室中的溶液接触， 由所述外部室收集析出的物质， 使析出的物质实现单独分离。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设置有 一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
根据本发明的具体实施方式，上述包括两个以上隔板的装置可以为图 3所示的装置， 其包括： 阳离子膜 1、 阴离子膜 2、 盛装容器、 盐桥或管道 5、 外部室 901、 902、 903； 本装置包括 3个隔板 （也可以是由 2个隔板组成）， 每个隔板均为阳离子膜 1和阴 离子膜 2组合在一起， 形成的具有缝隙开口的隔板；
3个隔板均与盛装容器的接触处紧密密封以免溶液从接触面处泄露， 并且这 3个隔 板将盛装容器分成 4个独立的部分， 包括盛装容器最外侧的第一部分 601 和第二部分 701， 以及盛装容器内侧的第三部分 801和第四部分 802;
所述盛装容器中的第一部分 601、 第二部分 701通过盐桥或管道 5连通， 所述隔板 的缝隙开口位于盛装容器的外部，且所述缝隙开口各自单独与一独立的外部室 901、902、 903连通。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 采用上述的分离系统或上 述的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤：
将待进行复分解反应或待分离溶液导入盛装容器；
待进行复分解反应或待分离溶液中需分离和离子交换的不同物质从各个隔板的位 于盛装容器外部的缝隙开口处析出。
在上述方法中， 从缝隙开口处析出的物质可以被各自的外部室收集。 所述待分离溶 液可以由待进行复分解反应的溶液替代。 该方法还可以包括对待分离溶液进行加压， 以 提高分离的效率。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 间隔器；
所述阴离子膜与所述阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成膜组件；
所述膜组件夹在间隔器之间， 卷绕形成一个卷绕式膜组件；
所述间隔器的出口端交替地密封；
所述卷绕式膜组件出口端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间具有缝隙开口，所述卷绕式膜 组件进入端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间的缝隙开口密封。
在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设 置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
根据本发明的具体实施方式， 上述装置可以为图 4所示的装置， 图 4为该装置平铺 后的纵截面， 其包括阳离子膜 1、 阴离子膜 2、 间隔层或间隔器 4、 密封物 10、 101； 所述阳离子膜 1与所述阴离子膜 2组合在一起， 并且所述阳离子膜 1与所述阴离子 膜 2之间设置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层 4， 形成膜组件；
所述膜组件夹在间隔器 4之间， 卷绕形成一个卷绕式膜组件；
所述间隔器的出口端交替地由密封物 10密封， 或者所述间隔器的出口端与一回流 管道或回流容器相连， 使待分离溶液在所述膜组件内循环流动；
所述卷绕式膜组件出口端的阳离子膜与阴离子膜之间具有缝隙开口 3， 所述卷绕式 膜组件进入端的阳离子膜与阴离子膜之间的缝隙开口由密封物 101密封或交替地密封。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用上述的溶液中 物质的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤： 使待分离溶液从间隔器内进入膜组件， 待分离 溶液中需分离的物质从所述卷绕式膜组件出口端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间的缝隙开 口处析出。 在该分离方法中， 所述间隔器的出口端密封或者所述间隔器的出口端与一增 加液体压强的回流管道或回流容器相连， 使待分离溶液在所述膜组件内循环流动， 能够 使待分离溶液中的离子或水合离子受压渗入膜组件， 而在卷绕式膜组件的进入端， 能够 实现待分离溶液中离子的自由移动和交换。 该方法还可以包括对待分离溶液进行加压， 以提高分离的效率。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 双极膜， 盛 装容器；
所述双极膜与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且所述双极膜的至少部分边缘区域位 于盛装容器的外部。
在这种实施方式中， 不需要将阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起形成隔板， 而是直接 使用双极膜， 且优选地， 该双极膜的中间材料为易于水和离子流动的材料。
在上述装置中， 优选地， 双极膜的至少部分边缘区域位于盛装容器的外部， 在使用 时， 双极膜浸没在盛装容器中的溶液之中。 或者， 优选地， 所述双极膜将所述盛装容器 分为两个部分， 并且， 所述盛装容器的两个部分以一管道连通。 或者， 优选地， 所述双 极膜将所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 所述双极膜上设有通孔， 所述盛装容器的两 个部分通过所述通孔连通。 在使用时， 待分离的物质通过所述双极膜的中间材料从位于 待分离溶液外部的边缘区域析出。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器、 桥室；
所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并使隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛装容 器的外部， 当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时， 该部分缝隙开口密封； 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分，在阴离子膜一侧的盛装容器的部分称为阴 膜室， 在阳离子膜一侧的盛装容器的部分称为阳膜室；
并且， 所述盛装容器的两个部分分别通过管道与一桥室连接。
在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述桥室与所述阳膜室之间设置一阳 离子膜， 所述桥室与所述阴膜室之间设置一阴离子膜。
