WO2013040527A1 - Composés antimicrobiens - Google Patents

Composés antimicrobiens Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013040527A1
WO2013040527A1 PCT/US2012/055678 US2012055678W WO2013040527A1 WO 2013040527 A1 WO2013040527 A1 WO 2013040527A1 US 2012055678 W US2012055678 W US 2012055678W WO 2013040527 A1 WO2013040527 A1 WO 2013040527A1
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Prior art keywords
compound
antimicrobial
species
acid
agent
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PCT/US2012/055678
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English (en)
Inventor
Son T. Nguyen
Xiaoyuan DING
Michelle M. Butler
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Microbiotix, Inc.
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Publication of WO2013040527A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013040527A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4178—1,3-Diazoles not condensed 1,3-diazoles and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. pilocarpine, nitrofurantoin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
    • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This invention is in the field of antimicrobial compounds.
  • the invention provides organic compounds that inhibit growth of microbial cells, such as bacterial cells, fungal cells, and/or protozoan cells.
  • Microbial pathogens continue to pose a serious threat to public health as indicated by a worldwide resurgence of bacterial, fungal, and protozoan diseases.
  • One aspect of this resurgence appears to be the result of prior widespread, and largely effective, therapeutic and prophylactic use of antibiotics, which, unfortunately, over time has also selected for resistant strains of various microbial pathogens.
  • Of particular concern to the public health has been the emergence and proliferation of bacterial strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics in the current arsenal of antimicrobial agents.
  • bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (“MRSA”) and strains of Group A streptococcus bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, which have been isolated from highly aggressive infections in humans and popularly referred to as "flesh-eating" bacteria.
  • MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • Other multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial strains include strains of Enterococcus fecalis and Enterococcus fecium, which, along with antibiotic resistant Gram negative strains of Escherichia coli, constitute the most frequent etiological agents of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) diseases, such as septicemia, endocarditis, and infections of wounds and the urinary tract.
  • nosocomial (hospital-acquired) diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, and infections of wounds and the urinary tract.
  • aureus is currently the most frequent cause of nosocomial bacteremia and skin or wound infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes several serious and life-threatening diseases, including a contagious meningitis, bacteremia, and otitis media. Annual mortality from S. pneumoniae infection alone is estimated at between 3-5 million persons globally. Recently, a strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been isolated that is resistant to all antibiotics previously used to treat gonorrhea. The emergence of such highly resistant bacterial strains illustrates the possibility of a worldwide scourge of unbeatable bacterial infections and diseases.
  • non-bacterial species of microbial cells are also responsible for a variety of severe, even fatal, diseases in human and non-human animal populations throughout the world. Strains of such non-bacterial species have also developed resistant to respective antimicrobial agents.
  • prominent fungal pathogens include, but are not limited to, species of Candida, such as C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. guillermondii; species of Aspergillus, such as A. fumgatus, A. niger, and A. flavus; species Cryptococcus, such as C. neoformans, C. laurentii, C. albidus, and C.
  • Fungal pathogens are of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, such as patients of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
  • protozoan cells can be particularly challenging as protozoa may exist in distinctly different forms at various stages in the protozoan life cycle.
  • Plasmodium falciparum the etiological agent of malaria, exists in multiple forms during its presence in an infected human individual (sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes) as well as in the mosquito vector (gametocytes, gametes, zygotes, ookinetes, oocysts, sporozoites).
  • pathogenic protozoans include, but are not limited to, trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei, T. brucie gambiense, and T. brucie rhodiense (cause of sleeping sickness) and T. cruzi (cause Chagas disease) and species of Leishamania (cause of leishmaniasis); species of Entamoeba, such as E. hisolytica (cause of amoebiasis); species of Toxoplasma, such as T. gondii (cause of toxoplasmosis); species of trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei, T. brucie gambiense, and T. brucie rhodiense (cause of sleeping sickness) and T. cruzi (cause Chagas disease) and species of Leishamania (cause of leishmaniasis); species of Entamoeba, such as E. hisolytica (cause of amoebiasis);
  • Cryptosporidium such as C. parvum (cause of cryptosporidiosis); and species of Giardia, such as G. lamblia (cause of giardiasis).
  • the invention addresses the above problem by providing antimicrobial compounds that inhibit growth of or kill cells of one or more microbial species, such as species of bacteria, fungi, and/or protozoa.
  • An antimicrobial compound of the invention inhibits growth of or kills cells of one or more microbial species if the compound is brought into contact with the microbial cells.
  • Compounds of the invention are particularly useful in methods and compositions to inhibit growth of or kill cells of pathogenic microbial species (including opportunistic pathogenic species).
  • An antimicrobial compound described herein may be used to inhibit growth of or kill cells of a pathogenic microbial species by administration to an individual (human or other mammal) that is susceptible to infection by or has been infected with cells of the pathogenic microbial species.
  • An antimicrobial compound of the invention may also be applied to or incorporated into a liquid, solid, or semi-solid composition that is susceptible to or is already contaminated with cells of one or more pathogenic microbial species.
  • Compounds of the invention may also be used to treat solid surfaces, e.g., as a bacteriocide.
  • an antimicrobial compound of the invention has the structure:
  • X 1 , X 8 , X 11 , and X 15 are independently NH, NR 18 ; O, S, or S0 2 ,
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , X 9 , X 10 , X 11 , X 12 , X 13 , X 14 , X 16 , X 17 , and X 18 are each independently C or
  • L is a linker which is a direct bond or is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), aryl, or heteroaryl radical;
  • R 1 to R 17 are each independently hydrogen, halo, amino, amidino, guanidino, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, amino, substitued amino, acylamino, amido, sulfonamido, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, hydroxamate, thioacyl, alkylsulfonyl, or aminosulfonyl; and R 18 is hydrogen, an alkyl, or acyl radical;
  • X 1 and X 8 are NH; X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 7 are C;
  • R 2 and R 7 are hydrogen
  • R 1 and R 8 are heteroaryl
  • L is a linker which is an aryl or heteroaryl radical; and salts thereof.
  • X 1 is NH
  • X 8 is O
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 7 are C;
  • R 2 and R 7 are hydrogen
  • R 1 and R 8 are heteroaryl
  • L is a linker which is an aryl radical
  • a salt of a compound that has a structure described above is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • an antimicrobial compound of the invention has a structure:
  • the compounds described herein are useful as antibacterial or bacteriostatic agents and may be used to treat bacterial infections. Accordingly, an individual infected with or exposed to bacterial infection, especially Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Streptococcus, Enterobacteria, or Klebsiella infection, may be treated by administering to the individual in need an effective amount of a compound according to the invention, e.g., administering one or more of the compounds of formula (I) described above.
  • the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the antimicrobial compounds disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient for combating bacterial infection.
  • antimicrobial compounds as disclosed herein have many non-pharmaceutical uses, such as on surfaces (objects, countertops, floors, teeth, etc.) or added to solutions or mixtures (cleaning solutions, detergents, dentifrices, etc.), to inhibit microbial growth or eliminate infectious agents.
  • An antimicrobial compound or combination of compounds described herein may be used as a supporting or adjunctive therapy for the treatment of bacterial or fungal infection in an individual (human or other animal).
