Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/12—Polypropene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/14—Copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/142—Copolymers of propene at least partially crystalline copolymers of propene with other olefins
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
  • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
  • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
  • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
  • H01B3/441—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
  • H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
  • H01B7/29—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame
  • H01B7/295—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame using material resistant to flame
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/28—Nitrogen-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/32—Phosphorus-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
  • C08K5/51—Phosphorus bound to oxygen
  • C08K5/52—Phosphorus bound to oxygen only
  • C08K5/5205—Salts of P-acids with N-bases
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
  • C08K5/5399—Phosphorus bound to nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2201/00—Properties
  • C08L2201/02—Flame or fire retardant/resistant
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2201/00—Properties
  • C08L2201/22—Halogen free composition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2203/00—Applications
  • C08L2203/20—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets
  • C08L2203/202—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets use in electrical wires or wirecoating
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
  • C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend

Definitions

• the art recognizes the need for halogen-free insulation material that can meet wire performance requirements when downgauged.
• the present disclosure is directed to a halogen-free composition and conductors coated with the halogen-free composition.
• a halogen-free composition includes (A) from 70 wt % to 85 wt % of a polymeric component and (B) from 30 wt % to 15 wt % of a halogen-free flame retardant.
• the polymeric component (A) includes (i) a propylene homopolymer or a mini- random copolymer with greater than 40% crystallinity and (ii) an ethylene/a-olefin copolymer.
• the halogen-free composition has a density less than 1.15 g/cc.
• the halogen-free composition also has a scrape abrasion resistance of greater than or equal to 350 cycles as measured in accordance with ISO 6722.
• a coated conductor includes a conductor and a coating on the conductor.
• the coating is formed from the halogen-free composition described above.
• the coating includes the halogen-free composition with (A) from 70 wt % to 85 wt % of a polymeric component and (B) from 30 wt % to 15 wt % of a halogen-free flame retardant.
• the polymeric component (A) includes (i) a propylene homopolymer with greater than 40% crystallinity and (ii) an ethylene/cc-olefin copolymer.
• the coating has a density less than 1.15 g/cc.
• the coating has a scrape abrasion resistance of greater than or equal to 350 cycles as measured in accordance with ISO 6722.
• the coating of the coated conductor has a thickness from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm.
• An advantage of the present disclosure is a flame retardant, halogen-free insulation for wire/cable that avoids or otherwise omits metal hydroxide as a component.
• An advantage of the present disclosure is a flame retardant, halogen-free, insulation material for ultra-thin wire/cable applications.
• An advantage of the present disclosure is a coated conductor with a flame retardant, halogen-free coating for automotive thin and/or ultra-thin wire applications.
• a halogen-free composition includes (A) a polymeric component and (B) a halogen-free flame retardant ("HFFR").
• the polymeric component includes (i) a propylene homopolymer or a mini- random copolymer with greater than 40% crystallinity, and (ii) an ethylene/a-olefin copolymer.
• the halogen-free composition has a scrape abrasion resistance greater than or equal to 350 cycles.
• the polymeric component includes a propylene homopolymer or a mini-random copolymer with greater than 40% crystallinity.
• the propylene homopolymer can comprise either isotactic or syndiotactic propylene homopolymer.
• the propylene homopolymer is an isotactic propylene homopolymer, in order to maximize the crystallinity of the polymer.
• a "mini-random copolymer,” as used herein, is a propylene-based copolymer comprising 97 wt % to less than 100 wt % units derived from propylene and from 3 wt % to greater than 0 wt % units derived from an a-olefin comonomer.
• the mini- random copolymer is a propylene/ethylene copolymer.
• the polymeric component may include a blend of the propylene homopolymer and the mini-random copolymer.
• the propylene homopolymer or the mini-random copolymer has at least 40%, or at least 55%, or 60% to 75%, or 70%, or 65% crystallinity.
• the propylene homopolymer has a xylene solubles content from 0.1 weight percent (wt %), or 0.2 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 2.0 wt %, or 1.5 wt %, or 1.0 wt %.
• the propylene homopolymer or the mini-random copolymer has a melt flow rate from 1.0 grams per 10 minutes (g/10 min), or 2.0, g/10 min, or 3.0 g/ 10 min to less than or equal to 12 g/10 min, or 9 g/10 min, or 8 g 10 min, or 6 g/10 min, or 4 g/10 min.
• the propylene homopolymer has a molecular weight distribution (MWD) from 1.0, or 1.5, or 2.0 to 6.0, or 5.5, or 5.0.
• the propylene homopolymer or the mini-random copolymer has a crystallinity of at least 55% and a melt flow rate less than or equal to 4 g/10 min. In a further embodiment, the propylene homopolymer or mini-random copolymer has a crystallinity greater than or equal to 55% to 75% and a melt flow rate less than or equal to 4 g/10 min.