在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 位于盛装容器的外部的那一部分所述 缝隙开口与一外部室连通。 在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设 置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用上述的溶液中 物质的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤： 将难透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜的离子对应的电 解质置于桥室，将易透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜的离子对应的电解质置于隔板两侧的盛装 容器内，实现两种电解质的复分解反应或部分复分解反应，和 /或桥室内溶液中电解质的 脱除； 或者， 将一种含有电解质的溶液置于桥室及隔板两侧的盛装容器内， 实现桥室内 溶液中电解质的脱除。该方法还可以包括对桥室和或 /盛装容器中的溶液进行加压， 以提 高分离的效率。
在上述分离方法中， 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分中， 在阳离子膜一侧的 称为阳膜室， 在阴离子膜一侧的称为阴膜室。 阳膜室中易透过阳离子膜的阳离子优先析 出， 阴膜室中易透过阴离子膜的阴离子优先析出， 为了保持盛装容器内溶液的电中性， 桥室中的阳离子补充入阳膜室， 阴离子补充入阴膜室， 实现在阳膜室和阴膜室中获得复 分解产物和桥室中脱除电解质的效果； 而将一种含有电解质的溶液置于桥室及隔板两侧 的盛装容器内时， 则只达到使室内电解质溶液中电解质脱除的效果。
在上述包括桥室的溶液中物质的分离装置中，还可以在桥室与盛装容器之间设置阴 离子膜和阳离子膜。 其中， 在桥室与阳膜室之间设置一阳离子膜， 在桥室与阴膜室之间 设置一阴离子膜。 在采用这个装置进行的分离方法中， 无须将难透过阴离子膜和阳离子 膜的离子对应的电解质置于桥室，将易透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜的离子对应的电解质置 于隔板两侧的盛装容器内 （SP， 阳膜室及阴膜室内）， 也可实现桥室内含有电解质的溶 液中电解质的脱除。 这就是说， 通过阳膜室和阴膜室中离子的析出， 以及从桥室而进入 阳膜室和阴膜室内的离子的析出， 实现桥室内含有电解质的溶液中电解质的脱除。 在这 种情况下， 桥室及盛装容器中的电解质可以为相同或不同的电解质。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器；
所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间存在容置空间， 形成一中间室；
所述中间室将所述盛装容器的内部空间隔离成为两个部分， 并且， 所述盛装容器的 两个部分之间相互连通。
在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述中间室两侧的盛装容器的两个空 间以一盐桥或一管道连通。 在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述中间室两侧的盛装容器的空间以 一具有毛细功能的材料连通。 该毛细功能的材料可以包括毛细管和毛细绒布等。
本发明还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用上述的溶液中 物质的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤： 将待分离溶液置于所述中间室内， 待分离溶液 中需要分离的物质（通过阴离子膜或阳离子膜之后）进入中间室两侧的容器内而分离出； 或者将待分离溶液置于所述中间室两侧的容器内， 待分离溶液中需要分离的物质（通过 阴离子膜或阳离子膜之后）进入中间室内而分离出。 该方法还可以包括对待分离溶液进 行加压， 以提高分离的效率。
在本发明中， 所述的阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器、 盐桥、 管道、 通孔、 通道、 桥室、 中间室以及外部室等的形状可以为任意的形状， 所述盛装容器与外部室、 桥室的 相对位置也可以为任意的位置， 只要能产生本发明所述的离子的流动方式即可。
本发明提供的各种溶液中物质的分离方法及装置， 通过阴离子膜和阳离子膜（也包 括超滤膜、 纳滤膜以及反渗透膜） 的组合， 提供离子转移的通道， 实现溶液中物质的分 离， 且具有低成本、 工艺简单的优点。 通过使用具有不同特性和功能的阴离子膜和阳离 子膜的组合或拟阴离子膜、 拟阳离子膜的组合， 以及不同的分离装置， 本发明的溶液中 物质的分离方法可以广泛地应用于饮用水净化、 污水处理， 生产过程中的脱水、 浓缩、 脱酸、 脱碱、 脱盐、 盐水淡化等过程中。 附图说明
图 1为阴离子膜和阳离子膜形成的隔板的示意图。
图 2为含阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器、 盐桥或管道、 外部室的装置的示意图。 图 3为含 3个隔板、 盛装容器、 盐桥或管道、 3个外部室的装置的示意图。
图 4为含多个阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 间隔层、 间隔器的卷绕轴为横向的卷绕式膜组 件平铺后的纵截面示意图。
主要组件符号说明：
1 阳离子膜
2 阴离子膜
3 缝隙开口
4 间隔层或间隔器
5 盐桥或通道
6 阳膜室 7 阴膜室
601 第一部分
701 第二部分
801 第三部分
802 第四部分
9、 901、 902、 903 外部室
10、 101密闭物 具体实施方式
实施例 1
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其包括： 本发明还提供一种溶液中物质 的分离装置，其特征在于，该装置包括： 阴离子膜、阳离子膜、两个塑料瓶（盛装容器）、 细塑料皮管 （管道） 、 滤布 （间隔层） ；
常温常压下， 采用北京廷润膜技术开发有限公司提供的阳离子膜及阴离子膜， 分别 裁剪出直径 10厘米的膜片， 所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口 的隔板；
在所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜之间夹有或在接近缝隙开口部分夹有 400目滤布，滤布 上设有随机剪出的大小不同的孔洞 （使两膜之间有直接接触） ；
将所述隔板夹在两个塑料瓶的瓶口之间 （瓶口内直径 8厘米， 外直径 8.5厘米） ， 并使隔板的缝隙开口位于两个塑料瓶中的待分离溶液的外部， 瓶口的边沿光滑平整， 用 透明胶带沿瓶的前后左右面缠绕， 使两个瓶的瓶口边沿压紧隔板， 避免待分离溶液从两 膜与瓶口的接触面之间泄漏， 实现密封， 其中在阴离子膜一侧的塑料瓶称为阴膜室， 在 阳离子膜一侧的塑料瓶称为阳膜室；
