WO2013062673A1 - Système de mesure de qualité de vapeur - Google Patents

Système de mesure de qualité de vapeur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013062673A1
WO2013062673A1 PCT/US2012/053353 US2012053353W WO2013062673A1 WO 2013062673 A1 WO2013062673 A1 WO 2013062673A1 US 2012053353 W US2012053353 W US 2012053353W WO 2013062673 A1 WO2013062673 A1 WO 2013062673A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
steam
sample
dryness
meter
calorimeter
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2012/053353
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Albert R.L.M. VAN VYVE
Original Assignee
Armstrong Global Holdings, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Armstrong Global Holdings, Inc. filed Critical Armstrong Global Holdings, Inc.
Priority to CN201280062485.6A priority Critical patent/CN104011527B/zh
Priority to US14/354,602 priority patent/US9228963B2/en
Priority to EP12843025.3A priority patent/EP2771666B1/fr
Priority to CA2853517A priority patent/CA2853517C/fr
Publication of WO2013062673A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013062673A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/56—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating moisture content
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
    • F22B37/38—Determining or indicating operating conditions in steam boilers, e.g. monitoring direction or rate of water flow through water tubes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/56—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating moisture content
    • G01N25/58—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating moisture content by measuring changes of properties of the material due to heat, cold or expansion
    • G01N25/60—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating moisture content by measuring changes of properties of the material due to heat, cold or expansion for determining the wetness of steam
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N7/00—Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour
    • G01N7/14—Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour by allowing the material to emit a gas or vapour, e.g. water vapour, and measuring a pressure or volume difference

