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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
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  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2833—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against MHC-molecules, e.g. HLA-molecules
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
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  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
  • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
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  • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
  • C07K2317/34—Identification of a linear epitope shorter than 20 amino acid residues or of a conformational epitope defined by amino acid residues
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  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
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  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
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  • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
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  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
  • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
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  • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
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  • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
  • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value

Definitions

• the present invention relates to antibodies that bind CD 1 d and inhibit CD 1 d- mediated biological functions such as activation of the CD ld-restricted T cell, natural killer T (NKT) cells.
• CDld is a counter-receptor essential for triggering cell populations, such as NKT cells, to release high levels of cytokines, an activity associated with some inflammatory diseases. Blockade of CD ld-mediated effects is therefore of potential therapeutic benefit.
• CDld protein is displayed on a number of antigen presenting cell (APC) subsets including Langerhans cells (the major dendritic antigen-presenting cells in skin), activated B-cells, dendritic cells in lymph nodes, and activated blood monocytes.
• APC antigen presenting cell
• NKT cells One population of cells stimulated via CDld is NKT cells, a subset of T cells that express an alpha/beta ( ⁇ ) T cell receptor (TCR) along with a variety of molecular markers typically associated with NK cells, such as CD161 and NKG2D.
• NKT cells are stimulated by antigen presenting cells (APC) via CD ld-presenting lipids or glycolipids.
• APC antigen presenting cells
• the majority of human CDld- restricted NKT cells express a semi-invariant TCR comprising Va24Jal8 paired with Vpl 1 (Brigl, M et al., 2004 Annu. Rev. Immunol., 22:817-890).
• Thl- or Th2-like cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-y and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-ct, and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13.
• IFN interferon
• TNF tumour necrosis factor
• IL interleukin
• the balance of Thl/Th2 cytokine responses is known to play an important role in orchestrating immune response properties.
• CD1 proteins are expressed as large subunits (heavy chains) non- covalently associated with p2-microglobulin ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ ) (Van Agthoven, A., and Terhorst, C, 1982 J. Immunol. 128:426-432; Terhorst, C, et al., 1981 Cell 23:771-780).
• the extracellular domain of CD Id consists of three domains: the al domain (residues 20-108), the a2 domain (residues 109-201), and the a3 domain (residues 202-295) (Pellicci, D.G., et. al., 2009 Immunity 31 : 47-59).
• a variety of lipids with different structures have been shown to bind CD 1 d molecules in a unique manner that accommodates a fatty acid chain in each of the two hydrophobic binding pockets (A' and F) of the CD Id molecule.
• Lipid species capable of binding CD Id molecules include mycolic acids, diacylglycerols, sphingo lipids, polyisoprenoids, lipopeptides, phosphomycoketides and small hydrophobic compounds (Venkataswamy, M. M. and Porcelli, S.A., 2010 Semin Immunol 22: 68-78).
• the prototypical compound used to study NKT cell activation in vitro and in vivo is KRN7000, an a-galactosylceramide (“aGalCer”) derived from the marine sponge Agelas mauritianus.
• Additional agonists include but are not restricted to isoglobotrihexosylceramide ("iGb3”), reported to be an endogenous glycosphingolipid, as well as members of a class of microbial-derived a-glycuronosylceramides, and a variety of human glycolipids such as lysophophatidylcholine and lysosphingomyelin (Fox, L. M., et al., 2009 Plos Biol 7:
• iGb3 isoglobotrihexosylceramide
• NKT cells Certain naturally occurring beta-linked glycosphingolipids such as the C24: l form of ⁇ -D-glucopyranosylceramide, are also weak agonists for NKT cells (Brennan, P. J., et al., 2011 Nat Immunol 12: 1202-121 1). [0009] Excessive cytokine production by NKT cells may contribute to the pathology of certain autoimmune or inflammatory diseases such as myasthenia gravis (Reinhardt, C. et al., 1999 Neurology 52:1485-87), psoriasis (Bonish, B.D., et al., 2000 J. Immunol.
• ulcerative colitis (Saubermann, L.J., et al., 2000 Gastroenterology 119: 119- 128), primary biliary cirrhosis (Kita, H., et al., 2002 Gastroenterology 123:1031-43), colitis (Heller, F., et al. 2002 Immunity 17, 29-638), steatohepatitis (Syn, W., et al., (2010) Hepatology, 51(6): 1998-2007), autoimmune hepatitis (Santodomingo-Garzon, T. and Swain, M.G.
• corticosteroid-refractory asthma Patients with severe asthma do not respond well to the standard-of-care and represent approximately 5-10% of the total asthmatic population. This comprises around 850,000 patients in the United States alone.
• NKT cells have been shown to exacerbate disease (Akbari, O., et. al. 2003 Nat Med 9: 582-8). NKT cells may become activated by CD ld-restricted glycolipid antigens and release cytokines such as IFN- ⁇ , IL-4, IL-5 and IL- 13, which activate eosinophils and other cellular subsets important in asthma (Chuang, Y. H., et al., 2011 J Immunol 186: 4687-92). By targeting NKT cells, the administration of anti-CD Id antibodies or CD ld-dependent antagonists suppresses experimentally induced airway inflammation (Lisbonne, M., et. al.
• NKT cells are also detrimental in non-human primate models of asthma (Matangkasombut, P. et. al., 2008 J Allergy Clin Immunol 121 : 1287-9). Such results suggest that the low numbers of NKT cells present in the lungs may be important for the development and perpetuation of human asthma.
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in patients without a history of alcohol abuse.
• NAFLD is classified into simple steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
• NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• steatosis intralobular inflammation and hepatocellular ballooning are present, often accompanied by progressive fibrosis.
• Long-standing NASH may progress to liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may be an outcome.
• HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
• NAFLD is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome.
• NAFLD has been increasing worldwide over recent decades in line with the increased prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipemia.
• NAFLD/ NASH is currently regarded as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that about 20% of all adults have NAFLD and 2-3% of adults have NASH.
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major cause of chronic liver disease. It encompasses a spectrum of histopathology, including hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
• the liver harbors resident populations of NKT cells which may regulate innate immune responses.
• NKT cells with an invariant T cell receptor comprise up to 20% of T cells in murine livers. Such cells are also enriched in human livers (up to 10% of T cells) which harbor a more diverse repertoire of NKT cells.
• NKT cells reside mainly in the hepatic sinusoids, where they provide intravascular immune surveillance. NKT cells specifically recognize glycolipid antigens and can produce cytokines when activated. This cell subset may contribute to the pathogenesis of NASH (see for example Syn, W., et al., (2010) Hepatology, 51(6): 1998-2007);. Accordingly, delivery of an anti-CDld antibody that blocks the function of NKT cells in vivo may be of therapeutic benefit.
• AIH autoimmune hepatitis
• PBC primary biliary cirrhosis
• PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis
• Each of these diseases has a relatively distinct clinical, serologic and histologic profile.
• AIH is characterized by a progressive destruction of the hepatic parenchyma, known as interface hepatitis.
• PBC is distinguished by specific destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts, whereas PSC mainly involves destruction of large bile ducts.
• NKT cells may contribute to the pathology of autoimmune liver diseases (Santodomingo-Garzon, T. and Swain, M.G. (2011) Autoimmunity Reviews 10:793-800). Activated NKT cells may induce hepatocyte death directly through up-regulation of cell surface FasL expression and/or the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and perforins/granzyme B.
• TNF-a tumor necrosis factor alpha
• NKT cells may indirectly induce hepatocyte death through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN- ⁇ .
• NKT cells can also produce IL-4, which induces Th2 responses and the subsequent production of autoantibodies by plasma cells. Since activation of NKT cells can lead to hepatocyte destruction and ultimately the development of cirrhosis, the blockade of NKT cell function by delivery of an anti-CDld antibody may therefore be of therapeutic benefit.
• NKT cell effector functions which result in cell lysis such as perforin release and granzyme release and Fas-L mediated cell death, and other known NKT functions such as IL-2 mediated bystander effects, may also be relevant in conditions in which NKT cells are implicated.
• Blockade of the NKT cell activator CD Id for example through administration of an anti- CD 1 d antibody, may also modulate these NKT effector functions .
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof competes for binding to CD Id with at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of 401.11 and 402.8.
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to the same epitope of CD 1 d as that bound by at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of 401.11 and 402.8.
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH domain having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 24, 25, 26, 30, 33, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45 and sequences at least 95% identical thereto.
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL domain having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 2, 4, 6, 46, 49 and 62 and sequences at least 95% identical thereto.
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD 1 d wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH domain comprising human FRl, FR2, FR3 and FR4 framework sequences and CDRl, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences and wherein the sequence of CDRl is DYAMH (SEQ ID NO: 124) or GYYWS (SEQ ID NO: 125).
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH domain comprising human FRl, FR2, FR3 and FR4 framework sequences and CDRl , CDR2 and CDR3 sequences and wherein the sequence of CDRl is GFTFDDY (SEQ ID NO: 135) or GGSFSGY (SEQ ID NO: 136).
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL domain comprising human FRl, FR2, FR3 and FR4 framework sequences and CDRl , CDR2 and CDR3 sequences and wherein the sequence of CDRl is RASQHISSWLA (SEQ ID NO: 141) or ASSSGAVSSGNFPN (SEQ ID NO: 142).
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to CD1 d with an EC50 of less than 20ng/ml as measured using a cell based potency assay. In one embodiment the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to human CD Id with an EC50 of from 0.5ng/ml to 20ng/ml.
• the present invention provides an isolated DNA molecule which encodes the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a condition involving NKT cell effector function in a human subject comprising administering to the subject an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention.
• the present invention provides a method of detecting the presence of CD Id in a sample the method comprising contacting a sample suspected to contain CD Id with the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention under conditions which allows the binding of the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof to CD Id to form a complex and detecting the presence the complex in the sample.
• the present invention provides a method of detecting the presence of CD ld-positive cells in a cell sample the method comprising contacting a population of cells with an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention to allow the binding of the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof to CD ld-positive to form a complex and detecting the presence of the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof-cell complex.
• the present invention provides a method of selecting a CD ld-binding protein which binds specifically to human CD Id and competes for binding on CD Id with at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of 401.11, 402.8 and 401.11.158 from a plurality of CDld-binding proteins, the method comprising: contacting the plurality of CDld-binding proteins to a human CD Id mutein in which the amino acid positions 87 to 93 and 141-143 of SEQ ID NO:.
• CDld-binding proteins have been substituted with corresponding murine amino acids at these positions, under conditions sufficient to allow binding of CDld-binding proteins to the mutein to form a CD 1 d-binding protein-human CD 1 d mutein complex and a depleted plurality of CDld-binding proteins which do not bind the human CD Id mutein, and collecting CDld-binding proteins which do not bind to the human CD Id mutein from the depleted plurality of CDld-binding proteins, wherein the collected CDld-binding proteins bind specifically to human CD Id and compete for binding on CD Id with at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of 401.1 1, 402.8 and 401.11.158.
• the present invention provides a method of selecting a CDld-binding protein which binds specifically to CD Id from a plurality of CDld-binding proteins, the method comprising: contacting the plurality of CDld-binding proteins to hCDldmu (SEQ ID NO: 119) in which the amino acids located at positions 87 to 93 and 141 to 143 of human CD Id (SEQ ID NO 116) have been replaced with the corresponding murine sequence at these positions, under conditions sufficient to allow binding of CDld-binding proteins to the hCDldmu to form a CDld-binding protein- hCDldmu complex and a depleted plurality of CD Id binding proteins which do not bind hCDldmu, and collecting CDld-binding proteins which do not bind to the hCDldmu from the depleted plurality of CDld-binding proteins, wherein the collected CD Id binding proteins bind specifically to human CD
• the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof also binds to cynomolgus and rhesus monkey CD Id.
• Figure 1 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating inhibition of tetramer binding by anti-CDld antibodies.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 showed improved inhibition of CD Id tetramer binding compared with antibodies 42 and 51.1, as determined by a reduction in the mean fluorescence intensity of the signal, in an assay using a a-Galactosylceramide (a-GalCer) lipid-loaded;) CDld tetramer binding to J.RT3- T3.5 cells stably transfected with an NKT cell receptor. The irrelevant specificity negative control antibody showed no inhibition.
• Table 2 lists the EC50 values of all antibodies tested.
• FIG. 2 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating inhibition of IL-2 release by anti-CDld antibodies.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 402.8 and 401.11 showed improved inhibition of IL-2 release after 24 hours, as determined by ELISA, compared with anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1 in an assay using a-GalCer-loaded CD ld-positive U-937 cells and NKT cell receptor-stably transfected J.RT3-T3.5 cells.
