WO2013044611A1 - 太阳能电池片及其热处理工艺 - Google Patents

太阳能电池片及其热处理工艺 Download PDF

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WO2013044611A1
WO2013044611A1 PCT/CN2012/071967 CN2012071967W WO2013044611A1 WO 2013044611 A1 WO2013044611 A1 WO 2013044611A1 CN 2012071967 W CN2012071967 W CN 2012071967W WO 2013044611 A1 WO2013044611 A1 WO 2013044611A1
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Prior art keywords
heat treatment
conversion efficiency
cell
sheet
cell sheet
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PCT/CN2012/071967
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王红芳
熊景峰
胡志岩
李高非
安海娇
于全庆
刘伟
雷浩
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英利能源(中国)有限公司
保定嘉盛光电科技有限公司
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Priority to US14/348,052 priority Critical patent/US9419149B2/en
Priority to JP2014532221A priority patent/JP5795125B2/ja
Priority to EP12837273.7A priority patent/EP2763190B1/en
Publication of WO2013044611A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013044611A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02Details
    • H01L31/0216Coatings
    • H01L31/02161Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/02167Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H01L31/02168Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties for the solar cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/06Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
    • H01L31/068Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/18Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L31/1804Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/18Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L31/186Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
    • H01L31/1864Annealing
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/18Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L31/186Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
    • H01L31/1868Passivation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02SGENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S50/00Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification
    • H02S50/10Testing of PV devices, e.g. of PV modules or single PV cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/547Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the total amount of diffusion into the impurity is measured by the square resistance.
  • diffusion is usually only performed on the front side of the battery.
  • N-type crystalline silicon solar cells it is also used on the back of the battery.
  • Bulk process for forming a back surface field the P-type monocrystalline silicon comprises crystalline silicon and P-type polycrystalline silicon.
  • the N-type crystalline silicon comprising N-type silicon and polysilicon;
  • Step S13 peripheral plasma etching, removing the PN formed at the edge of the silicon wafer during the diffusion process a conductive layer that is short-circuited;
  • the invention provides a solar cell sheet and a heat treatment process thereof, which further improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery sheet and improves economic benefits.
  • a solar cell heat treatment process comprising:
  • the base material of the battery sheet is single crystal silicon
  • the selected battery sheet is a solar cell sheet having low conversion efficiency due to defects introduced during the drawing process of the single crystal silicon.
  • the base material for forming the battery sheet is N-type single crystal silicon.
  • the time of the low temperature annealing is within 30 s to 4 min.
  • the temperature of the low temperature annealing is within a range of from 250 °C to 550 °C.
  • the anti-reflection film is at least one of a hydrogen-rich silicon nitride film, a hydrogen-rich silicon oxynitride film, and a hydrogen-rich titanium nitride film.
  • the low temperature annealing process can be carried out under a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
  • the base material of the solar cell sheet is single crystal silicon, and the front and back sides of the cell sheet each have a hydrogen-rich anti-reflection film.
  • the solar cell sheet and the heat treatment process thereof provided by the embodiments of the present invention filter out the solar cell sheet with low conversion efficiency, and perform low temperature annealing on the selected cell sheet, that is, re-burning process, due to the screen conversion of the screen.
  • Low efficiency is caused by defects introduced during the preparation of silicon substrate materials, which cannot be completely eliminated during the preparation of solar cells.
  • re-burning is performed at a lower than normal sintering temperature and sintering time, so that an element having a passivation effect (mainly hydrogen element) in the anti-reflection film can further passivate defects in the base material, that is, The defects in the base material can be further reduced to improve the conversion efficiency of the crystalline silicon solar cell.
  • the low-temperature annealing process may cause changes in the vitreous properties in the grid lines of the cell, which may cause a decrease in the fill factor, which in turn may affect the conversion efficiency of the cell, and thus the cell with a reduced fill factor is again
  • the sintering is performed at a normal sintering temperature to increase the filling factor.
  • the low temperature annealing and re-sintering process is cyclic, and the low-temperature annealing process can repair the defects in the single crystal silicon and polycrystalline silicon base materials, and the re-normal sintering process can repair the defects generated by the low-temperature annealing process, and the two processes cooperate with each other.
  • a cell with a conversion efficiency higher than 18% and a fill factor of 70% or more is obtained, and then the remaining unsatisfied cells are processed, so reciprocating, after step by step screening, back burning, etc. It can make the conversion efficiency and filling factor of most or all of the cells meet the requirements, that is, the number of inefficient sheets is greatly reduced, and the economic benefit is improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a heat treatment process of a crystalline silicon solar cell in the prior art
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a heat treatment process of a solar cell sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a heat treatment process of a solar cell sheet according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides a heat treatment process for a solar cell.
  • the flow chart of the method is as shown in FIG. 2, and includes the following steps:
  • Step S21 screening, from the printed and sintered solar cell sheet, a cell sheet having a conversion efficiency of less than 18% and a filling factor of 70% or more, and the cell sheet has a ring defect or a black core defect, mainly due to the base material.
  • the cells with low conversion efficiency caused by their own defects for example, if the cells are polycrystalline silicon cells, these defects are mostly caused by grain boundaries and dislocations in the polycrystalline silicon substrate, and if they are monocrystalline silicon cells, These defects are mostly caused by the oxygen-induced stacking fault (OSF) rings and voids introduced during the single crystal silicon drawing process, or the "vortex" defects of the vacancies.
  • OSF oxygen-induced stacking fault
  • the defects of these substrate materials are in accordance with normal solar cells. The film production process cannot be eliminated.
  • the cell with a fill factor of 70% or more under normal conditions will not be too low in conversion efficiency, and it is often within an acceptable range.
  • the cell sheets screened in this embodiment are mainly cell sheets having a fill factor of 70% or more and a conversion efficiency of less than 18%, and
  • the anti-reflection film deposited on the cell sheet is mostly a hydrogen-rich silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride film.
