WO2013060869A1 - Systeme electrochimique type electrolyseur ou pile a combustible haute temperature a gestion thermique amelioree - Google Patents
Systeme electrochimique type electrolyseur ou pile a combustible haute temperature a gestion thermique amelioree Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013060869A1 WO2013060869A1 PCT/EP2012/071298 EP2012071298W WO2013060869A1 WO 2013060869 A1 WO2013060869 A1 WO 2013060869A1 EP 2012071298 W EP2012071298 W EP 2012071298W WO 2013060869 A1 WO2013060869 A1 WO 2013060869A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04052—Storage of heat in the fuel cell system
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
- H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/2432—Grouping of unit cells of planar configuration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the invention relates to electrolysers and fuel cells operating at high temperature with improved thermal management.
- High temperature electrolysers are commonly known as SOEC (for "Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell”). They provide the electrochemical conversion of electrical and thermal power into chemical energy.
- Co-electrolysis is an operation in which a mixture of water vapor and carbon dioxide H 2 O / CO 2 is introduced into the electrolyser. The water vapor is transformed into hydrogen and the carbon dioxide is converted into carbon monoxide to serve as energetic vectors. Depending on the demand, these H 2 / CO combustible gases may subsequently be converted into heat and electricity via, for example, a SOFC (for "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell” in English terminology).
- SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
- Soec electrolysers and SOFCs fuel cells correspond to a reverse operation of the same electrochemical system. Note that these systems have high electrical efficiencies. In addition, great flexibility on the nature of the fuel is possible in SOFC mode.
- the battery can for example be directly supplied with natural gas. In this case, the reforming of methane into hydrogen takes place directly in the heart of the cells of the system.
- the SOECs electrolysers and SOFCs fuel cells considered are formed by a stack of a large number of planar ceramic cells places electrochemical reactions, and generally metallic interconnection plates interposed between each pair of ceramic cells.
- a cell comprises on each of its faces a ceramic layer constituting an electrode (anode or cathode), the two electrodes of the same cell remaining isolated and separated by a ceramic membrane having the role of electrolyte.
- the interconnect plates provide gas distribution and current collection on each of two electrodes of a cell.
- the interconnect plates are structured on each of their two faces so as to perform the collection and distribution functions for the opposite electrodes of two consecutive cells placed opposite each other.
- An assembly between a cell and the two interconnecting plates that surround it forms a defined elementary pattern.
- the cathode compartment place of reduction of chemical species
- anodic place of oxidation reactions
- the heat transfers are partly ensured by the gases and by the heat exchanges between the edges of the stack and its insulating envelope. It is then understood that an elementary pattern as thick as possible makes it possible to increase the exchange surfaces and facilitates the thermal management of the system.
- the interconnection plates are generally made from the finest possible pressed sheets in order to increase the compactness of the electrochemical converter and to limit costs. It therefore seems important to find a compromise between this constraint of compactness, which imposes a low volume, and thermal exchanges that require large areas.
- the thermal management of the SOFC batteries is partly done by adjusting the air flow sent to the cathode.
- internal reforming facilitates the thermal control of the stack since the endothermicity of the chemical reactions of transformation of methane into hydrogen tends to balance the heat releases caused by the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen.
- temperature gradients occur and may result in mechanical damage to the stack.
- Concerning the thermal management of SOECs it has been shown that according to the operating voltage, the heat generated by the irreversibilities of operation can be lower, equal to or greater than the heat absorbed by the electrolysis of the water vapor.
- the temperature of the electrolyser can vary very rapidly to unacceptable levels for sustainable operation of the system. Indeed, in case of exothermic diet, the hydrogen produced stores few calories. The flow of hydrogen leaving the electrolyser is not able to evacuate a large amount of heat. In addition, note that in case of endothermic operation, it may be difficult to bring heat to the stack for optimal operation.