• the irrelevant specificity negative control antibody showed no inhibition of IL-2 release.
• EC50 values from representative experiments are presented in Table 3.
• Figure 3 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating binding of anti-CDld antibodies to Primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow cytometry.
• Anti-CDld antibody 402.8 as an example of antibodies described in this specification, but not an irrelevant specificity negative control antibody, bound a CD ld- positive, CD1 lc-positive population in primary human PBMCs, as determined by flow cytometry.
• FIG. 4 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating inhibition of primary NKT cell function by anti-CDld antibodies in Primary NKT Cell-Based Assays using THP-1 cell line as Antigen-Presenting Cells.
• Antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 exhibited up to 114-fold and up to 180-fold improved inhibition respectively of IFN- ⁇ (A), IL-4 (B), IL-5 (C) and IL-13 (D) release after 24 hours, as determined by ELISA, compared with anti-CDld antibody 42.
• This result was from an assay using a-GalCer-expanded NKT cells and a-GalCer- loaded THP-1 cells as CD ld-positive cells. In all assays, the irrelevant specificity negative control antibody did not inhibit cytokine release.
• EC50 values from representative experiments are presented in Table 4.
• FIG. 5 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating inhibition of primary NKT, cell function by anti-CDld antibodies in Primary N T Cell-Based Assays using primary CD 14+ monocytes as Antigen Presenting Cells.
• Antibodies 401.1 1 and 402.8 demonstrated significantly improved inhibition of IFN- ⁇ (A), IL-4 (B), IL-5 (C) and IL-13 (D) release after 24 hours, as determined by ELISA, compared with anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1 in an assay using a-GalCer-expanded NKT cells and a-GalCer- loaded CD14+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells as CDld-positive cells.
• the irrelevant specificity negative control antibody did not inhibit cytokine release.
• EC50 values from representative experiments are presented in Table 5.
• Figure 6 Graphical representation of results of a competition ELISA
• anti-CD 1 d antibody 402.8 competed with itself and with 401.11 , but not with anti-CD 1 d antibodies 42 and 51.1, for binding to human CD Id using a competition ELISA based approach, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm corresponding to the levels of bound biotinylated 402.8 (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• Figure 7 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating cross- reactivity with recombinant cynomolgus macaque CD Id.
• anti-CD 1 d antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 bound human CD Id (A) and were cross-reactive with cynomolgus macaque CD Id (B) by ELISA.
• Figure 8 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating cross- reactivity with cynomolgus macaque cell-based CD Id.
• anti-CDld antibody 402.8 but not an irrelevant specificity negative control antibody, bound CD Id on PBMCs from two independent cynomolgus macaque donors as shown by flow cytometry.
• Data are presented as flow cytometry histograms of gated live cells with the percentage of CDld-positive cells demarcated in the histogram.
• Figure 9 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating cell-based inhibition of cynomolgus CDld-mediated primary NKT expansion.
• anti-CDld antibody 402.8 but not an irrelevant specificity negative control antibody, inhibited the expansion of cynomolgus NKT cells in the presence of ocGalCer-loaded CDld-positive PBMCs, as shown by quantification of CD3+Va24+ cells by flow cytometry.
• Figure 10 Sequence alignments showing sequences of variable regions of 401.11. Boxed regions contain CDRs (as indicated) as defined by the Kabat numbering system and the enhanced Chothia numbering system. CDRs defined by the Kabat numbering system are shown in bold. CDRs defined by the enhanced Chothia numbering system are underlined. .
• FIG 11 Sequence alignments showing sequences of variable regions of 402.8. Boxed regions contain CDRs (as indicated) as defined by the Kabat numbering system and the enhanced Chothia numbering system. CDRs defined by the Kabat numbering system are shown in bold. CDRs defined by the enhanced Chothia numbering system are underlined.
• Figure 12 Alignment of Variants of 401.1 1. As per Example 1 1, an amino acid sequence alignment of the heavy and light chains of 401.11 versus IGHV3-9.01 and variants of 401.11 is presented.
• Figure 13 Alignment of Optimized Variants of 401.11. As per Example 1 1 , an amino acid sequence alignment of the heavy and light chains of 401.11 and variants thereof is presented.
• Figure 14 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating improved inhibition of primary NKT cell function by enhanced variants of anti-CDld antibody 401.1 1. As per Example 11, 401.11 and variants thereof were titrated from 1 ⁇ g/mL.
• 401.11 antibody variants demonstrated similar or improved inhibition of IFN- ⁇ (A) and IL- 4 (B) release after 24 hours, as determined by ELISA, compared with 401.11 , and significantly improved inhibition of IFN- ⁇ (A) and IL-4 (B) release after 24 hours, as , ⁇ determined by ELISA, compared with anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1 titrated from 10 ⁇ g/mL, in an assay using a-GalCer-expanded NKT cells and a-GalCer-loaded CD 14+ monocyterderived dendritic cells as CD ld-positive cells. In all assays, the irrelevant specificity negative control antibody did not inhibit cytokine release. EC50 values from representative experiments are presented in Table 13.
• Figure 15 Alignment of optimized variants of 402.8. As per Example 11 , an amino acid sequence alignment of the heavy chain of 402.8 versus variants of 402.8 is presented.
• FIG. 16 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating inhibition of primary NKT cell function by enhanced variants of anti-CDld antibody 402.8.
• 402.8 and variants thereof were titrated from 10 ⁇ g/mL and demonstrated similar inhibition of IFN- ⁇ (A) and IL-13 (B) release after 24 hours, as determined by ELISA, and significantly improved inhibition of IFN- ⁇ (A) and IL-13 (B) release after 24 hours, as determined by ELISA, compared with anti-CD Id antibody 42 titrated from l( ⁇ g/mL, in an assay using a-GalCer-expanded NKT cells and a-GalCer-loaded CD 14+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells as CDld-positive cells. In all assays, the irrelevant specificity negative control antibody did not inhibit cytokine release.
• EC50 values from representative experiments are presented in Table 18.
• FIG. 17 Graphical Representation of results of assay demonstrating improved inhibition of primary NKT cell function by anti-CD Id antibodies in Primary NKT cell- based assays using an alternative antigen to a-GalCer.
• antibodies 401.1 1.158, 401.11 and 402.8 titrated from 1 ⁇ g mL demonstrated significantly improved inhibition of IFN- ⁇ (A) and IL-4 (B) release after 24 hours, as determined by ELISA, compared with anti-CD Id antibodies 42 and 51 titrated from 10 ⁇ g/mL, in an assay using a-GalCer-expanded NKT cells and C24:l ⁇ -D-glucopyranosylceramide-loaded CD 14+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells as CDld-positive cells.
• the irrelevant specificity negative control antibody did not inhibit cytokine release.
• EC50 values from representative experiments are presented in Table 20.
• Figure 18 Graphical Representation of results of a competition ELISA demonstrating that under revised conditions, highly potent anti-CD Id antibodies share a similar neutralizing epitope that is different to the epitope seen by prior-art antibodies.
• antibody 402.8 competed with itself and with 401.11 , but not with antibodies 42 and 51.1, for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• Figure 19 Graphical Representation of results of a competition ELISA demonstrating that highly potent anti-CD Id antibodies which were variants of 401.11 shared a similar neutralizing epitope with 402.8.
• anti-CDld antibody 402.8 competed strongly with itself and with 401.1 1.160, 401.1 1.161 and 401.1 1.165 as examples of 401.11 antibody variants for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• Figure 20 Graphical Representation of results of a competition ELISA demonstrating that highly potent anti-CDld antibodies derived from 402.8 share a similar neutralizing epitope with 402.8.
• anti-CDld antibody 402.8 competed strongly with itself and with 402.8.84, 402.8.86 and 402.8.87, as examples of 402.8 antibody variants for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• A absorbance readings at 450nm
• B converted degree of competition (percentage) values
• anti-CDld antibody 402.8 competed strongly with itself but not with other monoclonal anti -human CD Id antibodies, such as AD58E7, C3D5 and C-9, for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• Figure 22 Graphical Representation of results of a c ompetition ELISA demonstrating that monoclonal anti-mouse CDld antibodies do not compete for the neutralizing epitope of 402.8.
• anti-CDld antibody 402.8 competed strongly with itself but not with monoclonal anti-mouse CDld antibodies, such as HB-321, HB-322 and HB-323, for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• Figure 23 Graphical Representation of results of a competition ELISA demonstrating that polyclonal anti-human CDld antibodies do not compete for the neutralizing epitope of 402.8.
• anti-CDld antibody 402.8 competed strongly with itself but not with C-19, H70 and Ab96515, as examples of polyclonal anti-human CDld antibodies, for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• Figure 24 Graphical Representation of results of a competition ELISA demonstrating that highly potent anti-CDld antibodies share a similar neutralizing epitope that is different to the epitopes bound by other anti-CDld antibodies.
• anti-CDld antibody 401.11.158 competed strongly with itself and with 402.8, but not with anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1 , for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm (A) and converted degree of competition (percentage) values (B).
• Figure 27 Graphical Representation of results of an ELISA demonstrating that a titration of antibodies 402.8 (A) and 401.1 1.158 (B) bound to human CDld and mouse CDld into which human sequence had been introduced (mCDldhu). Both antibodies did not bind to mouse CD Id or a human CD Id into which mouse sequence had been introduced (hCD 1 dmu).
• FIG. 28 Graphical Representation of results of hydrogen-deuterium exchange mapping experiments demonstrating the epitope of anti-human CDld antibodies.
• A Human CD 1 d (grey) with amino acid 89-94 and 141 - 142 indicated in black. Note: X-ray structure is 3HUJ with a surface representation.
• B Human CDld (with a-GaICer bound) in complex with the NKT-cell receptor (a and ⁇ chains). The atoms of the epitope (amino acids 89-94 and 141-142) of the anti-CD Id antibodies on human CDld are coloured dark grey. The epitope of the anti-CD Id antibodies is located in close proximity to the binding site of the NKT-cell receptor ⁇ -chain.
• Figure 29B An alignment and consensus sequence of the V L region of optimised 401.11 antibodies. Boxed regions contain CDRs (as indicated) as defined by the Kabat numbering system and the enhanced Chothia numbering system. CDRs defined by the Kabat numbering system are shown in bold. CDRs defined by the enhanced Chothia numbering system are underlined.
• Figure 30A An alignment and consensus sequence of the VH region of optimised 402.8 antibodies. Boxed regions contain CDRs (as indicated) as defined by the Kabat numbering system and the enhanced Chothia numbering system. CDRs defined by the Kabat numbering system are shown in bold. CDRs defined by the enhanced Chothia numbering system are underlined.
• Figure 30B An alignment and consensus sequence of the VL region of optimised 402.8 antibodies. Boxed regions contain CDRs (as indicated) as defined by the Kabat numbering system and the enhanced Chothia numbering system. CDRs defined by the Kabat numbering system are shown in bold. CDRs defined by the enhanced Chothia numbering system are underlined.
• the present invention relates to human and humanised antibodies and antigen binding portions thereof which bind a particular epitope of CDld.
• the present inventors have found that antibodies which bind this epitope of CD Id are particularly efficacious in decreasing the effect of CD Id on NKT cells. Due to this effect it is believed that these antibodies and antigen binding portions thereof will be useful in the treatment of conditions in which NKT cell effector function, such as excessive production of cytokines by NKT cells plays a role, such as asthma.
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL domain having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 2, 4, 6, 46, 49 and 62 and sequences at least 95% identical thereto.
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH domain comprising human FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4 framework sequences and CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences and wherein the sequence of CDR1 is DYAMH (SEQ ID NO: 124) or GYYWS (SEQ ID NO: 125).
• the sequence of CDR3 is DMCSSSGCPDGYFDS (SEQ ID NO: 126), DLCSSGGCPEGYFDS (SEQ ID NO: 152), DMCSSGGCPDGYFDS (SEQ ID NO: 153), DMCSSGGCPEGYFDS (SEQ ID NO: 154), GEIYDF WNS YMDV (SEQ ID NO: 127), GEIYDFWKSYMDV (SEQ ID NO: 128), GEIYDFYKSYLDV (SEQ ID NO: 155), GEIYDFYKSYMDV (SEQ ID NO: 156), GEIYDFWKSYLDV (SEQ ID NO: 129) or GEIYDF YNS YMDV (SEQ ID NO: 130).
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD 1 d wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH domain comprising human FRl , FR2, FR3 and FR4 framework sequences and CDRl, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences and wherein the ⁇ sequence of CDRl is GFTFDDY (SEQ ID NO: 135) or GGSFSGY (SEQ ID NO: 136).