  • Step S22 performing low-temperature annealing on the selected cell sheet to improve conversion efficiency of the selected cell sheet, the temperature of the low-temperature annealing is lower than a normal sintering temperature, and the low-temperature annealing process may be performed under a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
  • the gas atmosphere of the low-temperature annealing process is not specifically limited in this embodiment, and the process scheme can be flexibly controlled;
  • the inventors have found that in a variety of inefficient solar cells, there is a large fill factor, but the cell with low conversion efficiency can improve the conversion efficiency to some extent after low temperature annealing, but the temperature of low temperature annealing must be Lower than the normal sintering temperature, such that after the low-temperature annealing process, the hydrogen in the anti-reflection coating layer can further penetrate into the interior of the base material, thereby further inducing defects in the silicon base material, thereby improving Voc and Isc. Increased conversion efficiency.
  • the low-temperature annealing process is performed on the battery sheet having low conversion efficiency due to defects of the base material itself, and the anti-reflection film layer can be formed. Hydrogen in the (hydrogen-rich silicon nitride film or silicon oxynitride film) further inactivates defects in the silicon substrate, thereby improving Voc and Isc, thereby improving conversion efficiency.
  • the low temperature annealing temperature in the embodiment of the present invention is lower than the normal sintering temperature, and since the annealing process is performed on both sides of the battery sheet simultaneously Annealing, for the polycrystalline silicon cell, the melting point of the silver paste is much higher than the melting point of the aluminum paste. Therefore, for the polycrystalline silicon cell, preferably, the annealing temperature is lower than the melting point of the aluminum, so as not to affect the smoothness of the aluminum back field; For a monocrystalline silicon cell, the back field is formed during the diffusion process. To avoid the influence of the properties of the cell gate line, the annealing temperature should not be too high.
  • the temperature of the low temperature annealing in the embodiment is preferably lower than 600 ° C, more preferably, within 250 ° C to 550 ° C, and the time of low temperature annealing is within 30 s to 4 min, and the specific annealing time may be according to the battery sheet.
  • the defect condition is determined, and the more defects, the longer the annealing time.
  • Step S23 performing a sorting test on the low temperature annealed cell sheet, and filtering out the cell sheet with the filling factor decreased, and the cell sheet having no filling factor and the conversion efficiency higher than 18% may proceed to step S26, according to the normal High-efficiency film is packaged and stored in the warehouse;
  • Step S24 re-sintering the cell piece screened in step S23 to increase the filling factor of the cell sheet, and the re-sintering temperature is the same as the normal sintering temperature;
  • Step S25 performing a sorting test on the re-sintered cell sheet, and selecting a cell sheet having a conversion efficiency lower than 18%, that is, selecting a cell sheet in which Voc and Isc are lowered, and repeating steps S22 to S24 until the bell is selected. Most or all of the cells have conversion efficiencies higher than 18% and a fill factor of over 70%.
  • the selected cell with a fill factor of 70% or more and a conversion efficiency higher than 18% can be transferred to step S26, and stored in a normal high-efficiency film.
  • the conversion efficiency and filling factor of most of the cells can meet the requirements.
  • the solar cell sheet with low conversion efficiency is selected by Xue, and the low temperature annealing of the selected cell sheet can improve the defects in the normal sintering process, but after the low temperature annealing, the filling factor decreases.
  • the problem is that the cell with a reduced fill factor is sintered again at the normal sintering temperature to increase its fill factor.
  • the low-temperature annealing and re-sintering process is cyclically performed, and the low-temperature annealing process can repair the defects generated in the normal sintering process, and the re-normal sintering process can repair the defects generated by the low-temperature annealing process, and the two processes cooperate with each other.
  • a cell with a conversion efficiency higher than 18% and a fill factor of 70% or more is obtained, and then the remaining unsatisfied cells are processed, so reciprocating, after a step by step screening, back burning, etc. It can make the conversion efficiency and filling factor of most or all of the cells meet the requirements, that is, the number of inefficient sheets is greatly reduced, and the economic benefit is improved.
  • the solar cell heat treatment process of the embodiment can be applied to solar cells fabricated by using N-type or P-type single crystal silicon, and N-type or P-type polycrystalline silicon as a base material, which can improve the conversion of the battery sheets. effectiveness.
  • N-type crystalline silicon preferably the N-type single-crystal silicon solar cell
  • FIG. 3 A flow chart of a heat treatment process for a solar cell sheet according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the base material for fabricating a solar cell sheet in this embodiment is N-type crystalline silicon, preferably.
  • the above method is further improved, and specifically includes the following steps:
  • Step S311 chemically cleaning the surface of the silicon wafer and the surface of the battery sheet, in which the front and back sides of the battery sheet are subjected to texturing to enhance light absorption;
  • Step S312 performing diffusion diffusion on the front surface of the battery sheet, and performing diffusion diffusion diffusion on the front and back sides of the battery sheet to form a back field;
  • the conventional solar cell production process mostly uses P-type silicon wafers, and then spreads.
  • the N-type impurity atoms form a PN junction.
  • the N-type silicon wafer is used, and then the P-type impurity atoms are diffused to form a PN junction.
  • the conventional P-type crystalline silicon solar cell process only the front side of the cell is diffused.
  • N-type single crystal silicon is used as the base material, after the front side of the battery is diffused and formed, the back field is diffused on the back surface of the battery sheet, thereby further reducing the silicon wafer.
  • the square resistance has laid the foundation for improving the conversion efficiency of the battery.
