WO2013052263A2 - Composés antifongiques - Google Patents

Composés antifongiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013052263A2
WO2013052263A2 PCT/US2012/055683 US2012055683W WO2013052263A2 WO 2013052263 A2 WO2013052263 A2 WO 2013052263A2 US 2012055683 W US2012055683 W US 2012055683W WO 2013052263 A2 WO2013052263 A2 WO 2013052263A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound
species
fungicide
antifungal
alkyl
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PCT/US2012/055683
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English (en)
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WO2013052263A3 (fr
Inventor
Son T. Nguyen
Xiaoyuan DING
John D. Williams
Timothy J. Opperman
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Microbiotix, Inc.
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Publication of WO2013052263A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013052263A2/fr
Publication of WO2013052263A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013052263A3/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings
    • A01N43/38—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/50—1,3-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines

Definitions

  • This invention is in the field of antifungal compounds.
  • the invention provides organic compounds that inhibit growth of fungal cells.
  • Fungal pathogens continue to pose a serious threat to public health and agriculture.
  • One aspect of this resurgence appears to be the result of prior widespread, and largely effective, therapeutic and prophylactic use of fungicides, which, unfortunately, over time has also selected for resistant strains of various fungal pathogens.
  • Of particular concern to the public health has been the emergence and proliferation of a wide variety fungal species responsible for a variety of severe, even fatal, diseases and fungal infections in humans, non-human animals, and plant populations throughout the world. Strains of such fungi species have also developed resistant to respective fungicide and antifungal agents.
  • prominent fungal pathogens include, but are not limited to, species of Candida, such as C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C.
  • species of Aspergillus such as A. fumgatus, A. niger, and A. flavus
  • species of Aspergillus such as A. fumgatus, A. niger, and A. flavus
  • species of Aspergillus such as A. fumgatus, A. niger, and A. flavus
  • species of Aspergillus such as A. fumgatus, A. niger, and A. flavus
  • Cryptococcus such as C. neoformans, C. laurentii, C. albidus, and C. gatti; species of Histoplasma, such as H. capsulatum; and species of Pneumocystis, such as P. jiroveci.
  • Fungal pathogens are of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, such as patients of acquired
  • AIDS immunodeficiency syndrome
  • radiation therapy radiation therapy
  • chemotherapy chemotherapy
  • Fungicides are compounds, of natural or synthetic origin, which act to protect plants against damage caused by fungi, including oomycetes.
  • Current methods of agriculture rely heavily on the use of fungicides. In fact, some crops cannot be grown usefully without the use of fungicides.
  • Using fungicides allows a grower to increase the yield of the crop and consequently, increase the value of the crop.
  • Numerous fungicidal agents have been developed; however, the treatment of fungal infestations and infections continues to be a major problem. Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease caused by the plant-pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus) or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.
  • fungal diseases e.g., rice blast disease caused by the plant-pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus
  • food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local
  • rice blast disease is widely distributed (85 countries) and can be very destructive when environmental conditions are favorable, with yield loss estimates from 1-50% around the world (Scardaci, S.C., et al. "Rice Blast: A New Diseases in California", University of California-Davis: Agronomy Fact Sheet Series (1997)
  • the invention addresses the above problem by providing methods of inhibiting growth of or killing cells of one or more species of fungi by administering one or more antifungal compounds described herein.
  • An antifungal compound of the invention inhibits growth of or kills cells of one or more fungi species the compound is brought into contact with the fungal cells.
  • Compounds of the invention are particularly useful in methods and compositions to inhibit growth of or kill cells of pathogenic fungi species (including opportunistic pathogenic species).
  • a fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein may be used to inhibit growth of or kill cells of a pathogenic microbial species by administration to an individual (human or other mammal), plant, or foodstuff that is susceptible to infection by or has been infected with cells of the fungal species.
  • a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may also be applied to or incorporated into a liquid, solid, or semi-solid composition that is susceptible to or is already contaminated with cells of one or more pathogenic microbial species.
  • a method for inhibiting growth of or killing cells of one or more species of fungi comprising contacting the fungi with a compound disclosed herein.
  • a fungicide and/or antifungal compound useful in the methods of the invention herein has the structure:
  • n 1 or 2;
  • X 1 is N or NR 8 ;
  • X 3 and X 5 are each independently NH, NR 8 , S, O, or S0 2 ,
  • L is a direct bond or a linker which is ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), or alkyl radical;
  • L is a linker which is a direct bond or is ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), aryl, or heteroaryl radical; and
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, halo, amino, amidino, guanidino, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, acylamino, amido, sulfonamido, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, hydroxamate, thioacyl, alkylsulfonyl, or aminosulfonyl; and R 8 is hydrogen, OH, a halogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention has a structure
  • the compounds described herein are useful as fungicides and antifungal agents and may be used to treat fungal infections. Accordingly, an individual, plant, crop, or foodstuff infected with or exposed to fungal infection, may be treated by administering to the individual, plant, crop, or foodstuff in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to the invention, e.g., administering one or more of the compounds of formula (I) described above.
  • the present invention also provides antifungal uses of pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the antifungal compounds disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the use of one or more of the antifungal compounds in the preparation of a medicament for combating fungal infection is contemplated.
  • antifungal compounds as disclosed herein have many non-pharmaceutical or agricultural uses, such as on surfaces (objects, countertops, floors, teeth, etc.) or added to solutions or mixtures (cleaning solutions, detergents, dentifrices, etc.), to inhibit fungal growth or eliminate infectious agents.
  • An antifungal compound or combination of compounds described herein may be used as a supporting or adjunctive therapy for the treatment of fungal infection in an individual (human or other animal).
  • administration of an antifungal compound as described herein to inhibit the growth of microbes in or on an individual may be sufficient to permit the individual's own immune system to effectively clear or kill infecting or contaminating fungi from the tissue of the individual.
  • an antifungal compound described herein may be administered to an individual in conjunction (i.e., in a mixture, sequentially, or simultaneously) with an antibacterial agent, such as an antibiotic, an antibody, or
  • immunostimulatory agent to provide inhibition of microbial growth.
  • composition comprising an antifungal compound or a combination of antifungal compounds described herein may also comprise a second agent (second active ingredient, second active agent) that possesses a desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity other than that of the antifungal compound.