两个塑料瓶的侧面各设有一个 3x3厘米的开口， 且开口一致朝上， 以一细塑料皮管 (内直径 0.5-1厘米） 连通所述的两个开口， 使两个塑料瓶中待分离溶液中的离子能够 自由相互流动。
上述装置还可以包括一外部室， 其与位于待分离溶液的外部的所述缝隙开口连通。 在工业化应用时，可以对上述装置进行变换。例如：所述隔板浸没在待分离溶液中， 并使隔板的一部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器中的待分离溶液的外部， 而所述隔板浸没在待 分离溶液中的那一部分缝隙开口， 与待分离溶液是密封接触的（可以通过将浸没在待分 离溶液中的部分隔板的缝隙密封， 来实现其与待分离溶液的密封接触） ， 也就是说， 待 分离溶液中的物质不能直接从阴离子膜和阳离子膜间的缝隙流出， 而是需要透过阴离子 膜和阳离子膜析出。 或者， 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 所述隔板上 设有通孔， 所述盛装容器的两个部分通过所述通孔连通， 所述通孔的周边密封， 避免溶 液从该通孔的边沿直接流入两离子膜之间的缝隙。本领域技术人员可根据实际情况调节 所述通孔在所述隔板上的位置及数量。 或者， 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 所述盛装容器的两个部分以一盐桥或一管道连通， 所述隔板的部分或全部外延均 作为缝隙开口。 所述盛装容器可以为压力罐。
本实施例还提供一种溶液中物质的分离系统， 其特征在于， 以上述的分离装置作为 一个单元， 该系统包括两个以上的所述单元， 各个单元的盛装容器通过与相邻单元的盛 装容器相互连通串联在一起。
在上述的分离系统中， 优选地， 以一个空心管作为待分离溶液的输送管穿过各个单 元， 并在每个单元内的输送管的管径上留有出液口以便输送待分离溶液。
本实施例还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置，其特征在于，其包括：两个以上隔板、 盛装容器；
其中， 所述隔板为阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成的具有缝隙开口的隔板； 所述两个以上隔板均与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且每个隔板的至少部分缝隙 开口位于盛装容器的外部， 当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时， 该部分缝 隙开口密封。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中，所述盛装容器的器壁需可以承受液体压力或所额 外施加的渗析压力。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述两个以上隔板中， 相邻的离子膜分 别为阴离子膜和阳离子膜。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述两个以上隔板将所述盛装容器分为 三个以上独立的部分， 并且， 所述盛装容器中最外侧的两个部分通过盐桥、 管道或桥室 连通。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述两个以上隔板将所述盛装容器分为 三个以上部分， 并且， 所述隔板上设有通孔或通道， 所述盛装容器的各个部分通过所述 通孑 L或通道连通。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 位于每个所述隔板外部的缝隙开口各自 单独与一独立的外部室连通。在使用时，所述缝隙开口可以与所述外部室中的溶液接触， 由所述外部室收集析出的物质， 使析出的物质实现单独分离。
在上述溶液中物质的分离装置， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设置有 一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
本实施例还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 以上述的分离系统或分 离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤： 将待复分解反应或待分离溶液， 导入盛装容器， 其中需 分离的不同物质从各个阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间的位于溶液外部的端缝隙开口处析出 并被各自的外部室收集。该方法还可以包括对待分离溶液进行加压，以提高分离的效率。
本实施例还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置，其特征在于，该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 间隔器；
所述阴离子膜与所述阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成膜组件；
所述膜组件夹在间隔器之间， 卷绕形成一个卷绕式膜组件；
所述间隔器的出口端交替选择地密封， 或者所述间隔器的出口端与一回流管道或回 流容器相连， 使待分离溶液在所述膜组件内循环流动；
所述卷绕式膜组件出口端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间具有缝隙开口，所述卷绕式膜 组件进入端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间与缝隙开口对应的进入端密封。
在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设 置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
本实施例还提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用图 4所示的 分离装置进行， 在卷绕状态时， 两个密封物 101所示的虚线位置卷绕后相接并密封， 两 个缝隙开口 3所示的位置卷绕后相接并形成该装置的缝隙开口， 其包括以下步骤： 使待 分离溶液从未密封的间隔器 4内进入膜组件，待分离溶液中需分离的物质从所述卷绕式 膜组件出口端的阴离子膜 2与阳离子膜 1之间的缝隙开口 3处析出。 在该分离方法中， 所述间隔器 4的出口端和与所述卷绕式膜组件进入端的阳离子膜与阴离子膜之间的缝隙 开口分别通过密封物 10和密封物 101密封， 使待分离溶液中的离子或水合离子受压渗 入膜组件，而在卷绕式膜组件的进入端，能够实现待分离溶液中离子的自由移动和交换。 该方法还可以包括对待分离溶液进行加压， 以提高分离的效率。