  • Step S313 a peripheral plasma etching process to remove a conductive layer formed on the edge of the silicon wafer and short-circuiting the PN junction during the diffusion process;
  • Step S314 depositing an anti-reflection film process, mainly adopting at least one of a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, and a titanium nitride film, using a thin film interference principle to reduce light reflection and reduce carrier recombination, thereby blunt
  • the anti-reflection film is generally deposited only on the front surface of the battery sheet in the prior art, but in the embodiment, the battery sheet is The deposition of the anti-reflection film is performed on both the front side and the back side, which is equivalent to increasing the area of the anti-reflection film and increasing the content of hydrogen element which acts as a passivation, which can further passivate defects in the single crystal silicon base material.
  • the reflection of light can be further reduced, and at the same time, the back surface of the battery sheet is also passivated, thereby further improving the conversion efficiency of the battery sheet.
  • N-type single crystal silicon is taken as an example to describe the process of depositing the anti-reflection film on both sides, but the process is not limited to N-type single crystal silicon or N-type polysilicon.
  • the process of depositing the anti-reflection film on both sides is also improved in the conversion efficiency of different doping types of crystalline silicon solar cells. Differently, in general, the conversion efficiency of the N-type crystalline silicon solar cell is greatly improved, and the conversion efficiency of the P-type crystalline silicon solar cell is less improved.
  • Step S315 a printing electrode process in which only the positive electrode and the back electrode are printed by using a silver paste to collect current and function as a conductive;
  • Step S316 performing a sintering process to form an alloy between the printed metal electrode and the silicon wafer at a high temperature;
  • step S317 the sintered battery piece is screened and reprocessed.
  • the back surface is diffused to form a back field, and the deposition process of the anti-reflection film is performed on both the front and back sides of the cell sheet, and the anti-reflection film can be formed by increasing the content of hydrogen element.
  • the passivation effect of the hydrogen element is more obvious, that is, the defects in the single crystal silicon base material are further reduced, thereby further improving the conversion efficiency of the N-type single crystal silicon solar cell.
  • oxygen-induced stacking faults (OSF) rings and voids, "vortex" defects of vacancies or containing more oxygen impurities may be introduced, after multiple low-temperature annealing - Re-sintering-low-temperature annealing and the like, and since the front and back sides of the cell sheet have an anti-reflection film, the defects in the N-single-crystal silicon base material can be further passivated, that is, the various structural defects inside the single-crystal silicon substrate are improved.
  • the Voc and Isc of the cell made of N-type single crystal silicon are improved, thereby improving the conversion efficiency of the cell.
  • the effect of the heat treatment process of the solar cell sheet of the embodiment of the present invention will be described by taking the specific experimental data of the N-type single crystal silicon solar cell before and after the treatment by the method of the present embodiment as an example.
  • the conversion efficiency of the 4 and 5 cell sheets after re-annealing is increased to over 18%, the filling factor is also higher than 70%, and the filling factor decreases very low before and after annealing.
  • the set of cells also meets the efficiency requirements of the cell, and can be directly packaged in a high-efficiency film package without the need for sintering and annealing steps.
  • the conversion efficiency of most of the inefficient films can be greatly improved, if it is still low by the requirements.
  • the film can still continue the sintering and annealing steps.
  • the method of the embodiment of the invention further improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell sheet and improves the economic benefit.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention discloses a solar cell sheet fabricated by the above heat treatment process, wherein the solar cell sheet has a conversion efficiency of 18% or more and a filling factor of 70% or more, and the base material of the solar cell sheet is single crystal silicon.
  • the N-type single crystal silicon has a hydrogen-rich anti-reflection film on the front and back sides, thereby causing oxygen-induced stacking fault (OSF) rings and voids, and "whirlpools" of vacancies in the cell substrate material.
  • OSF oxygen-induced stacking fault
  • Defects and the like are significantly less than defects in conventional single crystal silicon solar cells. Moreover, the solar cell sheet has substantially no defects such as a ring or a black core, and the conversion efficiency is improved.
  • the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention in any way. Although the invention has been disclosed above in the preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can make many possible variations and modifications to the technical solutions of the present invention by using the methods and technical contents disclosed above, or modify the equivalent implementation of equivalent changes without departing from the scope of the technical solutions of the present invention. example. Therefore, any changes and modifications of the technical solutions of the present invention are still within the scope of protection of the technical solutions of the present invention.