  • a second agent second active ingredient, second active agent
  • Such a second active agent may include, but is not limited to, an antibiotic, an antibody, an antiviral agent, an anticancer agent, an analgesic (e.g., a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acetaminophen, an opioid, a COX-2 inhibitor), an immunostimulatory agent (e.g., a cytokine), a hormone (natural or synthetic), a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, an antiemetic agent, an anti-histamine, an erythropoietin, a complement stimulating agent, a sedative, a muscle relaxant agent, an anesthetic agent, an anticonvulsive agent, an antidepressant, an antipsychotic agent, and combinations thereof.
  • an antibiotic e.g., an antibody, an antiviral agent, an anticancer agent, an analgesic (e.g., a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acetaminophen, an opioid, a COX-2
  • compositions comprising an anti- fungal compound described herein may be formulated for administration to an individual (human or other animal) by any of a variety of routes including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, parenteral, intraperitoneal, sublingual (under the tongue), buccal (cheek), oral (for swallowing), topical (epidermis), transdermal (absorption through skin and lower dermal layers to underlying vasculature), nasal (nasal mucosa), intrapulmonary (lungs), intrauterine, vaginal, intracervical, rectal, intraretinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathoracic, intrarenal, nasojejunal, and intraduodenal.
  • routes including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, parenteral, intraperitoneal, sublingual (under the tongue), buccal (cheek), oral (for swallowing), topical (epider
  • the invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein, solvated forms of the fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein, multimeric forms of the fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein, and prodrugs of the compounds described herein.
  • the invention is based on a discovery of a class of organic compounds, which when brought into contact of cells of one or more fungal species inhibit growth of or kill the cells of the one or more fungal species.
  • Compounds of the invention are thus referred to as "fungicide and/or antifungal" compounds.
  • Fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein are particularly useful in compositions and methods to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one or more pathogenic (including opportunistic pathogenic) fungi.
  • Fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein may be used in compositions and methods to treat an individual (human or other mammal), plant, crop, or foodstuff that is infected with, at risk of infection by, or suspected of being infected with a fungal species.
  • Fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein may also be used to treat or disinfect a liquid, solid, or semi-solid composition that is contaminated with or susceptible to contamination by cells of a fungal species.
  • Halo or "halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • Alkyl means a straight or branched chain monovalent or a divalent radical of saturated and/or unsaturated carbon atoms.
  • alkyl radical include, but are not limited to, methyl (abbreviated “Me”), ethyl (“Et”), propyl (“Pr”), isopropyl (“zPr”), butyl ("Bu”), isobutyl ("; ' Bu”), sec-butyl (sBu), ieri-butyl (iBu), and the like.
  • An alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Haloalkyl means an alkyl radical that is substituted with one or more identical or different halogen atoms, e.g., -CH 2 C1, -CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CC1 3 , and the like.
  • alkenyl means a straight-chain, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical that has from 2 to 8 carbon atoms (C 2 - C 8 ) and at least one double bond, e.g., ethenyl, 3-buten-l-yl, 3-hexen-l-yl, cyclopent-l-en-3-yl, and the like.
  • An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Alkynyl means a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical that has from 2 to 8 carbon atoms (C 2 - C 8 ) and at least one triple bond, e.g., ethynyl, 3-butyn-l-yl, 2-butyn-l-yl, 3-pentyn-l-yl, and the like.
  • An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Cycloalkyl means a non-aromatic monovalent or divalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical that has 3 to 12 carbon atoms (C 3 - Ci 2 ), e.g., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, decalinyl, and the like.
  • a cycloalkyl radical may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • a cycloalkyl radical may also be fused to one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Heterocycloalkyl means a non-aromatic monovalent or divalent, monocyclic or polycyclic radical that has 2 to 12 carbon atoms (C 2 - Ci 2 ) and 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S), e.g., pyrrolodinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, oxiranyl, and the like.
  • a hetercycloalkyl radical may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • a heterocycloalkyl radical may also be fused to one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Aryl (abbreviated “Ar”) means an aromatic monovalent or divalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical comprising between 6 and 18 carbon ring members, e.g., phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, and the like.
  • An aryl radical may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the suitable substituents found herein.
  • An aryl radical may also be fused to one or more heteroaryl groups or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Heteroaryl (abbreviated “HAr”) means an aromatic monovalent or divalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical comprising between 2 and 18 carbon ring members and at least 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S), e.g., pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridizinyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, imidazolinyl, benzimidazolinyl, indolyl, and the like.
  • a heteroaryl radical may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more of the suitable substituents found herein.
  • a heteroaryl radical may also be fused to one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Haldroxy means the radical -OH.
  • Alkoxy means the radical -OR, wherein R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • Aryloxy means the radical -OAr, wherein Ar is an aryl group.
  • Heteroaryloxy means the radical -O(HAr), where HAr is a heteroaryl group
  • Acyl means a -C(0)R radical, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, e.g. acetyl, benzoyl, and the like.
  • Carboxy means the radical -C(0)OH.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means a -C(0)OR radical where R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl.
  • Aryloxycarbonyl means a -C(0)OR radical where R is aryl or heteroaryl.
  • Amino means the radical -NH 2 .
  • substituted amino means the radical -NRR', wherein R and R' are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Acylamino means the radical -NHC(0)R, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, acetylamino, benzoylamino, and the like.
  • Amido means the radical -C(0)NRR', wherein R and R' are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Sulfonylamino means the radical -NHS0 2 R, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Amidino means the radical -C(NR)NR'R", wherein R, R', and R" are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and wherein R, R', and R" may form heterocycloalkyl rings, e.g. carboxamido, imidazolinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl.
  • “Guanidino” means the radical -NHC(NR)NR'R", wherein R, R', and R" are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and wherein R, R', and R" may form heterocycloalkyl rings.
  • Alkylthio means the radical -SR, wherein R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • Arylthio means the radical -SAr, wherein Ar is an aryl group.
  • “Hydroxamate” means the radical -C(0)NHOR, whereub R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • Thioacyl means a -C(S)R radical, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Alkylsulfonyl means the radical -S0 2 R, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Aminosulfonyl means the radical -S0 2 NRR', wherein R and R' are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • a “leaving group” (Lv) means any suitable group that will be displaced by a substitution reaction.
  • any conjugate base of a strong acid can act as a leaving group.
  • Suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, -F, - CI, -Br, alkyl chlorides, alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkyl p-toluene-sulfonates, alkyl methanesulfonates, triflate, and any groups having a bisulfate, methyl sulfate, or sulfonate ion.
  • a “protecting group” refers to a group that protects one or more inherent functional group from premature reaction. Suitable protecting groups may be routinely selected by those skilled in the art in light of the functionality and particular chemistry used to construct the compound. Examples of suitable protecting groups are described, for example, in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3d edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. (1999).