- the previously stated goal is achieved by the interposition in a stack of elementary patterns formed by ceramic cells and interconnectors, plates having a radiative heat transfer surface substantially greater than that of the interconnectors, providing a radiation surface between stacking and for example a thermalized envelope.
- This substantially larger radiative surface is obtained by structuring the lateral surface of the radiative plate (s).
- These plates are distributed in the stack, preferably periodically. They can be placed either in place of some interconnectors, they are then made to ensure the supply of gas cells, or adjacent to interconnectors.
- structural is meant the realization of a relief on the surface of the plates so as to increase their heat exchange surface, the relief is by example in the form of ribs forming fins.
- heat transfer in the present application means the heat transfer from the stack to the outside, but also, in endothermic operating mode, the heat input to the stack in the form of a transfer from the outside to the stack.
- the heat exchanges by radiated flux are all the more important that the temperature is high, since the radiated fluxes are proportional to T 4 .
- This heat transfer mode is therefore low at ambient temperature and becomes preponderant to the operating temperature of a SOEC type electrolyser or SOFC cell. It is therefore particularly suitable for SOEC electrolysers and SOFC batteries.
- the radiative plates have lateral flanges projecting from the stack, the flange surfaces perpendicular to the axis of the stack can then be structured, in addition to the lateral surface.
- these plates are thicker than the interconnectors, thus providing an even larger radiative exchange side surface.
- the stack is then divided into subunits of cells surrounded and separated by plates efficiently providing radiation transfer. These plates provide the radiation transfer function.
- a radiation transfer occurs at the edges of the interconnectors, but these have a very small thickness.
- the subject of the present invention is therefore an electrochemical system comprising a stack of longitudinal axis alternating between ceramic cells and interconnectors and also comprising thermal management means integrated in the stack, characterized in that said thermal management means comprise at least a plate disposed in the stack, called a "radiative plate" provided with at least one lateral edge having a surface through which a radiation heat exchange takes place with the outside of the stack, said surface being at least partially structured .
- the radiative plate advantageously has a thickness greater than that of the interconnectors and the interconnectors may have a thickness of between 0.1 mm and 15 mm and at least one radiative plate with a thickness of between 5 mm and 50 mm.
- the radiative plate has a cross-section greater than that of the cells and that of the interconnectors so as to have a peripheral rim projecting from the stack, said rim having a lateral edge whose surface is at least partly structured.
- the flange has two longitudinal faces of which at least one longitudinal face is at least partially structured.
- the surface of the lateral edge and / or at least one longitudinal face is covered with a material having an emissivity close to 1, for example in Pr 2 NiO 4+ ⁇ .
- the electrochemical system may comprise a plurality of radiative plates distributed in the stack.
- the radiative plates are distributed periodically in the stack, for example every 4 to 12 elementary patterns, an elementary pattern being formed by a ceramic cell and two interconnectors.
- the radiative plate (s) distributed periodically in the stack replace interconnectors located at the ends of the sets of elementary patterns which they separate.
- the electrochemical system may comprise an electrolytic gas supply circuit of the ceramic cells.
- the radiative plate may also include convection heat transfer means.
- the convective heat transfer means may be formed by channels formed in the radiative plate and extending substantially in the plane thereof, in which a fluid circulates.
- the fluid may be either a fluid different from those involved in the electrolysis reactions of the electrochemical system, or an electrolysis gas involved in at least the electrolysis reactions of the electrochemical system, the system then comprising means connecting said channels to an electrolysis gas supply circuit.
- the electrochemical system according to the invention can be a fuel cell operating in reforming under natural gas, in which the channels are coated with a steam reforming catalyst, the fluid being a natural gas.
- the radiative plate may also include conductive heat transfer means.
- the radiative plate may also include a phase change material in the desired operating temperatures of the system.
- the phase change material being for example disposed in a cavity.
- the phase change material may be a eutectic material having a solidus temperature of near 800 ° C and a liquidus temperature of near 850 ° C.
- the phase change material is a molten salt, for example NaCl.