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Abstract

提供了一种太阳能电池片及其热处理工艺。热处理工艺包括:a)从经过印刷烧结后的太阳能电池片中,筛选出转换效率低于18%,且填充因子在70%以上的电池片;b)对筛选出的电池片进行低温退火;c)从经低温退火后的电池片中筛选出填充因子下降的电池片;d)对筛选出的电池片进行重新烧结;e)从经重新烧结的电池片中筛选出转换效率低于18%的电池片,返回b),直至筛选出的大部分或全部电池片满足要求。低温退火和重新烧结过程循环进行,低温退火可以修复基底材料中的缺陷,而重新烧结过程又可以修复低温退火产生的缺陷,两个处理过程相互配合,层层筛选,大大减少了低效片的数量,提高了经济效益。

Description

太阳能电池片及其热处理工艺 本申请要求于 2011 年 09 月 29 日提交中国专利局、 申请号为 201110301536.3、 发明名称为"太阳能电池片及其热处理工艺"的中国专利 申请的优先权, 其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。 技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能电池的生产加工领域, 更具体地说, 涉及一种太阳 能电池片及其热处理工艺。 背景技术
太阳能电池, 也称光伏电池, 是一种将太阳的光能直接转化为电能的 半导体器件。 由于它是绿色环保产品, 不会引起环境污染, 而且是可再生 资源, 所以在当今能源短缺的情形下, 太阳能电池是一种有广阔发展前途 的新型能源。 目前, 80%以上的太阳电池是由晶体硅(单晶硅和多晶硅) 材料制备而成, 因此, 制备高效率的晶体硅太阳电池对于大规模利用太阳 能发电有着十分重要的意义。
目前, 晶体硅太阳能电池的生产过程已经标准化, 其主要步骤如下: 步骤 Sll、 化学清洗硅片表面以及表面织构化处理(即表面制绒), 通 过化学反应在原本光滑的硅片表面形成凹凸不平的结构,以增强光的吸收; 步骤 S12、 扩散制结, 将 P型 (或 N型) 的硅片放入扩散炉内, 使 N 型 (或 P型) 杂质原子接触硅片表面层, 通过硅原子之间的空隙向硅片内 部渗透扩散, 形成 PN结, 使电子和空穴在流动后不再回到原处, 这样便 形成电流, 也就是使硅片具有光伏效应, 扩散的浓度、 结深以及扩散的均 匀性直接影响太阳能电池的电性能,扩散进杂质的总量用方块电阻来衡量, 杂质总量越小, 方块电阻越大, 转换效率越低, 在常规 P型晶体硅太阳能 电池中, 一般只在电池正面进行扩散制结, 在 N型晶体硅太阳能电池中, 还会在电池背面采用扩散工艺形成背场, 所述 P型晶体硅包括 P型的单晶 硅和多晶硅, 同理, 所述 N型晶体硅包括 N型的单晶硅和多晶硅;
步骤 S13、 周边等离子刻蚀, 去除扩散过程中在硅片边缘形成的将 PN 结短路的导电层;
步骤 S14、 平板 PECVD ( plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, 等离子增强型化学气相淀积), 即沉积减反射膜, 主要采用氮化硅膜、 氮氧 化硅和 /或氮化钛膜, 利用薄膜干涉原理, 减少光的反射, 起到钝化作用, 增大电池的短路电流和输出功率, 提高转换效率;
步骤 S15、 印刷电极, 在常规 P型晶体硅太阳能电池中, 一般采用银 浆印刷正电极和背电极, 采用铝浆印刷背电场, 以收集电流并起到导电的 作用, 在 N型晶体硅太阳能电池中, 一般背场是在扩散过程中形成的; 步骤 S16、 烧结, 在高温下使印刷的金属电极与硅片之间形成合金, 也就是使各接触面都形成良好的欧姆接触, 减小电池的串联电阻, 增加电 池的输出电压和输出电流, 因此能否形成良好的欧姆接触对整个电池片的 转换效率有着至关重要的作用。
在实际生产过程中发现, 经过上述方法生产出的电池片中往往会出现 一定比例的转换效率偏低的电池片, 这里将转换效率低于 18%的太阳能电 池片称为等外低效片或低效片。 现有技术中处理上述低效片的方法就是通 过分拣测试后, 将上述低效片筛选出来, 直接按照等外低效产品进行入库 包装,这种处理方式没有充分挖掘出电池片的转换效率, 降低了经济效益。 发明内容
本发明提供了一种太阳能电池片及其热处理工艺, 进一步提高了电池 片光电转换效率, 提高了经济效益。
为实现上述目的, 本发明提供了如下技术方案:
一种太阳能电池片热处理工艺, 包括:
a )从经过印刷烧结后的太阳能电池片中, 筛选出转换效率低于 18%, 且填充因子在 70%以上的电池片;
b )对筛选出的电池片进行低温退火, 以提高所述筛选出的电池片的转 换效率, 所述低温退火的温度低于正常的烧结温度;
c )对经低温退火后的电池片进行分拣测试, 筛选出填充因子下降的电 池片; d )对步骤 c ) 中筛选出的电池片进行重新烧结, 以提高所述电池片的 填充因子, 所述重新烧结的温度与正常烧结温度相同;
e )对经重新烧结的电池片进行分拣测试, 薛选出转换效率低于 18%的 电池片, 返回步骤 b ) , 直至筛选出的大部分或全部电池片的转换效率均高 于 18% , 且填充因子在 70%以上。
优选的, 所述电池片的基底材料为单晶硅, 所述筛选出的电池片为因 单晶硅拉制过程中引入的缺陷导致的转换效率低的太阳能电池片。
优选的, 在印刷烧结之前还包括: 电池片表面的制绒过程、 扩散制结 过程和周边等离子刻蚀过程, 所述扩散制结过程为, 在电池片的正面进行 扩散制结, 在电池片的背面扩散制作背场。