  • suitable organic moiety means any organic moiety recognizable, such as by routine testing, to those skilled in the art as not adversely affecting the fungicide and/or antifungal activity of compounds described herein.
  • suitable organic moieties include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl groups, alkyl groups, oxo groups, cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkoxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, substituted amino groups, disubstituted amino groups, carbamoyl groups, arylthio groups, heteroarylthio groups, and the like.
  • substituted substituent or "suitable substituent” means any suitable substituent that may be recognized or selected, such as through routine testing, by those skilled in the art.
  • pyrazolyl pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, or benzofuranyl); amino (primary, secondary, or tertiary); nitro; thiol; thioether, O-lower alkyl (alkoxyl); O-aryl (aryloxy), aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; C0 2 CH 3 ; CONH 2 ; OCH 2 CONH 2 ; NH 2 ; S0 2 NH 2 ; OCHF 2 ; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; and the like.
  • Such moieties may also be optionally substituted by a fused-ring structure or bridge, for example OCH 2 -0. All of these substituents may optionally be further substituted with a substituent selected from groups such as hydroxyl groups, halogens, oxo groups, alkyl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkyloxyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, substitued amino groups, disubstitued amino groups, carbamoyl groups, aryloxyl groups, heteroaryloxyl groups, arylthio groups, heteroarylthio groups, and the like.
  • solvated forms of a fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein includes solvated forms of the compound.
  • solvated forms of a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention include, but are not limited to, the fungicide and/or antifungal compound in combination with a solvent selected from water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, ethanolamine, and acetone.
  • Some of the compounds of the present invention may exist as single stereoisomers (i.e., essentially free of other stereoisomers), racemates, or mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, or both when they contain one or more stereogenic centers as designated by R or S according to the Cahn- Ingold-Prelog rules whether the absolute or relative configuration is known. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • Some of the compounds in the present invention may exist as geometric isomers as the result of containing a stereogenic double bond. In such cases, they may exist either as pure or mixtures of cis or trans geometric isomers or (E) and (Z) designated forms according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules and include compounds that adopt a double bond configuration as a result of electronic derealization.
  • an optically pure compound having one or more chiral centers is one that consists essentially of one of the two possible enantiomers (i.e., is enantiomerically pure), and an optically pure compound having more than one chiral center is one that is both diastereomerically pure and enantiomerically pure.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used in a form that is at least 90% optically pure, that is, a form that comprises at least 90% of a single isomer (80% enantiomeric excess (e.e.) or diastereomeric excess (d.e.), more preferably at least 95% (90% e.e. or d.e.), even more preferably at least 97.5% (95% e.e. or d.e.), and most preferably at least 99% (98% e.e. or d.e.).
  • fungicide and/or antifungal compounds of the invention include active tautomeric and stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the present invention, which may be readily obtained using techniques known in the art.
  • optically active (R) and (S) isomers may be prepared via a stereospecific synthesis, e.g., using chiral synthons and chiral reagents, or racemic mixtures may be resolved using conventional techniques.
  • a compound of the present invention is a base
  • the desired salt of the compound may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid or with an organic acid along with appropriate counter ion.
  • Inorganic acids that may be used to form salts of compounds of the invention include, but art not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.
  • Organic acids that may be used to form salts of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyrvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid (such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid), an alpha-hydroxy acid (such as citric acid or tartaric acid), an amino acid (such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid), an aromatic acid (such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid), and a sulfonic acid (such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid).
  • acetic acid maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyrvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid (such as glucur
  • a compound of the present invention is an acid
  • the desired salt form may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base and appropriate counter ion(s).
  • bases that may be used to form salts of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, amines (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide, and an alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
  • suitable salts of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, organic salts derived from basic amino acids (such as lysine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines) and from cyclic amines (such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine), and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • organic salts derived from basic amino acids such as lysine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
  • cyclic amines such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine
  • inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • Salts of fungicide and/or antifungal compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound as understood and used herein, is meant those salts of any fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention derived from an inorganic or organic acid or base recognized in the art as compatible for pharmaceutical compositions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein are not limited to only pharmaceutical uses.
  • acids for pharmaceutically acceptable salts of fungicide and/or antifungal compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, malonic acid, glutamic acid, phosphoric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, toluene-p-sulfonic acid, p- bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, stearic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, ethane- disulfonic acid, and sulfanilic acid
  • Salts of other acids may not be pharmaceutically acceptable, but may find use in a variety of compositions and methods that are used to provide the benefit of the fungicide and/or antifungal activity of a compound of the invention to a solution, semi-solid, or solid composition that is not a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and NR4+ (where R is a Ci .4 alkyl) salts, and the like.
  • multimer refers to multivalent or multimeric forms of fungicide and/or antifungal compounds of the invention. Such “multimers” may be made by linking or placing multiple copies of an active (i.e., possessing fungicide and/or antifungal activity) compound described herein in close proximity to each other, e.g., using a scaffolding provided by a carrier moiety. Multimers of various dimensions (i.e., bearing varying numbers of copies of an active compound) may be tested to arrive at a multimer of optimum size with respect to binding site interactions. Provision of such multivalent forms of active compounds with optimal spacing between the binding site moieties may enhance binding site interactions. See, e.g., Lee et al., Biochem., 23: 4255 (1984).
  • a suitable carrier moiety or linker units may be used to control the multivalency and spacing by selection of a suitable carrier moiety or linker units.
  • Useful moieties include molecular supports comprising a multiplicity of functional groups that can be reacted with functional groups associated with the active compounds of the invention.
  • a variety of carrier moieties may be used to build highly active multimers including, but not limited to, proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA); peptides such as pentapeptides, decapeptides, pentadecapeptides, and the like; and non-biological compounds selected for their beneficial effects on absorbability, transport, or persistence within or on a target microbial cell.
  • Functional groups on the carrier moiety such as amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, and substituted amino groups, may be selected to obtain stable linkages to the compounds of the invention, optimal spacing between the immobilized compounds, and optimal biological properties.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable any compound or mixture that is not biologically, chemically, or in any other way, incompatible with body chemistry and metabolism and also does not adversely affect the desired, effective fungicide and/or antifungal activity of a compound of the invention or any other component of a composition comprising an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein that may be administered to an individual to effectively kill or inhibit growth of cells of a microbial pathogen infecting an individual.
  • oral refers to a route or mode for administering an effective amount of an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein, or composition thereof, to an individual anywhere along the alimentary canal of the individual.