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a system and method for measuring steam quality.
  • Steam is used as a source of power in a variety of applications, including steam generators and steam turbines. Steam is used for heating, sterilizing, humidifying, and evaporating in several sectors such as oil refining, nuclear power plants, and food plants, as well as pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. In certain applications it is critical to know the quality of the steam used, that is, the dryness and non-condensable gases content of the steam, since any deviation in steam quality for these critical applications would create undesirable consequences. Bad steam quality is not suitable for sterilizing, can erode turbine blades, and can create water hammer in piping.
  • Steam dryness may be determined in several ways, including by using a throttling calorimeter. Examples of known steam quality measurement systems and methods are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,833,688, issued to Smith, and 5,327,772, issued to Fredricks.
  • the steam sample must be in a single phase (i.e., gaseous). This may be achieved by ensuring that the steam is in a superheated state. For the majority of industrial steam systems that have working pressures above 10 bar this is easily achieved by reducing the pressure. Unfortunately, this method has a limited working range for low pressure systems, for example, those operating at 3 bar gauge (e.g., 97% dryness). This method is therefore unsuitable for pharmaceutical industry steam applications that utilize steam at a relatively low pressure and require measurement of dryness across a range of 90 to 100%.
  • the disclosed system and method continually and automatically measures the quality of steam flowing through a conduit by passing the steam through a steam dryness meter, then condensing the steam in a non-condensable gases (NCG) meter to provide real-time dryness and non-condensable gas volume measurements.
  • NCG non-condensable gases
  • the disclosed system includes a steam dryness meter including a throttling calorimeter which has a calibrated orifice through which a steam sample enters from the steam system conduit, without working, into the inner chamber of the calorimeter at atmospheric pressure, a first sensor for sensing the pressure of the steam before it enters the calorimeter, a second sensor for sensing the temperature of the steam sample after the steam has entered the inner chamber of the calorimeter, a controllable and measurable heat input for supplying any additional energy necessary to superheat the steam sample, a third sensor for measuring the steam temperature after the heat input, and logic for deriving a dryness value from the collected data.
  • a steam dryness meter including a throttling calorimeter which has a calibrated orifice through which a steam sample enters from the steam system conduit, without working, into the inner chamber of the calorimeter at atmospheric pressure, a first sensor for sensing the pressure of the steam before it enters the calorimeter, a second sensor for
  • the disclosed system further comprises an NCG meter including an injector for injecting the steam sample as it exits the dryness measurement device into a cooler for condensing the superheated steam sample.
  • the condensed sample then flows from the cooler/condenser coil into a reservoir under an inverted bucket (mounted in the reservoir) into which the non-condensable gases rise and are entrapped.
  • a first differential pressure sensor is operably connected to the inverted bucket to sense the pressure of the entrapped air. When the differential pressure of the entrapped air is determined to have reached a predefined threshold, the volume of entrapped air (which has now accumulated to a known volume) is recorded and the accumulated gas volume evacuated from the inverted bucket.
  • a second differential pressure sensor is operably connected to the reservoir to sense the pressure of the condensed steam in the reservoir.
  • the differential pressure of the condensed steam is determined to have reached a predefined threshold, the accumulated volume of condensate (which has now accumulated to a known volume) is recorded, and a controllable valve is activated to discharge the accumulated liquid from the reservoir.
  • the system includes logic for deriving an NCG ratio from the collected data. In this manner, the volumes of the entrapped air and condensate are continuously monitored, and an NCG ratio repeatedly derived, as the condensed steam sample is continuously routed through the non-condensable gases meter from the steam system.
  • the NCG meter utilizes two reservoirs which are interconnected by a three-way valve to collect the condensate.
  • the condensed sample flows from the cooler/condenser coil into a first reservoir under an inverted bucket (mounted in the reservoir) into which the non-condensable gases rise and are entrapped, and, as well, into a second reservoir, which is connected to the first reservoir via the (normally open) valve.
  • the first differential pressure sensor is operably connected to the inverted bucket to sense the pressure of and evacuate the entrapped air when the air is determined to have reached the predefined threshold.
  • the second differential pressure sensor is operably connected to the second reservoir to sense the pressure of the condensed steam in the reservoirs.
  • the disclosed system employs a computer operably connected to the sensors utilized in each of the steam dryness meter and the non-condensable gas meter, and programmed to include (1) first logic for determining the dryness of the steam sample based upon the sensed steam sample conditions, and (2) second logic for determining the ratio of condensed liquid to non-condensable gases (the NCG ratio) in the condensed steam sample.
  • the disclosed system may also include a monitor, printer, or other means of displaying the derived dryness and NCG ratio data, either on a periodic or continuous basis as desired, to allow the steam system operator to monitor the quality of the steam based upon steam quality data automatically developed in real-time by the system without the need for operator control.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the disclosed system
  • FIGURE 2 is a partially schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the throttling calorimeter dryness meter of the disclosed system
  • FIGURE 3 is a perspective view of a throttling calorimeter used in one embodiment of the disclosed system
  • FIGURE 4 is a schematic perspective view of one embodiment of the non- condensable gas meter of the disclosed system
  • FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of the disclosed system including one embodiment of the non-condensable gas meter of the disclosed system;
  • FIGURE 6 is a flowchart depicting one disclosed method of deriving the dryness of the steam sample.
  • FIGURE 7 is a flowchart depicting another disclosed method of deriving the dryness of the steam sample.
  • FIGURE 8 is a flowchart depicting the disclosed method of deriving the non- condensable gases in the steam sample.
  • the disclosed system 10 includes a steam dryness meter 12 and an NCG meter 14 each including various sensors, as described in detail hereinafter, for sensing certain conditions of a steam sample which has been diverted from the main steam line.
  • the system 10 also includes a computer, such as, for example, a programmable logic controller (PLC), which is operably connected to the steam dryness meter sensors and the NCG meter sensors, and includes logic for calculating (1) the steam dryness of the sample based upon the sensed conditions, and (2) the non-condensable gases content of the sample based upon sensed conditions.
  • PLC programmable logic controller
  • the steam dryness meter 12 includes a throttling calorimeter 16 which receives a diverted steam sample from the steam system through a calibrated orifice 18.
  • a pressure sensor 20 is positioned upstream of the orifice 18 to provide data corresponding to the pressure of this steam before the steam enters the calorimeter 16.
  • the orifice 18 is calibrated to provide an opening of sufficient size that the steam sample enters the inner chamber of the calorimeter 16 without doing work.
  • a temperature sensor 22 is located within the calorimeter 16 to measure the temperature of the steam sample in the calorimeter.
  • a heating unit 24, such as electrically controllable resistance heater is connected to provide a controlled, known amount of thermal energy to the steam sample in the calorimeter (in Area 3 shown in Figure 1) to ensure that the steam sample is superheated, as confirmed by a second temperature sensor 26.
  • the steam sample upon entering the calorimeter, the steam sample is at atmospheric pressure.
  • the Joule-Thomson effect provides that the temperature of a gas will fall when it passes through an orifice without doing work. However, as the steam crosses the orifice 18, it does not lose any energy if it crosses the orifice without any work. Once the orifice 18 is crossed, the steam is at lower pressure (atmospheric pressure).
  • the Mollier Diagram indicates that saturated steam at high pressure has more energy than saturated steam at lower pressure. Thus, while crossing the orifice, the steam, the excess energy will superheat the steam. Under this condition, the steam temperature and total enthalpy can be correlated.
  • the system 10 can determined by reference to steam tables whether the current steam sample is superheated. If it is not in a superheated condition, the system 10 provides a measured amount of energy to heat the steam, via heater 24. Once the steam is heated sufficiently to place it in a single phase, superheated condition, the dryness of the steam sample can be derived from the initial pressure, the current temperature, and the measured quantity of heat input by the system.
  • the disclosed system may employ another method for deriving the dryness of the steam.
  • the hypothetical temperature of the steam at the orifice 18 if the steam had a dryness rating of 1. This can be done by reference to a Mollier diagram.
  • a measured amount of energy (heat) will be added via an electric resistance heater 24. Knowing the amount of energy that was added by the resistance heater allows the system to determine, by reverse calculation, the steam quality of the steam sample in the pipe.
  • Figures 2 and 3 illustrate one embodiment of the disclosed dryness meter 12 in, respectively, disassembled and assembled conditions.
  • An electrical resistance heater would be mounted as shown in Figures 2 and 3 to serve as heater 24 in this embodiment.