优选的, 进行周边等离子刻蚀过程后还包括, 沉积减反射膜过程和印 刷电极过程, 所述沉积减反射膜过程为, 在电池片的正面和背面先后均进 行减反射膜的沉积。
优选的, 制作所述电池片的基底材料为 N型单晶硅。
优选的, 所述低温退火的时间在 30s-4min以内。
优选的, 所述低温退火的温度在 250°C-550°C以内。
优选的, 所述减反射膜为富氢的氮化硅薄膜、 富氢的氮氧化硅薄膜和 富氢的氮化钛薄膜中的至少一种。
优选的, 所述低温退火过程可在非氧化性气氛下进行。
本发明实施例还公开了采用上述工艺制作的太阳能电池片, 所述太阳 能电池片的转换效率在 18%以上, 且填充因子在 70%以上。
优选的, 所述太阳能电池片的基底材料为单晶硅, 该电池片的正面和 背面均具有富氢的减反射膜。
与现有技术相比, 上述技术方案具有以下优点:
本发明实施例提供的太阳能电池片及其热处理工艺, 通过筛选出转换 效率偏低的太阳能电池片, 并对筛选出的电池片进行低温退火, 即重新返 烧过程, 由于筛选出的电池片转换效率低是由在硅基底材料制备过程中引 入的缺陷引起的, 这些缺陷在太阳能电池片的制备过程中是无法完全消除 的, 但是本实施例中以低于正常烧结温度和烧结时间进行重新返烧, 可使 减反射膜中具有钝化作用的元素 (主要为氢元素)进一步的钝化基底材料 中的缺陷, 即可进一步的减少基底材料中的缺陷从而提高了晶体硅太阳能 电池片的转换效率。
在经过低温退火之后, 由于低温退火过程可能导致电池片栅线中的玻 璃体性质发生变化, 从而可能导致填充因子下降, 进而也会影响电池片的 转换效率, 因此对填充因子下降的电池片再次以正常烧结温度进行烧结, 从而提高其填充因子。
低温退火和重新烧结过程循环进行, 低温退火过程可以修复单晶硅和 多晶硅基底材料中的缺陷, 而重新进行的正常烧结过程又可以修复低温退 火过程产生的缺陷, 两个处理过程相互配合, 在每一步骤后都会得到转换 效率高于 18% , 且填充因子在 70%以上的电池片, 之后再对剩余不满足要 求的电池片进行处理, 如此往复, 经过一步步的筛选、 返烧等, 能够使大 部分或全部电池片的转换效率和填充因子满足要求, 即大大减少了低效片 的数量, 提高了经济效益。
附图说明
通过附图所示, 本发明的上述及其它目的、 特征和优势将更加清晰。 在全部附图中相同的附图标记指示相同的部分。 并未刻意按实际尺寸等比 例缩放绘制附图, 重点在于示出本发明的主旨。
图 1为现有技术中晶体硅太阳能电池热处理工艺流程图;
图 2为本发明实施例公开的太阳能电池片热处理工艺的流程图; 图 3为本发明另一实施例公开的太阳能电池片热处理工艺的流程图。 具体实施方式
为使本发明的上述目的、 特征和优点能够更加明显易懂, 下面结合附 图对本发明的具体实施方式做详细的说明。
在下面的描述中阐述了很多具体细节以便于充分理解本发明, 但是本 发明还可以采用其他不同于在此描述的其它方式来实施, 本领域技术人员 可以在不违背本发明内涵的情况下做类似推广, 因此本发明不受下面公开 的具体实施例的限制。
正如背景技术部分所述, 现有技术中烧结工艺之后, 经常会出现一定 数量的低效片。 发明人研究发现, 导致电池片转换效率低的原因有多种, 但是, 其中大部分低效片往往有一个共同的特征, 即在烧结工艺之后, 会 出现多种缺陷形式, 针对这些缺陷的结构和形貌进行进一步的探测之后, 发现这些缺陷是由单晶硅和多晶硅基底材料中本身的缺陷引起的, 如针对 单晶硅基底材料中存在的氧诱导堆垛层错(OSF ) 的环和空隙, 或者空位 团的"漩涡"缺陷, 多晶硅基底材料中也存在晶界和位错等缺陷, 这些缺陷 经过一步烧结过程是无法完全消除的, 如单晶硅基底材料的缺陷在烧结后 体现为电池片上出现环形缺陷或黑心缺陷, 由于在这些缺陷处不能进行良 好的导电, 从而导致电池片的转换效率偏低。 基于上述原因, 本发明实施例提供了一种太阳能电池片热处理工艺, 该方法的流程图如图 2所示, 包括以下步骤:
步骤 S21 : 从经过印刷烧结后的太阳能电池片中, 筛选出转换效率低 于 18%, 且填充因子在 70%以上的电池片, 这些电池片上多存在环形缺陷 或黑心缺陷, 主要是因基底材料本身的缺陷引起的转换效率低的电池片, 举例来说, 这些电池片若为多晶硅电池片, 这些缺陷多是由多晶硅基底中 的晶界和位错引起的, 若为单晶硅电池片, 这些缺陷多是由单晶硅拉制过 程中引入的氧诱导堆垛层错(OSF ) 的环和空隙, 或者空位团的 "漩涡 "缺 陷引起的, 这些基底材料本身的缺陷按照正常的太阳能电池片生产工艺是 无法消除的。
其中, 正常情况下填充因子在 70%以上的电池片, 其转换效率不会过 低, 往往均在可以接受的范围内, 但是由于硅基底材料本身存在缺陷等原 因, 这类电池片也会出现转换效率低的情况, 因此, 本实施例中筛选出的 电池片主要是填充因子在 70%以上, 且转换效率低于 18%的电池片, 并且 电池片上沉积的减反射膜多为富氢的氮化硅或氮氧化硅薄膜。
步骤 S22: 对筛选出的电池片进行低温退火, 以提高所述筛选出的电 池片的转换效率, 所述低温退火的温度低于正常的烧结温度, 该低温退火 过程可在非氧化性气氛下进行, 如在氮气或氢气气氛下进行, 本实施例对 低温退火过程的气体氛围不做具体限定, 工艺方案可以灵活掌控;