  • enteral refers to a route or mode for administering an effective amount of an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein, or composition thereof, to an individual anywhere along the alimentary canal of the individual.
  • enteral routes of administration include, without, limitation, from the mouth, e.g., swallowing a solid (e.g., pill, tablet, capsule) or liquid (e.g., syrup, elixir) composition; nasojejunal or gastrostomy tubes (into the stomach); intraduodenal
  • enteral routes of administration may be employed in the invention.
  • enteral routes of administration may be employed in the invention.
  • enteral formulations are the same as “enteral” formulations and broadly encompass formulations that may be swallowed from the mouth as well as those that permit administration of an fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention anywhere along the alimentary canal.
  • sub-lingual (absorption under the tongue) and buccal (absorption through the inner cheek) administration of a anit-microbial compound of the invention may also be considered oral routes of administration.
  • parenteral and “parenterally” refer to routes or modes of administration of an fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention, or composition thereof, to an individual other than along the alimentary canal.
  • parenteral routes of administration include, without limitation, intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), intra-arterial (i.a.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c), transdermal (absorption through the skin or dermal layer), nasal or pulmonary (e.g., via inhalation or nebulization, for absorption through the respiratory mucosa or lungs), intraarticular (i.a.), direct injections or infusions into body cavities or organs, as well as by implantation of any of a variety of devices into the body that permit active or passive release into the body of an individual of an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” is a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to the specified compound or to a salt of such compound, or a compound that is biologically active with respect to an intended pharmacodynamic effect.
  • a “pharmaceutically active metabolite” means a pharmacologically active product produced through metabolism in the body of a specified compound or salt thereof. Prodrugs and active metabolites of a compound may be identified using routine techniques known in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini et al., J. Med. Chem., 40: 2011-2016 (1997); Shan et al., /. Pharm. Set, 86(7):765-767 (1997); Bagshawe, Drug Dev.
  • fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention is present in a solid form
  • the compound and salts thereof may exist in different crystal or polymorphic forms, all of which are intended to be within the scope of the present invention and specified structural formulas.
  • a "patient” and “individual” are synonymous, unless noted otherwise, and mean any mammal, including without limitation, a human, who receives or may be a candidate to receive an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein or composition thereof.
  • a "patient” may or may not present a recognizable symptom of a microbial disease, but merely be at risk for infection by cells of a pathogenic microbial species that may cause a disease, e.g., due to exposure to a source of cells of the microbial pathogen.
  • an "effective amount” is intended to mean that amount of a compound that is sufficient to reduce, prevent or inhibit fungal growth as compared with a negative control.
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the present invention, or of a prodrug, an active metabolite, or a salt thereof, is a quantity sufficient to, when administered to an individual to kill or inhibit growth of cells of a microbial pathogen.
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of the present invention is an amount which prevents, inhibits, suppresses, or reduces a given clinical condition or disease symptom in an individual as known and understood by a skilled healthcare provider or as compared to a control, such as an individual that is not infected with a microbial pathogen.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention may be readily determined by one of ordinary skill by routine methods known in the art.
  • Therapy and “therapeutic” as understood and used herein refer to treatment of a patient for a microbial infection or disease due to the microbial infection. For convenience, the terms are also understood to encompass prophylactic or precautionary use or administration of a compound of the invention.
  • Such precautionary or prophylactic use is exemplified by administration of an antibiotic to an immunocompromised or immunodeficient patient to protect the patient from an infection; to a patient suspected, but not proven, of having a microbial infection; or to a patient that is susceptible to contracting a disease caused by infection of cells of a pathogenic species, for example, at open wounds; by contact with water, food, body fluids, corpses, or carcasses contaminated with cells of a pathoogenic microbial species; or by contact with infected individuals or body fluids of infected individuals containing cells of a pathogenic microbial species.
  • treatment will refer to any use of the fungicide and/or antifungal compound calculated or intended to arrest or inhibit the growth of or kill cells of a fungal species.
  • treating an individual may be carried out after any diagnosis indicating possible fungal, i.e., whether an infection by a particular microbe has been confirmed or whether the possibility of infection is only suspected, for example, after exposure to the microbe or to another individual infected by the microbe.
  • composition or method described herein as “comprising” one or more named elements or steps is open-ended, meaning that the named elements or steps are essential, but other elements or steps may be added within the scope of the composition or method.
  • any composition or method described as “comprising” (or which "comprises") one or more named elements or steps also describes the corresponding, more limited composition or method “consisting essentially of” (or which "consists essentially of") the same named elements or steps, meaning that the composition or method includes the named essential elements or steps and may also include additional elements or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the composition or method.
  • composition or method described herein as “comprising” or “consisting essentially of” one or more named elements or steps also describes the corresponding, more limited, and closed-ended composition or method “consisting of” (or “consists of”) the named elements or steps to the exclusion of any other unnamed element or step.
  • known or disclosed equivalents of any named essential element or step may be substituted for that element or step.
  • An fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention has the following structure:
  • n 1 or 2;
  • X 1 is N or NR 8 ;
  • X 3 and X 5 are each independently NH, NR 8 , S, O, or S0 2 ,
  • L is a direct bond or a linker which is ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), or alkyl radical;
  • L is a linker which is a direct bond or is ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), aryl, or heteroaryl radical; and
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, halo, amino, amidino, guanidino, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, acylamino, amido, sulfonamido, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, hydroxamate, thioacyl, alkylsulfonyl, or aminosulfonyl; and
  • R 8 is hydrogen, OH, a halogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • fungicide and/or antifungal compounds of the invention have a structure:
  • 2,5-bis(4-cyano-2-nitrostyryl)furan (390 mg, 0.95 mmol) was suspended in triethyl phosphite (15 mL) and heated to gentle reflux over a 170 °C oil bath for 16 hours. The excess phosphite was removed under vacuum, and the resulting dark residue was adsorbed onto silica gel (100 mL) by evaporation from CH 2 C1 2 . The product was eluted from the silica gel with 8: 1 acetone:EtOAc until no more product was obtained.
  • 2,5-bis(4-cyano-2-nitrostyryl)thiophene (1.76 g, 4.1 mmol) was suspended in triethyl phosphite (50 mL) and heated to gentle reflux over a 170 °C oil bath for 16 hours. The excess phosphite was removed under vacuum, and the resulting dark residue was adsorbed onto silica gel (200 mL) by evaporation from CH 2 C1 2 . The product was placed onto additional clean silica gel (100 mL), and eluted from the silica gel with 4: 1 acetone :EtO Ac until no more product was obtained.