  • administration of an antimicrobial compound as described herein to inhibit the growth of microbes in or on an individual may be sufficient to permit the individual's own immune system to effectively clear or kill infecting or contaminating bacteria, fungi or protozoans from the tissue of the individual.
  • an antimicrobial compound described herein may be administered to an individual in conjunction (i.e., in a mixture, sequentially, or simultaneously) with an antibacterial agent, such as an antibiotic, an antibody, or immunostimulatory agent, to provide inhibition of microbial growth.
  • composition comprising an antimicrobial compound or a combination of antimicrobial compounds described herein may also comprise a second agent (second active ingredient, second active agent) that possesses a desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity other than that of the antimicrobial compound.
  • a second agent second active ingredient, second active agent
  • Such a second active agent may include, but is not limited to, an antibiotic, an antibody, an antiviral agent, an anticancer agent, an analgesic (e.g., a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID), acetaminophen, an opioid, a COX -2 inhibitor), an immunostimulatory agent (e.g., a cytokine), a hormone (natural or synthetic), a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, an antiemetic agent, an anti-histamine, an erythropoietin, a complement stimulating agent, a sedative, a muscle relaxant agent, an anesthetic agent, an anticonvulsive agent, an antidepressant, an antipsychotic agent, and combinations thereof.
  • an antibiotic e.g., an antibody, an antiviral agent, an anticancer agent, an analgesic (e.g., a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID), acetaminophen, an opioid,
  • compositions comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein may be formulated for administration to an individual (human or other animal) by any of a variety of routes including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, parenteral, intraperitoneal, sublingual (under the tongue), buccal (cheek), oral (for swallowing), topical (epidermis), transdermal (absorption through skin and lower dermal layers to underlying vasculature), nasal (nasal mucosa), intrapulmonary (lungs), intrauterine, vaginal, intracervical, rectal, intraretinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathoracic, intrarenal, nasojejunal, and intraduodenal.
  • routes including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, parenteral, intraperitoneal, sublingual (under the tongue), buccal (cheek), oral (for swallowing), topical (epiderm
  • the invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the antimicrobial compounds described herein, solvated forms of the antimicrobial compounds described herein, multimeric forms of the antimicrobial compounds described herein, and prodrugs of the antimicrobial compounds described herein.
  • the invention is based on a discovery of a class of organic compounds, which when brought into contact of cells of one or more microbial species (e.g., bacteria, fungi, or protozoa), inhibit growth of or kill the cells of the one or more microbial species.
  • microbial species e.g., bacteria, fungi, or protozoa
  • Compounds of the invention are thus referred to as "antimicrobial" compounds.
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein are particularly useful in compositions and methods to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one or more pathogenic (including opportunistic pathogenic) bacteria, fungi, or protozoa.
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein may be used in compositions and methods to treat an individual (human or other mammal) this is infected with, at risk of infection by, or suspected of being infected with a pathogenic microbial species.
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein may also be used to treat or disinfect a liquid, solid, or semisolid composition that is contaminated with or susceptible to contamination by cells of a pathogenic microbial species.
  • Halo or "halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • Alkyl means a straight or branched chain monovalent or a divalent radical of saturated and/or unsaturated carbon atoms.
  • alkyl radical include, but are not limited to, methyl (abbreviated “Me”), ethyl (“Et”), propyl (“Pr”), isopropyl (“/Pr”), butyl (“Bu”), isobutyl (“/Bu”), sec-butyl
  • alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Haloalkyl means an alkyl radical that is substituted with one or more identical or different halogen atoms, e.g., -CH 2 C1, -CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CC1 3 , and the like.
  • alkenyl means a straight-chain, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical that has from 2 to 8 carbon atoms (C 2 - C 8 ) and at least one double bond, e.g., ethenyl, 3-buten-l-yl, 3-hexen-l-yl, cyclopent- l-en-3-yl, and the like.
  • An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Alkynyl means a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical that has from 2 to 8 carbon atoms (C 2 - C 8 ) and at least one triple bond, e.g., ethynyl, 3-butyn-l-yl, 2-butyn-l-yl, 3-pentyn-l-yl, and the like.
  • An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Cycloalkyl means a non-aromatic monovalent or divalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical that has 3 to 12 carbon atoms (C 3 - C i2 ), e.g., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, decalinyl, and the like.
  • a cycloalkyl radical may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • a cycloalkyl radical may also be fused to one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Heterocycloalkyl means a non-aromatic monovalent or divalent, monocyclic or polycyclic radical that has 2 to 12 carbon atoms (C 2 - Ci 2 ) and 1 to 5 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S), e.g., pyrrolodinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, oxiranyl, and the like.
  • a hetercycloalkyl radical may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • a heterocycloalkyl radical may also be fused to one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Aryl (abbreviated “Ar”) means an aromatic monovalent or divalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical comprising between 5 and 18 carbon ring members, e.g., phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, and the like.
  • An aryl radical may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the suitable substituents found herein.
  • An aryl radical may also be fused to one or more heteroaryl groups or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Heteroaryl (abbreviated “HAr”) means an aromatic monovalent or divalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical comprising between 3 and 18 carbon ring members and at least 1 heteroatom selected from nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S), e.g., pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridizinyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, imidazolinyl, benzimidazolinyl, indolyl, and the like.
  • a heteroaryl radical may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more of the suitable substituents found herein.
  • a heteroaryl radical may also be fused to one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more suitable substituents found herein.
  • Haldroxy means the radical -OH.
  • Alkoxy means the radical -OR, wherein R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • Aryloxy means the radical -OAr, wherein Ar is an aryl group.
  • Heteroaryloxy means the radical -O(HAr), where HAr is a heteroaryl group
  • Acyl means a -C(0)R radical, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, e.g. acetyl, benzoyl, and the like.
  • Carboxy means the radical -C(0)OH.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means a -C(0)OR radical where R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl.
  • Aryloxycarbonyl means a -C(0)OR radical where R is aryl or heteroaryl.
  • Amino means the radical -NH 2 .
  • substituted amino means the radical -NRR', wherein R and R' are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Acylamino means the radical -NHC(0)R, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, e.g., acetyl, benzoyl, acetylamino, benzoylamino, and the like.
  • Amido means the radical -C(0)NRR', wherein R and R' are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Sulfonylamino means the radical -NHS0 2 R, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Amidino means the radical -C(NR)NR'R", wherein R, R', and R" are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and wherein R, R', and R" may form
  • heterocycloalkyl rings e.g. carboxamido, imidazolinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl.
  • “Guanidino” means the radical -NHC(NR)NR'R", wherein R, R', and R" are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and wherein R, R', and R" may form heterocycloalkyl rings.
  • Alkylthio means the radical -SR, wherein R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • Arylthio means the radical -SAr, wherein Ar is an aryl group.
  • “Hydroxamate” means the radical -C(0)NHOR, whereub R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • Thioacyl means a -C(S)R radical, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Alkylsulfonyl means the radical -S0 2 R, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • Aminosulfonyl means the radical -S0 2 NRR', wherein R and R' are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • a “leaving group” means any suitable group that will be displaced by a substitution reaction.