- At least two radiative plates comprise an electrical connection so as to electrically isolate the cells located between said two radiative plates.
- the electrochemical system according to the invention may be a high temperature electrolyzer, for example intended to produce hydrogen.
- the electrochemical system according to the invention may be a fuel cell, in which the hydrogen consumed can be generated by steam reforming of natural gas.
- FIG. 1A is a perspective view from above of a first exemplary embodiment of a thermal management plate
- FIG. 1B is a detail view of a lateral edge of the radiative plate of FIG. 1A
- FIG. 1C is a front view of an exemplary embodiment of a stack incorporating thermal management plates of FIG. 1A,
- FIG. 2A is a side perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the first exemplary embodiment of a thermal management plate
- FIG. 2B is a sectional view along the plane A-A of the radiative plate of FIG. 2A,
- FIG. 2C is a front view of an exemplary embodiment of a stack incorporating thermal management plates of FIG. 2A,
- FIG. 3A is a perspective view from above of two thermal management plates according to a second exemplary embodiment incorporating a transfer of convective type
- FIG. 3B is a sectional view of the upper plate of FIG. 3A along a plane B-B,
- FIG. 4A is a perspective view from above of two thermal management plates according to a variant of the second exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 4B is a sectional view of the upper plate of FIG. 4A along a plane C-C, seen from the side edge located in the background in FIG. 4A,
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view from above of a portion of a stack of a high temperature electrolyser according to the present invention comprising thermal management plates according to another variant of the second embodiment
- FIG. 6A is a perspective view from above of a thermal management plate according to another variant of the second exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 6B is a sectional view of the plate of FIG. 6A along a D-D plane;
- FIG. 7A is a perspective view from above of a thermal management plate according to a third exemplary embodiment implementing phase-change materials
- Figure 7B is a sectional view of the plate Figure 7A along an E-E plane
- FIG. 8A is a perspective view of a stack incorporating thermal management plates according to an alternative embodiment
- FIG. 8B is a sectional view of the stack of FIG. 8A along a plane FF;
- FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a stack incorporating thermal management plates according to an alternative embodiment
- Figure 9B is a sectional view of the stack of Figure 9A along a plane HH.
- FIG. 1C shows an exemplary embodiment of a stack according to the invention for an electrochemical system such as a high temperature electrolyser or a fuel cell.
- the stack extends along a longitudinal axis X and comprises ceramic cells 2 separated by interconnect plates 4 or interconnectors.
- An assembly A formed of a cell 2 and two interconnectors 4 surrounding it forms an elementary pattern.
- the cells are multilayer ceramic structures comprising an electrolyte (typically made of yttrium-doped or yttrium-stabilized zirconia zirconia (YSZ: Yttria-stabilized Zirconia in English terminology) surrounded by the two electrodes formed for one of a perovskite structure material (Lanthanum Manganite substituted with Strontium or LSM) and, for the other, a ceramic-metal composite (mixture of YSZ and Nickel or Ni-YSZ).
- the interconnectors are typically Crofer ® 22 APU alloy, which is a ferritic steel, Haynes 230 ® or nickel-based alloy.
- compositions of Crofer 22APU ® and Haynes ® 230 are given in the table below.
- the stack also includes additional plates.
- the plates 6 are made of electrically conductive material, preferably of metal, for example ferritic steel Crofer 22 APU ® , or F18TNb, .... These plates 6 provide thermal management of the electrochemical system by heat transfer by radiation heat produced during the operation of the electrochemical system.
- the plates 6 will be designated thereafter "radiative plates”.
- the plates 6 are distributed in the stack, preferably periodically.
- two radiative plates are separated by 4 to 12 elementary patterns.
- the number of elementary patterns separating two radiative plates 6 is chosen so as to limit the temperature gradient in the direction of stacking, i.e. according to the direction of the current.
- the stack according to the invention comprises elementary units composed of ceramic cells and interconnectors and radiative plates, as we shall see later, radiative plates can also act as interconnectors, however they only replace certain of them.