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL domain comprising human FRl , FR2, FR3 and FR4 framework sequences and CDRl , CDR2 and CDR3 sequences and wherein the sequence of CDRl is RASQHISSWLA (SEQ ID NO: 141) or ASSSGAVSSGNFPN (SEQ ID NO: 142).
• sequence of CDR3 is QQANRFPLT (SEQ ID NO: 141) or LLYFGDTQLGV (SEQ ID NO: 142).
• sequence of CDR2 is AASSLQS (SEQ ID NO: 145) or SASN HS (SEQ ID NO: 146).
• the present invention provides an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which binds to human CD Id wherein the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to CDld with an EC50 of less than 20ng ml as measured using a cell based potency assay. In an embodiment of the present invention the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to human CDld with an EC50 of from 0.5ng/ml to 20ng/ml as measured using a cell based potency assay. [0075] In an embodiment of the present invention there is provided an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6. .
• an isolated antibody A or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 48.
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody . or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO: 40 and SEQ ID NO: 62.
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH-and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO: 41 and SEQ ID NO: 63.
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 4.
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH and VL sequence pair of SEQ ID NO:
• the isolated DNA molecule is selected from any one of SEQ ID NOS: 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 1 14 or 115.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a condition involving NKT cell effector function in a human subject comprising administering to the subject an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention.
• the present invention provides a method of detecting the presence of CD Id in a sample the method comprising contacting a sample suspected to contain CD Id with the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention under conditions which allows the binding of the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof to CD Id to form a complex and detecting the presence the complex in the sample.
• the present invention provides a method of detecting the presence of CD ld-positive cells in a cell sample the method comprising contacting a population of cells with an isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention to allow the binding of the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof to CD ld-positive to form a complex and detecting the presence of the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof cell complex.
• the present invention provides a method of selecting a CD ld-binding protein which binds specifically to human CD 1 d and competes for binding on CDid with at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of 401.1 1, 402.8 and 401.11.158 from a plurality of CD 1 d-binding proteins, the method comprising: contacting the plurality of CD ld-binding proteins to a human CD Id mutein in which the amino acid positions 87 to 93 and 141-143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 16 have been substituted with corresponding murine amino acids at these positions, under conditions sufficient to allow binding of CD ld-binding proteins to the mutein to form a CD ld-binding protein-human CD Id mutein complex and a depleted plurality of CDld-binding proteins which do not bind the human CDld mutein, and collecting CDld-binding proteins which do not bind to the human CDld mutein from the depleted pluralit
• the anti-CD Id antibodies of the invention may also be used to identify or select CD ld-positive cell populations from blood.
• Anti-CD Id antibody may be used to detect a population of CD 1 d-positive cells within the peripheral blood of a human patient, including myeloid cells such as monocytes, or lymphoid cells such as B cells. The antibody could be used to detect these cells in conditions where such CD 1 d-positive cells contribute to disease, e.g. certain leukaemias including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).
• CLL chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
• the anti-human CDld antibody could also be used to stain tissue sections for immunohistochemistry using methods well known in the art.
• the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof may comprises a human kappa chain constant region or a human lambda chain constant region.
• the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises an IgGl or IgG4 constant region. Where the antibody comprises an IgG4 constant region this may include an S228P mutation.
• the present invention also provides DNA molecules which encode the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention.
• the sequence of the DNA molecule is selected from any one of the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 10 to 18, SQ ID NOS 68 to 115 or a sequence at least 95% identical thereto or a sequence which hybridises thereto under moderate to high stringency conditions.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating a condition involving NKT cell effector function in a human subject comprising administering to the subject the isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention.
• conditions involving NKT cell effector function such as excessive cytokine production by NKT cells, which may be treated include psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, ischaemia reperfusion injury, asthma and pulmonary inflammation or dysfunction associated with sickle cell disease.
• the 401.11 and/or 402.8 antibodies are then bound to the CD Id which is then exchanged back in H 2 0.
• the deuterium present in the epitope are protected by the binding of the antibody.
• a comparison of the exchange patterns with CD Id protected by the antibody binding and unprotected reveals the epitope as the amino acid residues of CD1 d retaining deuterium.
• the present invention is directed to antibodies which compete for binding to human CD Id with at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of 401.11 and 402.8.
• an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof which "competes for binding to CDld” demonstrates at least 50% competition in normalised results in a competition ELISA, in which 40 ⁇ . of non-biotinylated test antibody is competed with 0.2 ⁇ &/ ⁇ , biotinylated anti-CD Id antibody 402.8 or 401.11 or 401.11.158 bound to 1.0 ⁇ g mL recombinant human CDld which is immobilized on a solid substrate
• the antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof specifically bind CDld.
• the term “specifically” means that the binding to CD 1 d is via the VH and VL domains of the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof and not a non-specific binding such as may occur via the Fc region.
• the present invention is directed to antibodies which bind the same epitope of CD Id as that bound by at least one antibody selected from the group consisting of 401.11 and 402.8, (and in some embodiments 40.1 1.158).
• the epitope of CD Id bound by a particular antibody can be assessed by a number of methodologies and this can then be compared to the epitope bound by the specified antibody.
• antibody broadly refers to any immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains, or any functional fragment, mutant, variant, or derivation thereof, which retains the essential epitope binding features of an Ig molecule. Such mutant, variant, or derivative antibody formats are known in the art. Non-limiting embodiments of which are discussed below.
• each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region.
• the heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CHI, CH2 and CH3.
• Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region.
• the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL.
• the VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
• CDR complementarity determining regions
• FR framework regions
• Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
• Immunoglobulin molecules can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgGl , IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or subclass.
• binding fragments encompassed within the term "antigen- binding portion" of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHI domains; (ii) a F(ab')2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHI domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody , (v) a domain antibody (dAb) (Ward et al., 1989 Nature 341 544-6, Winter et al., PCT publication WO 90/05144 all herein incorporated by reference), which comprises a single variable domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR).
• a Fab fragment a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHI domains
• the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); (see e.g., Bird et al. 1988 Science 242 423-6; Huston et al. 1988 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 5879-83).
• single chain Fv single chain Fv
• Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody.
• Other forms of single chain antibodies, such as diabodies are also encompassed.
• the antibody described herein may be may be a humanized antibody.
• the term "humanized antibody” shall be understood to refer to a protein comprising a human-like variable region, which includes CDRs from an antibody from a non-human species (e.g., mouse or rat or non-human primate) grafted onto or inserted into FRs from a human antibody (this type of antibody is also referred to a "CDR-grafted antibody”).
• Humanized antibodies also include proteins in which one or more residues of the human protein are modified by one or more amino acid substitutions and/or one or more FR residues of the human protein are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
• Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found in neither the human antibody or in the non- human antibody. Any additional regions of the protein (e.g., Fc region) are generally human. Humanization can be performed using a method known in the art, e.g.,
• the antibody described herein may be human.
• human antibody refers to proteins having variable and, optionally, constant antibody regions found in humans, e.g. in the human germline or somatic cells or from libraries produced using such regions.
• the "human” antibodies can include amino acid residues not encoded by human sequences, e.g. mutations introduced by random or site directed mutations in vitro (in particular mutations which involve conservative substitutions or mutations in a small number of residues of the protein, e.g. in 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the residues of the protein).
• human antibodies do not necessarily need to be generated as a result of an immune response of a human, rather, they can be generated using recombinant means (e.g., screening a phage display library) and/or by a transgenic animal (e.g., a mouse) comprising nucleic acid encoding human antibody constant and/or variable regions and/or using guided selection (e.g., as described in or US5565332).
• a transgenic animal e.g., a mouse
• guided selection e.g., as described in or US5565332
• antibody construct refers to a polypeptide comprising one or more antigen binding portions of the invention linked to a linker polypeptide or an immunoglobulin constant domain.
• Linker polypeptides comprise two or more amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds and are used to link one or more antigen binding portions.
• Such linker polypeptides are well known in the art (see e.g. Hplliger et al. 1993 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 6444-8).
• An immunoglobulin constant domain refers to a heavy or light chain constant domain.
• Human IgG heavy chain and light chain constant domain amino acid sequences are known in the art and examples are represented below.
• Human heavy chain IgG4 constant domain incorporating an S228P mutation and a YTE mutation such as described in US 7,083,784 may also be used.
• sequences developed and described in the present invention may be modified using methods well known in the art to increase binding, by for example, affinity maturation, or to decrease immunogenicity by removing predicted MHC class II-binding motifs.
• the therapeutic utility of the sequences developed and described herein can be further enhanced by modulating their functional characteristics, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), serum half-life, biodistribution and binding to Fc receptors or the combination of any of these.
• ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
• serum half-life serum half-life
• biodistribution biodistribution
• binding Fc receptors or the combination of any of these.
• This modulation can be achieved by protein-engineering, glyco-engineering or chemical methods. Depending on the therapeutic application required, it could be advantageous to either increase or decrease any of these activities.
• a number of methods for modulating antibody serum half-life and biodistribution are based on modifying the interaction between antibody and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), a receptor with a key role in protecting IgG from catabolism, and maintaining high serum antibody concentration.
• FcRn neonatal Fc receptor
• Dall'Acqua et al. describe substitutions in the Fc region of IgGl that enhance binding affinity to FcRn, thereby increasing serum half-life
• Petkova et al have described constant domain amino acid substitutions at positions 307, 380 and 434 that confer increased in vivo half-life (Petkova, Akilesh et al. 2006). See also Shields et al (Shields, Namenuk et al. 2001) and WO 2000/42072. Antibody constant regions can also be modified so as to remove effector function. The mutation of the Asparagine (N) at position 297 to a Glutamine (Q) removes the N-linked carbohydrate that mediates binding of the Fc to Fc receptors. Such aglycosylated antibodies do not bind to the human Fc gamma RI and do not activate the complement pathway (Tao and Morrison 1989). Other examples of constant domain amino acid substitutions which modulate binding to Fc receptors and subsequent function mediated by these receptors, including FcRn binding and serum half- life, are described in U.S Pat. Application Nos 20090142340; 20090068175; and
• the antibody may be an IgGl, and IgG3 or an IgG4.
• the glycans linked to antibody molecules are known to influence interactions of antibody with Fc receptors and glycan receptors and thereby influence antibody activity, including serum half-life (Kaneko, Nimmerjahn et al. 2006; Jones, Papac et al. 2007; and / Kanda, Yamada et al. 2007).
• serum half-life Kerat, Nimmerjahn et al. 2006; Jones, Papac et al. 2007; and / Kanda, Yamada et al. 2007.
• certain glycoforms that modulate desired antibody activities can confer therapeutic advantage.
• glycoforms are known in the art and include but are not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. Nos 6,602,684; 7,326,681 ; 7,388,081 ; and WO 2008/006554.
• compositions comprising at least one isolated antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention.
• This composition will typically comprise at least one formulating agent selected from sterile water, sterile buffered water, and or at least one preservative selected from the group consisting of phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, chlorocresol, benzyl alcohol, alkylparaben, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, sodium dehydroacetate and thimerosal, or mixtures thereof in an aqueous diluent, optionally, wherein the concentration of protein is about 0.1 mg/ml to about 200 mg ml, further comprising at least one isotonicity agent or at least one physiologically acceptable buffer.
• Such drugs are well known in the art, including formulations, indications, dosing and administration for each presented herein (see, e.g., Nursing 2001 Handbook of Drugs, 21 st edition, Springhouse Corp., Springhouse, Pa., . 2001 ; Health Professional's Drug Guide 2001 , ed., Shannon, Wilson, Stang, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, N.J.; Pharmcotherapy Handbook, Wells et al., ed., Appleton & Lange, Stamford, Conn., each entirely incorporated herein by reference).
• compositions of the present invention can further comprise at least one of any suitable auxiliary, such as, but not limited to, diluent, binder, stabiliser, buffers, salts, lipophilic solvents, preservative, adjuvant or the like.
• suitable auxiliaries are preferred.
• Non-limiting examples of, and methods of preparing such sterile solutions are well known in the art, such as, but not limited to, Gennaro, Ed., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18 th Edition, Mack Publishing Co. (Easton, Pa.) 1990.
• compositions include but are not limited to proteins, peptides, amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates (e.g., sugars, including monosaccharides, di-, tri-, tetra-, and oligosaccharides; derivatised sugars such as alditols, aldonic acids, esterified sugars and the like; and polysaccharides or sugar polymers), which can be present singly or in combination, comprising alone or in combination 1-99.99% by weight or volume.
• Exemplary protein excipients include serum albumin, such as human serum albumin (HSA), recombinant human albumin (rHA), gelatin, casein, and the like.