  • any conjugate base of a strong acid can act as a leaving group.
  • suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, -F, -CI, -Br, alkyl chlorides, alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkyl p-toluene- sulfonates, alkyl methanesulfonates, triflate, and any groups having a bisulfate, methyl sulfate, or sulfonate ion.
  • a “protecting group” refers to a group that protects one or more inherent functional group from premature reaction. Suitable protecting groups may be routinely selected by those skilled in the art in light of the functionality and particular chemistry used to construct the compound. Examples of suitable protecting groups are described, for example, in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3d edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y. (1999).
  • suitable organic moiety means any organic moiety recognizable, such as by routine testing, to those skilled in the art as not adversely affecting the antimicrobial activity of compounds described herein.
  • suitable organic moieties include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl groups, alkyl groups, oxo groups, cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkoxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, substitued amino groups, disubstitued amino groups, carbamoyl groups, arylthio groups, heteroarylthio groups, and the like.
  • pyrazolyl pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl,
  • benzimidazolyl benzothiophenyl, or benzofuranyl
  • amino primary, secondary, or tertiary
  • nitro thiol; thioether, O-lower alkyl (alkoxyl); O-aryl (aryloxy), aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; C0 2 CH 3 ; CONH 2 ;
  • Such moieties may also be optionally substituted by a fused-ring structure or bridge, for example OCH 2 -0.
  • substituents may optionally be further substituted with a substituent selected from groups such as hydroxyl groups, halogens, oxo groups, alkyl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkyloxyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, substitued amino groups, disubstitued amino groups, carbamoyl groups, aryloxyl groups, heteroaryloxyl groups, arylthio groups, heteroarylthio groups, and the like.
  • groups such as hydroxyl groups, halogens, oxo groups, alkyl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkyloxyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, carboxyl groups
  • optionally substituted is intended to expressly indicate that the specified group is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents, unless the optional substituents are expressly specified, in which case the term indicates that the group is unsubstituted or substituted with the specified substituents.
  • various groups may be unsubstituted or substituted (i.e., they are optionally substituted) unless indicated otherwise herein (e.g., by indicating that the specified group is unsubstituted).
  • an antimicrobial compound described herein includes solvated forms of the compound.
  • solvated forms of an antimicrobial compound of the invention include, but are not limited to, the antimicrobial compound in combination with a solvent selected from water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, ethanolamine, and acetone.
  • Some of the compounds of the present invention may exist as single stereoisomers (i. e., essentially free of other stereoisomers), racemates, or mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, or both when they contain one or more stereogenic centers as designated by R or S according to the Cahn-Ingold- Prelog rules whether the absolute or relative configuration is known. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • Some of the compounds in the present invention may exist as geometric isomers as the result of containing a stereogenic double bond. In such cases, they may exist either as pure or mixtures of cis or trans geometric isomers or (E) and (Z) designated forms according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules and include compounds that adopt a double bond configuration as a result of electronic derealization.
  • an optically pure compound having one or more chiral centers is one that consists essentially of one of the two possible enantiomers (i.e., is enantiomerically pure), and an optically pure compound having more than one chiral center is one that is both diastereomerically pure and enantiomerically pure.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used in a form that is at least 90% optically pure, that is, a form that comprises at least 90% of a single isomer (80% enantiomeric excess (e.e.) or diastereomeric excess (d.e.), more preferably at least 95% (90% e.e. or d.e.), even more preferably at least 97.5% (95% e.e. or d.e.), and most preferably at least 99% (98% e.e. or d.e.).
  • antimicrobial compounds of the invention include active tautomeric and stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the present invention, which may be readily obtained using techniques known in the art. For example, optically active (R) and (S) isomers may be prepared via a stereospecific synthesis, e.g., using chiral synthons and chiral reagents, or racemic mixtures may be resolved using conventional techniques.
  • a compound of the present invention is a base
  • the desired salt of the compound may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid or with an organic acid along with appropriate counter ion.
  • Inorganic acids that may be used to form salts of compounds of the invention include, but art not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.
  • Organic acids that may be used to form salts of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyrvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid (such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid), an alpha-hydroxy acid (such as citric acid or tartaric acid), an amino acid (such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid), an aromatic acid (such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid), and a sulfonic acid (such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid).
  • acetic acid maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyrvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid (such as glucur
  • a compound of the present invention is an acid
  • the desired salt form may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base and appropriate counter ion(s).
  • bases that may be used to form salts of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, amines (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide, and an alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
  • suitable salts of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, organic salts derived from basic amino acids (such as lysine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines) and from cyclic amines (such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine), and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • organic salts derived from basic amino acids such as lysine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
  • cyclic amines such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine
  • inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • Salts of antimicrobial compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound as understood and used herein, is meant those salts of any antimicrobial compound of the invention derived from an inorganic or organic acid or base recognized in the art as compatible for pharmaceutical compositions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the antimicrobial compounds described herein are not limited to only pharmaceutical uses.
  • acids for pharmaceutically acceptable salts of antimicrobial compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, malonic acid, glutamic acid, phosphoric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, toluene-p-sulfonic acid, p- bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, stearic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, ethane -disulfonic acid, and sulfanilic acid.
  • Salts of other acids may not be pharmaceutically acceptable, but may find use in a variety of compositions and methods that are used to provide the benefit of the antimicrobial activity of a compound of the invention to a solution, semi-solid, or solid composition that is not a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and NR4+ (where R is a C j _4 alkyl) salts, and the like.
  • alkali metal e.g., sodium, potassium
  • alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
  • ammonium and NR4+ where R is a C j _4 alkyl
  • multimer refers to multivalent or multimeric forms of antimicrobial compounds of the invention. Such “multimers” may be made by linking or placing multiple copies of an active (i.e., possessing antimicrobial activity) compound described herein in close proximity to each other, e.g., using a scaffolding provided by a carrier moiety. Multimers of various dimensions (i.e., bearing varying numbers of copies of an active compound) may be tested to arrive at a multimer of optimum size with respect to binding site interactions. Provision of such multivalent forms of active compounds may enhance binding site interactions. See, e.g., Lee et al., Biochem. , 23: 4255 (1984).
  • Suitable carrier moiety or linker units may be used to control the multi valency and spacing by selection of a suitable carrier moiety or linker units.
  • Useful moieties include molecular supports comprising a multiplicity of functional groups that can be reacted with functional groups associated with the active compounds of the invention.
  • a variety of carrier moieties may be used to build highly active multimers including, but not limited to, proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA); peptides such as pentapeptides, decapeptides, pentadecapeptides, and the like; and non-biological compounds selected for their beneficial effects on absorbability, transport, or persistence within or on a target microbial cell.
  • Functional groups on the carrier moiety such as amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, and substitued amino groups, may be selected to obtain stable linkages to the compounds of the invention, optimal spacing between the immobilized compounds, and optimal biological properties.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable any compound or mixture that is not biologically, chemically, or in any other way, incompatible with body chemistry and metabolism and also does not adversely affect the desired, effective antimicrobial activity of a compound of the invention or any other component of a composition comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein that may be administered to an individual to effectively kill or inhibit growth of cells of a microbial pathogen infecting an individual.