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其采用上述第一个介绍的分离装置进 行， 其包括以下步骤： 将待分离溶液放入上述分离装置中的两个塑料瓶内， 并将上述的 细塑料皮管内也充满该待分离溶液， 实现待分离溶液中物质的分离。
以溶解配制的含有白糖 (质量含量 10%)、 食盐 （质量含量 10%) 的混合溶液作为待 分离溶液， 将该待分离溶液放入上述分离装置中的两个塑料瓶内， 并将上述的细塑料皮 管内也充满该待分离溶液， 当该细塑料皮管与两塑料瓶中的溶液连通时， 5分钟后， 在 隔板的缝隙开口处可见含盐味 （味觉咸， 但不含糖的甜味） 的水分持续缓慢析出， 实现 待分离溶液中食盐和白糖的分离。
作为对比， 将上述装置中的细塑料皮管取消， 擦干缝隙开口处的水分后， 3小时后 仍然未见水分的析出，但重新接上细塑料皮管后， 5分钟内又可见具有咸味的水分析出， 6小时后汇聚形成细小的水滴并流淌出来。
上述实验说明： 解离成为阴离子的 OH—离子和 C1—离子以及解离成为阳离子的 H+离 子和 Na+离子分别通过阴离子膜和阳离子膜并在阴、 阳离子膜的接触面处相互吸引重新 反应成为水 (或水分通过形成水合离子方式析出， 即离子在透过膜时带过去的水量)和氯 化钠而得以从缝隙开口排出待分离溶液， 而不能解离成为电解质离子的糖分 （有机物） 则被截留在待分离溶液中， 实现了通过阴离子膜、 阳离子膜及细塑料皮管的组合， 使水 分、 可解离成为离子的电解质类化合物不断析出， 以重力作用和水压作为驱动力提供分 离所需的能量， 实现电解质和非电解质两种不同物质的相互分离或脱水浓缩。
上述溶液中物质的分离方法还包括对待分离溶液进行加压，例如通过压缩空气提供 静压力的方式进行加压。 通过对待分离溶液进行加压， 能够提供额外的驱动力加速水分 及电解质的析出， 达到压渗析的效果。
上述溶液中物质的分离方法还包括对从所述缝隙开口析出的物质进行稀释。 由于析 出的物质的浓度在缝隙出口处的不断增加， 会形成反向的浓差驱动力， 因此， 可以通过 对从所述缝隙开口析出的物质进行稀释， 以维持缝隙开口析出的物质的低浓度， 减少浓 差造成的反向阻力。 其中， 稀释液可以由本领域技术人员根据析出物质的具体情况而进 行选择， 所述稀释可以包括对所述缝隙开口析出的物质进行连续冲洗。 例如， 将海水置 于盛装容器中进行压渗析脱盐淡化， 可以将大量的海水置于外部室中保持流动， 以维持 外部室中低的盐浓度， 减少浓差造成的反向阻力。 或者相反地， 例如： 将低浓度溶液置 于阴离子膜和阳离子膜两侧的盛装容器中， 将高浓度溶液（比如在外部室添加大量的盐 溶液或固体的盐分）置于外部室作为正渗析过程的驱动液， 实现低浓度溶液中水分的脱 除。或者例如：在外部室中添加易于吸水，且最好是更容易挥发的有机溶剂或碳酸铵（降 低后续分离的能耗） ， 使盛装容器中的水分充分萃取析出并与所述更易挥发的有机溶剂 或碳酸铵发生溶解混合， 实现低浓度溶液中水分的脱除。 或者， 将含水的有机溶液置于 盛装容器， 将水溶液置于外部室， 则实现了有机溶液的脱水， 在脱水过程中， 为了促进 水的电离， 最好在有机溶剂中添加少量电解质类物质。 比如， 酒精溶液或糖溶液的脱水 浓缩。 或者， 将水溶液置于阴离子膜和阳离子膜两侧的盛装容器中， 有机溶液置于外部 室；或者，将有机溶液置于阴离子膜和阳离子膜两侧的盛装容器中，水溶液置于外部室; 实现有机相与水相之间的膜萃取； 在后者的情况下， 实现了外部室中的水溶液中的阴离 子和阳离子从缝隙开口进入到盛装容器的反向渗入。
上述溶液中物质的分离方法还包括： 在待分离溶液中添加对于阴离子膜和阳离子膜 的透过性低， 且不影响需要分离的物质析出的电解质， 以增加待分离溶液的浓度， 促进 需要分离的物质的析出。 例如， 利用硫酸水解纤维素类生物质， 可将硫酸钠或硫酸钙加 入酸水解液中， 促进硫酸的析出。
上述装置中的隔板也可直接利用双极膜替代， 所述双极膜包括一阴离子膜、 一阳离 子膜以及一位于阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间的中间材料。 由双极膜代替上述由单个阴或阳 离子膜组合形成的隔板， 此时双极膜的中间区域成为水分、 电解质析出的通道， 因此， 双极膜的中间材料最好是易于水分和离子流动的物质。
同样的原理， 或按渗析电池原理， 作为一种压渗析或渗析装置， 不限间隔距离， 增 加上述装置中隔板的阴阳离子膜之间的间距， 使阳、 阴离子膜之间存在容置空间， 形成 一中间室 （相当于上述装置的缝隙开口或外部室） ， 所述中间室将所述盛装容器隔离成 为两个空间部分， 并且， 所述盛装容器的这两个空间部分相互连通。 所述中间室两侧的 盛装容器的空间以一盐桥或管道连通或一具有毛细功能的材料连通（以保持离子的自由 流动） 。 该毛细功能的材料可以包括毛细管和毛细绒布等。 当将待分离的混合溶液置于 中间室并加压时， 混合溶液中的电解质离子或透过性较高的离子将被优先析出和进入未 加压的阳膜室和阴膜室内排出， 反之， 若将待分离的混合溶液置于外侧的阳膜室和阴膜 室内并加压时， 电解质离子或透过性较高的离子将被优先析出和进入未加压的中间室内 而分离出。
实施例 2
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其采用实施例 1的分离装置进行。 以含
A、 B、 X和 Y离子组成的混合溶液 （水为溶剂， 部分电离出 Η+和 ΟΗ—离子） 作为待分 离溶液， 代表各种可部分或完全溶解于水的酸、 碱、 盐的水溶液。 其中， Α、 Β为相同 或不相同的阳离子， 当 、 Β为不相同的阳离子时， Α在阳离子膜中的透过性大于 Β; X、 Y为相同或不相同的阴离子， 当 X、 Y不相同的阴离子时， X在阴离子膜中的透过 性大于 Y。 当八、 Β为不相同的阳离子， X、 Υ为不相同的阴离子， 并采用实施例 1中 介绍的任一分离装置进行渗析或压渗析时， AX将优先析出， 使 AX在隔板的缝隙开口 处富积或溶于外部室的溶液中， 而 BY则被截留于盛装容器内。 若起始原料物质为 AX 和 BY两种物质的混合溶液， 则上述方法使 AX和 BY两种物质实现部分或完全的相互 分离；若起始原料物质为 AY和 BX两种物质的混合溶液，则上述方法可实现 AY与 BX 的部分或完全的复分解反应， 得到产物 AX和 BY。 为了使作为原料的 AY和 BX两种 物质在复分解反应前不必混合， 将含 AY的溶液置于阳膜室， BX置于阴膜室， 两室以 充满 AY和 BX混合溶液的管道连通， 压渗析反应至 A 析出完成后即停止进一步的渗 析过程， BY被截留于阳膜室、 阴膜室和管道内。