发明人研究发现, 在多种低效太阳能电池片中, 存在填充因子较大, 但转换效率低的电池片经过低温退火处理之后, 在一定程度上能够提高其 转换效率, 但是低温退火的温度须低于正常烧结温度, 这样经过低温退火 过程, 可使减反射膜层中的氢可以进一步的深入基底材料内部, 从而可以 进一步的钝化硅基底材料中的缺陷,从而提高 Voc和 Isc,也就提高了转换 效率。
具体说来, 在正常的电池片制作过程中, 硅基底材料内存在的缺陷可 通过烧结过程进行消除, 但由于某些硅基底材料在制作过程中引入的缺陷 过多, 仅通过一步正常的烧结过程无法完全消除基底材料中的缺陷, 此时 就会产生部分低效片, 本实施例中对因基底材料本身缺陷导致的转换效率 偏低的电池片进行低温退火过程, 可使减反射膜层 (富氢的氮化硅膜或氮 氧化硅膜) 中的氢进一步钝化硅基底中的缺陷, 从而使 Voc和 Isc得到提 升, 进而提高转换效率。
并且, 由于是正常烧结后的退火工艺, 为了保证电池片的基本性能, 本发明实施例中的低温退火温度低于正常烧结温度, 而且, 由于该退火过 程中是电池片的正反两面同时进行的退火, 对于多晶硅电池片来说, 银浆 的熔点远高于铝浆的熔点, 因此, 对于多晶硅电池片, 优选的, 退火温度 需低于铝的熔点, 以免影响铝背场的光滑度; 对于单晶硅电池片来说, 其 背场是在扩散过程中形成的, 为避免电池片栅线的性质受到影响, 该退火 温度也不宜过高。
基于此, 本实施例中低温退火的温度优选为低于 600°C , 更优选为, 在 250°C-550°C以内, 低温退火的时间在 30s-4min以内, 具体退火时间可 根据电池片的缺陷情况确定, 缺陷越多, 退火时间也就相应的较长。 步骤 S23: 对经低温退火后的电池片进行分拣测试, 筛选出填充因子 下降的电池片, 对填充因子没有下降且转换效率高于 18%的电池片, 即可 进入步骤 S26, 按照正常的高效片进行包装入库保存;
在实际生产过程中发现, 经过低温退火过程, 大部分电池片的填充因 子和转换效率均得到了提高, 不再属于低效片, 但也可能会导致小部分电 池片的填充因子下降, 因填充因子下降, 这部分电池片的转换效率也可能 会有所提升, 但提升水平有限, 多数的转换效率还是会较低。
发明人研究发现, 退火过程导致填充因子下降的其主要原因是低温退 火过程中, 由于栅线中的导电性物质挥发,使栅线中的玻璃体不具腐蚀性, 且导电性能变差, 导致串联电阻变大, 填充因子下降, 而且低温退火过程 Voc和 Isc提升明显,在一定程度上也会使填充因子下降, 而填充因子下降 后也必然会影响到电池片的转换效率, 因此必须对这些电池片进行处理。
步骤 S24: 对步骤 S23中筛选出的电池片进行重新烧结, 以提高所述 电池片的填充因子, 所述重新烧结的温度与正常烧结温度相同;
本步骤将经低温退火过程, 填充因子下降明显且转换效率低于 18%的 电池片进行重新烧结, 该烧结过程的参数与正常烧结过程参数相同, 经该 步骤处理后,修复了低温退火过程出现的缺陷,提高了电池片的填充因子, 但是经过此步骤的重新烧结后, 可能会使减反射膜中起钝化作用的氢元素 部分溢出, 基底材料中的缺陷又会重新生成, 因此该步骤后也可能会出现 Voc和 Isc下降, 即转换效率下降的情况, 但出现这种问题的可能性较小, 可根据存在这种缺陷电池片的数量确定是否进行下一步处理, 本实施例中 仅以需要处理的情况进行说明。
步骤 S25: 对经重新烧结的电池片进行分拣测试, 薛选出转换效率低 于 18%的电池片, 即筛选出 Voc和 Isc下降的电池片, 重复步骤 S22-步骤 S24, 直至薛选出的大部分或全部电池片的转换效率均高于 18%, 且填充 因子在 70%以上。
每一处理步骤后, 薛选出的填充因子在 70%以上且转换效率高于 18% 的电池片, 均可进入步骤 S26, 按照正常的高效片进行包装入库保存。 在 实际生产过程中, 基本上经过一次低温退火-再烧结-再次低温退火过程, 大部分电池片的转换效率和填充因子即可满足要求。
本实施例中通过薛选出转换效率偏低的太阳能电池片, 并对薛选出的 电池片进行低温退火, 可改善正常烧结过程中的缺陷, 但是在经过低温退 火之后, 会出现填充因子下降的问题, 而对填充因子下降的电池片再次以 正常烧结温度进行烧结, 便可提高其填充因子。
本实施例中低温退火和重新烧结过程循环进行, 低温退火过程可以修 复正常烧结过程产生的缺陷, 而重新进行的正常烧结过程又可以修复低温 退火过程产生的缺陷, 两个处理过程相互配合, 在每一步骤后都会得到转 换效率高于 18%, 且填充因子在 70%以上的电池片, 之后再对剩余不满足 要求的电池片进行处理, 如此往复, 经过一步步的筛选、 返烧等, 能够使 大部分或全部电池片的转换效率和填充因子满足要求, 即大大减少了低效 片的数量, 提高了经济效益。
需要说明的是, 本实施例的太阳能电池片热处理工艺可应用于采用 N 型或 P型单晶硅,以及 N型或 P型多晶硅为基底材料制作的太阳能电池片, 均能提高电池片的转换效率。 以下实施例仅以 N型晶体硅,优选为 N型单 晶硅太阳能电池为例, 对本发明实施例的主体思想和有益效果进行进一步 的阐述。 本发明另一实施例提供的太阳能电池片热处理工艺的流程图如图 3所 示, 与上一实施例不同的是, 本实施例中以制作太阳能电池片的基底材料 为 N型晶体硅, 优选为 N型单晶硅为例, 对上述方法进行了进一步改进, 具体包括以下步骤:
步骤 S311: 化学清洗硅片表面以及电池片表面的制绒过程, 该步骤中 电池片的正面和背面均需进行制绒, 以增强光的吸收;
步骤 S312: 在电池片的正面进行扩散制结, 在电池片的和背面先后均 进行扩散制结扩散制作背场;