  • oral refers to a route or mode for administering an effective amount of an antimicrobial compound described herein, or composition thereof, to an individual anywhere along the alimentary canal of the individual.
  • enteral routes of administration examples include, without, limitation, from the mouth, e.g., swallowing a solid (e.g., pill, tablet, capsule) or liquid (e.g., syrup, elixir) composition; nasojejunal or gastrostomy tubes (into the stomach); intraduodenal administration; and rectal (e.g., using suppositories for release and absorption of a compound or composition in the lower intestinal tract of the alimentary canal).
  • a solid e.g., pill, tablet, capsule
  • liquid e.g., syrup, elixir
  • rectal e.g., using suppositories for release and absorption of a compound or composition in the lower intestinal tract of the alimentary canal.
  • enteral routes of administration may be employed in the invention.
  • oral formulations are the same as “enteral” formulations and broadly encompass formulations that may be swallowed from the mouth as well as those that permit administration of an antimicrobial compound of the invention anywhere along the alimentary canal.
  • sub-lingual (absorption under the tongue) and buccal (absorption through the inner cheek) administration of a anit- microbial compound of the invention may also be considered oral routes of administration.
  • parenteral and parenterally refer to routes or modes of administration of an antimicrobial compound of the invention, or composition thereof, to an individual other than along the alimentary canal.
  • parenteral routes of administration include, without limitation, intravenous (i-v.), intramuscular (i.m.), intra-arterial (i.a.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c), transdermal
  • nasal or pulmonary e.g., via inhalation or nebulization, for absorption through the respiratory mucosa or lungs
  • intra-articular i.a.
  • direct injections or infusions into body cavities or organs as well as by implantation of any of a variety of devices into the body that permit active or passive release into the body of an individual of an antimicrobial compound described herein.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” is a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to the specified compound or to a salt of such compound, or a compound that is biologically active with respect to an intended pharmacodynamic effect.
  • “pharmaceutically active metabolite” means a pharmacologically active product produced through metabolism in the body of a specified compound or salt thereof.
  • Prodrugs and active metabolites of a compound may be identified using routine techniques known in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini et al., . Med. Chem. , 40: 2011-2016 (1997); Shan et al., . Pharm. Sci. , 86(7):765-767 (1997); Bagshawe, Drug Dev. Res., 34: 220-230 (1995); Bodor, Advances in Drug Res.
  • an antimicrobial compound of the invention is present in a solid form
  • the compound and salts thereof may exist in different crystal or polymorphic forms, all of which are intended to be within the scope of the present invention and specified structural formulas.
  • a "patient” and “individual” are synonymous, unless noted otherwise, and mean any mammal, including without limitation, a human, who receives or may be a candidate to receive an antimicrobial compound described herein or composition thereof.
  • a "patient” may or may not present a recognizable symptom of a microbial disease, but merely be at risk for infection by cells of a pathogenic microbial species that may cause a disease, e.g., due to exposure to a source of cells of the microbial pathogen.
  • an "effective amount” is intended to mean that amount of a compound that is sufficient to reduce, prevent or inhibit bacterial growth as compared with a negative control.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount of an antimicrobial compound of the present invention is a quantity sufficient to, when administered to an individual to kill or inhibit growth of cells of a microbial pathogen. Also, as used herein, a
  • terapéuticaally effective amount of a compound of the present invention is an amount which prevents, inhibits, suppresses, or reduces a given clinical condition or disease symptom in an individual as known and understood by a skilled healthcare provider or as compared to a control, such as an individual that is not infected with a microbial pathogen.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention may be readily determined by one of ordinary skill by routine methods known in the art.
  • Therapy and “therapeutic” as understood and used herein refer to treatment of a patient for a microbial infection or disease due to the microbial infection. For convenience, the terms are also understood to encompass prophylactic or precautionary use or administration of a compound of the invention.
  • Such precautionary or prophylactic use is exemplified by administration of an antibiotic to an immunocompromised or immunodeficient patient to protect the patient from an infection; to a patient suspected, but not proven, of having a microbial infection; or to a patient that is susceptible to contracting a disease caused by infection of cells of a pathogenic species, for example, at open wounds; by contact with water, food, body fluids, corpses, or carcasses contaminated with cells of a pathoogenic microbial species; or by contact with infected individuals or body fluids of infected individuals containing cells of a pathogenic microbial species.
  • treatment will refer to any use of the antimicrobial compounds calculated or intended to arrest or inhibit the growth of or kill cells of a pathogenic microbial species.
  • treating an individual may be carried out after any diagnosis indicating possible bacterial, fungal, or protozoan infection, i.e., whether an infection by a particular microbe has been confirmed or whether the possibility of infection is only suspected, for example, after exposure to the microbe or to another individual infected by the microbe.
  • composition or method described herein as “comprising” one or more named elements or steps is open-ended, meaning that the named elements or steps are essential, but other elements or steps may be added within the scope of the composition or method.
  • any composition or method described as “comprising” (or which "comprises") one or more named elements or steps also describes the corresponding, more limited composition or method “consisting essentially of” (or which "consists essentially of) the same named elements or steps, meaning that the composition or method includes the named essential elements or steps and may also include additional elements or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the composition or method.
  • composition or method described herein as “comprising” or “consisting essentially of one or more named elements or steps also describes the corresponding, more limited, and closed- ended composition or method “consisting of (or “consists of) the named elements or steps to the exclusion of any other unnamed element or step.
  • known or disclosed equivalents of any named essential element or step may be substituted for that element or step.
  • An antimicrobial compound of the invention has the following structure:
  • X 1 , X 8 , X 11 , and X 15 are independently NH, NR 18 ; O, S, or S0 2 ,
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , X 9 , X 10 , X 11 , X 12 , X 13 , X 14 , X 16 , X 17 , and X 18 are each independently C or
  • L is a linker which is a direct bond or is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), aryl, or heteroaryl radical;
  • R 1 to R 17 are each independently hydrogen, halo, amino, amidino, guanidino, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, amino, substitued amino, acylamino, amido, sulfonamido, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, hydroxamate, thioacyl, alkylsulfonyl, or aminosulfonyl; and
  • R 18 is hydrogen, an alkyl, or acyl radical
  • a preferred antimicr structure is a preferred antimicr structure:
  • X 1 and X 8 are NH;
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 7 are C;
  • R 2 and R 7 are hydrogen
  • R 1 and R 8 are heteroaryl
  • L is a linker which is an aryl or heteroaryl radical
  • a preferred antimicr structure has a structure:
  • X 1 is NH
  • X 8 is O
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 7 are C;
  • R 2 and R 7 are hydrogen
  • R 1 and R 8 are heteroaryl
  • L is a linker which is an aryl radical
  • antimicrobial compounds of the invention have a structure:
  • MBX2500A A 10 mL sealed tube was charged with XD#275-036-001 (110 mg, 0.24 mmol), P 2 S 5 (53 mg, 0.12 mmol) and ethylenediamine (2.0 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 120°C in oil bath and turned into a clear green solution. It was stirred at the same temperature for 3 hours, poured into brine (15-20 mL). The yellow suspension was filtered, rinsed with water and EtOAc 6-7 times. The solid was dried under vacuum to provide a yellow solid. The dried solid was dissolved in water/AcOH (100 mL/10 mL) and solvents were removed by lyophilization to provide the desired product MBX2500A (90 mg, 59%) as yellow powder.