- FIG. 1A An exemplary plate 6 is shown in Figure 1A and a detail view thereof is shown in Figure 1B.
- the radiative plate 6 has a square shape, and then has four side edges 8, forming a heat exchange or transfer surface.
- the plates 6 have a radiated heat transfer surface greater than those of the interconnectors.
- the plates 6 have lateral edges 8 structured at least in part so as to increase the radiation surface.
- FIG 2A we can see an example of a plate 6 provided with such a structuring.
- Fig. 1B an enlarged view of a side edge 8 of the plate of Fig. 1A can be seen.
- the edge 8 has ribs 9 parallel to the longitudinal faces of the radiative plate, the ribs having a V-section.
- the orientation of the ribs is not limiting. In particular, the case of ribs extending perpendicularly to the longitudinal faces of the plate or at an angle does not depart from the scope of the present invention.
- the pattern of the structuring can be any and be different from one edge to another.
- the lateral edges of the plates can be in the same vertical planes as those of the stack, the top of the ribs is then in these vertical planes. Alternatively, the structuring of the lateral edges is projecting, the top of the ribs is then projecting from the vertical planes of the edges of the stack.
- the radiative plates have a thickness, i.e. a dimension along the longitudinal axis X, greater than or equal to that of the interconnectors. They present then before structuring of their lateral surface, a heat exchange surface greater than that of the interconnectors.
- the radiative plate advantageously has a thickness between 10 mm and 50 mm and preferably equal to 40 mm.
- the radiative plate advantageously has a thickness of between 5 mm and 20 mm and preferably equal to 10 mm.
- the plate 6 of Figure 1A has a surface substantially equal to that of the interconnectors 4 and 2 cells, ie its edges are then substantially aligned with those of the interconnectors and cells.
- the radiative plate 6 replaces the interconnector located at the end of a continuous stack of elementary patterns; one of the longitudinal faces 10 of the radiative plate is then provided with fuel supply channels of the fuel gas and oxidizer gas. This configuration simplifies stacking, reduces electrical resistance and sealing problems.
- the plate 6 could be arranged between a cell 2 and an interconnector, holes would then be provided to make the fluid connections through the stack.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B show a particularly advantageous embodiment of a radiative plate 106 according to the present invention, in which the plate 206 has a structuring on its lateral edges 8 and on the outer periphery of its longitudinal faces 10 .
- the plate 106 has a larger cross-section than the cells and interconnectors, so that it has an outer peripheral rim 111 projecting from the average lateral surface of the stack.
- FIG. 2C a stack comprising plates 106 can be seen; the projecting flanges 111 of the radiative plates 106 form heat exchange fins.
- the longitudinal faces of the flange 111 comprise a structuring of its lateral edges 108 in a manner similar to the plate 6, and advantageously a structuring 113 of the outer edge 112 of its longitudinal faces.
- this structuring 113 is, seen in section, a sawtooth profile.
- the largest face 113.1 of the teeth is oriented towards the outside of the stack, the larger surfaces then being oriented towards the outside and the heat radiating mainly towards the outside.
- only the longitudinal faces comprise a structuring, the lateral edges being smooth or, conversely, that only the lateral edges are structured and the longitudinal faces are smooth. It is also possible to envisage partial structuring of the lateral edges and / or the longitudinal faces.
- the square shape of the plates and more generally elements of the stack is not limiting, and a disk shape for example is not beyond the scope of the present invention.
- the radiative plates 6 structured In the case of an imposed voltage of 1.5 volts / cell with cells of 77.44 cm 2 of active surface, radiative plates placed every five cells, interconnectors having a thickness of 1 mm, a temperature introduction of gases and a thermalization of the envelope surrounding the stack at 800 ° C, the radiative plates 6 structured have a thickness equal to 44 mm. In the case of interconnectors having a thickness of 10 mm, the radiative structured plates have a thickness of 11 mm.