上述两种物质的分离或复分解反应的程度和产物的纯度与压渗析的压力以及离子 选择透过性的差别是否足够大有关。 其中， A、 B 可以是 H+， Li+， Na+， NH4 +， K+， Mg2+， Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+， Fe3+， 等； X、 Y可以是 OH -， F -， CH3COO-， HCOO-, CI", SCN -， Br -， N03-， Γ， S04 2—， C03 2—， Si03 2—， 以及有机酸根， 等。 其中， 上述离子的排 列顺序为一般情况下离子对于离子膜的透过性由大到小的顺序。
若所用阴离子膜及阳离子膜对离子的实际选择透过性依上述顺序（通过设计制造出 不同的离子选择性透过顺序的离子膜， 可以实现按需要进行的离子相互分离、 复分解反 应或水解反应） ， 则可实现以下两种物质的相互分离： HC1与 H2S04， HC1与 HN03， H2S04与 HN03， K2S04与 HN03，或 NaOH与 Ca(OH)2, NaOH与 KOH, KOH与 Ca(OH)2， 或 NaCl与 HAC， NaCl与 NH4HC03, NaCl与 K2S04， NaCl与 NaC03， NaCl与 KC1， NaCl与 CaCl2， 以及 HC1与 NaCl， HC1与 Na2S04， HC1与 NaN03， NaN03与 HN03， 以及 NaCl与 NaOH， KC1与 NaOH， KC1与 KOH， KC1与 NH4OH (或氨水） ， 等。 或 者， 实现以下两种物质的复分解反应： KC1与 HN03， KC1与 H2S04， NaCl与 H2C03， NH4CI与 H2C03， NH4CI与 NaN03， NH4C1与木质素钠， KC1 与 Na2S04， KC1与 NaN03， KC1与 NH4N03， KC1与 Na2C03， KC1与 NH4HC03， KC1与木质素钠， KC1与 Ca(OH)2， NaCl与 Ca(OH)2， NaCl与 NH4OH， NH4C1与 Ca(OH)2， 木质素钠 （钾） 与 Ca(OH)2， 木质素钠 （钾） 与 NH4OH， KOH与 Na2S04， 等。 若 A、 B、 X、 Y组成的物质其中之 一为水， 由于电解质离子浓度高于水的电离， 电解质离子优先析出， 上述分离方法则可 以实现酸、 碱、 盐溶液的脱除或酸、 碱、 盐的回收。
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其采用图 3所示的装置进行。 将不同的 电解质溶液导入图 3所示的由隔板分成的不同部分内， 即第一部分 601、 第二部分 701、 第三部分 801、 第四部分 802内， 通过增加溶液的压力， 增加渗析的驱动力， 在外部室 901、 902、 903中析出对应的复分解产物。 比如， 将 NaCl导入第一部分 601和第四部 分 802， Ca(OH)2导入第三部分 801和第二部分 701，则在外部室 901和 903中得到 NaOH， 外部室 902中得到 CaCl2， 使不同的复分解产物自动地分离到不同的容器内， 同时可以 达到脱除第一部分 601和第四部分 802中的溶液 （比如海水） 中 NaCl等盐分的作用， 尤其是可以通过增加第二部分 701和第三部分 801中溶液的电解质浓度，增加渗析的浓 差驱动力， 从而增加脱除海水中盐分的效率。 若电解质溶液为 KC1和 Ca(OH)2， 则得到 复分解产物 KOH和 CaCl2， 同理， 由 KC1和 Na2S04或 Na2C03或 NaN03， 得到 K2S04 或 K2C03或 KN03和 NaCl， 等等在不同的盐之间或盐与酸之间或盐与碱之间进行离子 交换的反应， 完成如前所述的各种复分解反应， 尤其是可以完成现有技术难以简单进行 的复分解反应或完成不具有现有技术所要求的生成气体、水或沉淀物才能实现的复分解 反应。 增加隔板串联的个数， 在不同的盛装溶液的容器内导入 2种以上的电解质溶液， 可以在一次施加渗析压力的情况下同时得到多种复分解产物的产品， 同时， 使电解质溶 液内的电解质得到脱除。
本实施例还提供一种溶液中物质的分离装置，其在实施例 1的分离装置上进行了变 形， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器、 桥室；
所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并使隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛装容 器的外部， 当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时， 该部分缝隙开口密封； 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分，在阴离子膜一侧的盛装容器的部分称为阴 膜室， 在阳离子膜一侧的盛装容器的部分称为阳膜室；
并且， 所述盛装容器的两个部分分别通过管道与一桥室连接。
在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 位于盛装容器外部的那一部分所述缝 隙开口与一外部室连通。
在上述的溶液中物质的分离装置中， 优选地， 所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设 置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
采用上述的分离装置所进行的溶液中物质的分离方法可以包括以下步骤： 将 A 置 于在阳膜室和阴膜室内， 而将 BY置于桥室内， 也就是说， 将相对易透过阴离子膜和阳 离子膜的离子对应的电解质置于隔板两侧的盛装容器内，将相对难透过阴离子膜和阳离 子膜的离子对应的电解质置于桥室内，通过在阳膜室和阴膜室中离子的优先透过离子膜 析出，实现两种电解质的复分解反应或部分复分解反应，和 /或桥室内含有电解质的溶液 中电解质的脱除； 或者， 将一种含有电解质的溶液置于桥室及隔板两侧的盛装容器内， 实现桥室内溶液中电解质的脱除。
具体而言， 在渗析或压渗析条件下， 阳膜室中相对易透过阳离子膜的阳离子优先析 出， 阴膜室中相对易透过阴离子膜的阴离子优先析出， 并在隔板的缝隙开口处富集或与 外部室中的溶液溶解混合， 为了保持溶液的电中性， 桥室中的阳离子补充入阳膜室， 阴 离子补充入阴膜室， 实现在阳膜室和阴膜室中获得复分解产物和桥室中电解质的脱除 (当 AX和 BY为同一种物质时， 则只达实现桥室内溶液中电解质的脱除） 。 例如： 海 水、 含盐分的牛奶溶液、 生物质水解溶液或发酵溶液等溶液中电解质的脱除。 在进行桥 室中溶液的电解质脱除时，可以认为 AX和 /或 BY为促使桥室中溶液脱除电解质的驱动 液。 例如， 可以利用容易渗析或浓缩回收再利用的 NaOH、 乙酸钠、 碳酸铵等作为从海 水中脱除 NaCl的驱动液， 通过增加驱动液中电解质的浓度或利用高电解质浓度的驱动 液， 外部室中采用稀溶液作为携带溶液， 将促进阴膜室和阳膜室中离子的析出， 间接促 进桥室中电解质离子的快速、 有效和更经济的脱除， 相当于间接地放大了待脱除电解质 溶液中电解质的浓度， 增加了渗析的有效浓度梯度， 也即增加了渗析的化学驱动力， 借 以减少或避免使用外加压力进行压渗析， 而外部室获得析出的原料电解质。 因此， 通过 使在阳膜室和阴膜室中易透过离子膜的电解质离子进入外部室， 置换出桥室中电解质离 子 （桥室中的电解质离子可与阴膜室及阳膜室中的电解质离子相同或不同） ， 使桥室内 的溶液脱除电解质或促成所需要的复分解反应； 当所需要的复分解反应完成或部分完成 后或桥室中的电解质完全脱除后， 反应则可停止， 而外部室中析出的电解质可再回用于 复分解反应或脱除电解质的驱动液。