  • Compounds of the invention possess antimicrobial activity, which means that the compounds kill or inhibit growth of cells of one or more species or strains of a microbial pathogen when the compounds are brought into contact with such cells. Accordingly, the compounds described herein are useful in compositions and methods for treating an individual who has been infected with a pathogenic microbial species, is at risk of infection by a pathogenic microbial species, or is suspected of having been infected with a pathogenic microbial species. Compounds described herein may also be used in compositions and methods to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one or more microbial species in solutions, semi-solids, and solid compositions that are or are susceptible to contamination by cells of microbial species and particularly pathogenic microbial species.
  • a microbial species may be an opportunistic microbial pathogen, i.e., cause a disease only under certain conditions.
  • cells of an opportunistic pathogenic microbial species may not normally be pathogenic or only mildly pathogenic in the case of a healthy individual whose immune system can effectively identify the invading microbial cells and mount an effective response to inactivate and/or otherwise remove the cells from the individual's body.
  • cells of the same microbial species may be able to establish an infection resulting in significant pathology in an individual whose immune system has been weakened or otherwise suppressed.
  • Weakened or compromised immune systems may result from a variety conditions including, but not limited to, prior (primary) illness, cancer of the immune system, exposure to toxins, exposure to radiation, exposure to chemotherapy drugs, and use of immunosuppressive drugs.
  • Such individuals include, without limitation, patients of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy drugs, and also individuals who take drugs designed to inhibit or suppress the activity of one or more cytokines, for example to treat diseases associated with an overactive cytokine(s), such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy drugs
  • drugs designed to inhibit or suppress the activity of one or more cytokines for example to treat diseases associated with an overactive cytokine(s), such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein may be used to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one more species of bacteria. Accordingly, compounds described herein may be used to use to kill or inhibit growth of cells of pathogenic (including opportunistic pathogenic) bacteria. Such bacteria may be Gram positive, Gram negative, or Gram variable. A compound described herein may be used to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one more species or strains of pathogenic (including opportunistic pathogenic) bacteria including, but not limited to, Acinetobacter (for example, A. baumannii), Bacillus (for example, B.
  • anthracis B. cereus, B. pumilis, B. megaterium, and B. subtilis
  • Burkholderia for example, B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, and B. cepacia
  • Clostridium for example, C. botulinum, C. tetani, C. perfringens, and C. difficile
  • Chlamydia for example, C. trachomatis
  • Chlamydophila for example, C. pneumoniae and C. psittiaci
  • Enterobacter for example, E. aerogenes and E. cloacae
  • Enterococcus for example, E. fecium and E. fecalis
  • Escherichia for example, E. coli
  • Haemophilus for example, H. influenzae
  • H. pylori Helicobacter (for example, H. pylori), Klebsiella (for example, K. pneumoniae), Legionella (for example, L. pneumophila), Mycobacterium (for example, M. leprae, M. bovis, and M. tuberculosis), Neisseria (for example, N. gonorrhoeae), Pseudomonas (for example, P. aeruginosa), Proteus (for example, P.
  • Salmonella for example, S. typhimurium and S. typhi
  • Shigella for example, S. dysenteriae
  • Staphylococcus for example, S. aureus
  • Stenotrophomonas for example, S. maltophilia
  • Streptococcus for example, S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae
  • Vibrio for example, V. cholerae
  • Yersinia for example, Y. pestis
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein may be used to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one more species of fungi.
  • Examples of prominent fungal pathogens include, but are not limited to, species of Candida, such as C. albicans, C. parapsilosis , C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. guillermondii; species of Aspergillus, such as A. fumgatus, A. niger, and A. flavus; species Cryptococcus, such as C. neoformans, C. laurentii, C. albidus, and C. gatti; species of Histoplasma, such as H. capsulatum; and species of Pneumocystis, such as P. jiroveci.
  • Fungal pathogens are of particular concern for
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein may be used to kill or inhibit growth of cells of one or more species of protozoa. Treatment of an individual infected with protozoan cells can be particularly challenging as protozoa may exist in distinctly different forms at various stages in the protozoan life cycle.
  • Plasmodium falciparum an etiological agent of malaria, exists in multiples forms during its presence in an infected human individual (sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes) as well in the mosquito vector (gametocytes, gametes, zygotes, ookinetes, oocysts, sporozoites).
  • Other species of Plasmodium that cause malaria or malaria-like diseases include P. vivax, P. ovale, P.
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein may be formulated for pharmaceutical and non- pharmaceutical uses.
  • Antimicrobial compounds described herein include compounds that may exhibit antimicrobial activity against multiple species and strains.
  • compounds described herein may also be effective at killing or inhibiting growth of cells of multiple pathogenic microbial species and also non-pathogenic microbial cells.
  • Such broad spectrum antimicrobial activity may be desirable in both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical uses.
  • a compound that can kill or inhibit growth of cells of multiple pathogenic microbial organisms may provide new treatments for a variety of diseases, including those for which drug resistance by the etiological agent is a growing problem. Killing or inhibiting growth of non-pathogenic microbial cells is a common activity of broad spectrum antibiotics in current use.
  • any side -effect of also killing or inhibiting growth of non-pathogenic cells should be tolerable and acceptable for approval by regulatory agencies for use of the compound for treating a particular disease.
  • compositions for which it is desirable to inhibit growth of pathogenic and/or non-pathogenic microbial cells are exemplified by, but not limited to, catheters, lock solutions, pumps
  • cardiopulmonary bypass pumps including cardiopulmonary bypass pumps, implantable patient pumps, non-implantable (exterior) patient pumps (e.g., for drug or hormone delivery), and industrial pumps
  • dialysis equipment including water pipes, plumbing fixtures, fuel lines, air ducts, gas lines (including air lines, oxygen lines, respirators), cosmetic products (including cosmetic skin products, cosmetic hair products), foods, eye products (eye drops, contact lenses, implantable lenses), ear products (e.g., ear drops), oral products (e.g., mouthwashes, tooth pastes, dental appliances), nasal products (e.g., nose drops, nose gels, nose swabs), vaginal care products, medical and veterinarian clothing (e.g., face masks, caps, gowns, gloves, footwear, gloves, aprons), gas masks, adhesives, soaps, detergents, and paints.
  • face masks e.g., face masks, caps, gowns, gloves, footwear, gloves, aprons
  • gas masks e.g., adhesives,
  • an antimicrobial compound described herein to kill or inhibit cells of one or more microbial pathogens does not preclude use of the compound to kill or inhibit growth of cells of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbial organisms.
  • killing or inhibiting growth of cells of a microbial pathogen comprises bringing an antimicrobial compound described herein into contact with the cells of the microbial pathogen.
  • a compound described herein may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition (including veterinarian) composition for administration to an individual or formulated to provide antimicrobial activity to an inanimate liquid, semi-solid, or solid composition that is susceptible or has already been contacted with (i.e., contaminated with) cells of a microbial pathogen.