需要说明的是, 常规太阳能电池生产工艺多采用 P型硅片, 之后扩散 N型杂质原子形成 PN结, 本实施例中正好与其相反, 采用 N型硅片, 之 后扩散 P型杂质原子形成 PN结, 常规 P型晶体硅太阳能电池工艺中只是 在电池片的正面进行扩散制结, 而本实施例中由于采用的是 N型单晶硅作 为基底材料, 因此在电池的正面进行扩散制结后, 还会在电池片的背面扩 散制作背场, 从而进一步的降低了硅片的方块电阻, 为提高电池片的转换 效率奠定了基础。
步骤 S313 : 周边等离子刻蚀过程, 去除扩散过程中在硅片边缘形成的 将 PN结短路的导电层;
步骤 S314: 沉积减反射膜过程, 主要采用氮化硅膜、 氮氧化硅和氮化 钛膜中的至少一种, 利用薄膜干涉原理, 减少光的反射, 同时减少载流子 复合, 起到钝化作用, 增大电池的短路电流和输出功率, 提高转换效率; 与现有技术不同的是, 现有技术中一般只在电池片的正面沉积减反射 膜, 而本实施例中在电池片的正面和背面先后均进行减反射膜的沉积, 相 当于增大了减反射膜的面积, 增加了起到钝化作用的氢元素的含量, 可以 进一步的钝化单晶硅基底材料中的缺陷, 且可以进一步的减少光的反射, 同时对电池片的背面也起到了钝化作用,进一步提高了电池片的转换效率。
需要说明的是, 本实施例中仅以 N型单晶硅为例来说明正反两面沉积 减反射膜的工艺,但该工艺并不仅限于 N型单晶硅或 N型多晶硅,理论上, 也可应用于 P型晶体硅。 但是, 由于 N型晶体硅和 P型晶体硅制作背场的 方式不同, 在实际生产过程中, 正反两面沉积减反射膜的工艺不同掺杂类 型的晶体硅太阳能电池的转换效率的提高水平也不同, 一般情况下, 对 N 型晶体硅太阳能电池的转换效率提高较大, 对 P型晶体硅太阳能电池的转 换效率提高较小。
另外, 需要说明的是, 本实施例中为了达到良好的钝化作用, 所述减 反射膜为富氢的氮化硅薄膜、 富氢的氮氧化硅薄膜和富氢的氮化钛薄膜中 的至少一种, 本实施例中优选为富氢的氮化硅薄膜。
步骤 S315 :印刷电极过程,该步骤中仅采用银浆印刷正电极和背电极, 以收集电流并起到导电的作用; 步骤 S316: 烧结过程, 在高温下使印刷的金属电极与硅片之间形成合 金;
之后, 进入步骤 S317-步骤 S316, 对烧结后的电池片进行筛选并再处 理, 这些过程与上一实施例中相同, 这里不再赘述。
本实施例中通过在电池片的正面扩散制结, 背面扩散形成背场, 并且 在电池片的正反两面都进行减反射膜的沉积过程, 由于增加了氢元素的含 量, 可使减反射膜中的氢元素的钝化作用更明显, 即进一步减少了单晶硅 基底材料中的缺陷, 从而进一步提高了 N型单晶硅太阳能电池片的转换效 率。 在正常的单晶硅棒的拉制过程中可能引入氧诱导堆垛层错(OSF ) 的 环和空隙、 空位团的"漩涡"缺陷或包含较多的氧杂质等, 经过多次低温退 火-重新烧结 -低温退火等过程, 并且由于电池片的正反两面均具有减反射 膜, 可进一步的钝化 N单晶硅基底材料中的缺陷, 即改善了单晶硅基底内 部各种结构缺陷, 提高 N型单晶硅制作的电池片的 Voc和 Isc, 进而提高 电池片的转换效率。 下面以 N型单晶硅太阳能电池在采用本实施例方法处理前后的具体实 验数据为例, 来说明本发明实施例的太阳能电池片热处理工艺的效果。
选择 5批相同材料相同规格的 N型单晶硅太阳能电池片, 这些电池片 的正反两面均具有富氢的减反射膜, 经过正常生产工艺后, 对这 5批太阳 能电池片进行测试分档, 在每批中筛选出 200片转换效率低于 18%, 填充 因子在 70%以上的电池片, 对筛选出的电池片的各项电性参数进行测试, 得出各批次电池片平均的电性参数, 测试结果如表一所示:
表一 正常烧结工艺后编号为 1-5批次低效片的电性参数表 开路电 串联电 填充因 转换效
电池片 短路电流
压 Voc 阻 Rs 子 FF 率 Ncell
批次 Isc (安)
(伏) (欧) ( % ) ( % )
1 0.5827 7.826 0.0025 78.57 14.99 2 0.5604 7.401 0.0026 77.58 13.46
3 0.5941 8.234 0.0023 76.57 15.68
4 0.6032 8.757 0.0026 77.73 17.18
5 0.6102 8.647 0.0024 78.46 17.32 对上述筛选出的电池片进行低温退火, 退火过程中将烧结炉温度控制 在 250°C-550°C以内, 退火时间控制在 30s-4min以内, 对经氐温退火之后 的电池片进行测试, 测试结果如表二所示:
Figure imgf000013_0001
从上表可以看出, 经退火步骤后, 1、 2、 3组的电池片的转换效率均提 高到了 18%以上, 填充因子也均高于 70% , 退火前后, 填充因子没有下降 或下降的很低, 因此, 1、 2、 3组的电池片仅经过一步低温退火步骤即满足 了电池片的效率要求, 就可直接按照高效片包装入库, 不需再进行后续步 骤。 而第 4、 5组电池片的填充因子较退火前下降明显, 导致转换效率提升 比例很小, 甚至下降了, 因此, 需对 4、 5组电池片进行后续的再次烧结- 退火过程, 经重新烧结后的 4、 5组电池片进行测试, 测试结果如表三所示: 表三 重新烧结后的编号为 4、 5批次低效片的电性参数表 开路电 串联电 填充因 转换效 电池片 短路电流
压 Voc 阻 Rs 子 FF 率 Ncell
批次 Isc (安)
(伏) (欧) ( % ) ( % )