  • the NCG meter 14 includes a cooler/condenser (cooler) 28 which receives the steam sample as it flows out of the throttling calorimeter 16, cools it and causes it to condense as it flows through coil 30 into a reservoir 32.
  • An inverted bucket (shown as 34 in Figure 4) is positioned within reservoir 32 over the opening in the coil 30 through which the condensed steam sample enters the reservoir such that any non-condensable gases (e.g., air) rise and are trapped within the inverted bucket 34.
  • a differential pressure sensor 36 is operably connected to detect the differential pressure of the steam NCG in the inverted bucket 34.
  • a solenoid valve 38 is operably connected to the outlet of the inverted bucket 34 so that, when the differential pressure of the accumulated NCG reaches a predetermined threshold value (indicating that the accumulated volume of gases in the bucket have reached a pre-determined threshold), the system 10 records the accumulated gas volume and actuates the valve 38 to allow the accumulated NCG to be released from the inverted bucket 34.
  • condensate flows from the first reservoir 32 to the second reservoir 40 through a three-way valve 42.
  • a second differential pressure sensor 44 is operably connected to detect the pressure of the accumulated condensed portion of the steam sample in reservoir 40.
  • the three-way valve 42 is operably connected to the outlet of reservoir 32 (at the inlet of reservoir 40) and a discharge port (not shown).
  • the system 10 When the differential pressure of the accumulated condensed steam reaches a predetermined value (indicating that the accumulated volume of condensate in the reservoirs has reached a pre-determined threshold), the system 10 records the discharged condensate volume, and actuates the valve 42 to momentarily block the flow of condensate from the first reservoir 32 into the second reservoir and open the discharge port of the second reservoir 40 to allow the current volume of condensed steam to drain from the second reservoir 40. As will be explained in greater detail hereinafter, the system tracks the accumulated volumes of NCG and condensed steam for a selected time interval.
  • the system compares the accumulated volumes of non-condensable gas and condensed liquid steam to derive the ratio of the mass of the non-condensable gas and condensed liquid steam for the steam sample that flowed through the system for that interval. It will be appreciated that any suitable time interval may be adopted, depending upon the size of the reservoirs, the flow rate of the steam, and other system design and operation factors.
  • the steam sample is condensed by injecting the sample in cooler 28 which cools the sample with the aid of cooling water (or, alternatively, another suitable coolant).
  • the cooling water enters the cooler via an electromechanical (e.g., solenoid) valve 48 that is controlled based upon the measured temperature of the steam sample (via temperature sensor 46).
  • the disclosed system 10 employs a computer, in the form of a
  • the PLC 50 operably connected to (1) receive data from the sensors 20, 22, 26, 36, 44 and 46 utilized in each of the steam dryness meter and the non-condensable gas meter, and (2) operate the heater 24 and valves 38, 42, and 48.
  • the PLC 50 is also programmed to include (1) first logic for determining the dryness of the steam sample based upon the sensed steam sample conditions, and (2) second logic for determining the ratio of condensed liquid to non-condensable gases (the NCG ratio) in the condensed steam sample.
  • the PLC 50 is programmed to operate the heater 24, by activating the heater as required to controllably supply heat to the steam sample (shown at 3 in Figure 1), as a function of the sensed pressure (from sensor 20) and temperature (from sensors 22 and 26.
  • control logic utilizes the sensed pressure and temperature and determines whether additional heat is required by reference to the steam tables stored in a lookup table in the computer's memory.
  • system refers to a Mollier Diagram stored in the computer's memory.
  • the system illustrated in Figure 5 also includes a monitor, or other suitable display device 52, suitably connected for displaying derived dryness/superheat information, and NCG ratio data on a continuous basis, to allow the steam system operator to monitor the quality of the steam based upon steam quality data automatically developed in real-time by the system without the need for operator control.
  • a monitor or other suitable display device 52, suitably connected for displaying derived dryness/superheat information, and NCG ratio data on a continuous basis, to allow the steam system operator to monitor the quality of the steam based upon steam quality data automatically developed in real-time by the system without the need for operator control.
  • the PLC, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, valves and switches are commercially available from a variety of suppliers known to those of skill in the art.
  • One suitable PLC is available from Yokogawa Corporation of America of Sugar Land, Texas.
  • the PLC is programmed to receive data from the sensed inputs, control the valves in the NCG meter, and derive the dryness and NCG ratios for the steam samples.
  • the system may alternatively be designed such that the PLC performs less than all, or none, of the analysis of the sensed signals, but instead simply receives and transmits data corresponding to the sensed temperature and pressure and accumulated volume conditions to a central computer.
  • the data analysis may be performed either by the PLC as shown in Figure 5, by a central computer connected via a conventional network to one or more of the disclosed systems 10, or by each of the PLC and the central computer in some desired combination.
  • Figure 6 illustrates one methodology used to determine the dryness of the steam.
  • the system receives pressure data from sensor 20 indicative of the pressure of the steam sample prior to the steam entering the throttling calorimeter.
  • the system at 62, then measures the temperature of the steam at atmospheric pressure in the throttling calorimeter 16 after the steam enters through the calibrated orifice 18. Based upon these pressure and temperature values, the system, at 64, then determines whether the sample residing in the throttling calorimeter is in a superheated condition. If not, the system, at 66, activates the heater to supply a measured amount of thermal energy to the steam sample.
  • the system then continually monitors the temperature of the steam to determine when the steam has reached a superheated state. Once the steam is reached a superheated state the system, at 68 then determines the dryness of the sample based upon the amount of energy input by the system to superheat the steam.
  • Figure 7 illustrates another methodology used to determine the dryness of the steam.
  • the system receives pressure data from sensor 20 indicative of the pressure of the steam sample prior to the steam entering the throttling calorimeter.
  • the system at 72, then measures the temperature of the steam (at atmospheric pressure) after is passes the calibrate orifice 18 in the throttling calorimeter 16. Based upon these pressure and temperature values, the system then determines whether the initial steam sample in the pipe has a dryness higher than 1. This can be done, as shown at 74, by extrapolating the temperature at the lower (atmospheric) pressure, based upon the known initial pressure and by using a Mollier Diagram stored in the PLC.
  • the system activates the heating element to heat the sample.
  • the system then continually monitors the temperature of the steam sample to determine when the steam has reached the extrapolated temperature. Once the steam has reached the extrapolated temperature, at 79, the system then determines the dryness of the sample based upon the amount of energy input by the system (i.e., the resistance element 24) to superheat the steam.
  • the system 10 expresses steam dryness as a ratio of
  • the dryness value, X (the mass of dry steam) to (the mass of dry steam plus the mass of water).
  • X the dryness value
  • Figure 8 illustrates the methodology employed by the disclosed system to derive the
  • NCG content (which may be expressed as a ratio, X, of the masses of the non-condensable gases to the condensed liquids).
  • the steam sample upon exiting the dryness meter 16, enters the NCG meter 14 and the steam sample is condensed, as indicated at 80.
  • the NCG is accumulated, at 82, and the liquid steam condensate is accumulated, at 84.
  • the system measures the differential pressures of the NCG and condensed steam, respectively at 86 and 88.
  • the differential pressure of the non-condensable gas and the condensed liquid are compared, respectively at 90 and 100, to preset pressure values, APG set , for the gas, and APC set for the condensate. These preset values represent known volumes of the gas and condensate.
  • the system activates a valve to release the entrapped gas and adds the known volume to the accumulated gas volume, G acc .
  • the system activates a valve to release the liquid in the reservoir and adds the known volume to the accumulated condensate volume, C acc .
  • the system at 104, allows the condensate to continue to fill the reservoirs.
  • the system 10 continues to collect and record the volumes of non-condensable gases and condensed liquid steam until a predetermined time interval lapses, at 96 and 106, at which time the system derives the respective masses and NCG ratio, at 108, using the recorded accumulated gases and condensed liquid data, G acc and C acc .
  • the system expresses
  • One methodology that may be utilized to monitor the state of the calibrated orifice includes periodic determination of the time required to collect the condensate. If the time required to collect the condensate increases, but the steam pressure remains the same, the increase is an indication that the orifice has become blocked. Similarly, if the time taken to collect the condensate decreases, but the steam pressure remains the same, then the orifice has become eroded and requires recalibration.
  • the disclosed system measures steam quality (i.e., dryness/superheat) and non-condensable gases ratio to a high degree of accuracy. Moreover, the disclosed system can be continuously monitored remotely, and calibrated to ensure consistent accuracy with no human intervention at the collection of data, dryness calculations, or non- condensable gases content calculations, and minimal human intervention for calibration.
  • steam quality i.e., dryness/superheat
  • non-condensable gases ratio i.e., dryness/superheat