  • the resulting brown mixture was brought to reflux in a preheated oil bath and stirred for 3 h. After cooling, the dark brown mostly homogeneous solution was extracted with EtOAc over Na 2 C0 3 solution (5% aq). The combined organic solution was washed with water (50 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and evaporated to a fourth of the original volume. The solid that formed was collected by filtration, washed with 20% EtOAc in Hexanes (100 mL) and ether (100 mL) to yield 0.99 g of a cream-colored solid.
  • 2,5-Bis(A L Boc-6-cyanoindol-2-yl)pyridine (220 mg, 0.39 mmol) is heated (dry) to 200 °C in a small flask for 30 min. The remaining solid is collected to provide 141 mg (100%) of 2,5-bis(6-cyanoindol- 2-yl)pyridine as a yellow powder.
  • reaction mixture was heated at 120°C for 3 hours and poured to 10 mL of brine and the yellow precipitates were filtered, and dried to give crude product, which was purified by reverse phase C18 column chromatography (H 2 O/0.1% CH 3 COOH: Acetonitrile/0.1 CH 3 COOH) to provide desired 2,5-bis[6-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin- 2-yl)benzofuran-2-yl]thiophene acetic acid salt (MBX 1885; 68 mg, 26%) as yellow solid.
  • MBX 1885 2,5-bis[6-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin- 2-yl)benzofuran-2-yl]thiophene acetic acid salt
  • reaction mixture was heated at 120°C for 3 hours and poured to 5 mL of brine, and the yellow precipitates were filtered, and dried to provide crude product, which was purified by reverse phase CI 8 column chromatography (H 2 O/0.1% CH 3 COOH: Acetonitrile/0.1%CH 3 COOH) to give desired product 6-(4,5- dihydroimidazol-2-yl)-2- ⁇ 5-[6-(4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl)benzofuran-2-yl]thiophen-2-yl ⁇ indole acetic acid salt (MBX 1887) (60 mg, 55%) as yellow solid.
  • MBX 1887 6-(4,5- dihydroimidazol-2-yl)-2- ⁇ 5-[6-(4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl)benzofuran-2-yl]thiophen-2-yl ⁇ indole acetic acid salt (MBX 1887) (60 mg, 55%) as
  • 6-(3,4,5,6 etrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)-2- ⁇ 5 6-(3,4,5,6 etrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)benzofuran-2 ⁇ yl]thiophen-2-yl ⁇ indole acetic acid salt (MBX 1914) 6-cyano-2-[5-(6-cyanobenzofuran-2-yl)thiophene-2-yl]indole (158 mg, 0.43 mmol) was treated with 1,3-diaminopropane (2.5 mL) and P 2 Ss (60 mg, 0.3 mmol) for 3 hours at 120-130 °C in sealed tube. Water was added. The precipitate was filtered and dissolved by methanol and acetic acid.
  • 6-(5-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)-2- ⁇ 5-[6-(5-hydroxy-3,4,5,6- tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)benzofuran-2-yl]thiophen-2-yl ⁇ indole acetic acid salt (MBX 1991)
  • 6-cyano-2-[5-(6-cyanobenzofuran-2-yl)thiophene-2-yl]indole 95 mg, 0.26 mmol
  • phosphorous pentasulfide 65 mg, 0.29 mmol
  • the vial was sealed and heated to 130 °C on a shaker block. After 4 hours, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Water (10 mL) was added slowly, and the viscous suspension that formed was filtered through celite. The retained on celite was loaded on a CI 8 chromatography column. The column was eluted with MeCN in water (from 0% to 90% of MeCN over 1 h, 30 mL/min) [solvents contain 0.1% acetic acid] to provide the product as a yellow-green powder after removal of solvents under vacuum, 116 mg, 90 % yield.
  • 6-(3,4,5,6 etrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)-2- ⁇ 5 2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)benzofuran-6- yl]thiophene-2-yl ⁇ indole acetic acid salt (MBX 2015) A 10 mL sealed tube was charged with 6-cyano-2-[5-(2-cyanobenzofuran-6-yl)thiophene-2-yl] indole (65 mg, 0.14 mmol), P 2 Ss (31 mg, 0.07 mmol) and 1,3-diaminopropane (2.0 mL).
  • Compounds of the invention possess fungicide and/or antifungal activity, which means that the compounds kill or inhibit growth of cells of one or more species or strains of a fungi pathogen when the compounds are brought into contact with such cells. Accordingly, the compounds described herein are useful in compositions and methods for treating a human, animal, insect, plant, crop, or foodstuff which has been infected with a fungi or pathogenic fungi species, is at risk of infection by a fungi species, or is suspected of having been infected with a fungi species.
  • Compounds described herein may also be used in compositions and methods to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one or more fungi species in solutions, semi-solids, and solid compositions that are or are not susceptible to contamination by cells of fungi species and particularly pathogenic fungi species.
  • fungi species and strains that are known etiological agents for various diseases that can occur once an infection has become established in or on the body of individual.
  • a fungus species may be an opportunistic fungal pathogen, i.e., cause a disease only under certain conditions.
  • cells of an opportunistic pathogenic fungi species may not normally be pathogenic or only mildly pathogenic in the case of a healthy individual whose immune system can effectively identify the invading fungal cells and mount an effective response to inactivate and/or otherwise remove the cells from the individual's body.
  • cells of the same fungus species may be able to establish an infection resulting in significant pathology in an individual whose immune system has been weakened or otherwise suppressed.
  • Weakened or compromised immune systems may result from a variety conditions including, but not limited to, prior (primary) illness, cancer of the immune system, exposure to toxins, exposure to radiation, exposure to chemotherapy drugs, and use of immunosuppressive drugs.
  • Such individuals include, without limitation, patients of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy drugs, and also individuals who take drugs designed to inhibit or suppress the activity of one or more cytokines, for example to treat diseases associated with an overactive cytokine(s), such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy drugs
  • drugs designed to inhibit or suppress the activity of one or more cytokines for example to treat diseases associated with an overactive cytokine(s), such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
  • Fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein may be used to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one more species of fungi.
  • prominent fungal pathogens include, but are not limited to, species of Candida, such as C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. guillermondii; species of Aspergillus, such as A. fumgatus, A. niger, and A. flavus; species Cryptococcus, such as C. neoformans, C. laurentii, C. albidus, and C. gatti; species of
  • Histoplasma such as H. capsulation
  • species of Pneumocystis such as P. jiroveci, Claviceps purpurea, and Magnaporthe grisea.
  • Fungal pathogens are of particular concern for immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals.
  • Fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein may be formulated for
  • Fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein include compounds that may exhibit fungicidal and/or antifungal activity against multiple species and strains of fungi.
  • compounds described herein may also be effective at killing or inhibiting growth of cells of multiple pathogenic fungal species and also non-pathogenic fungal cells. Such broad spectrum fungicide and/or antifungal activity may be desirable in both
  • a compound that can kill or inhibit growth of cells of multiple pathogenic fungal organisms may provide new treatments for a variety of diseases, including those for which drug resistance by the etiological agent is a growing problem. Killing or inhibiting growth of non-pathogenic fungal cells is a common activity in agriculture and in preserving foodstuffs. Accordingly, persons skilled in this art understand that in view of the benefit provided to the medical field of a compound that kills or inhibits growth of cells of one or more fungal pathogens, any side-effect of also killing or inhibiting growth of non-pathogenic cells should be tolerable and acceptable for approval by regulatory agencies for use of the compound for treating a particular disease.
  • fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein to kill or inhibit growth of cells of pathogenic and/or non-pathogenic species is also desirable in situations where growth of any fungal cells may interfere with proper operation, safety, efficiency, or appearance of a composition.
  • compositions for which it is desirable to inhibit growth of pathogenic and/or non-pathogenic fungal cells are exemplified by, but not limited to plants, crops, catheters, lock solutions, pumps (including cardiopulmonary bypass pumps, implantable patient pumps, non-implantable (exterior) patient pumps (e.g., for drug or hormone delivery), and industrial pumps), dialysis equipment, water pipes, plumbing fixtures, fuel lines, air ducts, gas lines (including air lines, oxygen lines, respirators), cosmetic products (including cosmetic skin products, cosmetic hair products), foods, eye products (eye drops, contact lenses, implantable lenses), ear products (e.g., ear drops), oral products (e.g., mouthwashes, tooth pastes, dental appliances), nasal products (e.g., nose drops, nose gels, nose swabs), vaginal care products, medical and veterinarian clothing (e.g., face masks, caps, gowns, gloves, footwear, gloves, aprons), gas masks, adhesives, soaps, detergents, and paints.
  • fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein to kill or inhibit cells of one or more microbial pathogens does not preclude use of the compound to kill or inhibit growth of cells of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbial organisms.
  • killing or inhibiting growth of cells of a fungal species comprises bringing a fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein into contact with the cells of the fungal species.
  • a compound described herein may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition (including veterinarian) composition for administration to an individual or formulated to provide fungicide and/or antifungal activity to an inanimate liquid, semi-solid, or solid composition that is susceptible or has already been contacted with (i.e., contaminated with) cells of a fungal species.
  • an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein is in contact with a solid, semi-solid, or liquid composition prior to contamination with cells of a fungal species, however, an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein may also be brought into contact with a solid, semi-solid, or liquid composition that is already contaminated with cells of a fungal species to kill or inhibit growth of the cells already present on or in the composition.
  • a fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein may be incorporated into any of a variety of compositions to provide the benefit of killing or inhibiting growth of cells of a pathogenic microbial species or strain to the particular composition or to a surface to which the composition may be applied.
  • compositions comprising an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, dry mixtures, ointments, creams, gels, jellies, lotions, pastes, tooth pastes, petroleum products, porous membranes, porous filters, microparticles, microspheres, liposomes, micelles, lipid bilayers, resin particles, plastics, paints, glues, adhesives, cellulose products, textiles (fiber, yarn, or cloth), and nanoparticles.
  • An fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein may also be formulated by standard methods for delivery to a surface in an aerosol of fine solid particles or liquid droplets mixed with a gas.
  • a fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein may be brought into contact with a solid surface composed of or comprising any of a variety of materials that are capable of retaining and/or transmitting viable cells of one or more fungal species that may be present on the solid surface.
  • Such materials include, but are not limited to, enamel, plastic, glass, silicon, rubber, metal, stone, cement, nylon, cellulose, polymeric resin (including various cellulose and agarose resins), calcium phosphate (for example, as in, but not limited to, hydroxyapatite and bone), calcium carbonate (for example, as in, but not limited to, mollusk shells and mother-of-pearl), keratin (for example, as in, but not limited to, skin, hair, fur, wool, nails, claws, hooves, scales, beaks, and feathers), collagen (for example, as in, but not limited to, animal hides, tendons, and ligaments), chitin (for example, as in, but not limited to, exoskeletons and fungal cell walls), and combinations thereof.
  • the compound may be applied to a solid surface by any of a variety methods available in the art for applying an organic compound to a particular surface.
  • Such methods include methods of "treating” a surface, wherein it is understood that the terms “treat”, “treating”, and “treatment” in this context of combining a compound with a surface is distinct from the a medical treatment of an individual for disease.
  • Such methods of treating a surface with an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein include, but are not limited to, coating a surface with the compound, immersing the surface in the compound, impregnating the surface with the compound, absorbing the compound into the surface, adsorbing the compound to the surface, and covalently conjugating the compound to the surface.
  • compositions of the invention may be in any of a variety of forms particularly suited for the intended mode of providing the benefit of the fungicide and/or antifungal activity of a compound described herein to a solid composition, to a semi-solid composition, or to liquid composition.
  • a carrier is any compound that provides a medium for using fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein.
  • a carrier may be liquid, solid, or semi-solid. To retain its utility, it will be necessary that the carrier (and any other component of a composition) does not significantly neutralize, inhibit, or block the fungicide and/or antifungal inhibitory activity of a compound of the invention included in the composition.
  • a suitable carrier for use in the compositions described herein includes, but is not limited to, an organic solvent, an aqueous buffer, water, emulsifying agent, and a solid dispersing agent. Solutions and suspensions comprising a fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein may also be prepared using an appropriate organic solvent or emulsifying agent.
  • a preferred organic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
  • DMSO-based solutions comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein are particularly useful in providing required concentrations of the compound in various compositions, assays (including growth assays), and procedures.
  • Other organic solvents may also be used including, but not limited to, an alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide (DMA).
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • DMA ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide
  • ethanol is more preferred than isopropanol, which is more preferred than butanol or an aryl alcohol, which are more preferred than methanol.
  • conventional solid carriers include, but are not limited to, mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
  • a composition comprising a fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein may also comprise a dispersing agent.
  • the dispersing agent may be employed to disperse the fungicide and/or antifungal compound more uniformly in a composition and/or to enhance dispersion of the composition containing an antifungal compound described herein over a surface to which the composition is applied.