- the thickness of the radiative plates depends on the level of structuring of their lateral edges and possibly the longitudinal faces.
- the lateral edges and / or the outer edges of the longitudinal faces of the radiative plates may be coated with a material having an emissivity close to 1.
- the coating may be of Pr 2 NiO 4 + 5 obtained by pyrosol.
- the outer lateral rim has a thickness greater than that of the central portion of the radiative plate, thus also increasing the radiative losses; this thickened rim can also be structured.
- the radiative plates 506 comprise a protruding peripheral rim 511 whose lateral edge 508 is provided with corrugations 509.
- these corrugations 509 have an axis parallel to that of the stack. The radiation surface is thus increased.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B another variant embodiment of the radiative plates 606 which differs from those of FIGS. 8A and 8B can be seen in that their peripheral rim 611 has a thickness greater than that of the cross-section of the part of the radiative plate located within the stack.
- the peripheral rim 611 of the radiative plates has a substantially T-shaped profile.
- the lateral edge 608 is provided with corrugations 609. The radiation surface is further increased.
- Other profiles ensuring an increase in the radiation surface are conceivable, for example an L profile.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B show a second exemplary radiative plate embodiment according to the present invention, which in addition to radiative transfer cooling incorporates convection cooling. Conversely, in endothermic mode, these convective exchanges will bring heat to the stack.
- the plates 206 shown in Figs. 3A and 3B are intended to also form interconnectors.
- cells and interconnectors have been omitted.
- FIG. 3B a sectional view along the section plane C can be seen.
- the radiative plate 206 comprises, as the plates 6 and 106, a structuring of at least a portion of its lateral edges 208 to provide cooling by radiative transfer, and circulation means 214 of a heat transfer fluid within it, ensuring convective heat dissipation.
- the circulation means are formed by channels 216 extending between two parallel edges 208 of the plate 206, parallel to each other. The channels 216 are connected at a first end to a power connector 218 and at a second end to a drain connector 220.
- the channels 216 are powered in parallel, and all the plates 206 are supplied in parallel by a pipe 222 connected to the supply connectors 218 of all the plates 206 and are evacuated in parallel by a pipe 224 connected to the discharge connectors 220 of all the plates 206.
- the arrangement of coolant circulation channels can be any.
- the heat transfer fluid is a different gas from that used in the electrolysis during operation of the battery or the electrolyser.
- This gas is for example a recirculating neutral gas in the radiative plates 206 ensuring the recovery of heat produced in excess.
- Electrical insulation is provided between the radiative plates 206.
- electrical isolation is achieved at the junction of the tubes 222 and the power connectors 218, for example using mica gaskets.
- FIGS 4A and 4B we can see a variant of the system of Figures 3A and 3B, wherein the heat transfer channels 216 are connected in series.
- a coolant supply pipe 222 supplies the supply connector 218.1 of the first plate 206.1 of the stack, the discharge connector (not visible) of the first plate 206.1 is connected to the supply connector 218.2 of the plate. following 206.2 and so on, so that the coolant flows in all the plates.
- the plates 206 are intended to replace interconnectors, they are therefore also provided with supply channels 226 oxidizing gas and fuel gas located on their central portion.
- the channels 226 are themselves fed via taps 230 located on the edges of the plates and channels formed inside the plates 206.
- FIG. 5 an alternative embodiment of the plates of FIGS. 3A to 4B can be seen, in which the convection cooling means use an anodic or cathodic electrolysis gas.
- FIG. 5 shows a stack of radiative plates 206.1 ', 206.2', 206.3 'and cells 2.
- the radiative plates 206.1', 206.2 ', 206.3' are similar to the radiative plates 206 of FIGS. 3A to 4B, the tube 222 supplies the radiative plates 206.1 ', 206.2', 206.3 'with electrolysis gas, in the example shown in series.
- the collected electrolysis gas is injected into the cells 2 by the pipe 234 through a lateral tapping of the first plate 206.1.
