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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
  • C07C45/51—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition
  • C07C45/54—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition of compounds containing doubly bound oxygen atoms, e.g. esters
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  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/475—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by splitting of carbon-to-carbon bonds and redistribution, e.g. disproportionation or migration of groups between different molecules
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  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B41/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
  • C07C231/10—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides from compounds not provided for in groups C07C231/02 - C07C231/08
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C259/00—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C259/04—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • C07C259/06—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids having carbon atoms of hydroxamic groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/08—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to ring carbon atoms with acylated ring nitrogen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D217/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems
  • C07D217/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring; Alkylene-bis-isoquinolines
  • C07D217/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring; Alkylene-bis-isoquinolines with the ring nitrogen atom acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or with sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D225/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D225/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D313/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than six members having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
  • C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
  • C11B9/0007—Aliphatic compounds
  • C11B9/0015—Aliphatic compounds containing oxygen as the only heteroatom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
  • C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
  • C11B9/0007—Aliphatic compounds
  • C11B9/0015—Aliphatic compounds containing oxygen as the only heteroatom
  • C11B9/0019—Aliphatic compounds containing oxygen as the only heteroatom carbocylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
  • C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
  • C11B9/0026—Essential oils; Perfumes compounds containing an alicyclic ring not condensed with another ring
  • C11B9/003—Essential oils; Perfumes compounds containing an alicyclic ring not condensed with another ring the ring containing less than six carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
  • C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
  • C11B9/0026—Essential oils; Perfumes compounds containing an alicyclic ring not condensed with another ring
  • C11B9/0034—Essential oils; Perfumes compounds containing an alicyclic ring not condensed with another ring the ring containing six carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
  • C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
  • C11B9/0042—Essential oils; Perfumes compounds containing condensed hydrocarbon rings
  • C11B9/0046—Essential oils; Perfumes compounds containing condensed hydrocarbon rings containing only two condensed rings
  • C11B9/0049—Essential oils; Perfumes compounds containing condensed hydrocarbon rings containing only two condensed rings the condensed rings sharing two common C atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
  • C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
  • C11B9/0069—Heterocyclic compounds
  • C11B9/0073—Heterocyclic compounds containing only O or S as heteroatoms
  • C11B9/0084—Heterocyclic compounds containing only O or S as heteroatoms the hetero rings containing more than six atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
  • C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
  • C11B9/0069—Heterocyclic compounds
  • C11B9/0092—Heterocyclic compounds containing only N as heteroatom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
  • C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
  • C07C2602/14—All rings being cycloaliphatic
  • C07C2602/20—All rings being cycloaliphatic the ring system containing seven carbon atoms

Definitions

• the present invention refers to a novel process for the preparation of linear and cyclic homoallylic ester and amides, which constitutes a valuable class of organic compounds.
• Such compounds can be prepared by multistage syntheses which are essentially based on five basic methods known in the art: a) By addition of an allyl metal species to a carbonyl compound and imino groups resulting in homoallyl alcohols or amines, followed by esterification or amide formation. b) By carbonyl ene or Conia ene reactions to homoallylic alcohols, followed by esterification. c) By imino ene reactions to homoallyl amine derivatives, followed by subsequent transformation which lead to amide formation. d) By metal hydride catalyzed addition of dienes to carbonyl compounds, followed by
• One object of the present invention is a simple and cost-effective method for producing linear and cyclic homoallylic ester and amides as herein below described.
• One embodiment of the present invention is the direct acid catalyzed intermolecular electrocyclic rearrangement of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated aldehydes or ketones with another aldehyde to afford esters or lactones of homoallylic alcohols in one process step.
• the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturation is not part of an aromatic ring.
• a further embodiment of the present invention is the direct acid catalyzed intermolecular electrocyclic rearrangement of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated aldehydes or ketones with secondary aldimines to form amides or lactames of homoallylic amines in one process step.
• the ⁇ , ⁇ - unsaturation is not part of an aromatic ring.
• Non limiting examples are secondary aldimines selected from acetaldehyde O-methyl oxime, acetaldehyde O-ethyl oxime , hexanal O-methyl oxime, hexanal O-ethyl oxime, 3-methylbut- 2-enal O-ethyl oxime, benzaldehyde O-methyl oxime, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine, indole, 3,4- dihydro2H-pyrrole, and N-butylidenebutan-1-amine.