• the propylene homopolymer or mini-random copolymer can be prepared using Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems, using metallocene catalyst systems, or using constrained geometry catalyst systems.
• the propylene homopolymer or the mini-random copolymer has a density from 0.87 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc) to 0.93 g/cc. In a further embodiment, the propylene homopolymer has a density of 0.90 g/cc.
• a nucleating agent is blended with the propylene homopolymer or a mini-random copolymer to increase crystallinity.
• suitable nucleating agent include ADK NA-11 and ADK NA-21, which are available commercially from Asahi Denka Kokai.
• the nucleating agent is incorporated into the propylene homopolymer at levels of at least 500 parts per million (ppm), or at least 650 ppm, or at least 750 ppm.
• the polymeric component of the present halogen-free composition includes an ethylene/a-olefin copolymer.
• ethylene/a-olefin copolymer is a polymer that comprises a majority weight percent polymerized ethylene monomer (based on the total weight of polymerizable monomers), at least one polymerized olefin comonomer and optionally may comprise and additional polymerized comonomer.
• the ethylene/a-olefm copolymer contains ethylene monomer and one or more a-olefin comonomers having 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
• the ethylene/a-olefin copolymer contains from 0.5 wt % to less than 20 wt % units derived from ⁇ -olefin comonomer(s). Weight percent is based on the total weight of the ethylene/a-olefin copolymer.
• the ethyl ene/a-olefin copolymer can be a linear ethylene/a-olefin polymer or a substantially linear ethylene/a-olefm polymer.
• a "substantially linear ethylene/a-olefin copolymer” is a homogeneously branched ethylene copolymer (interpolymer) which possesses a narrow short chain branching distribution and contains long chain branches as well as short chain branches attributable to homogeneous comonomer incorporation.
• the long chain branches are of the same structure as the backbone of the polymer and are longer than the short chain branches.
• Substantially linear ethylene/a-olefin polymer has from 0.01, or 0.5 to 3, or 1 long chain branch/1000 carbons.
• These polymers are elastomers, which are polymeric chains that are able to alter their arrangements and extensions in space in response to an imposed stress.
• the ethylene/a-olefin has a density less than 0.90 g/cc, or from 0.86 g/cc, or 0.875 g/cc to less than 0.90 g/cc.
• the ethylene/a-olefin copolymer is an ethylene/octene copolymer.
• a nonlimiting example of a suitable ethylene/octene copolymer is Affinity® EP 8100, having a 190°C melt index (12) of 1.0 g/10 min and a density of 0.877 g/cc, available from The Dow Chemical Company.
• the polymeric component is a preblend of the propylene homopolymer and the ethylene/a-olefin copolymer.
• the propylene homopolymer and the ethylene/a-olefin copolymer are compounded to form a polymeric composite.
• the polymeric composite is subsequently blended with the halogen-free flame retardant (and other optional components) to form the present halogen-free composition.
• the polymeric component contains from 70 wt %, or 75 wt %, to 85 wt %, or 82 wt %, or 80 wt % of the propylene homopolymer, and from 30 wt %, or 25 wt % to 15 wt %, or 18 wt %, or 20 wt % of an ethylene/octene copolymer.
• the weight percent is based the total weight of the polymeric component.
• the polymeric component consists of, or consists essentially of, the (i) propylene homopolymer and (ii) the ethylene/a-olefin copolymer in the foregoing weight proportions.
• the polymeric component is an impact-modified polypropylene.
• An "impact-modified polypropylene” has a continuous phase which is comprised of a propylene polymer, and an elastomeric phase that is dispersed within the continuous phase.
• the propylene polymer of the continuous phase typically will be a homopolymer propylene polymer or a random or mini-random propylene copolymer, more typically a homopolymer propylene polymer.
• the propylene polymer may be made using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, constrained geometry catalyst, metallocene catalyst, or any other suitable catalyst system.
• the crystallinity of the propylene polymer is preferably at least about 50 percent, more preferably at least about 55 percent, most preferably at least about 62 percent.
• the elastomeric phase may be made using a constrained geometry catalyst, Ziegler- Natta catalyst, metallocene catalyst or any other suitable catalyst.
• Ethylene propylene rubbers are typically made in the second of two reactors coupled in series.
• Preferred blended elastomers include, but are not limited to, ethylene-octene, ethylene-butylene and ethylene-hexene.
• the elastomeric content of the impact propylene copolymer or the blend is from 8 to 40, more typically from 12 to 25 and most typically from 15 to 20 wt % based on the weight of the copolymer or blend.
• the present halogen-free composition includes a halogen-free flame retardant (HFFR).
• HFFR halogen-free flame retardant
• the HFFR is present in an amount from 15 wt %, or 18 wt % to 35 wt %, or 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the halogen-free composition.