- the arrows symbolize the flow of gas.
- the electrolysis gas is, for example, steam water.
- the fluidic connection connecting two radiative plates has an electrical insulation, for example made by means of a mica seal.
- the channels 316 of the radiative plates 306 are covered with a catalyst 336 for steam reforming, for example Ceria-type doped Ru, Rh ....
- a catalyst 336 for steam reforming for example Ceria-type doped Ru, Rh ....
- the electrochemical system may be subjected to cycles in voltage and temperature. These transitions can generate temperature gradients that are detrimental to the mechanical integrity of the cells. Moreover, a very high temperature, even a momentary temperature, greater than 850 ° C. can be harmful for the metal materials of the stack.
- the exemplary radiative plate embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B advantageously makes it possible to limit sudden temperature changes within the stack as well as temperatures above 850.degree.
- the radiative plate 406 comprises channels 416 extending between two parallel edges of the plate 406, parallel to each other.
- these channels contain a phase change material 438 which changes phase between 800 ° C and 850 ° C in the operating temperature range of an electrolyzer and a high temperature fuel cell.
- the latent heat required for the transformation of the phase change material 438 is provided by the heat produced by the electrolyzer, which is therefore absorbed by the phase change material 438, which limits the temperature rise beyond beyond a dangerous threshold for stacking.
- the phase change material 438 may be a eutectic so as to melt at a constant temperature which makes it possible to maintain the stack at a constant temperature during this phase change.
- it may be an alloy with a solidus temperature close to 800 ° C. and a liquidus temperature close to 850 ° C.
- This eutectic material may for example be an alloy Ag (96.9%) - Si with a melting point of 835 ° C. alternatively, it may be Cu-Si (85%) with a melting temperature of 802 ° C, or LiF with a melting temperature of 848 ° C and for lower temperature applications of Ag-Cu ( 28%) with a melting temperature of 780 ° C.
- alloys can be envisaged such as Ag58-Cu32-Pd10 (853 ° C-824 ° C), Au60-Cu20-Ag20 (845 ° C-835 ° C), or lower Ag95-AI5 temperature (830 ° C-780 ° C) or Ag68-Cu27-Pd5 (814 ° C-794 ° C). In parentheses are indicated the solidus and liquidus temperatures respectively of each of the alloys.
- the phase change material 438 may also be a molten salt which has a reduced cost.
- molten salts it is intended to protect the radiative plates from corrosion by boron nitride, for example.
- the molten salt it is possible to use NaCl with a melting point of 800 ° C. or Na 2 Co 3 with a melting point of 850 ° C.
- a temperature of 800 ° C. can be guaranteed for 30 min at 1.5 V by filling 10 channels of diameter 10 mm out of 200 mm long.
- phase change material With the use of phase change material, it is possible to introduce a high threshold and a low threshold for the stack temperature in order to limit the large momentary temperature variations called transient.
- the channels are rectilinear and parallel to each other, but this configuration is in no way limiting, curved channels or any other shape, distributed in several layers and / or distributed not uniform in the plate, does not depart from the scope of the present invention.
- the radiative plates with channels can be made by powder metallurgy using a Hot Isostatic Compaction (CIC) process.
- CIC Hot Isostatic Compaction
- the assembly forming the distribution channels is obtained by bent metal tubes and surrounded by the constituent material of the plate initially introduced in powder form.
- the assembly is compressed at high temperature to obtain a dense part whose outer faces can be resumed by machining to obtain the final dimensions.
- it can be provided to form the channels by performing a first series of parallel holes and then to make a second series of two bores perpendicular to the bores of the first series, so as to communicate between them the holes of the first series.
- the open areas are then closed by welding plugs, for example in the form of a cylinder to the dimensions of the bore.
- the stack is housed in a thermal conductive envelope
- the radiative plates have a cross section greater than that of the cells and interconnectors, so that they are in contact with the envelope; they are then thermally connected to the envelope.