  • a dispersing agent may be a solid or liquid. Solid dispersing agents may include, without limitation, talc, starch, cellulose, metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide, titanium oxide), graphite, and combinations thereof.
  • a preferred dispersing agent for liquid compositions is a surfactant, which may be an anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or nonionic surfactant.
  • a surfactant is employed at the lowest concentration that provides optimal dispersion of the fungicide and/or antifungal compound throughout the composition or optimal dispersion of the composition containing on a surface.
  • Preferred anionic surfactants useful in the compositions and methods described herein include, without limitation, linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid; alkyl sulfate; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate having 1 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic acid having 1 to 10 moles ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene alkyl amide ether carboxylic or fatty acid having 1 to 10 moles ethylene oxide; and potassium, sodium, magnesium, or alkanolamine salts thereof.
  • the alkyl and fatty groups in an anionic surfactant are, independently, 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • a nonionic surfactant useful in the compositions and methods described herein is a nonionic polyoxyethylene ether, including, but not limited to, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether having an alkyl chain containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and having 1 to 30 moles, and more preferably 4 to 20 moles, of ethylene oxide; a polyoxyethylene oxypropylene alkyl ether having 1 to 30 moles, and more preferably 1 to 20 moles, of ethylene oxide, and having 1 to 10 moles, more preferably 1 to 5 moles, of propylene oxide; a fatty acid alkanol amide containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms to which 1 to 3 moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide may be added; and an alkyl polyglucoside having an alkyl chain containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and preferably having 1
  • nonionic surfactant useful in compositions and methods described herein is t-octylphen-oxypolyethoxyethanol (e.g., brand name TRITON® X-100 non-ionic surfactant, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, US).
  • t-octylphen-oxypolyethoxyethanol e.g., brand name TRITON® X-100 non-ionic surfactant, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, US.
  • Another nonionic surfactant useful in the compositions and methods described herein may be an ester between a fatty acid containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and a polyvalent alcohol having a hydrocarbon group containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 8 hydroxy groups. More preferably, the ester is a glycerin fatty acid ester, a polyglycerin fatty acid ester, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, a sucrose fatty acid ester, or a propylene glycol fatty acid ester.
  • Amphoteric surfactants that may find use in the compositions and methods described herein include, without limitation, those having an alkyl group containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, such as alkyl amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-alkanoyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), alkyl amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (N- alkanoyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) ammonium sulfobetaine), alkyl- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl acetate betaine (N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), alkyl amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-propyl sulfobetaine (N-al
  • preferred species may include lauric acid amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-lauroyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), myristic acid amidopropyl- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl acetate betaine (N-myristyloyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), cocamide amide propyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-coconut composition alkanoyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), lauryl- N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (N-lauryl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3 -sulfopropyl) ammonium sulfobetaine), lauric acid amidoprop
  • Cationic surfactants that may be used in compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to, a long-chain dialkyl dimethyl ammonium salt, long-chain monoalkyl monobenzyl dimethyl ammonium salt, and monoalkyl trimethyl ammonium salt having a long alkyl chain containing 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms, which may be interrupted therein with an amide or ester linkage.
  • the counterion of such cationic species is preferably a halogen ion, sulfate ion, or alkyl sulfate containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
  • the cationic surfactants of amine type useful in compositions and methods described herein include long-chain dialkyl monomethylamine salts having a long alkyl chain containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, which optionally may be interrupted therein with an amide or ester linkage.
  • Preferred counterions of such species include hydrochlorides, sulfates, and phosphates thereof.
  • compositions of the invention comprise at least one fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein and may be prepared in a unit-dosage form appropriate for a desired mode of administration.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention may be administered for therapy (including for preventive therapy) by any suitable route including, but not limited to, oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal, mucosal (mucosa), nasal, topical, dermal, vaginal and parenteral (including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal).
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other agents and ingredients of the composition and not prohibitively deleterious to the patient to whom the pharmaceutical composition is administered.
  • An fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may be administered alone, but will generally be administered as pharmaceutical formulations suitable for administration.
  • compositions known in the art contemplated herein comprise a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention, and an inert, pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a “cosmetically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical or cosmetic administration, respectively. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with an fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention, use thereof in the formulation is contemplated.
  • a preferred pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of one or more fungicide and/or antifungal compounds described herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and, optionally, one or more other active agents, diluents, fillers, or excipients.
  • An excipient is a compound that improves or provides a desirable physical property to a composition.
  • An excipient useful in a composition described herein includes, but is not limited, an emulsifying agent, pH buffering agent, a dispersing agent, co-solvent, a gelling agent, and a drying agent.
  • a compound of the invention may be administered as the raw chemical, preferably the compound is present as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the invention thus further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an fungicide and/or antifungal compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefor and, optionally, one or more other therapeutic or beneficial agents known in the art, such as, an antibiotic, another antifungal drug, an anti-protozoan drug, an anti-viral compound, an anti-cancer compound, a vitamin, a trace metal supplement, or an ion supplement to restore or maintain proper ionic balance in blood or other tissues.
  • Suitable therapeutic agents include, without limitation, penicillins and other beta lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, cephalosporins, macrolides (including erythromycin and ketolides), sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, quinolones (such as fluoroquinolones), oxazolidinones, lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), tetracyclines, vancomycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, efflux pump inhibitors, lactoferrins, and cationic peptides.
  • Such agents may be administered to an individual in the same pharmaceutical composition comprising an fungicide and/or antifungal compound of this invention or in a separate composition.
  • a composition comprising a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may further comprise one or more antibiotics such as, but not limited to, penicillin,cephalosporin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, quinolone, cinoxacin, nalidixic acid, fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxaci
  • a composition comprising a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may further comprise one or more antifungal agents such as, but not limited to, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, potassium iodide, flucytosine, caspofungin acetate, nystatin, and the like.
  • antifungal agents such as, but not limited to, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, potassium iodide, flucytosine, caspofungin acetate, nystatin, and the like.
  • a composition comprising a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may further comprise one or more anti-protozoan agents such as, but not limited to chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, metronidazole, eplornithine, furazolidone, hydroxychloroquine, iodoquinol, pentamidine, mebendazole, piperazine, halofan trine, primaquine, pyrimethamine sulfadoxine, doxycycline, clindamycin, quinine sulfate, quinidine gluconate, quinine dihydrochloride, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, proguanil, quinine, clindamycin, atovaquone, azithromycin, suramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine, nifurtimox, amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate, pent
  • a composition comprising a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may further comprise one or more anti-proliferative agents such as, but not limited to, altretamine, amifostine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, bexarotene, bleomycin, busulfan, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, celecoxib, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cisplatin-epinephrine gel, cladribine, liposomal cytarabine, daunorubicin (same as daunomycin), liposomal daunoribin, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, epirubicin, estramustine, etoposide phosphate, etoposide VP- 16, exemestane, fludarabine, fluorouracil 5-FU, fulvestrant, gemicitabine,
  • combination therapies may also include a compound of this invention.