• X is oxygen or
• X is NR 7 , wherein R 7 is selected from Ci-C 8 alkyl (e.g. butyl, isoamyl), C 6 -C 8 aryl, Ci-C 2 alkoxy; or
• R 6 and R 7 may form together with the atoms to which they are attached a 5 - 10 membered mono- or bi-cyclic ring (e.g. compound B is selected from 3,4-dihydro2H- pyrrole, 3H-indole, or 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine);
• R 1 is selected from hydrogen, methyl and phenyl
• R 2 is selected from hydrogen, a hydrocarbon group selected from Ci-C 8 alkyl (e.g. methyl), C 2 -C 8 alkenyl (e.g. 3-methyl-pent-4-enyl), C 6 -C 8 aryl, and C C 3 alkyl C 6 -C 8 aryl (e.g. benzyl), wherein the hydrocarbon group optionally comprises one functional group selected from methoxy, -C(O) -, and -OC(O) -;
• R 3 is selected from hydrogen and methyl
• R 1 and R 2 or R 1 and R 3 form together a bivalent linear C 3 - C-
• 6 alkyl or alkenyl (e.g. -(CH 2 ) 3 -, -(CH 2 ) 4 - -(CH 2 ) 5 -, -(CH 2 ) 6 -, -(CH 2 ) 7 -, -(CH 2 ) 10 - -CH CH-CH 2 -), wherein the alkyl / alkenyl chain may be optionally substituted with one or more methyl or ethyl groups; or
• R 2 and R 3 form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached a C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl ring or C 5 -C 8 cycloalkenyl ring (e.g. C 6 cycloalkenyl), the ring is optionally substituted with one or more Ci - C 4 alkyl or alkenyl groups (e.g. with two alkyl groups);
• R 4 is selected from hydrogen, methyl and ethyl
• R 5 is selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C5 alkyl or alkenyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl) and C 2 -C 5 alkenyl (e.g. 1-propenyl); or
• R 5 and R 2 or R 5 and R 3 form together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached a 5-12 membered hydrocarbon ring (e.g. a 6-membered ring);
• R 6 is selected from CrC 8 alkyl (e.g. iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-butyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, hexyl), C 2 -C 8 alkenyl (e.g. isobutenyl) and C 6 -C 8 aryl wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from methyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetoxy, hydroxy, and 1 ,3-dioxol; in the presence of a Lewis acid or Bronsted acid.
• CrC 8 alkyl e.g. iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-butyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, hexyl
• C 2 -C 8 alkenyl e.g. isobutenyl
• C 6 -C 8 aryl wherein the aryl is optionally substituted
• Non limiting examples are compounds of formula (B) wherein X is oxygen selected from acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, butyraldehyde, pivalaldehyde, hexanal, heptanal, and 3-methylbutanal, anisaldehyde, heliotropin (benzo[d][1 ,3]dioxole-5- carbaldehyde) and vanillin.
• X is oxygen selected from acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, butyraldehyde, pivalaldehyde, hexanal, heptanal, and 3-methylbutanal, anisaldehyde, heliotropin (benzo[d][1 ,3]dioxole-5- carbaldehyde) and vanillin.
• hydrocarbon ring refers to cycloakly rings comprising none, one or more double bonds, the ring being optionally substituted with one or more Ci - C 4 alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, and iso-propyl.
• Ci - C 4 alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, and iso-propyl.
• hydrocarbon rings comprising 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 1 1 ring members, the ring may be further substituted with one ethyl group, or one, two or three methyl groups.
• alkyl and alkenyl refers to linear and branched alkyl and linear and branched alkenyl.
• Non limiting examples are beta, gamma-unsaturated carbonyl compounds of formula (A) selected from 4-(2,4-dimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-ylidene)pentan-2-yl formate,
• Lewis acids may be selected from all types of Lewis acids, well known to the skilled person. Suitable acids are, for example, BF 3 Et 2 0, SnCI 4 , TiCI 4 , AICI 3 , EtAICI 2 , FeCI 3 , ZnBr 2 and H ® Bronsted acids are well known to the skilled person. Examples are p-TsOH, H 2 S0 4 , and CF 3 SO 3 H.