在上述包括桥室的分离装置中，还可以在桥室与盛装容器之间设置阴离子膜和阳离 子膜， 以避免桥室中的电解质分子直接进入阳膜室或阴膜室。 其中， 在桥室与阳膜室之 间设置一阳离子膜， 在桥室与阴膜室之间设置一阴离子膜。在采用这个装置进行的分离 方法中， 无须将相对难透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜的离子对应的电解质置于桥室， 将相对 易透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜的离子对应的电解质置于隔板两侧的盛装容器内 （即， 阳膜 室及阴膜室内） ， 也可实现桥室内溶液中电解质的脱除。 也就是说， 通过阳膜室和阴膜 室中离子的析出， 以及从桥室而进入阳膜室和阴膜室内的离子的析出， 实现桥室内溶液 中电解质的脱除。 例如， 在桥室中放入海水， 阳膜室和阴膜室中放入盐酸溶液、 或氢氧 化钠碱溶液、或浓的氯化钠溶液，通过浓差渗析和 /或压渗析析出阳膜室和阴膜室中的电 解质， 间接使桥室中的海水得到淡化。 实施例 3
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法，其采用实施例 1的分离装置及分离方法 进行。 以市售碱木质素粉末 100克， 配制溶液 2000毫升， 其 pH值约为 11。 将此碱木 质素溶液作为待分离溶液， 放入实施例 1的分离装置的盛装容器中， 在缝隙开口处可见 碱性水分析出。 在外部室通以流动的自来水 （或酸溶液） ， 可使碱木质素溶液中碱含量 降低， pH值至 9。 由此可知， 对于含有大分子有机酸盐的混合物溶液， 通过大分子有机 酸盐的水解， 水解产物中的碱性物质与混合物溶液中的水分从缝隙开口析出， 而有机大 分子或有机大分子离子被离子膜截留， 最终得到大分子有机酸产品。 因此， 上述分离方 法可以用于利用含有维生素 C的钠盐生产维生素 C， 以及类似的利用乳酸、 柠檬酸、 酒 石酸、 葡萄糖酸、 水杨酸、 牛磺酸的钠盐脱碱制造相应的有机酸。
实施例 4
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其基本采用实施例 1的分离装置进行， 不同之处在于阴离子膜采用只能或主要选择透过 OH—的膜， 而阳离子膜为非选择性透过 的阳离子膜。 该分离装置及分离方法用于只能或主要的从含酸的待分离溶液中析出水 分， 从含碱的待分离溶液中析出含碱的溶液； 当自由能条件合适时， 该分离装置及分离 方法则可使含盐的待分离溶液析出含碱的溶液，被离子膜截留于盛装容器内的为含酸的 溶液。
同理， 将上述阴离子膜采用只能或主要选择透过 OH_的膜， 而阳离子膜采用只能或 主要透过 H+的膜， 则析出的物质主要是淡化了的水分， 得到浓缩了的混合溶液 （酸、 碱、 盐或它们的混合物） 。
同理， 若阳离子膜采用只能或主要选择透过 H+的膜， 而阴离子膜为非选择性透过 的阴离子膜， 则该分离装置及分离方法用于只能或主要的从含酸的待分离溶液中析出含 酸的溶液， 从含碱和 /或含盐的待分离溶液中析出水分； 当自由能条件合适时， 则该分离 装置及分离方法用于可使含盐的待分离溶液析出含酸的溶液，被离子膜截留于盛装容器 内的为含碱的溶液。
实施例 5
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法，其基本采用实施例 1的分离装置及进行， 不同之处在于所述阴离子膜为较低 H+淌度的阴离子膜 （且该阴离子膜为非选择性透过 的阴离子膜） ， 所述阳离子膜为较高 H+淌度的阴离子膜作为替代， 起到允许 H+透过的 作用，形成一个拟阴离子膜、阳离子膜构成的隔板，从而使含酸的待分离溶液中析出酸; 或者从含碱和 /或含盐的待分离溶液中析出水分。 若所述低 H+淌度的阴离子膜为只能选 择性透过 OH—并保持对 H+的淌度的阴离子膜，则该分离装置及分离方法能够使含酸、含 碱、 或含盐的待分离溶液主要析出淡化了的水分。
或者， 采用以一个对 OH—具有较高淌度的阳离子膜作为阴离子膜的替代， 另一个对 OH—不透过或较低淌度的阳离子膜作为阳离子膜 （且该阳离子膜为非选择性透过的阳离 子膜）， 形成一个拟阴离子膜、 阳离子膜构成的隔板， 从而使含酸和 /或含盐的待分离溶 液中析出水分； 或者从含碱的待分离溶液中析出含碱的溶液。 当系统的自由能变化条件 合适时， 则该分离装置及分离方法使含盐的待分离溶液析出含碱的溶液， 并截留含酸的 溶液。若所述 OH—不透过或更低淌度的阳离子膜为只能选择性透过 H+的阳离子膜，则该 分离装置及分离方法能够使含酸、 含碱、 或含盐的待分离溶液主要析出淡化了的水分。
实施例 6
本实施例提供一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其基本采用实施例 1的分离装置进行， 不同之处在于阴离子膜和阳离子膜分别为超滤膜、 或阴离子膜和阳离子膜分别为纳滤 膜、或阴离子膜和阳离子膜分别为反渗透膜，或者阴离子膜和阳离子膜中之一为超滤膜、 纳滤膜或反渗透膜， 作为阴离子膜和阳离子膜的替代。 由于超滤膜、 纳滤膜以及反渗透 膜对水的优先渗透能力， 上述的隔板， 相当于离子膜分别为 H+选择性透过的阳离子膜 以及 OH—选择性透过阴离子膜组合而成的隔板。 尤其是利用两个荷电强度及极性不同的 超滤膜、 纳滤膜或反渗透膜形成隔板时 (以便形成膜间电位差)， 将更有利于超滤、 纳滤 或渗透过程的进行。
本实施例提供的分离装置及分离方法可应用于分离各种含有溶解于水溶液中的有 机物和无机物的污水； 非电解质参与的化学反应中（如有机物的氧化、 卤化反应、磺化、 硝化、 氨解、 水解） ， 使非电解质转化成的电解质及产物或副产物中的离子化合物 （如 氯化氢、 水以及废弃的催化剂）及时析出， 以促进非电解质转化为电解质， 如甲醇的氧 化制造甲酸， 糖发酵产物中有机酸的移除等； 以及日常饮用水的净化； 各种含有机物的 混合溶液的脱水浓缩； 代替电渗析脱水； 脱盐提纯等。

Claims

权利要求书
1、 一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法包括以下步骤：
将阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
使待分离溶液与所述隔板的阴离子膜和阳离子膜接触，使所述隔板的至少部分缝隙 开口位于待分离溶液的外部， 且位于待分离溶液内部的缝隙开口与所述待分离溶液密封 接触；