  • an antimicrobial compound described herein is in contact with a solid, semi-solid, or liquid composition prior to contamination with cells of a microbial pathogen, however, an antimicrobial compound described herein may also be brought into contact with a solid, semi-solid, or liquid composition that is already contaminated with cells of a microbial pathogen to kill or inhibit growth of the cells already present on or in the composition.
  • An antimicrobial compound described herein may be incorporated into any of a variety of compositions to provide the benefit of killing or inhibiting growth of cells of a pathogenic microbial species or strain to the particular composition or to a surface to which the composition may be applied.
  • compositions comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, dry mixtures, ointments, creams, gels, jellies, lotions, pastes, tooth pastes, petroleum products, porous membranes, porous filters, microparticles, microspheres, liposomes, micelles, lipid bilayers, resin particles, plastics, paints, glues, adhesives, cellulose products, textiles (fiber, yarn, or cloth), and nanoparticles.
  • An antimicrobial compound described herein may also be formulated by standard methods for delivery to a surface in an aerosol of fine solid particles or liquid droplets mixed with a gas.
  • An antimicrobial compound described herein may be brought into contact with a solid surface composed of or comprising any of a variety of materials that are capable of retaining and/or transmitting viable cells of one or more microbial pathogens that may be present on the solid surface.
  • materials include, but are not limited to, enamel, plastic, glass, silicon, rubber, metal, stone, cement, nylon, cellulose, polymeric resin (including various cellulose and agarose resins), calcium phosphate (for example, as in, but not limited to, hydroxyapatite and bone), calcium carbonate (for example, as in, but not limited to, mollusk shells and mother-of-pearl), keratin (for example, as in, but not limited to, skin, hair, fur, wool, nails, claws, hooves, scales, beaks, and feathers), collagen (for example, as in, but not limited to, animal hides, tendons, and ligaments), chitin (for example, as in, but not limited to, exoskeletons
  • the compound may be applied to a solid surface by any of a variety of methods available in the art for applying an organic compound to a particular surface.
  • Such methods include methods of "treating” a surface, wherein it is understood that the terms “treat”, “treating”, and “treatment” in this context of combining a compound with a surface is distinct from the a medical treatment of an individual for disease.
  • Such methods of treating a surface with an antimicrobial compound described herein include, but are not limited to, coating a surface with the compound, immersing the surface in the compound, impregnating the surface with the compound, absorbing the compound into the surface, adsorbing the compound to the surface, and covalently conjugating the compound to the surface.
  • the skilled practitioner is able to determine which method is optimally suited for combining ("treating") a particular surface with a particular antimicrobial compound described herein.
  • compositions of the invention may be in any of a variety of forms particularly suited for the intended mode of providing the benefit of the antimicrobial activity of a compound described herein to a solid composition, to a semi-solid composition, or to liquid composition.
  • a carrier is any compound that provides a medium for using antimicrobial compound described herein.
  • a carrier may be liquid, solid, or semi-solid. To retain its utility, it will be necessary that the carrier (and any other component of a composition) does not significantly neutralize, inhibit, or block the antimicrobial inhibitory activity of a compound of the invention included in the composition.
  • a suitable carrier for use in the compositions described herein includes, but is not limited to, an organic solvent, an aqueous buffer, water, emulsifying agent, and a solid dispersing agent. Solutions and suspensions comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein may also be prepared using an appropriate organic solvent or emulsifying agent.
  • a preferred organic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
  • DMSO-based solutions comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein are particularly useful in providing required concentrations of the compound in various compositions, assays (including growth assays), and procedures.
  • Other organic solvents may also be used including, but not limited to, an alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA).
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide
  • DMSO is more preferred.
  • ethanol is more preferred than isopropanol, which is more preferred than butanol or an aryl alcohol, which are more preferred than methanol.
  • conventional solid carriers include, but are not limited to, mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
  • a composition comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein may also comprise a dispersing agent.
  • the dispersing agent may be employed to disperse the antimicrobial compound more uniformly in a composition and/or to enhance dispersion of the composition containing an anti-micriobial compound described herein over a surface to which the composition is applied.
  • a dispersing agent may be a solid or liquid. Solid dispersing agents may include, without limitation, talc, starch, cellulose, metal oxide (e.g., zinc oxide, titanium oxide), graphite, and combinations thereof.
  • a preferred dispersing agent for liquid compositions is a surfactant, which may be an anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or nonionic surfactant. See, for example, US Patent No. 6,921,745.
  • a surfactant is employed at the lowest concentration that provides optimal dispersion of the antimicrobial compound throughout the composition or optimal dispersion of the composition containing on a surface.
  • Preferred anionic surfactants useful in the compositions and methods described herein include, without limitation, linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid; alkyl sulfate; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate having 1 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic acid having 1 to 10 moles ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene alkyl amide ether carboxylic or fatty acid having 1 to 10 moles ethylene oxide; and potassium, sodium, magnesium, or alkanolamine salts thereof.
  • the alkyl and fatty groups in an anionic surfactant are, independently, 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • a nonionic surfactant useful in the compositions and methods described herein is a nonionic polyoxyethylene ether, including, but not limited to, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether having an alkyl chain containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and having 1 to 30 moles, and more preferably 4 to 20 moles, of ethylene oxide; a polyoxyethylene oxypropylene alkyl ether having 1 to 30 moles, and more preferably 1 to 20 moles, of ethylene oxide, and having 1 to 10 moles, more preferably 1 to 5 moles, of propylene oxide; a fatty acid alkanol amide containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms to which 1 to 3 moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide may be added; and an alkyl polyglucoside having an alkyl chain containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and more preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and preferably having 1
  • nonionic surfactant useful in compositions and methods described herein is t-octylphen-oxypolyethoxyethanol (e.g., brand name TRITON® X-100 nonionic surfactant, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, US).
  • t-octylphen-oxypolyethoxyethanol e.g., brand name TRITON® X-100 nonionic surfactant, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, US.
  • Another nonionic surfactant useful in the compositions and methods described herein may be an ester between a fatty acid containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and a polyvalent alcohol having a hydrocarbon group containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 8 hydroxy groups. More preferably, the ester is a glycerin fatty acid ester, a polyglycerin fatty acid ester, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, a sucrose fatty acid ester, or a propylene glycol fatty acid ester.
  • Amphoteric surfactants that may find use in the compositions and methods described herein include, without limitation, those having an alkyl group containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, such as alkyl amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-alkanoyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), alkyl amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (N-alkanoyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) ammonium sulfobetaine), alkyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), alkyl amidopropyl- N,N-dimethyl-2 -propyl sulfobetaine (N-al
  • preferred species may include lauric acid amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-lauroyl aminopropyl-N,N- dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), myristic acid amidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-myristyloyl aminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), cocamide amide propyl-N,N-dimethyl acetate betaine (N-coconut composition alkanoyl aminopropyl- N,N-dimethyl-N-carboxymethyl ammonium carbobetaine), lauryl-N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (N-lauryl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) ammonium sulfobetaine), lauric acid amide prop
  • Cationic surfactants that may be used in compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to, a long-chain dialkyl dimethyl ammonium salt, long-chain monoalkyl monobenzyl dimethyl ammonium salt, and monoalkyl trimethyl ammonium salt having a long alkyl chain containing 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms, which may be interrupted therein with an amide or ester linkage.