4 0.5997 8.802 0.0039 76.30 16.85
5 0.6076 8.689 0.0027 78.53 17.35 从表三中可以看出, 经重新烧结后的 4、 5组电池片的填充因子明显提 高了, 但是 Voc、 Isc以及转换效率反而降低了, 需对这 2组电池片进行再次 退火过程, 经再次退火后的性能测试结果如表四所示: 表四 再次退火后的编号为 4、 5批次低效片的电性参数表
Figure imgf000014_0001
从上表可以看出, 经再次退火后的 4、 5组电池片的转换效率均提高到 了 18%以上, 填充因子也均高于 70% , 且退火前后填充因子下降很低, 因 此,这 2组电池片也满足了电池片的效率要求,可直接按照高效片包装入库, 不需再进行烧结和退火步骤。
一般情况下, 对于正反两面均具有减反射膜的单晶硅电池片来说, 经 过上述步骤, 大部分低效片的转换效率均能够得到大幅度的提升, 若仍由 不满足要求的低效片, 仍可继续进行烧结和退火步骤。
作为比较例, 下面提供一组背面无减反射膜的 N型单晶硅电池片的处 理结果,该组电池片除背面无减反射膜外,其它参数与以上 5组电池片相同, 其处理结果如表五所示: 表五 背面无减反射膜的低效片退火前后的电性参数表
Figure imgf000015_0001
从上表可以看出, 对于背面无减反射膜的低效片, 经过一步退火后的 转换效率虽有所提升, 但提升效果不明显, 之后可进行再次烧结-退火等步 骤, 虽然可将电池片的转换效率提升到高效水平, 但经过的烧结-退火过程 的次数, 要远远多于正反两面均具有减反射膜电池片的处理次数。
经过以上处理过程中,低效片性能参数的变化过程,可以明显的看出, 本发明实施例的方法进一步提高了电池片的光电转换效率, 提高了经济效 益。 本发明另一实施例公开了采用上述热处理工艺制作的太阳能电池片, 该太阳能电池片的转换效率在 18%以上, 且填充因子在 70%以上, 该太阳 能电池片的基底材料为单晶硅, 优选为 N型单晶硅, 其正面和背面均具有 富氢的减反射膜, 从而使该电池片基底材料中的氧诱导堆垛层错(OSF ) 的环和空隙、 空位团的"漩涡"缺陷等明显少于常规单晶硅太阳能电池中的 缺陷。 并且, 该太阳能电池片上基本不存在环形或黑芯等缺陷, 转换效率 得到了提高。 以上所述, 仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已, 并非对本发明作任何形式 上的限制。 虽然本发明已以较佳实施例披露如上, 然而并非用以限定本发明。 任 何熟悉本领域的技术人员, 在不脱离本发明技术方案范围情况下, 都可利 用上述揭示的方法和技术内容对本发明技术方案作出许多可能的变动和修 饰, 或修改为等同变化的等效实施例。 因此, 凡是未脱离本发明技术方案 变化及修饰, 均仍属于本发明技术方案保护的范围内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种太阳能电池片热处理工艺, 其特征在于, 包括:
a )从经过印刷烧结后的太阳能电池片中, 筛选出转换效率低于 18%, 且填充因子在 70%以上的电池片;
b )对筛选出的电池片进行低温退火, 以提高所述筛选出的电池片的转 换效率, 所述低温退火的温度低于正常的烧结温度;
c )对经低温退火后的电池片进行分拣测试, 筛选出填充因子下降的电 池片;
d )对步骤 c ) 中筛选出的电池片进行重新烧结, 以提高所述电池片的 填充因子, 所述重新烧结的温度与正常烧结温度相同;
e )对经重新烧结的电池片进行分拣测试, 筛选出转换效率低于 18% 的电池片, 返回步骤 b ), 直至筛选出的大部分或全部电池片的转换效率均 高于 18%, 且填充因子在 70%以上。
2、根据权利要求 1所述的热处理工艺, 其特征在于, 所述电池片的基 底材料为单晶硅, 所述筛选出的电池片为因单晶硅拉制过程中引入的缺陷 导致的转换效率低的太阳能电池片。
3、根据权利要求 2所述的热处理工艺, 在印刷烧结之前还包括: 电池 片表面的制绒过程、 扩散制结过程和周边等离子刻蚀过程, 其特征在于, 所述扩散制结过程为, 在电池片的正面进行扩散制结, 在电池片的背面扩 散制作背场。
4、根据权利要求 3所述的热处理工艺,进行周边等离子刻蚀过程后还 包括, 沉积减反射膜过程和印刷电极过程, 其特征在于, 所述沉积减反射 膜过程为, 在电池片的正面和背面先后均进行减反射膜的沉积。
5、根据权利要求 4所述的热处理工艺, 其特征在于, 制作所述电池片 的基底材料为 N型单晶硅。
6、根据权利要求 5所述的热处理工艺, 其特征在于, 所述低温退火的 时间在 30s-4min以内。
7、根据权利要求 6所述的热处理工艺, 其特征在于, 所述低温退火的 温度在 250°C-550°C以内。
8、根据权利要求 7所述的热处理工艺, 其特征在于, 所述减反射膜为 富氢的氮化硅薄膜、 富氢的氮氧化硅薄膜和富氢的氮化钛薄膜中的至少一 种。
9、根据权利要求 1所述的热处理工艺, 其特征在于, 所述低温退火过 程可在非氧化性气氛下进行。
10、 一种采用权利要求 1-9任一项所述的热处理工艺制作的太阳能电 池片,所述太阳能电池片的转换效率在 18%以上,且填充因子在 70%以上。
11、根据权利要求 10所述的太阳能电池片, 其特征在于, 所述太阳能 电池片的基底材料为单晶硅, 该电池片的正面和背面均具有富氢的减反射 膜。
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