- Part of the heat produced in the stack is conductive exhaust through the radiative plates and the envelope, the temperature of which can be controlled.
- electrical insulation is provided between the radiative plates and the envelope to avoid a short circuit between the radiative plates.
- a radiative plate having channels in which circulates a neutral gas providing additional cooling by convection, channels in which an electrolysis gas heats up, also providing additional cooling by convection and channels containing a material to phase change is not part of the present invention. Any other combination is possible.
- the radiative plates in addition to allowing simplified thermal management of the stack, can isolate a section of the rest of the stack in case of failure of a cell forming part of this section.
- the radiative plates can be equipped with an individual electrical connection It then becomes possible at any time to establish a bridge by connecting the two plates located at each end of the section. This simple operation makes it possible to electrically isolate this zone from the stack in which one of the cells is damaged. The stack can thus continue to operate while preventing current being imposed at the level of the damaged cell.
- the radiative plates even in the absence of phase-change material, cause a certain thermal inertia in the stack, thus limiting the appearance of a strong transient temperature gradient.
- the invention avoids in the case of high temperature electrolysers a strong heating of the electrolyser to work with significant water vapor conversion rates.
- the thermal behavior of electrolysers and high temperature fuel cells can be managed efficiently and in a relatively simple manner.
- the means implemented, i.e. the radiative plates offer great reliability and versatility in the cooling modes that can be implemented.
- these plates can be used for the heat input necessary for the endothermic mode of operation.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/354,772 US10218011B2 (en) | 2011-10-28 | 2012-10-26 | High-temperature or fuel-cell electrochemical system having improved thermal management |
EP12780181.9A EP2771934B1 (fr) | 2011-10-28 | 2012-10-26 | Systeme electrochimique type electrolyseur ou pile a combustible haute temperature a gestion thermique amelioree |
CN201280059370.1A CN103988354A (zh) | 2011-10-28 | 2012-10-26 | 热管理改进的高温或燃料电池式电化学系统 |
JP2014537641A JP6306510B2 (ja) | 2011-10-28 | 2012-10-26 | 改善された熱管理を有する高温又は燃料電池の電気化学系 |
BR112014010125A BR112014010125A2 (pt) | 2011-10-28 | 2012-10-26 | sistema eletroquímico |
CA2853314A CA2853314C (fr) | 2011-10-28 | 2012-10-26 | Systeme electrochimique type electrolyseur ou pile a combustible haute temperature a gestion thermique amelioree |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1159843 | 2011-10-28 | ||
FR1159843A FR2982085B1 (fr) | 2011-10-28 | 2011-10-28 | Systeme electrochimique type electrolyseur ou pile a combustible haute temperature a gestion thermique amelioree |
Publications (1)
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WO2013060869A1 true WO2013060869A1 (fr) | 2013-05-02 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2012/071298 WO2013060869A1 (fr) | 2011-10-28 | 2012-10-26 | Systeme electrochimique type electrolyseur ou pile a combustible haute temperature a gestion thermique amelioree |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US10218011B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2771934B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP6306510B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN103988354A (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112014010125A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2853314C (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2982085B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2013060869A1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
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WO2017009238A1 (fr) | 2015-07-16 | 2017-01-19 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procedes d' (de co) electrolyse de l'eau (soec) ou de production d'electricite a haute temperature a echangeurs integres en tant qu'etages d'un empilement de reacteur (eht) ou d'une pile a combustible (sofc) |