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un système et sur un procédé pour mesurer de façon continue et automatique la qualité de vapeur, lesquels comprennent un dispositif de mesure de siccité/surchauffe de vapeur et un dispositif de mesure de gaz non condensables (NCG). Le dispositif de mesure de siccité de vapeur comprend un calorimètre à étranglement à travers lequel un échantillon de vapeur entre à la pression atmosphérique, des capteurs pour détecter la pression et la température de la vapeur avant et après qu'elle entre dans le calorimètre, une entrée de chaleur pouvant être commandée pour délivrer une quelconque énergie additionnelle nécessaire pour surchauffer l'échantillon de vapeur, et une logique pour dériver la siccité à partir des données collectées. Le dispositif de mesure de gaz non condensables comprend un refroidisseur pour condenser les réservoirs d'échantillon de vapeur dans lesquels le liquide et les gaz non condensables sont piégés et mesurés, et une logique pour dériver de façon continue le rapport de gaz non condensables à partir des données collectées.
PCT/US2012/053353 2011-10-28 2012-08-31 Système de mesure de qualité de vapeur WO2013062673A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201280062485.6A CN104011527B (zh) 2011-10-28 2012-08-31 蒸汽品质测量系统
US14/354,602 US9228963B2 (en) 2011-10-28 2012-08-31 Steam quality measurement system
EP12843025.3A EP2771666B1 (fr) 2011-10-28 2012-08-31 Système de mesure de qualité de vapeur
CA2853517A CA2853517C (fr) 2011-10-28 2012-08-31 Systeme de mesure de qualite de vapeur