  • the counterion of such cationic species is preferably a halogen ion, sulfate ion, or alkyl sulfate containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
  • the cationic surfactants of amine type useful in compositions and methods described herein include long-chain dialkyl monomethylamine salts having a long alkyl chain containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, which optionally may be interrupted therein with an amide or ester linkage.
  • Preferred counterions of such species include hydrochlorides, sulfates, and phosphates thereof.
  • compositions of the invention comprise at least one antimicrobial compound described herein and may be prepared in a unit-dosage form appropriate for a desired mode of administration.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention may be administered for therapy (including for preventive therapy) by any suitable route including, but not limited to, oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal, mucosal (mucosa), nasal, topical, dermal, vaginal and parenteral (including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal).
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other agents and ingredients of the composition and not prohibitively deleterious to the patient to whom the pharmaceutical composition is administered.
  • An antimicrobial compound of the invention may be administered alone, but will generally be administered as pharmaceutical formulations suitable for administration.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations of this invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention, and an inert, pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a “cosmetically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical or cosmetic administration, respectively. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with an antimicrobial compound of the invention, use thereof in the formulation is contemplated.
  • a preferred pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of one or more antimicrobial compounds described herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and, optionally, one or more other active agents, diluents, fillers, or excipients.
  • An excipient is a compound that improves or provides a desirable physical property to a composition.
  • An excipient useful in a composition described herein includes, but is not limited, an emulsifying agent, pH buffering agent, a dispersing agent, co-solvent, a gelling agent, and a drying agent.
  • a compound of the invention may be administered as the raw chemical, preferably the compound is present as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the invention thus further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antimicrobial compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefor and, optionally, one or more other therapeutic or beneficial agents known in the art, such as, an antibiotic, an antifungal drug, an antiprotozoan drug, an anti-viral compound, an anticancer compound, a vitamin, a trace metal supplement, or an ion supplement to restore or maintain proper ionic balance in blood or other tissues.
  • Suitable therapeutic agents include, without limitation, penicillins and other beta lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, cephalosporins, macrolides (including erythromycin and ketolides), sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, quinolones (such as fluoroquinolones), oxazolidinones, lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), tetracyclines, vancomycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, efflux pump inhibitors, lactoferrins, and cationic peptides.
  • Such agents may be administered to an individual in the same pharmaceutical composition comprising an antimicrobial compound of this invention or in a separate composition.
  • a composition comprising an antimicrobial compound of the invention may further comprise one or more antibiotics such as, but not limited to, penicillin,cephalosporin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, quinolone, cinoxacin, nalidixic acid, fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, trovafloxaci
  • a composition comprising an antimicrobial compound of the invention may further comprise one or more antifungal agents such as, but not limited to, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, potassium iodide, flucytosine, caspofungin acetate, nystatin, and the like.
  • antifungal agents such as, but not limited to, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, potassium iodide, flucytosine, caspofungin acetate, nystatin, and the like.
  • a composition comprising an antimicrobial compound of the invention may further comprise one or more antiprotozoan agents such as, but not limited to chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, metronidazole, eplornithine, furazolidone, hydroxychloroquine, iodoquinol, pentamidine, mebendazole, piperazine, halofantrine, primaquine, pyrimethamine sulfadoxine, doxycycline, clindamycin, quinine sulfate, quinidine gluconate, quinine dihydrochloride, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, proguanil, quinine, clindamycin, atovaquone, azithromycin, suramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine, nifurtimox, amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine isethionate, trime
  • a composition comprising an antimicrobial compound of the invention may further comprise one or more antiproliferative agents such as, but not limited to, altretamine, amifostine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, bexarotene, bleomycin, busulfan, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, celecoxib, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cisplatin-epinephrine gel, cladribine, liposomal cytarabine, daunorubicin (same as daunomycin), liposomal daunoribin, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, epirubicin, estramustine, etoposide phosphate, etoposide VP- 16, exemestane, fludarabine, fluorouracil 5-FU, fulvestrant, gemicitabine, gemtuzumab-ozo
  • combination therapies may also include a compound of this invention.
  • combination therapies described herein are merely exemplary and are not meant to limit possibilities for other combination treatments or co-administration regimens.
  • compositions according to the invention include those suitable for administration to an individual by any medically acceptable route including, but not limited to, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, auricular (ear), ocular, intra-articular, intrabronchial, intraabdominal, intracapsular, intracartilaginous, intracavitary, intracelial, intracerebellar, intracerebroventricular, intracolic, intracervical, intragastric, intrahepatic, intramyocardial, intraosteal, intrapelvic,
  • intrapericardiac intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation), intrarectal, intrarenal, intraretinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathoracic, intrauterine, intravesical, bolus, vaginal, oral, rectal, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, and transdermal.
  • compositions may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented in discrete dosage units and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmaceutical compositions.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration may conveniently be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the invention in a powder or granule form, in a solution, in a suspension, or as an emulsion.
  • a compound of the invention may also be presented as a bolus, electuary, or paste.
  • Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents.
  • the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), or preservatives.
  • the compounds according to the invention may also be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection as a bolus or by continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion, or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water or pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, prior to use.
  • a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water or pharmaceutically acceptable buffer
  • antimicrobial compounds according to the invention may be formulated as ointments, creams, gels, jellies, or lotions.
  • a compound of the invention may also be incorporated into a transdermal patch.
  • Such transdermal patches may contain penetration enhancers such as linalool, carvacrol, thymol, citral, menthol, t-anethole, and the like.
  • Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base comprising one or more suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
  • compositions suitable for topical administration of an antimicrobial compound of the invention in the mouth include lozenges comprising the compound, optionally, in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the compound in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • compositions suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid are presented as unit dose suppositories.
  • suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art, and the suppositories may be conveniently formed by admixture of a compound of the invention with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
  • compositions suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or sprays containing in addition to a compound of the invention such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used as a liquid spray or dispersible powder or in the form of drops.
  • Drops may be formulated with an aqueous or non-aqueous base also comprising one more dispersing agents, solubilizing agents, or suspending agents.
  • Liquid sprays may conveniently be delivered from pressurized packs.
  • the compounds according to the invention may conveniently be delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer, a pressurized pack, or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example, a powder mix of a compound of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form in, for example, capsules or cartridges, or, for example, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • An antimicrobial compound of the invention may also be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition for treating an eye or ear infection.
  • Diseases of the eye that may be treated by administering antimicrobial compound of the invention to a patient include, but are not limited to, bacterial keratitis, infectious keratoconjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, ocular tuberculosis, and suppurative uveitis.
  • Diseases of the ear that may be treated by administering a compound of the invention include, but are not limited to, otitis externa and otitis media. Eye and ear diseases may be treated by administering a compound to a patient by any of the various routes described herein or by direct administration to the infected eye or ear.
  • compositions comprising an antimicrobial compound of the invention for treating an eye or ear disease may be a liquid or lotion, which may be administered directly into or on the infected eye or ear.