• One preferred amino acid is histidine.
• a second preferred amino acid is arginine.
• Carbohydrate excipients suitable for use in the invention include, for example, monosaccharides, such as fructose, maltose, galactose, glucose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, and the like;
• Antibody compositions can also include a buffer or a pH adjusting agent;
• the buffer is a salt prepared from an organic acid or base.
• Representative buffers include organic acid salts, such as salts of citric acid, ascorbic acid, gluconic acid, carbonic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, or phthalic acid; Tris, tromethamine hydrochloride, or phosphate buffers.
• Preferred buffers for use in the present compositions are organic acid salts, such as citrate.
• compositions of the invention can include polymeric
• the present invention also provides a method of treating a condition involving NKT cell effector function comprising administering the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof.
• NKT cell effector function is intended to encompass NKT cell functions which result from CD ld-restricted glycolipid activation of NKT cells.
• Such functions include, but are not necessarily limited to, any one or more of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), IFN- ⁇ , IL-4, IL-5 or IL- 13 release by NKT cells, up- regulation of NKT cell surface FasL expression, the release of a perforin, and the release of granzyme B by NKT cells.
• the route of administration may be selected from wide range of routes of administration including parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, bolus, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, respiratory, inhalation, topical, nasal, vaginal, rectal, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, subdermal, and transdermal. It is currently believed, however, that the most appropriate route will be parental or inhalation. Additional information regarding inhalation of proteins can be found in Borish LC, et al 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160(6), 1816-1823.
• the antibody or antibody binding portion thereof can be formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion or lyophilised powder in association, or separately provided, with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle examples include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and 1-10% human serum albumin. Liposomes and nonaqueous vehicles, such as fixed oils, may also be used.
• the vehicle or lyophilised powder may contain additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g., sodium chloride, mannitol) and chemical stability (e.g., buffers and preservatives).
• the formulation is sterilised by known or suitable techniques.
• nucleic acid variants that code for a specific antibody or antibody binding portion thereof of the present invention. See, e.g., Ausubel, et al., supra, and such nucleic acid variants are included in the present invention.
• nucleic acid molecules of the present invention which comprise a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antibody binding portion thereof can include, but are not limited to, those encoding the amino acid sequence of an antibody or antibody binding portion thereof, by itself; the coding sequence for the entire antibody or or antibody binding portion thereof; the coding sequence for an antibody or antibody binding portion thereof as well as additional sequences, such as the coding sequence of at least one signal leader or fusion peptide, with or without the aforementioned additional coding sequences, such as at least one intron, together with additional, non-coding sequences, including but not limited to, non-coding 5' and 3 ' sequences, such as the transcribed, non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing, including splicing and polyadenylation signals (for example - ribosome binding and stability of mRNA); an additional coding sequence that codes for additional amino acids, such as those that provide additional functionalities.
• the sequence encoding an antibody or antibody binding portion thereof can be fused to a marker sequence, such as a sequence encoding a peptide that facilitates purification of the fused antibody or antibody binding portion thereof.
• the present invention provides isolated nucleic acids that hybridise under selective hybridisation conditions to a polynucleotide encoding an antibody or antibody binding portion thereof of the present invention.
• the polynucleotides of this embodiment can be used for isolating, detecting, and/or quantifying nucleic acids comprising such polynucleotides.
• polynucleotides of the present invention can be used to identify, isolate, or amplify partial or full-length clones in a deposited library.
• the polynucleotides are genomic or cDNA sequences isolated, or otherwise complementary to, a cDNA from a human or mammalian nucleic acid library.
• the cDNA library comprises at least 80% full-length sequences, preferably at least 85% or 90% full-length sequences, and more preferably at least 95% full-length sequences.
• the cDNA libraries can be normalised to increase the representation of rare sequences.
• Low or moderate stringency hybridisation conditions are typically, but not exclusively, employed with sequences having a reduced sequence identity relative to complementary sequences.
• Moderate and high stringency conditions can optionally be employed for sequences of greater identity.
• Low stringency conditions allow selective hybridisation of sequences having about 70% sequence identity and can be employed to identify orthologous or paralogous sequences.
• polynucleotides of this invention will encode at least a portion of an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof encoded by the polynucleotides described herein.
• the polynucleotides of this invention embrace nucleic acid sequences that can be employed for selective hybridisation to a polynucleotide encoding an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present invention. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra;).
• the isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can be made using (a) recombinant methods, (b) synthetic techniques, and (c) purification techniques, or combinations thereof, as well-known in the art.
• the nucleic acids can conveniently comprise sequences in addition to a polynucleotide of the present invention.
• a multi-cloning site comprising one or more endonuclease restriction sites can be inserted into the nucleic acid to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide.
• translatable sequences can be inserted to aid in the isolation of the translated polynucleotide of the present invention.
• a hexa- histidine marker sequence provides a convenient means to purify the proteins of the present invention.
• the nucleic acid of the present invention is optionally a vector, adapter, or linker for cloning and/or expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention.
• Additional sequences can be added to such cloning and/or expression sequences to optimise their function in cloning and/or expression, to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide, or to improve the introduction of the polynucleotide into a cell.
• Use of cloning vectors, expression vectors, adapters, and linkers is well known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra)
• the degree of stringency can be controlled by one or more of temperature, ionic strength, pH and the presence of a partially denaturing solvent, such as formamide.
• the stringency of hybridisation is conveniently varied by changing the polarity of the reactant solution through, for example, manipulation of the concentration of formamide within the range of 0% to 50%.
• the degree of complementarity (sequence identity) required for detectable binding will vary in accordance with the stringency of the hybridisation medium and/or wash medium.
• the degree of complementarity will optimally be 100%, or 90- 100%, or any range or value therein. However, it should be understood that minor sequence variations in the probes and primers can be compensated for by reducing the stringency of the hybridisation and/or wash medium.
• RNA or DNA Methods of amplification of RNA or DNA are well known in the art and can be used according to the present invention without undue experimentation, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein.
• Known methods of DNA or RNA amplification include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and related amplification processes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202, 4,800,159, 4,965,188, to Mullis, et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,795,699 and 4,921 ,794 to Tabor, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,142,033 to Innis; U.S. Pat. No.
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• PCR technology can be used to amplify the sequences of polynucleotides of the present invention and related genes directly from genomic DNA or cDNA libraries.
• PCR and other in vitro amplification methods can also be useful, for example, to clone nucleic acid sequences that code for proteins to be expressed, to make nucleic acids to use as probes for detecting the presence of the desired mRNA in samples, for nucleic acid sequencing, or for other purposes. Examples of techniques sufficient to direct persons of skill through in vitro amplification methods are found in Ausubel, supra, as well as Mullis, et al., U.S. Pat. No.
• kits for genomic PCR amplification are known in the art. See, e.g., Advantage®-GC Genomic PCR Kit (Clontech).
• the T4 gene 32 protein (Boehringer Mannheim) can be used to improve yield of long PCR products.
• isolated nucleic acids that serve as promoter, enhancer, or other elements can be introduced in the appropriate position (upstream, downstream or in intron) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide of the present invention so as to up or down regulate expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention.
• endogenous promoters can be altered in vivo or in vitro by mutation, deletion and/or substitution.
• the present invention also relates to vectors that include isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, host cells that are genetically engineered with the recombinant vectors, and the production of at least one antibody or antigen binding portion thereof by recombinant techniques, as is well known in the art. See, e.g., Ausubel, et al., supra.
• the polynucleotides can optionally be joined to a vector containing a selectable marker for propagation in a host.
• a plasmid vector is introduced in a precipitate, such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid. If the vector is a virus, it can be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging cell line and then transduced into host cells.
• the DNA insert should be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter.
• the expression constructs will further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation.
• the coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs will preferably include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (e.g., UAA, UGA or UAG)
• mammalian cells useful for the production of the antibodies, specified portions or variants thereof, are mammalian cells. Mammalian cell systems often will be in the form of monolayers of cells although mammalian cell suspensions or bioreactors can also be used.
• Expression vectors for these cells can include one or more of the following expression control sequences, such as, but not limited to, an origin of replication; a promoter (e.g., late or early SV40 promoters, the CMV promoter; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,168,062; 5,385,839), an HSV tk promoter, a pgk (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter, an EF-1 alpha promoter (U.S. Pat. No.
• an origin of replication e.g., a promoter (e.g., late or early SV40 promoters, the CMV promoter; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,168,062; 5,385,839), an HSV tk promoter, a pgk (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter, an EF-1 alpha promoter (U.S. Pat. No.
• At least one human immunoglobulin promoter at least one human immunoglobulin promoter; an enhancer, and/or processing information sites, such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites (e.g., an SV40 large T Ag poly A addition site), and transcriptional terminator sequences.
• an enhancer, and/or processing information sites such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites (e.g., an SV40 large T Ag poly A addition site), and transcriptional terminator sequences.
• ribosome binding sites e.g., RNA splice sites
• polyadenylation sites e.g., an SV40 large T Ag poly A addition site
• transcriptional terminator sequences e.g., Ausubel et al., supra.
• Other cells useful for production of nucleic acids or proteins of the present invention are known and/or available, for instance, from the American Type Culture Collection Catalogue of Cell Lines
• gene sequences to control replication in the host cell can be incorporated into the vector, as known in the art.
• % identical means that in a comparison of two sequences over the specified region the two sequences have the specified number of identical residues in the same position.
• the level of identity may be determined using CLUSTALW with default parameters.
• sequences are "at least 95% identical" to the comparator sequence. In certain embodiments it is preferred that the sequence is at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% identical to the comparator sequence.
• hybridization and/or washing in 2 x SSC buffer, 0.1% (w/v) SDS at a temperature in the range 45°C to 65°C, or equivalent conditions.
• high stringency in relation to hybridization conditions as used herein means a hybridization and/or wash carried out in 0.1 x SSC buffer, 0.1% (w/v) SDS, or lower salt concentration, and at a temperature of at least 65°C, or equivalent conditions.
• Reference herein to a particular level of stringency encompasses equivalent conditions using wash hybridization solutions other than SSC known to those skilled in the art.
• Tm melting temperature
• a temperature that is similar to (e.g., within 5°C or within 10°C) or equal to the Tm of a nucleic acid is considered to be high stringency.
• Medium stringency is to be considered to be within 10°C to 20°C or 10°C to 15°C of the calculated Tm of the nucleic acid.
• Human CDld/ 2M was produced in the mammalian HE 293E/pTT5 expression system, using a DNA expression construct coding for the extracellular domain of CD Id with an C-terminally located HIS tag (SEQ ID NO: 19), co-transfected with a DNA expression construct coding for ⁇ 2 ⁇ (SEQ ID NO: 20). Culture supernatant containing the secreted CDld/ 2M protein was harvested by centrifugation at 2000 g for 10 mins to remove the cells. The CDld/ 2M protein complex was purified from the supernatant via the His8 affinity tag using a HisTrapTM HP column (GE Healthcare).
• the eluted protein was buffer-exchanged into PBS using a HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 prep grade column (GE Healthcare) and ⁇ 50 kDa fraction was separated by gel filtration on a HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 prep grade column (GE Healthcare). Human ⁇ 2 ⁇ alone was produced and purified in a similar manner. A similar method of purification was adopted for the purification of other species CD 1 d (e. g murine. CDld) and synthetic constructs of CD 1 d (such as hCDldmu and mCDldmu).
• CD 1 d e. g murine. CDld
• synthetic constructs of CD 1 d such as hCDldmu and mCDldmu.
• a PCR was set up that amplified a 1 kb DNA product. This DNA was ligated into pGEM-T Easy (Promega) and sequenced using Ml 3 forward and reverse primers. The sequence was aligned with that of rhesus CDld (UniProt Accession number: Q4AD67) and found to be identical. The gene sequence was then synthesized, a C-terminal HIS tag added, subcloned into the pTT5 vector and expressed using the HEK-293E/pTT5 system. The protein was purified using Ni chromatography via an introduced HIS tag.
• recombinant human CD 1 ⁇ 7 ⁇ 2 ⁇ was biotinlyated using an EZ-link Sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin kit (Pierce) at a 3:1 ratio of biotin: CDld ⁇ 2M. Free biotin was removed from the protein preparation by dialysis against PBS using a Slide-A-Lyzer dialysis cassette with a 3.5 kDa molecular weight cut-off.
• biotinylated recombinant cynomolgus CDld ⁇ 2M was also prepared as described above. Construction of vectors expressing antibodies
• VL amino acid chains were expressed with a human kappa or lambda light chain constant region (such as NCBI accession number AAI 10395 and C6KXN3) by subcloning the sequence into the multiple cloning site of the pTT5 light chain vector.