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201161552557P 2011-10-28 2011-10-28
US61/552,557 2011-10-28

Publications (1)

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WO2013062673A1 true WO2013062673A1 (fr) 2013-05-02

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US (1) US9228963B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2771666B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN104011527B (fr)
CA (1) CA2853517C (fr)
WO (1) WO2013062673A1 (fr)

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CN106124286A (zh) * 2016-08-26 2016-11-16 山东诺为制药流体系统有限公司 一种无菌级蒸汽取样系统及方法

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JP6307390B2 (ja) * 2014-09-10 2018-04-04 アズビル株式会社 乾き度測定装置及び乾き度測定方法
DE102016112631A1 (de) * 2016-07-11 2018-01-11 Miele & Cie. Kg Analysevorrichtung und Verfahren zum Analysieren von Dampf zum Sterilisieren für eine Sterilisiervorrichtung und Sterilisiervorrichtung
JP2019060693A (ja) * 2017-09-26 2019-04-18 アズビル株式会社 乾き度測定装置及び情報取得方法
CN109001247A (zh) * 2018-07-25 2018-12-14 山东中烟工业有限责任公司 一种蒸汽质量判断装置及判别方法
CN111781099A (zh) * 2019-04-04 2020-10-16 应急管理部化学品登记中心 测试化学反应失控安全泄放物料流动状态的方法
CN112129892A (zh) * 2020-09-07 2020-12-25 大连中智精工科技有限责任公司 蒸汽品质在线检测装置与方法

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US9228963B2 (en) 2016-01-05
CA2853517C (fr) 2018-03-13
EP2771666B1 (fr) 2016-07-13
US20140250979A1 (en) 2014-09-11
CN104011527A (zh) 2014-08-27
EP2771666A1 (fr) 2014-09-03
CA2853517A1 (fr) 2013-05-02
EP2771666A4 (fr) 2015-07-29
CN104011527B (zh) 2016-04-20

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