使所述隔板两侧的待分离溶液通过盐桥、 管道、 隔板上开设的通孔或由于隔板浸没 在待分离溶液中自然形成的通道互相连通；
从而使待分离溶液中的物质从位于待分离溶液外部的缝隙开口析出， 实现待分离溶 液中物质的分离。
2、 一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法包括以下步骤：
将阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
使待进行复分解反应或待分离的混合物溶液与所述隔板的阴离子膜和阳离子膜接 触，使所述隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于待进行复分解反应或待分离的混合物溶液的外 部， 且位于待分离溶液内部的缝隙开口与所述待分离溶液密封接触；
使所述隔板两侧的待进行复分解反应或待分离的混合物溶液通过盐桥、 管道、 隔板 上开设的通孔或由于隔板浸没在混合物溶液中自然形成的通道互相连通；
从而使混合物溶液中的物质由于阴离子膜和阳离子膜对不同离子的选择性或透过 性的差别， 从位于待进行复分解反应或待分离的混合物溶液外部的缝隙开口选择性地或 以不同比例地析出， 实现混合物的全部或部分复分解反应或混合物之间的完全或部分相 互分离或富集。
3、 如权利要求 1或 2所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法还包括 对待分离溶液或待进行复分解反应的混合物溶液进行加压。
4、 如权利要求 1-3 任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 所述阴离 子膜为能透过氢氧根离子的阴离子膜。
5、 如权利要求 4所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 所述能透过氢氧根 离子的阴离子膜为只能或主要选择透过氢氧根离子的阴离子膜。
6、 如权利要求 1-3 任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 所述阳离 子膜为能透过氢离子的阳离子膜。
7、 如权利要求 6所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 所述能透过氢离子 的阳离子膜为只能或主要选择透过氢离子的阳离子膜。
8、 如权利要求 1-3 任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 所述阴离 子膜为较低氢离子淌度的阴离子膜， 且所述阳离子膜为较高氢离子淌度的阴离子膜。
9、 如权利要求 1-3 任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 所述阴离 子膜为较高氢氧根离子淌度的阳离子膜， 且所述阳离子膜为较低氢氧根离子淌度的阳离 子膜。
10、 如权利要求 1-3任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 所述阴离 子膜和所述阳离子膜用两种荷电强度及极性不同的超滤膜替代； 或所述阴离子膜和所述 阳离子膜用两种荷电强度及极性不同的纳滤膜替代； 或所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜用 两种荷电强度及极性不同的反渗透膜替代； 或所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜中之一为超 滤膜、 纳滤膜或反渗透膜。
11、 一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器；
所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且所述隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛 装容器的外部，当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时，该部分缝隙开口密封。
12、 一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器、 外部室；
所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且所述隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛 装容器的外部，当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时，该部分缝隙开口密封， 并且位于所述盛装容器外部的所述缝隙开口与一外部室连通。
13、 如权利要求 11或 12所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述隔板将 所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 所述盛装容器的两个部分以一盐桥或管道连通。
14、 如权利要求 11或 12所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述隔板将 所述盛装容器分为两个部分， 并且， 所述隔板上设有通孔或通道， 所述盛装容器的两个 部分通过所述通孔或通道连通。
15、 如权利要求 11-14任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述阴 离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
16、 一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用权利要求 12-15任一项 所述的溶液中物质的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤： 使盛装容器中的溶液中的阴离子 和阳离子从位于盛装容器外部的缝隙开口析出或选择性析出， 或者使外部室中的溶液中 的阴离子和阳离子从位于盛装容器外部的缝隙开口反向渗入到盛装容器中， 实现溶液中 物质的分离。
17、 一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 其包括： 两个以上隔板、盛装容器; 其中， 所述隔板为阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成的具有缝隙开口的隔板； 所述两个以上隔板均与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且每个隔板的至少部分缝隙 开口位于盛装容器的外部， 当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时， 该部分缝 隙开口密封。