• a human kappa or lambda light chain constant region such as NCBI accession number AAI 10395 and C6KXN3
• FAbs that bind to both human and cynomolgus CD1 ⁇ 7 ⁇ 2 ⁇ were isolated from a naive phagemid library.
• Anti-CD ld/p2M FAbs were isolated from the phage display library over the course of two panning 'campaigns' (i.e. discrete phage display experiments with different reagents or panning conditions). The general protocol followed the method outlined by Marks et al. (Marks, J.D. & Bradbury, A., 2004, Methods Mol Biol, 248, 161-76).
• Each phage display campaign involved three rounds of panning. For each round, -1x10 phage particles were blocked by mixing 1 : 1 with blocking buffer (5% skim milk in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4) and incubating for 1 hr at room temperature. The blocked phage library was then pre-depleted forstreptavidin binders by incubation for 45 mins with 100 ⁇ of streptavidin-coupled Dynabeads (Invitrogen), which were blocked as described for the library. The beads (and streptavidin binders attached to them) were discarded after the incubation step.
• blocking buffer 5% skim milk in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4
• Recombinant CDld/p2M antigen was prepared for panning by capture onto the surface of streptavidin-coupled Dynabeads (Invitrogen). To achieve this, 10-100 pmols of biotinylated CDld/p2M was incubated with 100 ⁇ of beads for 45 mins at room temperature. The resulting CDld/p2M -bead complexes were washed with PBS to remove free CDld/p2M and then used in the subsequent panning reaction.
• the output phage were added to a 10 mL culture of exponentially growing TGI E. coli (yeast-tryptone (YT) growth media) and allowed to infect the cells by incubating for 30 mins at 37°C without shaking, then with shaking at 250 rpm for 30 mins.
• the phagemids encoding the phage display output were then rescued as phage particles following a standard protocol (Marks, J.D. & Bradbury, A., 2004, Methods Mol Biol, 248, 161-76).
• TGI cells were infected with output phage, but the cells were plated on solid YT growth media (supplemented with 2% glucose and 100 ⁇ g/mL carbenicillin) at a sufficient dilution to produce discrete E. coli colonies. These colonies were used to inoculate 1 mL liquid cultures to allow expression of FAb fragments for use in screening experiments.
• FAb samples were prepared by harvesting cells by centrifugation (2500 g, 10 mins) and performing a periplasmic extraction. The cell pellet was resuspended in 75 ⁇ -. of extraction buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 20% Sucrose) and shaken at 1000 rpm for 10 mins at 4°C. Extract preparation was completed by , adding 225 ih of H 2 0, shaking at 1000 rpm for 1 hr and clearing the extract by centrifugation at 2500 g for 10 mins. The supernatants were recovered, filtered through Acroprep 100 kDa molecular- weight cutoff plates (Pall Corporation) and stored at 4°C until required for further experiments.
• extraction buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 20% Sucrose
• human CDld/p2M produced in HE 293 E cells and biotinylated as described above was captured on streptavidin-coated ELISA plates (Pierce) at 1 ⁇ / ⁇ .. Plates were then washed and separate FAb samples (prepared as described above) were added to individual wells on the ELISA plates. FAbs were allowed to bind the captured CDld/p2M for two hours at room temperature and then washed three times with PBS-T and three times with PBS.
• Bound FAbs were detected using a HRP-conjugated antibody directed against the V5 affinity tag (Sigma) fused to the C-terminus of the FAb heavy chain.
• the detection antibody was incubated for 1.5 hrs at room temperature.
• the plates were washed to remove unbound antibody and the assay signal was developed by incubating with 50 3,3',5,5'- Tetramethylbenzidine ( PL) and quenched with 50 ]ih 1 M HC1.
• Assay signals were read at A450 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Tek). Results were expressed as the raw A450 nm value, where any signal 2-fold greater than the average assay background was defined as 'positive'.
• CDld/p2M by SPR assays. A total of 51 FAbs were found to have high selectivity for human and cynomolgus CD Id.
• Human-cynomolgus CDld reactive FAbs were converted to IgG4 format, expressed and purified as described in the General Methods.
• the purified antibodies were tested for binding to human and cynomolgus CDld by ELISA and SPR using modified versions of the assays described in Example 1. Briefly, for ELISA assays Maxisorp ELISA plates (Nunc) were coated with the appropriate antigen at 1 ⁇ g/mL. Plates were then washed and purified IgG samples were added to individual wells on the ELISA plates. IgGs were allowed to bind the captured CDld/p2M for one hour at room temperature and then washed three times with PBS-T and three times with PBS.
• Bound IgGs were detected using a HRP-conjugated antibody directed against human Fc (Sigma). The detection antibody was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. The plates were washed to remove unbound antibody and the assay signal was developed by incubating with 50 ⁇ , 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (K.PL) and quenched with 50 1 M HC1. Assay signals were read at A450 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Tek). Results were expressed as the raw A450 nm value, where any signal 2-fold greater than the average assay background was defined as 'positive'.
• the target, human or cynomolgus CDld/ 2M was passed over FCl and FC2 (or alternatively FC3 and FC4) at a flow rate of 60 ⁇ at concentrations ranging from 33.3 nM to 0.4 nM (using a threefold dilution of CDld/p2 ).
• the contact time for association was 120 sec and dissociation measured for 20 mins for the highest concentration and 240 sec for all other concentrations in the series.
• the sensorgram data from FC2 was subtracted from FCl and a buffer only control. The curves were fitted using a 1 :1 Langmuir equation to generate the ka, kd and KD values (Table 1).
• J.RT3-T3.5 (ATCC: TIB-153) was chosen for creation of a stable NKT cell receptor-expressing cell line.
• J.RT3-T3.5 is derived from the E6-1 clone of Jurkat (ATCC: TIB 152) that lacks the ⁇ chain of the T cell antigen receptor. The cells do not express either CD3 or the T cell receptor ⁇ heterodimer on the surface.
• J.RT3-T3.5 cells were co- electroporated with two vectors, one containing the a chain of the J3N.5 NKTCR (SEQ ID NO: 21) and the other the ⁇ chain of the J3N.5 NKTCR (SEQ ID NO: 22) (Brigl, M., et al., 2006 J Immunol 176: 3625-34.).
• This NKT cell receptor is reactive to the glycolipid antigen a-GalCer.
• These vectors encoding the d and ⁇ chains of the NKTCR also express resistance genes to geneticin and blasticidin respectively. Stable incorporation of these vectors was achieved by propagation of these cells in culture medium containing pre- determined concentrations of geneticin and blasticidin.
• transfected J.RT3-T3.5 cells were grown to log phase in RPMI 1640 (Gibco) under geneticin and blasticidin selection and limiting diluted at an average of one cell per well in 96-well flat-bottom plates (Corning).
• viable clones were subcloned into larger volumes in 24-well plates and screened by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Clones were screened for binding to CDld tetramer (Prolmmune), expression of Va24Jal8, the junctional region of the human iNKTCR, and expression of CD3, a co-receptor for the TCR.
• Clones with high expression of these markers were selected by high mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of each of the markers. Stability was confirmed by flow cytometry of the clones after multiple passages into T25 flasks and revival after banking down putative clones at - 180°C in a freezing medium (90% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum and 10% DMSO). Stable clones were identified and used in cell-based assays to characterize functional potency of the anti-CD 1 d antibodies.
• MFI mean fluorescence intensity
• CDld Tetramer Inhibition Potency Assay A cell-based assay to characterize potency of the anti-CDld antibodies used the clonal NKT cell line described above, in a flow cytometry-based CDld tetramer inhibition assay. This assay relied on the ability of the CDld-tetramer loaded with a-GalCer to bind the NKTCR stably transfected into the J.RT3-T3.5 cells. The potency of anti-CD 1 d antibodies was determined by the ability of the antibody to inhibit CDld tetramer binding to the NKTCR present on the stably transfected J.RT3-T3.5 line.
• the inhibitory antibodies bind to a specific epitope on the CDld molecule within the tetramer that prevents interaction of the CDld tetramer with the stably transfected NKTCR on the J.RT3-T3.5 cells.
• the readout of the assay was a reduction in the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the fluorochrome-conjugated CDld tetramer. Approximate EC50 values were generated by titration of the anti-CD 1 d antibody whilst keeping the CD 1 d tetramer concentration constant. To ensure the reproducibility and reliability of the assay, optimization experiments at different CDld tetramer concentrations were conducted to determine the best dynamic range. The optimal concentration of the CDld tetramer was determined to be at a 1 : 1000 dilution, corresponding to approximately 10 nM.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 401.1, 401.9, 401.11, 401.12, 401.14, 401.28, 401.30, 402.1 , 402.6, 402.7, 402.8, 402.16, 402.17 and 402.18 were tested in this assay.
• An irrelevant specificity negative control antibody human IgGl
• the anti-CDld antibodies 42 (BD Biosciences) and 51.1 (eBioscience) were chosen as positive controls. Of these antibodies, only 401.11 , 401.28, 402.1, 402.6, 402.7, 402.8, 402.16 and 402.18 demonstrated potency in this assay similar or superior to antibody 42 (Table 2).
• Anti-CDld antibodies were further characterized using a cell-line based functional potency assay.
• the U-937 cell line (ATCC: CRL 1593.2) is a myelomonocytic line that is CD ld-positive.
• U-937 cells loaded with aGalCer are able to induce the production of IL-2 by the stable NKTCR cell line described in Example 3.
• Inhibitory anti- CD Id antibodies reduce the release of IL-2 by the NKTCR cell line in response to these ocGalCer-loaded U-937 cells.
• IL-2 levels were measured by standard ELISA technologies (R&D Systems).
• Anti-CDld antibodies 401.1, 401.9, 401.11, 401.12, 401.14, 401.28, 402.1, 402.6, 402.7, 402.8, 402.16 and 402.18 were tested in this assay.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1 were chosen as positive controls.
• An irrelevant specificity negative control antibody (human IgGl) was chosen as a negative control.
• 401.11, 402.1, 402.6, 402.7, 402.8 and 402.16 demonstrated equivalent or stronger inhibition of IL-2 release compared with antibody 42, as determined by EC50 values (Table 3 and representative data in Figure 2).
• 401.1 1 and 402.8 demonstrated superior inhibition of IL-2 release compared with the antibody 51.1 ( Figure 2).
• the negative control antibody demonstrated negligible inhibition of IL-2 release.
• 401.11 was approximately 20-fold more potent than antibody 42 and approximately 15- fold more potent than 51.1.
• 402.8 was approximately 25-fold more potent than antibody 42 and approximately 17- fold more potent than 51.1 ( Figure 2).
• Table 3 EC50 values - NKT Cell Line IL-2 Assay
• Anti-CDld antibodies were characterized for the ability to bind to CD Id as displayed on primary human somatic cells.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 402.8, 401.1 1.158 and an irrelevant specificity negative control antibody were adjusted to a concentration of 2 mg/mL and conjugated to the fluorochrome Pacific Blue according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen).
• PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• Anti-CDld antibody 402.8 bound to a distinct CDld-positive population that was CDl lc-positive ( Figure 3). In contrast, the negative control antibody demonstrated negligible binding ( Figure 3). Anti- CDld antibody 401.1 1.158 (10 ⁇ g/mL) also bound this CDld-positive population (not shown). These data clearly indicate that anti-CDld antibodies derived from 402.8 and 401.1 1 , bound to a CD 1 d+ population in primary human cells.
• Example 6 - Testing the Efficacy of Anti-CDld antibodies in Primary NKT Cell- Based Assays
• Human NKT cells are capable of eliciting rapid effector function in response to lipid or glycolipid antigens presented in the context of CD Id. This rapid effector function can be demonstrated by release of cytokines such as IFN- ⁇ , IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
• Inhibitory anti-CDld antibodies can inhibit the function of these NKT cells by binding to CD Id present on cells and preventing the interaction between the NKT cells and their cognate complex of CDld and glycolipid.
• Suitable antigen presenting cells may include immortalized myeloid cell lines or primary human dendritic cells. Given the rarity of NKT cells within the peripheral blood of human donors, successful assays require isolation and expansion of such primary NKT cells in the first instance.
• PBMCs were isolated from buffy coats over a lymphoprep (Nycomed) gradient. NKT cells were then enriched by standard magnetic-associated cell sorting (MACS) methods (Exley et al., 2010 Curr Protoc Immunol, Chapter 14, Unit 14:11). Briefly, NKT cells were incubated with MACS microbeads against the Va24-Jal8 iNKT marker
• Cells from the negative fraction may contain CDld-positive cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells, and can be used as feeders to stimulate the enriched NKT cells.