  • Such compositions may be formulated in a manner similar to any of those known and used to administer an antibiotic to an eye or ear, such as compositions comprising fluoroquinolones (see, e.g., Am. Fam. Physician, 62: 1870-1876 (2000), and references cited therein).
  • compositions may be adapted to give a sustained or time- delayed release of compound of the invention using any of the sustained or time-delayed formats available in art.
  • each compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof When a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with a second therapeutic compound, the dose of each compound may be either the same as or differ from that when the compound is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
  • the ratio between a compound of the present invention and a second therapeutic compound for co-administration to a patient will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, one may use a ratio in the range from about 1: 1 to about 1 :50 (by weight) of antimicrobial compound of the invention: second therapeutic compound or, vice versa, i.e., of the second
  • the ranges of ratios that may be used in preparing a composition for co-administration of an antimicrobial compound of the invention with a second therapeutic compound include, without limitation: about 1 : 1 to about 1:30 (by weight), about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 20 (by weight), about 1 :1 to about 1 : 15 (by weight), about 1 : 1 to about 1 :10 (by weight), about 1 : 1 to about 1 :5 (by weight), and about 1: 1 to about 1 :3 (by weight) of an antimicrobial compound of the invention: second therapeutic compound, or vice versa. If yet a further therapeutic compound(s) is added, ratios are adjusted accordingly.
  • An antimicrobial compound of the invention may be provided and packaged in any of a variety of forms as described above, including in a powder or lyophilized state for reconstitution with sterile water or buffer, in unit doses for convenient administration, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable buffers or salts, and/or with instructions for using the packaged compound as an antibiotic to treat an infection by a microbial pathogen.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard
  • LD 50 the dose lethal to 50% of the population
  • ED 50 the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio LD 5 o/ED 5 o.
  • Antimicrobial compounds that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells of an individual and, thereby, reduce untoward side effects.
  • Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans.
  • the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
  • a dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC 50 (i.e., the concentration of the test antimicrobial compound that achieves a half -maximal inhibition of microbial growth).
  • IC 50 i.e., the concentration of the test antimicrobial compound that achieves a half -maximal inhibition of microbial growth.
  • levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • Example 1 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of select compounds The following compounds were synthesized using the established chemistries described herein and were tested for in vitro inhibition of a panel of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using the broth microdilution method (Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, M7-A7; Approved Standard— Seventh Edition, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA (2006)) using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton Broth (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH).
  • Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values were determined for Klebsiella pneumoniae 13882, Proteus mirabilis 25933, Burkholderia cepacia 39277, Acinetobacter baumannii 19606,
  • Staphylococcus aureus 25923, and Enterococcus faecalis 29212 Staphylococcus aureus 25923, and Enterococcus faecalis 29212.
  • the data in Table 1 show the organic compounds of the present invention are effective in inhibiting growth of a broad range of microbial cells.
  • Consideration of the foregoing data defined a new group of compounds of related structure that are useful as antimicrobial compounds, and particularly, inhibit growth of microbial cells, such as bacterial cells, fungal cells, and/or protozoan cells, and may have further potency and/or toxicity profiles that make them candidates for use as therapeutic agents.
  • the new family of antimicrobial compounds can be described by the formula:
  • X 1 , X 8 , X 11 , and X 15 are independently NH, NR 18 ; O, S, or S0 2 ,
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , X 9 , X 10 , X 11 , X 12 , X 13 , X 14 , X 16 , X 17 , and X 18 are each independently C or
  • L is a linker which is a direct bond or is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, carboxamide (-CONH- or -NHCO-), aryl, or heteroaryl radical;
  • R 1 to R 17 are each independently hydrogen, halo, amino, amidino, guanidino, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, amino, substitued amino, acylamino, amido, sulfonamido, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, hydroxamate, thioacyl, alkylsulfonyl, or aminosulfonyl; and R 18 is hydrogen, an alkyl, or acyl radical;
  • the compounds identified above are candidates for development as antimicrobial compounds, and particularly, compounds which inhibit growth of microbial cells, such as bacterial cells, fungal cells, and/or protozoan cells.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés organiques antimicrobiens et des compositions de ceux-ci qui tuent les cellules d'un ou plusieurs pathogènes microbiens ou en inhibent la croissance.
PCT/US2012/055678 2011-09-16 2012-09-16 Composés antimicrobiens WO2013040527A1 (fr)

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US11466017B2 (en) 2011-03-10 2022-10-11 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Heterocyclic inhibitors of PTPN11
US10266487B2 (en) 2015-03-13 2019-04-23 Forma Therapeutics, Inc. Alpha-cinnamide compounds and compositions as HDAC8 inhibitors
US10988441B2 (en) 2015-03-13 2021-04-27 Valo Early Discovery, Inc. Alpha-cinnamide compounds and compositions as HDAC8 inhibitors
US11919839B2 (en) 2015-03-13 2024-03-05 Valo Health, Inc. Alpha-cinnamide compounds and compositions as HDAC8 inhibitors
US9745253B2 (en) 2015-03-13 2017-08-29 Forma Therapeutics, Inc. Alpha-cinnamide compounds and compositions as HDAC8 inhibitors
US10508077B2 (en) 2015-03-13 2019-12-17 Forma Therapeutics, Inc. Alpha-cinnamide compounds and compositions as HDAC8 inhibitors
WO2016161125A1 (fr) * 2015-03-31 2016-10-06 University Of Vermont And State Agricultural College Méthodes pour le traitement de la cryptosporidiose à l'aide de triazolopyridazines
US10363254B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2019-07-30 University Of Vermont And State Agricultural College Methods for treating cryptosporidiosis using triazolopyridazines
US11229649B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2022-01-25 University Of Vermont And State Agricultural College Methods for treating cryptosporidiosis using triazolopyridazines
WO2017125898A1 (fr) * 2016-01-21 2017-07-27 Novartis Ag Composés et compositions pour le traitement de la cryptosporidiose
US10280171B2 (en) 2016-05-31 2019-05-07 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Heterocyclic inhibitors of PTPN11
US11840536B2 (en) 2016-05-31 2023-12-12 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Heterocyclic inhibitors of PTPN11
US10851110B2 (en) 2016-05-31 2020-12-01 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Heterocyclic inhibitors of PTPN11
EP3301096A1 (fr) * 2016-09-30 2018-04-04 Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Derives de bis-indoles pour le traitement des infections bacteriennes
WO2018060367A1 (fr) * 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf Composés utilisés pour le traitement d'infections bactériennes
US10954243B2 (en) 2018-05-02 2021-03-23 Navire Pharma, Inc. Substituted heterocyclic inhibitors of PTPN11
US11932643B2 (en) 2018-05-02 2024-03-19 Navire Pharma, Inc. Substituted heterocyclic inhibitors of PTPN11
US11945815B2 (en) 2018-08-10 2024-04-02 Navire Pharma, Inc. PTPN11 inhibitors
US11104675B2 (en) 2018-08-10 2021-08-31 Navire Pharma, Inc. PTPN11 inhibitors
CN111233839A (zh) * 2020-02-26 2020-06-05 陕西科技大学 (e)1-酰基-2-(2-(9-烷基)咔唑-3-)乙烯基-苯并咪唑及其制备方法

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