• the HFFR is selected from ammonium polyphosphate, melamine phosphate, piperazine, and combinations thereof.
• suitable HFFR include Budit® 3167 available from Budenheim and/or FR 2100 available from Adeka Palmarole.
• Budit® 3167 is a proprietary nitrogen/phosphorus based intumescent flame retardant filler and contains 60/20/20 (wt %) ammonium polyphosphate/melamine derivative/ dipentaerythritol.
• FR 2100 is a nitrogen/phosphorus-based intumescent halogen-free flame retardant.
• the HFFR contains a combination of ammonium polyphosphate, melamine phosphate, and piperazine.
• the HFFR contains piperazine.
• the present halogen-free composition is free of, or is otherwise void of, a metal hydroxide.
• metal hydroxide free (and like terms) as used herein, is the condition that no, or substantially no, metal hydroxide is present or otherwise exists in the present halogen-free composition.
• a "metal hydroxide,” as used herein, is a compound that contains at least one metal-to-hydroxyl bond as shown in structure (I) below.
• metal hydroxide examples include magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.
• the present halogen-free composition is free of, or otherwise does not contain, metal hydroxide such as magnesium hydroxide and/or aluminum hydroxide. Applicant discovered that the present halogen-free composition unexpectedly and unpredictably exhibits flame retardance without the need for a metal hydroxide. The omission and/or avoidance of metal hydroxide advantageously contributes to the low density (i.e. , less than 1.15 g/cc) of the present halogen-free composition.
• the present composition By avoiding and/or omitting metal hydroxide from the present composition, Applicant discovered a low density composition, that is flame resistant, with excellent flexibility and tensile strength.
• the present composition also has scrape abrasion resistance suitable to meet the demanding performance requirements for thin and/or ultra-thin, wire insulation applications, particularly for automotive wire and cable applications.
• the present halogen-free composition has a density less than 1.15 g/cc. In a further embodiment, the present halogen-free composition has a density from 0.89 g/cc, or 0.9 g/cc, or 0.91g/cc, or 0.95 g/cc, or 1.0 g/cc to less than 1.15 g/cc, or less than 1.12 g/cc, or less than 1.10 g/cc. In a further embodiment, the present halogen-free composition exhibits the foregoing density and is free of, or otherwise void of, metal hydroxide.
• the halogen-free composition contains (based on total weight of the halogen-free composition):
• the composition has a density less than 1.15 g/cc; the composition is free of metal hydroxide; and
• the composition has a scrape abrasion resistance of greater than or equal to 350 cycles.
• the present halogen-free composition is free of, or is otherwise void of, styrenic block copolymer. It has been found that styrenic-block copolymer is a poor flame retardant and exhibits smoke when burned.
• the present halogen-free composition exhibits a scrape abrasion resistance greater than or equal to 350 cycles.
• the halogen-free composition has a scrape abrasion resistance greater than or equal to 350 cycles, or 400 cycles, or 500 cycles to 1000 cycles, to 900 cycles, or 800 cycles.
• Scrape abrasion resistance is determined in accordance with ISO 6722.
• the present halogen-free composition exhibits a sandpaper abrasion resistance greater than or equal to 200 millimeters (mm). Sandpaper abrasion resistance is determined in accordance with ISO 6722.
• the present halogen-free composition exhibits a resistance to pinch of over 2 lbs (0.9 kg). Resistance to pinch is determined in accordance with SAE Jl 678.
• the present halogen-free composition is flame resistant as determined in accordance with SAE J1678.
• halogen-free composition with a high-load (i.e. , greater than or equal to 50 wt % total composition) of propylene homopolymer or mini-random copolymer that is flame retardant and has superior scrape abrasion resistance.
• the flame retardance of the present composition with greater than 50 wt % propylene homopolymer or mini-random copolymer without the use of halogen flame retardants and/or without the use of metal hydroxide is surprising and unexpected.
• the present halogen-free composition may optionally include other additives.
• suitable optional additional additives include stabilizers, antioxidants, UV- absorbers, heat stabilizers, tougheners, impact modifiers, plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers, fillers, pigments, optical brighteners, slip agents, and antistatic agents.
• suitable fillers include calcium carbonate, silicates, talcum, and carbon black.
• the present halogen-free composition may comprise one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
• the present disclosure provides a coated conductor.
• the coated conductor includes a conductor and a coating on the conductor, the coating formed from the present halogen-free composition described above.
• the coating has a density less than 1.15 g/cc.
• the coating has a scrape abrasion resistance of greater than or equal to 350 cycles.
• the coating has a thickness from 0.1 mm, or 0.2 mm to 2.0 mm, or 1.6 mm.
• a "conductor,” as used herein, is one or more wire(s) or fiber(s) for conducting heat, light, and/or electricity.