• the feeder cells are first treated with mitomycin C, an inhibitor of mitosis, for 30 min at 37° C.
• tissue culture medium washed several times with tissue culture medium, and then loaded with a-GalCer at a final concentration of 100 ng/mL and co-cultured at a 1 :1 ratio with 1 x 10 4 NKT cells per well in 96-well round bottom plates.
• IL-2 was added to the medium at a final concentration of 10 ng/mL. The cells were left to culture for approximately 14 days.
• the purity of the NKT cell population was determined by multiparameter flow cytometry, using fluorochome-conjugated CD Id tetramers (Prolmmune), fluorochrome-conjugated anti-Va24Jocl8 (Miltenyi Biotec) and fluorochrome-conjugated anti-CD3 (BD Biosciences).
• the purity of suitable NKT populations for use in cell-based assays was routinely more than 70% NKT cells by flow cytometry analysis.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 401.1, 401.9, 401.1 1, 401.12, 401.14, and 402.8 were tested in this assay.
• An irrelevant specificity negative control antibody human IgGl
• Antibodies 42 and 51.1 were used as positive controls.
• Antibody 42 showed inhibition of cytokine release by NKT cells at high doses (10 ⁇ g/mL) but this effect was not sustained at lower concentrations (Figure 4). Antibody 42 is considered to be a strong neutralizer of NKT cell activity in vitro and is widely published as such (Exley, M. et al., 1997, J. Exp. Med. 186:109-120; WO 03/092615). Compared with antibody 42, antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 demonstrated up to 1 14-fold and up to 180-fold improved potency respectively. [0226] To establish the inhibitory potency of antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 against CDld present on non-immortalized human cells, a functional assay was developed using primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
• the dynamic range of the assay may be increased by expanding the proportion of cells that express the CDld antigen, thereby increasing the level of antigen presentation to CDld-responsive NKT cells.
• Monocytes were isolated from PBMC by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) isolation of CD 14+ cells and culture of these cells in GM-CSF and IL-4 according to standard protocols.
• Dendritic cells were cultured in 96-weU flat bottom plates at 2xl0 4 cells per well and loaded with aGalCer at 100 ng/mL for 1 hr, Inhibitory antibodies were added to the cultures for 1 hr, prior to addition of expanded NKT cells in a 1 :1 ratio with the dendritic cells.
• Anti- CDld antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 were tested in this assay; an irrelevant specificity human IgGl was used as a negative control and antibodies 42 (BD Biosciences) and 51.1 (eBioscience) used as positive controls. Only antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 demonstrated strong inhibition of glycolipid-antigen induced cytokine release by primary human NKT cells in this primary cell-based assay ( Figure 5 and Table 5). In comparison, the negative control antibody demonstrated negligible inhibition.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1 showed some inhibition of cytokine release by NKT cells at high doses (10 g/mL) but this effect was not sustained at lower doses.
• antibodies 401.1 1 and 402.8 demonstrated up to 200-fold and up to 50-fold improved potency respectively ( Figure 5 and Table 5; see IFN- ⁇ assay EC50 values).
• antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 demonstrated significantly improved potency. This result therefore demonstrates that the anti-CD Id antibodies show potent neutralizing activity in the context of human somatic cells that naturally express the CDld antigen. [0227])
• fully human anti-CD Id antibodies 402.8 and 401.11 were identified and demonstrated highly potent inhibition of NKT cell activity. These antibodies exhibited 100-fold improved potency when compared with the anti-CD 1 d antibodies 42 and 51.1.
• Table 4 EC50 values - Primary NKT Cell Line Assays using THP-1 cell line
• DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ / ⁇ ,.
• the phage display campaign generated anti-CDld antibodies 401.1 1 and 402.8 that showed superior biological potency compared with prior art anti-CDld antibodies. It was hypothesized that this significantly improved potency was due to recognition of a highly neutralizing epitope that, once bound by the anti-CDld antibody, prevented the interaction between the CDld molecule and its cognate receptor, for example the NKT cell receptor present on NKT cells. Blockade of this interaction with CDld was therefore necessary and sufficient to inhibit downstream biological effects such as activation of NKT cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To investigate whether the highly potent anti-CDld antibodies generated had a different epitope specificity compared with neutralizing anti-CDld antibodies, a competition binding ELISA was developed. Assay methodology
• Anti-CDld antibody 402.8 was biotinylated using an EZ-link Sulfo-NHS-LC- biotin kit (Pierce) at a 3:1 ratio of biotin: 402.8. Free biotin was removed from the protein preparation by multiple washes with PBS and concentration by centrifugation (3000 rpm) through a centrifugal filter unit with a 30 kDa cutoff (Millipore). Maxisorp ELISA plates (Nunc) were coated with 0.5 ⁇ g/mL human CD Id and allowed to incubate overnight at 4°C.
• Streptavidin horseradish peroxidase conjugate (BD Biosciences) was added to the plates for 1 hour at room temperature in the dark. The plates were washed to remove unbound streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase.
• the assay signal was developed by incubating with 50 ⁇ , 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine ( PL) and quenched with 50 ⁇ 1 M HC1. Assay signals were read at A450 nm using a microplate reader (FluoStar Galaxy). Results were expressed as the raw A450 nm value and converted to degree of competition (percentage) values by subtracting the readings corresponding with zero percent inhibition from raw data.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 were tested for binding to cynomolgus CDld by ELISA using modified versions of the assays described in Example 1. Maxisorp ELISA plates (Nunc) were coated with 1 ⁇ g/mL human or cynomolgus CDld and allowed to incubate overnight at 4°C. Plates were then washed three times in PBS containing 0.1% Tween20, before the plate was blocked in 1% BSA for 1 hr at room temperature. Plates were then washed three times in PBS containing 0.1% Tween20. Anti-CDld antibodies were then added at decreasing concentrations from 10 ⁇ g/mL.
• Example 10 Cell-based functional inhibition of cynomolgus CDld-mediated primary NKT function
• cynomolgus PBMC were loaded on day 0 with ccGalCer (100 ng/mL) and with or without anti-CD Id antibodies.
• the cultures were prepared in 24-well plates in a humidified incubator at 37°C, 5% C0 2 .
• IL-2 (10 U/mL) was added on day 7 and the cultures left to incubate at 37°C, 5% C0 2 for a further 96 hours.
• the final readout was enumeration of NKT cells using anti-CD3 and anti-T cell receptor Va24 antibodies (BD Biosciences).
• NKT cells expanded in the presence of aGalCer by approximately 10-fold.
• Anti-CDld antibodies 401.11 and 402.8 potently blocked the aGalCer-mediated expansion of CD ld-restricted cynomolgus NKT cells compared with treatment of cultures with no antibody or human IgG negative control antibody ( Figure 9).
• Example 11 Optimized variants of 401.11 and 402.8
• the 401.1 1 and 402.8 antibodies can be further optimized through alterations to the antibody's sequence with the aim of yielding a positive effect on the antibody's biophysical properties whilst having negligible or positive impact on their potency.
• alterations that enhance the expression level of the antibody with concomitantly increased production levels may be desirable.
• removal of potentially undesirable sequence features, such as solvent-exposed cysteine residues or N-linked glycosylation sites through amino acid substitution may reduce potential product heterogeneity, which may further enhance these antibodies.
• substitution of amino acid residues with the potential to impact the stability of the antibody through oxidation or isomerization during purification or storage may be replaced with amino acids that do not undergo such transitions (Wang et al.
• variable heavy and light chain sequences of 401.11 were compared to corresponding human germline sequences via MegAlign (DNAstar).
• the most homologous germline heavy chain variable region - IGHV3-9*01 - differed from 401.1 1 by seven framework amino acids.
• IGKV1 -12*01 shared the highest sequence homology with the 401.11 light chain, differing by two framework amino acids ( Figure 12). This information was used to generate a panel of 401.11 variants containing framework residues substituted with the corresponding germline framework residue ( Figure 12).
• Antibodies 401.1 1 and 401.11.15 through 401.11.28 were produced by co-transfections of the heavy- and light chains into HE -293E cells. SPR (Biacore) was used to measure the relative expression level of each antibody and its corresponding binding to human CD Id as measured by the equilibrium dissociation constant ( D). The resulting data is presented in Table 6. Table 6
• Antibodies 401.11 , 401.11.24, 401.11.26 and 401.11.28 were generated and tested for functional inhibition of CDld mediated NKT cell cytokine release using a cell-based potency assay (Table 6).
• Antibodies 401.11.24, 401.11.26 and 401.11.28 showed similar or improved potency compared to 401.11 when either THP- 1 cells or primary CD 14+ dendritic cells were used as CD ld-positive antigen presenting cells (APCs).
• Positions 97 through ( 100B) of CDR3 of 401.1 1 heavy chain consists of the sequence CSSSGC.
• each cysteine was substituted with one of nine amino acids representing the different classes of side chains of amino acids (Rajpal et al PNAS 2005 102: 8466-8471).
• no antibody expression was detectable for any of these variants, resulting in no detectable binding to CDld as measured by SPR.
• Residue numbering according to Kabat . ⁇ 0.1E-10* indicates the KD of the construct was below the limit of detection.
• THP-1 THP-1 cells used as antigen presenting cells
• moDC primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells used as antigen presenting cells. Data are representative of 5 independent experiments.
• 401.11.86 which differed from 401.1 1 by a Serine to Glycine substitution at position 100, was more potent compared to 401.11. Antibodies were then generated that contained substitutions identified from the most potent antibodies described above ( Figure 13).
• Amino acid analysis of the variable heavy chain sequence of 401.11 identified several amino acids that may potentially undergo oxidation or isomerization. Particular emphasis was placed on amino acids present in the CDR sequences of the antibody as any changes to these amino acids may, over time, impact the binding profile of the antibody.
• M96 was identified as a potential oxidation site
• D(100D) was identified as a potential isomerization site.
• Semi conservative or conservative amino acid substitutions were used in attempts to remove these potentially problematic amino acid residues (Figure 13). The influence of these substitutions on the binding affinity of the resulting antibodies is shown iri Table 11.
• Negative Control An IgGl of irrelevant specificity; moDC - primary monocyte- derived dendritic cells used as antigen presenting cells; DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ g/mL.
• Inhibit where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ g/mL.
• Isotype Control An irrelevant specificity IgG4; DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ / ⁇ , THP- 1 - THP-1 cells used as antigen presenting cells; moDC - primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells used as antigen presenting cells.
• Isotype Control An irrelevant specificity IgG4; DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ g/mL; THP- 1 - THP-1 cells used as antigen presenting cells; moDC - primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells used as antigen presenting cells.
• Isotype Control An irrelevant specificity IgG4; DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ ; THP- 1 - THP-1 cells used as antigen presenting cells; moDC - primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells used as antigen presenting cells.
• anti-CD Id antibodies 42 and 51.1 showed minimal inhibition such that a true EC50 value could not be calculated.
• antibodies derived from 401.11 titrated from 1 ⁇ g/mL showed significantly improved potency compared with anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1. These antibodies showed inhibitory activity at the highest concentration of l( ⁇ g/mL, but failed to show inhibition at lower antibody concentrations ( Figure 14 and Table 13); see IFN- ⁇ EC50 values).
• Amino acid analysis of the variable heavy and light chain sequence of 402.8 identified several amino acids that could potentially undergo oxidation, isomerization or deamindation present in the heavy chain (Wang et al. 2007 Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 96: 1 -26). These include a potential deamidation site at N( 100B), a potential isomerization site at D101 and potential oxidation sites at W(100A) and M(100E) in the heavy chain. A potential N-linked glycosylation site was identified at N52 in the heavy chain. To remove the potential deamidation, oxidation and isomerization sites the amino acid substitutions were made: W(100A)Y, N(100B)K, M(100E)L, D(101)E.
• N54A disrupts the N- linked glycoyslation motif NX(S/T), where X is any amino acid except proline.
• Antibodies were made with combinations of these amino acid substitutions in the variable heavy chain as shown in Figure 15.
• Each antibody heavy chain was co-transfected with the 402.8 light chain (SEQ ID No: 4) into HEK-293E cells, purified by Protein A chromatography and the affinity of each antibody measured using SPR (Table 17). These antibodies were then tested in a cell-based potency assay using primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and autologous aGalCer-expanded NKT cells (Tables 18 and 19). 1 Table 17
• Negative Control An irrelevant specificity IgG 1 ; DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ ; moDC - primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells used as antigen presenting cells.