18、 如权利要求 17所述的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述两个以上隔板中， 相邻的 离子膜分别为阴离子膜和阳离子膜。
19、 如权利要求 17或 18所述的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述两个以上隔板将所述 盛装容器分为三个以上独立的部分，并且，所述盛装容器中最外侧的两个部分通过盐桥、 管道或桥室连通。
20、 如权利要求 17-19任一项所述的分离装置， 其特征在于， 位于每个所述隔板外 部的缝隙开口各自单独与一独立的外部室连通。
21、 如权利要求 17所述的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述两个以上隔板将所述盛装 容器分为多个部分， 并且， 所述隔板上设有通孔或通道或将部分隔板浸没在溶液中， 所 述盛装容器的各个部分通过所述通孔或通道或通过隔板浸没在溶液中自然连通。
22、 如权利要求 17-21任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述阴 离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
23、 一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 采用权利要求 17-20或 22任一项 所述的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤：
将待进行复分解反应或待分离溶液导入盛装容器；
待进行复分解反应或待分离溶液中需分离和离子交换的不同物质从各个隔板的位 于盛装容器外部的缝隙开口处析出。
24、 一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 间隔器；
所述阴离子膜与所述阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成膜组件；
所述膜组件夹在间隔器之间， 卷绕形成一个卷绕式膜组件； 所述间隔器的出口端交替地密封， 或者所述间隔器的出口端与一回流管道或回流容 器相连， 使待分离溶液在所述膜组件内循环流动；
所述卷绕式膜组件出口端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间具有缝隙开口，所述卷绕式膜 组件进入端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间的缝隙开口密封。
25、 如权利要求 24所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述阴离子膜和 所述阳离子膜之间设置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
26、 一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用权利要求 24或 25所述 的溶液中物质的分离装置进行，其包括以下步骤：使待分离溶液从间隔器内进入膜组件， 待分离溶液中需分离的物质从所述卷绕式膜组件出口端的阴离子膜与阳离子膜之间缝 隙开口处析出。
27、 一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 双极膜， 盛装容器； 所述双极膜与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且所述双极膜的至少部分边缘区域位 于盛装容器的外部。
28、 一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器、 桥室；
所述阴离子膜和阳离子膜组合在一起， 形成具有缝隙开口的隔板；
所述隔板与所述盛装容器的接触处密封， 并且所述隔板的至少部分缝隙开口位于盛 装容器的外部，当所述隔板有部分缝隙开口位于盛装容器内部时，该部分缝隙开口密封; 所述隔板将所述盛装容器分为两个部分，在阴离子膜一侧的盛装容器的部分称为阴 膜室， 在阳离子膜一侧的盛装容器的部分称为阳膜室；
并且， 所述盛装容器的两个部分分别通过管道与一桥室连接。
29、 如权利要求 28所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述桥室与所述 阳膜室之间设置一阳离子膜， 所述桥室与所述阴膜室之间设置一阴离子膜。
30、 如权利要求 27-29任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 位于盛 装容器外部的所述缝隙开口与一外部室连通。
31、 如权利要求 28-30任一项所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述阴 离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间设置有一具有毛细功能的间隔层。
32、 一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用权利要求 28-31任一项 所述的溶液中物质的分离装置进行， 其包括以下步骤： 将难透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜的 离子对应的电解质置于桥室，将易透过阴离子膜和阳离子膜的离子对应的电解质置于隔 板两侧的盛装容器内，实现两种电解质的复分解反应或部分复分解反应，和 /或桥室内电 解质溶液中电解质的脱除； 或者， 将一种含有电解质的溶液置于桥室及隔板两侧的盛装 容器内， 实现桥室内溶液中电解质的脱除。
33、 一种溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 该装置包括： 阴离子膜、 阳离子膜、 盛装容器；
所述阴离子膜和所述阳离子膜之间存在容置空间， 形成一中间室；
所述中间室将所述盛装容器的内部空间隔离成为两个部分， 并且， 所述盛装容器的 两个部分之间相互连通。
34、 如权利要求 33所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述中间室两侧 的盛装容器的空间以一盐桥或管道连通。
35、 如权利要求 33或 34所述的溶液中物质的分离装置， 其特征在于， 所述中间室 两侧的盛装容器的空间以一具有毛细功能的材料连通。
36、 一种溶液中物质的分离方法， 其特征在于， 该方法采用权利要求 33-35任一项 所述的溶液中物质的分离装置进行，其包括以下步骤：将待分离溶液置于所述中间室内， 待分离溶液中需要分离的物质进入中间室两侧的容器内而分离出； 或者将待分离溶液置 于所述中间室两侧的容器内， 待分离溶液中需要分离的物质进入中间室内而分离出。
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