• the conductor may be a single-wire/fiber or a multi-wire/fiber and may be in strand form or in tubular form.
• suitable conductor include metals such as silver, gold, copper, carbon, and aluminum.
• the conductor may also be optical fiber made from either glass or plastic.
• the coated conductor may be flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid.
• the coating also referred to as a "jacket” or a “sheath” or “insulation" is on the conductor or on another polymeric layer around the conductor.
• the present coated conductor may comprise two or more embodiments disclosed herein.
• Halogen-free and like terms mean that the compositions of the invention are without or substantially without halogen content, i.e. , contain ⁇ 2000 mg/kg of halogen as measured by ion chromatography (IC) or similar analytical method. Halogen content of less than this amount is considered inconsequential to the efficacy of the composition as a wire or cable covering.
• Intumescent flame retardant (and like terms) is a flame retardant that yields a foamed char formed on a surface of a polymeric material during fire exposure.
• Crystallinity is measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• a small sample of the propylene polymer is sealed into an aluminum DSC pan.
• the sample is placed into a DSC cell with a 25 centimeter per minute nitrogen purge and cooled to °C.
• a standard thermal history is established for the sample by heating at 10°C per minute to 225°C.
• the sample then is re-cooled to about -100°C and reheated at 10°C per minute to 225°C.
• the observed heat of fusion (AH 0 b se rved) for the second scan is recorded.
• the observed heat of fusion is related to the degree of crystallinity in weight percent based on the weight of the polypropylene sample by the following equation:
• Crystallinity percent (AH obS erved)/( AHi SO t actic pp ) x 100
• Density is measured in accordance with ASTM D 792.
• Test Sample Prepare a test sample of 600 mm.
• Apparatus - A gas burner having a 13 mm inlet, a nominal core of 10 mm, and a length of 100 mm above the primary inlets.
• the gas burner shall be adjusted to produce a 100 mm gas flame with an inner cone 1 ⁇ 2 of the height.
• the time of exposure to the test flame shall be 15 seconds. However, the exposure time shall not be longer than the time at which the conductor becomes visible.
• Flexural modulus is determined in accordance with ASTM D790.
• Melt flow rate is measured at 230°C at 2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D
• MI Melt index
• MWD Molecular Weight Distribution
• Pinch resistance is measured according to SAE Jl 678.
• Test Sample - 25 mm of insulation shall be removed from one end of a 900 mm sample of finished cable.
• Procedure - The sample is placed taut without stretching across a 3 mm diameter steel rod. The sample is subjected to an increasing force applied through the steel anvil by increasing the applied mass at a rate of 2.3 kg per min. At the moment the insulation is pinched through, the test stops. The applied mass is recorded. After each reading, the sample is moved 50 mm and rotated clockwise 90 degrees. Four readings are obtained for each sample. The mean of the four readings determine the pinch resistance of the cable under test.
• Scrape abrasion resistance is tested using the scrape tester according to ISO 6722. It is conducted with a needle scratching wire surface under 7N load. The number of cycles that the needle takes to abrade through the insulation is recorded.
• the polymeric component is a preblend of (i) propylene homopolymer and (ii) ethylene/octene copolymer available as Dl 17 available from The Dow Chemical Company.
• the properties of the polymeric component are set forth in Table 1 below.
• Halogen-free flame retardants used in the examples are set forth in Table 2 below.
• the polymeric composition (A), HFFR (B) and additive (C) are mixed in a Brabender mixing bowl and are then extruded in a 3 ⁇ 4" single-screw Brabender extruder to make coated conductors with 0.2 mm insulation layer.
• the conductor is 18 AWG/19 strand bare copper.
• the scrape abrasion resistance is tested using the scrape tester according to ISO 6722.
• the scrape abrasion resistance test is conducted with a needle scratching wire surface under 7N load. The number of cycles that the needle takes to abrade through the insulation is recorded.
• Resistance to pinch is measured according to SAE J1678.
• the wire sample is placed across a 3 mm diameter steel rod and is subjected to an increasing force applied with a mass at a rate of 2.3 kg/min. Resistance to pinch of the test sample is the average of 4 values.
• Example 1 and comparative samples (CS) CS1 and CS4 pass the ISO 6722 scrape abrasion resistance test of 350 cycles. The other comparative samples do not pass the ISO 6722 scrape abrasion resistance test.
• Example 1 , CS2 and CS4 each pass the flame resistance test for SAE J 1678.
• the other comparative samples fail the SAE J1678 flame resistance test.
• Example 1 passes each test (scrape abrasion, pinch resistance, flame resistance) and has a density less than 1.15 g/cc.
• Example 1 which is void of a metal hydroxide, is halogen-free, low density, flame retardant, and exhibits better scrape abrasion resistance when compared to similar compositions that contain metal hydroxide (i.e., CS4).

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