• Negative Control An irrelevant specificity IgG 1 ; DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human NKT cells at 1 ⁇ g/mL; moDC - primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells used as antigen presenting cells.
• optimised anti-CDld antibodies based on parental antibody 402.8 showed significant improvements in potent neutralizing activity compared with anti-CDld antibodies 42 and 51.1 and similar neutralizing activity compared with 402.8 in the context of primary human cells that naturally express the CD Id antigen.
• Example 12 Testing the Efficacy of Anti-CDld antibodies in Primary NKT Cell- Based Assays using an Alternative Antigen to a-Galactosylceramide
• the cell-based potency assays described in Example 6 employed aGalCer as the glycolipid antigen. Demonstrating that the anti-CDld antibodies possess inhibitory activity in the context of an alternative glycolipid antigen to aGalCer supports the concept that such highly potent neutralizing anti-CDld antibodies bind CD Id at a location away from the regions where lipid and/or glycolipids may be presented.
• the CD ld-restricted lipid and glycolipid antigens found in nature may differ from aGalCer in terms of chemical structure, and consequently it may be useful to demonstrate that the anti-CDld antibodies described in the present invention retain inhibitory activity in the context of a glycolipid antigen with a different chemical structure. In addition, it would be useful to characterize the inhibitory activity of potential self antigens, i.e. those found in a mammalian context.
• C24 1 N-acyl variant of an endogenous lipid, ⁇ -D-glucopyranosylceramide (hereafter known as C24: 1 ⁇ -GluCer) was described to have activity for human NKT cells.
• a cell-based potency assay was developed to characterize the inhibitory activity of proprietary anti-CDld antibodies in the context of this alternative antigen to aGalCer (Brennan, P. J., et al., 2011 Nat Immunol 12: 1202-121 1 ).
• the C24 1 N-acyl variant of ⁇ -D-glucopyrahosylceramide (Avanti; D-glucosyl-B- 1 , ⁇ N-( 15Z-tetracosenoyl)-D-erythro-sphingosine N-( 15Z-tetracosenoy 1)- 1 - ⁇ -glucosyl- sphing-4-ene) was solubilized in DMSO at 5mg/mL at 37°C for 2 hours before storing in small aliquots.
• 1 pGluCer NKT cells were expanded with aGalCer as described in Example 6.
• NKT cells Despite being stimulated in the presence of aGalCer, these NKT cells retained functional activity to C24:l PGluCer, indicating that the TCR specificity of the NKT cell lines generated was also permissive to C24: 1 ⁇ -GluCer recognition in the context of human CDld. NKT cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry and only used in cell-based potency assays if the purity of the NKT cells exceeded 70%.
• Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were generated as described in Example 6. These cells were cultured in 96-well flat bottom plates at 2xl0 4 cells per well and loaded with C24: 1 pGluCer at 10 ⁇ g/mL for 24 hours. Inhibitory anti-CDl d antibodies
• 401.11.158, 401.11 and 402.8 were prepared in decreasing concentration from 1 g mL and 42, 51.1 and negative control antibodies were prepared in decreasing concentration from 10 ⁇ g/mL and then added to the C24: l pGluCer-loaded dendritic cell cultures for 1 hr. Thereafter, NKT cells were added in a 1 : 1 ratio with the dendritic cells. Twenty-four hours later, cell-free supernatants were assayed for IFN- ⁇ , lL-4, IL-5 IL-13 and TNF release. As an example, 401.11, 401.1 1.158 and 402.8 were tested in this assay.
• An irrelevant specificity negative control antibody was used a negative control and anti-CDld antibodies 42 (BD Biosciences) and 51.1 (eBioscience) used as positive controls.
• the 42 and 51.1 antibodies and .antibodies 401.11, 401.11.158 and 402.8 demonstrated inhibition of C24: 1 pGluCer-induced cytokine release by primary human NKT cells in this primary cell-based assay (IFN- ⁇ and IL-4 curves are shown in Figure 17).
• the negative control antibody demonstrated negligible inhibition of cytokine release by NKT cells.
• the antibodies 42 and 51.1 showed some inhibition of cytokine release by NKT cells at high doses (10 ⁇ g/mL) but this effect was not sustained at lower doses.
• antibodies 401.11.158, 401.11, and 402.8 demonstrated up to 216-fold, up to 58-fold and up to 139-fold improved potency respectively ( Figure 17 and Table 20).
• antibodies 401.11.158, 401.1 1, and 402.8 demonstrated up to 175-fold, up to 47-fold and up to 1 12-fold improved potency respectively (Figure 17 and Table 20; see IFN- ⁇ assay EC50 values).
• Table 20 see IFN- ⁇ assay EC50 values.
• Negative Control An antibody of an IgG4 isotype directed to a target other than CDld; DNI - Did Not Inhibit, where the inhibitory activity of the antibody was typically less than 50% of the maximal response by human N T cells at 1 ⁇ &/ ⁇ 1.
• Example 13 Antibodies derived from 402.8 and 401.11 share a common epitope on CDld, which is not shared by anti-CDld antibodies
• Anti-CD 1 d antibody 402.8 was biotinylated using an EZ-link Sulfo-NHS-LC- biotin kit (Pierce) at a 3: 1 ratio of biotin: 402.8. Free biotin was removed from the protein preparation by multiple washes with PBS and concentration by centrifugation (3000 rpm) through a centrifugal filter unit with a 30 kDa cutoff (Millipore). Maxisorp ELISA plates (Nunc) were coated with 1.0 ⁇ g/mL human CDld and incubated overnight at 4°C.
• Biotinylated 402.8 was then co- equilibrated for 5 minutes in a 1 :1 ratio with non-biotinylated anti-CDld antibodies. These antibodies were added to the plates for 1 hour at room temperature in two-fold decreasing concentrations from 40 ⁇ g/mL (i.e. a maximum of 200-fold excess compared with 0.2 ⁇ g/mL biotinylated 402.8), with a blank well at the final dilution (i.e. containing only biotinylated 402.8 antibody).
• biotinylated antibody 402.8 was competed with 401.11, and anti-CD Id antibodies 42 and 51.1 for binding to human CDld.
• 402.8 and 401.11 competed for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance values at 450nm ( Figure 18 A) and degree of competition with 402.8 ( Figure 18B), and consequently it was apparent that these antibodies shared an overlapping or common epitope on hCDld.
• 402.8 did not share an overlapping or common epitope with either 42 or 51.1.
• this assay demonstrated that the highly potent anti-CDld antibodies 402.8 and 401.11 bind to a similar high affinity neutralizing epitope on CDld that is not shared by antibodies 42 and 51.1.
• biotinylated antibody 402.8 was competed with the following antibodies (described in Example 11) for binding to recombinant human CDld: 401.11.24, 401.11.26, 401.1 1.28, 401.11.86, 401.11.151, 401.11.152, 401.1 1.154, 401.1 ⁇ .155, 401.11.156, 401.11.157, 401.11.158, 401.1 1.159, 401.11.160, 401.11.161, 401.11.165, 401.11.166, 401.11.167* 401.11.179, 401.11.180, 401.11.181, 402.8.45, 402.8.53, 402.8.60, 402.8.84, 402.8.86 and 402.8.87.
• Antibodies derived from 402.8 or 401.11 competed with other anti-CDld antibodies, a total of 23 commercially-sourced anti-CDld antibodies were tested. These antibodies included anti-human CDld monoclonal antibodies, anti-mouse CDld monoclonal antibodies, and polyclonal anti-human CDld antibodies. The details of these antibodies are described in Table 21. Rat anti-mouse antibody hybridomas HB-321 , HB-322, HB-323, HB-326 and HB-327 were sourced from American Type Culture Collection and passaged according to the supplier's instructions. Antibodies derived from these cell lines were purified by Protein G affinity chromatography and verified for binding to mouse CDld (not shown).
• anti-mouse CDld antibodies HB-321 , HB-322 and HB-323 did not compete with 402.8 for binding to human CDld, as demonstrated by absorbance readings at 450nm ( Figure 22A) and converted degree of competition values ( Figure 22B).
• the polyclonal anti-human CDld antibodies C- 19, H70 and Ab96515 did not compete with 402.8 for binding to human CDld, as shown by absorbance readings at 450nm ( Figure 23A) and converted degree of competition values ( Figure 23B). It is notable that none of the polyclonal anti-CDld antibodies tested competed with 402.8 for binding to human CD Id.
• Anti-CDl d antibody 401.11.158 was biotinylated using an EZ-link Sulfo-NHS- LC-biotin kit (Pierce) at a 3:1 ratio of biotin: 401.11.158. Free biotin was removed from the protein preparation by multiple washes with PBS and concentration by centrifugation (3000 rpm) through a centrifugal filter unit with a 30 kDa cutoff (Millipore).
• Anti-CDld antibody Maxisorp ELISA plates (Nunc) were coated with 1.0 ⁇ g/mL human CD Id and allowed to incubate overnight at 4°C.
• Biotinylated 401.1 1.158 was then co-equilibrated for 5 minutes in a 1 :1 ratio with non-biotinylated anti-CD 1 d antibodies (401.11.158, 402.8, 401.11 , 42 and 51.1 ). These antibodies were added to the plates for 1 hour at room temperature in decreasing concentrations from 40 ⁇ g/mL (i.e. a maximum of 200-fold excess compared with 0.2 ⁇ g/mL biotinylated 401.11.158). Plates were then washed three times in PBS containing 0.1 % Tween20.
• Streptavidin horseradish peroxidase conjugate (BD Biosciences) was added to the plates for 1 hour at room temperature in the dark. The plates were washed to remove unbound streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase.
• the assay signal was developed by incubating with 50 ⁇ , 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (KPL) and quenched with 50 ⁇ 1 M HC1. Assay signals were read at A450 nm using a microplate reader (FluoStar Galaxy). Results were expressed as the raw A450 nm value and converted to degree of competition (percentage) values by subtracting the readings corresponding with zero percent inhibition from raw data.
• FAbs of anti-CDld antibodies 402.8 and 401.11.165 were prepared by Papain digest using the FAb Preparation Kit (Pierce) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• the intact FAb was removed from Fc (Fragment crystallisable) containing protein by running the sample over a Protein A column equilibrated with Phosphate buffered saline (1 X PBS) pH 7.0 and collecting the flow-through.
• the FAbs were then analysed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a TSK gel G3000SWxl column (TOSOH) at 0.5 ml/min with IX PBS as a running buffer. The results indicated that the FAbs were >95% pure.
• the plate was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature and then the well were washed as described previous.
• 100 ⁇ , per well of secondary antibody Goat Anti-human Kappa F+B HRPO Conjugate, Invitrogen
• 50 ⁇ L of TMB was added and the plate was incubated until colour development.
• the reaction was stopped by adding 50 ⁇ , of 1M HC1 to each well.
• the absorbance was read at 450 ran (referenced at 620 nm).
• Human CD 1 d was diluted in 1 X PBS (pH 7) to a concentration of 12.8 ⁇ . It was then mixed with a FAb fragment of 402.8 or 401.1 1.165 at a concentration of 14.1 ⁇ . 14 ⁇ , of this solution was mixed with 26 ⁇ _, of 50 mM Phosphate pH 7 in D20
• CD Id wild-type
• related constructs such as muteins or CD Id with amino acid substitutions
• NUNC 96-well Maxisorp ELISA Plates
• Antibody in antibody diluent (PBS + 1% BSA + 0.05% Tween-20) was added to the wells in a half log titration starting from 10 ⁇ g/ml, and no antibody (0 ⁇ g/mL) was included as a negative control. The plate was then incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The plate was then washed as described above. Secondary antibodies (HRP-goat anti human IgG (H+L), Invitrogen) was added at 1 :2000 dilution in antibody diluent and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing the plate, 50 ⁇ of TMB (Sigma) was added to each well. 50 ⁇ , of 1M HC1 was added after colour development to stop the reaction. The absorbance of each well of the plate was read at 450 nm (referenced at 620nm). Results:
• Start End 30 100 300 1,000 Avg Start End 30 100 300 1,000 Avg
• CD Id sequences that had the greatest protected regions upon complexing with 402.8 were:
• Start End 30 100 300 1,000 Avg Start End 30 100 300 1,000 Avg
• Start End 30 100 300 1,000 Avg Start End 30 100 300 1,000 Avg
• both 401.1 1.165 and 402.8 when bound to human CD Id, protect similar regions of the molecule. These regions, collectively known as the epitope, include the region of CD Id around the sequence
• hCD 1 dmu (SEQ ID NO : 1 19) - Human CD 1 d in which amino acids located between positions 87 to 93 (LRLSYPL)and 141 to 143 (NLA) have been replaced with murine CD Id sequences (MSPKEDYPI and DLP respectively) with positions numbered according to human CDld (SEQ ID NO: 116).