• the concentration of the acid is not critical and may vary from about 0.5 mol% to about 120 mol%. However it was observed that the reaction described herein above is a catalytic reaction when esters or lactones are formed (i.e. for compounds of formula (I) wherein X is oxygen). By catalytic reaction is meant, that about 0.5 mol % to about 20 mol % of an acid (e.g. about 10 mol %) is sufficient enough to drive the conversion to completion. Even though low concentrations of acid are sufficient enough, higher concentrations may have an influence on the reaction rate and thus be preferred. The optimum concentration may be easily established by routine experimentation in every case.
• the reaction temperature applied is not really critical either.
• the intermolecular electrocyclic rearrangement takes place in a broad temperature range, e.g. from -80°C to 120°C, such as from -10°C to about 80°C, (for example about 0°C to room temperature (i.e. about 20 - 25°C), or 50°C to about 80°C).
• Beta substituted beta, gamma-unsaturated carbonyl compound, i.e. compounds of formula (A) wherein R 4 is not hydrogen, were found to undergo the reaction described hereinabove much faster and with higher yields compared to compounds of formula (A) wherein R 4 is hydrogen.
• R 1 is selected from hydrogen, methyl and phenyl
• R 2 and R 3 form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached a C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl ring or C 5 -C 8 cycloalkenyl ring (e.g. C 6 cycloalkenyl)
• the ring is optionally substituted with one or more Ci - C 4 alkyl or alkenyl groups (e.g. with two alkyl groups)
• R 4 is selected from hydrogen, methyl and ethyl
• R 5 is hydrogen or methyl.
• the beta, gamma-unsaturated carbonyl compound of formula (A) may be easily prepared by art-recognized methods.
• linear and cyclic homoallylic ester and amides of formula (I) produced in accordance with the invention may be odorant compounds as such. They are also valuable intermediates or precursors for the preparation of other chemical compounds suitable as fragrance, pharmaceutical and/or agrochemical.
• the invention is now further described with reference to the following non-limiting examples. These examples are for the purpose of illustration only and it is understood that variations and modifications can be made by one skilled in the art.
• reaction mixture was quenched with sat. aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (10 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE three times. The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried (MgS0 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo.
• Example 2 5-(cvclohex-3-en-1-ylidene)-2-methylhexan-3-yl formate
• 1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3- enecarbaldehyde (1.50 g, 10 mmol)
• isobutyraldehyde (0.86 g, 12 mmol)
• boron trifluoride etherate (0.14 g, 1.0 mmol) in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (10 ml.) were reacted to give the title product as a colorless liquid (1.55 g, 70 % yield).
• Odour description green geranium, slightly floral cinnamic fruity.
• Example 4 4,8-dimethyldeca-4,9-dien-2-yl acetate Following the general procedure as described in Example 1 , 6-methyl-3-(prop-1-en-2-yl)oct-7- en-2-one (1.80 g, 10 mmol), acetaldehyde (0.53 g, 12 mmol) and boron trifluoride etherate (0.14 g, 1.0 mmol) in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (10 ml.) were reacted to give the title product as a colorless liquid (1.90 g, 85 % yield). Mixture of 2 isomers in a ratio 1 : 5.
• Example 7 rac-(Z)-1 ,7-Dimethyl-5,6,8,9, 10,1 Oa-hexahydro-1 H-cyclopentarcloxonin-3(4H)- one
• Example 1 A/-(4,5-dimethylhex-4-en-2-yl)-A/-methoxyacetamide
• Example 17 ⁇ E)-1-methoxy-8,10-dimethyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahvdroazin-2(1 -/)-one
• Odour description verbena fresh citrus grapefruit herbal, slightly bergamot, musky, agrumex aspect.
• Example 30 iEH 2-methyl-3.4.7.8.9.10.13.13a-octahvdro-1 H-pyridoM ,2-alazzin-6(2H)-one
• 2-(prop-1-en-2- yl)cyclohexanone (0.88 g, 6.38 mmol)
• 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (0.64 g, 7.65 mmol)
• SnCI 4 (1.66 g, 6.38 mmol) in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (65 ml) were reacted to give the title product as a colorless liquid (0.97 g, 69% yield).
• Example 33 Catalyst screening

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