  • combination therapies described herein are merely exemplary and are not meant to limit possibilities for other combination treatments or co-administration regimens.
  • compositions according to the invention include those suitable for administration to an individual by any medically acceptable route including, but not limited to, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, auricular (ear), ocular, intra-articular, intrabronchial, intraabdominal, intracapsular, intracartilaginous, intracavitary, intracelial, intracerebellar, intracerebroventricular, intracolic, intracervical, intragastric, intrahepatic, intramyocardial, intraosteal, intrapelvic, intrapericardiac, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation), intrarectal, intrarenal, intraretinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathoracic, intrauterine, intravesical, bolus, vaginal, oral, rectal, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, and transdermal.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented
  • compositions suitable for oral administration may conveniently be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the invention in a powder or granule form, in a solution, in a suspension, or as an emulsion.
  • a compound of the invention may also be presented as a bolus, electuary, or paste.
  • Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents.
  • the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), or preservatives.
  • the compounds according to the invention may also be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection as a bolus or by continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion, or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water or pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, prior to use.
  • a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water or pharmaceutically acceptable buffer
  • fungicide and/or antifungal compounds according to the invention may be formulated as ointments, creams, gels, jellies, or lotions.
  • a compound of the invention may also be incorporated into a transdermal patch.
  • Such transdermal patches may contain penetration enhancers such as linalool, carvacrol, thymol, citral, menthol, t-anethole, and the like.
  • Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base comprising one or more suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
  • compositions suitable for topical administration of a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention in the mouth include lozenges comprising the compound, optionally, in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the compound in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • compositions suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid are presented as unit dose suppositories.
  • suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art, and the suppositories may be conveniently formed by admixture of a compound of the invention with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
  • compositions suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or sprays containing in addition to a compound of the invention such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used as a liquid spray or dispersible powder or in the form of drops.
  • Drops may be formulated with an aqueous or nonaqueous base also comprising one more dispersing agents, solubilizing agents, or suspending agents.
  • Liquid sprays may conveniently be delivered from pressurized packs.
  • the compounds according to the invention may conveniently be delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer, a pressurized pack, or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example, a powder mix of a compound of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form in, for example, capsules or cartridges, or, for example, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may also be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition for treating an eye or ear infection.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention for treating an eye or ear disease may be a liquid or lotion, which may be administered directly into or on the infected eye or ear.
  • Such compositions may be formulated in a manner similar to any of those known and used to administer an antibiotic to an eye or ear, such as compositions comprising fluoroquinolones (see, e.g., Am. Fam. Physician, 62: 1870-1876 (2000), and references cited therein).
  • compositions may be adapted to give a sustained or time- delayed release of compound of the invention using any of the sustained or time-delayed formats available in art.
  • each compound may be either the same as or differ from that when the compound is used alone.
  • Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
  • the ratio between a compound of the present invention and a second therapeutic compound for co-administration to a patient will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, one may use a ratio in the range from about 1 : 1 to about 1 :50 (by weight) of fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention: second therapeutic compound or, vice versa, i.e., of the second compound: fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention.
  • the ranges of ratios that may be used in preparing a composition for coadministration of an fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention with a second therapeutic compound include, without limitation: about 1 : 1 to about 1 :30 (by weight), about 1 : 1 to about 1: 20 (by weight), about 1: 1 to about 1 : 15 (by weight), about 1: 1 to about 1: 10 (by weight), about 1: 1 to about 1 :5 (by weight), and about 1 : 1 to about 1:3 (by weight) of a fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention: second therapeutic compound, or vice versa. If yet a further therapeutic compound(s) is added, ratios are adjusted accordingly.
  • An fungicide and/or antifungal compound of the invention may be provided and packaged in any of a variety of forms as described above, including in a powder or lyophilized state for reconstitution with sterile water or buffer, in unit doses for convenient administration, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable buffers or salts, and/or with instructions for using the packaged compound as an antifungal to treat an infection by a fungal pathogen.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio LD 5 o/ED 5 o.
  • Fungicide and/or antifungal compounds that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells of an individual and, thereby, reduce untoward side effects.
  • Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans.
  • the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
  • a dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC5 0 (i.e., the concentration of the test fungicide and/or antifungal compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of microbial growth).
  • IC5 0 i.e., the concentration of the test fungicide and/or antifungal compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of microbial growth.
  • levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • MIC Minimum inhibitory concentrations
  • the data in Table 1 show the organic compounds of the present invention are effective in inhibiting growth of a range of fungal cells.
  • Consideration of the foregoing data defined a new group of compounds of related structure that are useful as antifungal compounds, and particularly, inhibit growth of fungal cells, and may have further potency and/or toxicity profiles that make them candidates for use as therapeutic agents.
  • the new family of antimicrobial compounds can be described by the Formula I:
  • n 1 or 2;
  • X 1 is N or NR 8 ;
  • X 3 and X 5 are each independently NH, NR 8 , S, O, or S0 2 ,
  • X 4 , and X 6 are each independently N or CR ,
  • L is a direct bond or a linker which is ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), or alkyl radical;
  • L is a linker which is a direct bond or is ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), aryl, or heteroaryl radical; and
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, halo, amino, amidino, guanidino, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, acylamino, amido, sulfonamido, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, hydroxamate, thioacyl, alkylsulfonyl, or aminosulfonyl; and
  • R 8 is hydrogen, OH, a halogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl; larmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the compounds identified above are candidates for development as antifungal compounds, and particularly, compounds which inhibit growth of fungal cells.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés organiques fongicides et/ou antifongiques et des compositions afférentes qui tuent, ou inhibent la croissance, des cellules d'un ou de plusieurs agents pathogènes microbiens.
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US10093676B2 (en) 2014-06-05 2018-10-09 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Compounds useful as inhibitors of ATR kinase
US11179394B2 (en) 2014-06-17 2021-11-23 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Method for treating cancer using a combination of Chk1 and ATR inhibitors
WO2016000587A1 (fr) * 2014-07-01 2016-01-07 中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所 Dérivé bisamidine contenant du bis(amidino)indole benzène et son procédé de préparation et son utilisation
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