• mCDldhu (SEQ ID NO: l 18) - Murine CDld in which the amino acids located between positions 85 to 93 (MSPKEDYPI) and 141 to 143 (DLP) have been replaced with human CDld sequence (LRLSYPL and NLA respectively) with positions numbered according to murine CDld (SEQ ID NO:117).
• An antibody that binds to this location on CDld would be capable of competing and inhibiting CDld-NKT cell receptor ⁇ -chain interaction. Such inhibition would prevent formation of the CDld and the NKT cell receptor complex and thus prevent downstream activation of the NKT cell.
• This model is characterised by many features of chronic human asthma, including mucous cell hyperplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, basement cell membrane thickening, and persistent baseline hyperreactivity to methacholine.
• Antibody treatment is given prior to challenge with A. suum extract and effect of treatment on airway resistance and compliance, PC50, PC02 and 02 levels, serum IgE and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) measurements, such as IL-4, IL-5 & IL-13 concentrations and relative frequencies of leukocyte subsets such as neutrophils, eosinosphils, mast cells basophils and lymphocytes, can be assessed.
• A. suum extract and effect of treatment on airway resistance and compliance PC50, PC02 and 02 levels
• serum IgE and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) measurements such as IL-4, IL-5 & IL-13 concentrations and relative frequencies of leukocyte subsets such as neutrophils, eosinosphils, mast cells bas
• airway hyper-reactivity can be induced in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto) by sequential challenges with house dust mite antigen (from Dermatophagoides farninae). (Seshasayee, D., et al., 2007 J Clin Invest 1 17, 3868-78).
• Asthma exacerbations characterised by cough, rapid shallow breathing and increased airway resistance, are induced by challenge with house dust mite extract. Symptoms can be reversed by pharmacological intervention, such as albuterol aerosol treatment.
• Pulmonary function e.g. airways resistance and dynamic compliance in response to methacholine challenge, can be measured.
• Antibody treatment is given prior to re-challenge with house dust mite antigen and pulmonary function as determined by methocholine challenge is assessed.
• the efficacy and safety of anti-CD 1 d antibodies may be tested using a disclosed cynomolgus macaque model of airway hyper-reactivity (Matangkasombut, P., et al., 2008 J Allergy Clin Immunol, 121, 1287-9).
• cynomolgus macaques that have been sensitized to Ascaris suum are dosed with the specific N T cell agonist a- galactosylceramide, (a-GalCer), via pulmonary nebuliser.
• the a-GalCer treatment induces airway hyper-reactivity, as determined by methacholine challenge as described above.
• Antibody treatment is given prior to re-challenge with a-GalCer and pulmonary function assessed by methacholine challenge.
• BAL bronchoalveolar lavage
• inflammation e.g. the concentrations of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in the BAL may be evaluated.
• the cellular infiltrate in the BAL is examined by standard clinical pathology techniques, such as cellular analysis using an automated haematology analyser (for example, Advia systems) to determine the relative frequencies of major leukocyte - subsets, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells and basophils.
• haematology analyser for example, Advia systems
• oxazolone-induced colitis may be mediated by NKT cells, particularly via NKT-cell driven secretion of IL-13, and thus disease may be ameliorated by treatment with an anti-CDld antibody (Heller, F., et al. 2002 Immunity 17, 629-638).
• antibody treatment is commenced at the start of colitis induction and effects on weight, stool consistency, occult blood and colon architecture are assessed.
• anti-CDld antibodies are tested in a model of murine colitis induced by adoptive transfer of activated (CD4+CD45RBhigh) T cells (Ostanin, D.V., et al (2009) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296:G135-G146).
• activated CD4+CD45RBhigh
• CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells are transferred into immunodeficient mice, resulting in weight loss and diarrhoea, generalised colonic infiltration and inflammation, loss of goblet cells and hyperplasia of colonic epithelium.
• Antibodies are tested for their ability to reduce weight loss and diarrhoea and to ameliorate colon inflammation and histological changes.
• anti-CD 1 d antibodies are tested in a murine model of colitis induced by administration of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in drinking water (Wirtz et al., Nat Protoc 2: 541-546, 2007). DSS administration induces robust generalized inflammation of the intestinal tract characterized by erosive lesions and inflammatory infiltrate.
• DSS dextran sulphate sodium
• DSS- induced colitis models may be either acute, involving administration of DSS for 7 days, or chronic, involving administration of DSS for longer periods of time.
• Antibodies are tested either prophylactically or therapeutically.
• antibody treatment is commenced at the start of administration of DSS.
• antibody treatment is commenced several days after commencement of induction. The effect of the treatment on weight and stool consistency, as well as microscopic effects on epithelial integrity and degree of inflammatory infiltrate is determined.
• Anti-CD Id antibodies are additionally tested in rodent models of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), described for example in Takahashi et al (2012) World Journal of Gastroenterology 18(19): 2300-2308.
• NASH Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
• STZ streptozotocin
• a high fat diet in C57BL/6 or ob/ob mice can lead to induction and maintenance of NASH.
• NASH may be generated in rats by a high fat diet plus recurrent and intermittent hypoxemic stress.
• the efficacy of the anti- CD Id antibodies in treated rodents is determined by the effects on total liver weight, serum aminotransferase levels, serum triglyceride levels, blood glucose levels, improvements in liver histopathology and alterations to gene expression patterns.
• Anti-CD Id antibodies are additionally tested in animal models of autoimmune liver disease. For example, in mice, hepatitis induced by intravenous injection with concanavalin A (conA) has been described (Takeda, K. et al. (2000) PNAS 97(10):5498- 5503). ConA is injected into mice through the tail vein. Serum samples are obtained 20 h after Con A injection. Serum aminotransferase [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] levels are measured using standard photometric techniques. Additionally, liver pathology is assessed by macroscopic and microscopic examination of liver morphology. Antibodies are assessed for effects on serum ALT and AST, and liver histopathology.
• ConA concanavalin A
• ALT alanine aminotransferase
• AST aspartate aminotransferase
• Example 18 Methods for generating binding proteins
• a phage display protocol is used where a first panning round is conducted using an antigen density (i.e. biotinlyated CD Id) of about 100 pmol and a TEA-based eliition step as described previously. The second and third rounds use a reduced antigen density (e.g., about 50 pmol). Phage are eluted by adding the 402.8 or 401.11 (or related antibodies) IgG at a 10-fold molar excess and incubating the reactions at room temperature for 2, 5, 10 or 20 mins.
• an antigen density i.e. biotinlyated CD Id
• TEA-based eliition step as described previously.
• the second and third rounds use a reduced antigen density (e.g., about 50 pmol). Phage are eluted by adding the 402.8 or 401.11 (or related antibodies) IgG at a 10-fold molar excess and incubating the reactions at room temperature for 2, 5, 10 or 20 mins.
• the IgG is expected to specifically displace and elute phage expressing FAbs that bound to the 402.8/401.11 epitope. Non-specific binders and phage bound to other regions on the CD Id surface are less likely to elute under these conditions.
• the washing regimen comprises six washes with M-PBS for round 1 and 2. For round 3 the washes are three washes with PBST and then three washes with PBS.
• Eluted phage are used to infect TGI E. coli for phagemid rescue or generation of colonies for screening as described for other phage display experiments. Selection/Production of Antibodies using synthetic CDld constructs
• CD 1 d constructs such as hCD 1 dmu or mCD 1 dhu as panning reagents for phage display
• a phage display library may be depleted of antibodies that recognize CDld with a construct like hCDldmu (SEQ ID NO: 1 19) (human CDld in which the key amino acids comprising the epitope are replaced by their corresponding murine amino acid).
• the library may then be panned against human CDld.
• the resultant isolated antibodies will likely bind to amino acids between 89 to 94 and 141 and 142 of human CD 1 d (SEQ ID NO 1 16).
• a chimeric CDld molecule is constructed to contain the 402.8/401.11 epitope of human CD 1 d in a framework which is otherwise mouse CDld (for example mCDldhu (SEQ ID NO: 118).
• mCDldhu SEQ ID NO: 118
• BRENNAN P. J., TATITURI, R. V., BRIGL, M., KIM, E. Y., TULI, A., SANDERSON, J. P., GADOLA, S. D., HSU, F. F., BESRA, G. S. & BRENNER, M. B. Invariant natural killer T cells recognize lipid self antigen induced by microbial danger signals. Nat Immunol, 12, 1202- 11.
• FcRn neonatal Fc receptor
• NKT cells Curr Protoc Immunol, Chapter 14, Unit 14 1 1.
• FISHBURN C. S. (2008) The pharmacology of PEGylation: balancing PD with PK to generate novel therapeutics. J Pharm Sci, 97, 4167-83.
• TROTT D. L., NDONYE, R. M., VEERAPEN, N., BESRA, G. S., HOWELL, A.
• Oxazolone colitis a Th2 colitis model resembling ulcerative colitis, is mediated by IL- 13 -producing NK-T cells. Immunity, 17, 629-38.
• immunoglobulin variable domains an automatic modeling and analysis tool. J Mol
• KANDA KANDA, Y., YAMADA, T., MORI, K., OKAZAKI, A., INOUE, M., KITAJIMA-
• MIYAMA K., KUNI-KAMOCHI, R., NAKANO, R., YANO, K., KAKITA, S., SHITARA, K. & SATOH, M. (2007) Comparison of biological activity among nonfucosylated therapeutic IgGl antibodies with three different N-linked Fc oligosaccharides: the high-mannose, hybrid, and complex types. Glycobiology, 17, 104-18.
• KOPSIDAS G., ROBERTS, A. S., COIA, G., STRELTSOV, V. A. & NUTTALL, S. D.
• KOTSIANIDIS I., NAKOU, E., SPANOUDAKIS, E., BOUCHLIOU, I.,
• MOUSTAKIDIS E., MILTIADES, P., VADIKOLIA, C. M., SZYDLO, R.,
• KYRIAKAKIS E., CAVALLARI, M., ANDERT, J., PHILIPPOVA, M., KOELLA, C, BOCHKOV, V., ERNE, P., WILSON, S. B., MORI, L., BIEDERMANN, B. C, RESINK, T. J. & DE LIBERO, G. (2010) Invariant natural killer T cells: Linking inflammation and neovascularization in human atherosclerosis. Eur J Immunol. LISBONNE, M., DIEM, S., DE CASTRO KELLER, A., LEFORT, J., ARAUJO, L. M.,
• HACHEM P., FOURNEAU, J. M., SIDOBRE, S., KRONENBERG, M., TANIGUCHI, M., VAN ENDERT, P., DY, M., ASKENASE, P., RUSSO, M.,
• VARGAFTIG VARGAFTIG
• B. B. HERBELIN
• A. & LEITE-DE-MORAES M. C. (2003)
• CD Id myelomonocytic leukemias
• NKT cells Leukemia, 17, 1068-77.
• PADLAN E. A., ABERGEL, C. & TIPPER, J. P. (1995) Identification of specificity- determining residues in antibodies. Faseb J, 9, 133-9.
• PELED J. U., KUANG, F. L., IGLESIAS-USSEL, M. D., ROA, S., KALIS, S. L.,
• PELLICCI D. G., PATEL, O., KJER-NIELSEN, L., PANG, S. S., SULLIVAN, L. C, KYPARISSOUDIS, K., BROOKS, A. G., REID, H. H., GRAS, S., LUCET, 1. S., KOH, R., SMYTH, M. J., MALLEVAEY, T., MATSUDA, J. L., GAPIN, L.,
• PETKOVA S. B., AKILESH, S., SPROULE, T. J., CHRISTIANSON, G. J., AL
• KHABBAZ H.
• BROWN A. C.
• PRESTA L. G.
• MENG Y. G. & ROOPENIAN
• SESHASAYEE D., LEE, W. P., ZHOU, M., SHU, J., SUTO, E., ZHANG, J., DIEHL, L., AUSTIN, C. D., MENG, Y. G., TAN, M., BULLENS, S. L., SEEBER, S.,
• FUENTES M. E., LABRIJN, A. F., GRAUS, Y. M., MILLER, L. A.,
• TAKAHASHI Y., SOEJIMA, Y. & FUKUSATO, T. Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol, 18, 2300-8.
• VENKATASWAMY M. M. & PORCELLI, S. A. Lipid and glycolipid antigens of CDld- restricted natural killer T cells. Semin Immunol, 22, 68-78.
• NKT cells mediate pulmonary inflammation and dysfunction in murine sickle cell disease through production of IFN-gamma and CXCR3 chemokines. Blood, 114, 667-76.

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