CN106605328A (zh) * | 2014-07-17 | 2017-04-26 | Fco 动力公司 | 平板型固体氧化物型燃料电池的堆构造体及固体氧化物型燃料电池系统 |
WO2018051041A1 (fr) | 2016-09-19 | 2018-03-22 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Système d'électrolyse réversible de l'eau à haute température comportant un réservoir d'hydrures couplé à l'électrolyseur |
US10246787B2 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2019-04-02 | Electricite De France | Control of a high temperature electrolyzer |
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JP6139231B2 (ja) * | 2013-04-12 | 2017-05-31 | 株式会社東芝 | 固体酸化物形電気化学セルスタック構造体および水素電力貯蔵システム |
FR3008224B1 (fr) | 2013-07-08 | 2015-08-07 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Aimant fritte annulaire a aimantation radiale, presentant une tenue mecanique renforcee |
JP2015032489A (ja) * | 2013-08-02 | 2015-02-16 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 固体酸化物形燃料電池スタック |
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FR3040061B1 (fr) * | 2015-08-12 | 2017-09-08 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procedes d' (de co-) electrolyse de l'eau (soec) ou de production d'electricite a haute temperature a faibles gradients thermiques au sein respectivement d'un reacteur ou d'une pile a combustible (sofc) |
FR3045215B1 (fr) * | 2015-12-15 | 2023-03-03 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Systeme de serrage autonome d'un empilement a oxydes solides de type soec/sofc a haute temperature |
KR102149078B1 (ko) * | 2017-07-26 | 2020-08-27 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 연료전지 스택 구조 |
DE102018202337A1 (de) * | 2018-02-15 | 2019-08-22 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Elektrochemische Herstellung eines Gases umfassend CO mit Zwischenkühlung des Elektrolytstroms |
US11394040B2 (en) | 2019-09-27 | 2022-07-19 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Fuel cell heat retention with phase change material |
DK4159894T3 (da) | 2021-09-30 | 2024-05-27 | Solydera Sa | Dampelektrolysesystem til fremstilling af hydrogen og tilsvarende fremgangsmåde |
US12040513B2 (en) * | 2022-11-18 | 2024-07-16 | Carbon Ventures, Llc | Enhancing efficiencies of oxy-combustion power cycles |
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- 2012-10-26 BR BR112014010125A patent/BR112014010125A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-10-26 WO PCT/EP2012/071298 patent/WO2013060869A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2012-10-26 JP JP2014537641A patent/JP6306510B2/ja active Active
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10246787B2 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2019-04-02 | Electricite De France | Control of a high temperature electrolyzer |
CN106605328A (zh) * | 2014-07-17 | 2017-04-26 | Fco 动力公司 | 平板型固体氧化物型燃料电池的堆构造体及固体氧化物型燃料电池系统 |
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EP3171438A4 (fr) * | 2014-07-17 | 2018-01-03 | FCO Power, Inc. | Structure empilée de pile à combustible à oxyde solide de type plaque et système de pile à combustible à oxyde solide |
WO2017009238A1 (fr) | 2015-07-16 | 2017-01-19 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procedes d' (de co) electrolyse de l'eau (soec) ou de production d'electricite a haute temperature a echangeurs integres en tant qu'etages d'un empilement de reacteur (eht) ou d'une pile a combustible (sofc) |
US10597788B2 (en) | 2015-07-16 | 2020-03-24 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Methods for (co)electrolysis of water (SOEC) or for producing electricity at a high temperature with exchangers incorporated as stages of a reactor stack (HTE) or a fuel cell (SOFC) |
WO2018051041A1 (fr) | 2016-09-19 | 2018-03-22 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Système d'électrolyse réversible de l'eau à haute température comportant un réservoir d'hydrures couplé à l'électrolyseur |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2015501386A (ja) | 2015-01-15 |
BR112014010125A2 (pt) | 2017-04-25 |
JP6306510B2 (ja) | 2018-04-04 |
CN103988354A (zh) | 2014-08-13 |
US20140329161A1 (en) | 2014-11-06 |
US10218011B2 (en) | 2019-02-26 |
CA2853314C (fr) | 2020-02-18 |
FR2982085A1 (fr) | 2013-05-03 |
EP2771934B1 (fr) | 2017-01-18 |
FR2982085B1 (fr) | 2014-05-16 |
CA2853314A1 (fr) | 2013-05-02 |
EP2771934A1 (fr) | 2014-09-03 |
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