WO2013042086A1 - Système de suivi de source de chaleur passif - Google Patents

Système de suivi de source de chaleur passif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013042086A1
WO2013042086A1 PCT/IB2012/055038 IB2012055038W WO2013042086A1 WO 2013042086 A1 WO2013042086 A1 WO 2013042086A1 IB 2012055038 W IB2012055038 W IB 2012055038W WO 2013042086 A1 WO2013042086 A1 WO 2013042086A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
frame
levers
class
responsive elements
heat responsive
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2012/055038
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Fabio FULCHIR
Bruno Manuel Nunes Ramos De Carvalho
Ricardo Paulo PATRÍCIO DIAS
Original Assignee
Active Space Technologies, Actividades Aeroespaciais S.A.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Active Space Technologies, Actividades Aeroespaciais S.A. filed Critical Active Space Technologies, Actividades Aeroespaciais S.A.
Publication of WO2013042086A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013042086A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/61—Passive solar heat collectors, e.g. operated without external energy source
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking

Definitions

  • This invention describes a method and an apparatus to track heat sources continuously without motorized means, inspired in the sunflower natural motion to offer incident radiation optimization.
  • the method proposed takes advantage of unique thermodynamic properties of materials, namely thermal expansion, to induce motion.
  • the method is particularly suitable for energy sources that radiate mostly in the near infrared and optical bands.
  • the system is able to mimic the sunflower phototropic natural response for tracking a heat source, where the structural displacements of the system due to thermal expansion of the materials resemble to those of the natural turgor pressure in the sunflower stem.
  • the method is especially suited for passive solar tracking systems.
  • a particular design of mechanical units including heat responsive elements, levers, and joints is able to mimic the sunflower phototropic natural response for tracking heat sources. Utilization of electrical components such as motors for the heat source tracking is therefore unnecessary .
  • the most accurate solar tracking solutions comprise feedback mechanisms to follow heat sources continuously. Output power information is then delivered to step motors that rotate the panel aiming to power optimization. Although solar radiation input is maximized, such solutions require substantial amounts of energy being used to feed tracking mechanisms, constraining the output power budget.
  • Most active tracking devices employ an alternative approach, where sensors such as phototransistors or cameras are mechanically detached from the large panels. The sensors track the sun continuously and send information periodically to the motors to move the panels, allowing
  • passive systems are usually simpler and may utilize static or dynamic means.
  • Water heating applications for example, often use passive, static photovoltaic panels.
  • Particular configurations comprising mirrors or lenses are suitable for heat production because static optical components are arranged in a way to compensate for Sun motion in the sky; such approach is nevertheless inappropriate for electricity production because some energy is lost as heat.
  • Systems involving optical components are usually static because they are heavy and fragile; components misalignment due to tracking is another limitation of active equipment comprising optical parts.
  • Hybrid systems often designated quasi-static, involve tracking capabilities considering predefined parameterization, namely azimuth and elevation; electro-optical systems often employ this method because lenses and mirrors are able to refract and reflect sunlight, which can compensate for sun motion in the sky.
  • This invention aims to describe a passive heat source tracking system comprising:
  • the system includes a frame, vertically fixed to firm ground, that is connected to the heat responsive elements, the displacement transmission unit, and the damping unit.
  • the system includes heat responsive elements, high expansion coefficient, high absorbance, and low emissivity materials, that is connected to the frame and to the displacement transmission unit.
  • the system includes heat responsive elements coated with thin layers in order to optimize for specific thermal radiation distribution such as the solar spectrum.
  • the system includes heat responsive elements kept under tensile stress continuously.
  • the system includes a displacement transmission unit, made of low friction, low expansion coefficient materials, combining at least three class one levers.
  • the system includes each of the class one levers combining two segments linked by a connecting rod.
  • the system includes each of the class one levers linked to the corresponding heat responsive element through one connecting rod that acts as the fulcrum of the lever.
  • the system includes each of the heat responsive elements linked to the frame through one connecting rod.
  • the system includes class one levers of the displacement transmission unit connected to the platform, such that allowing platform pivoting and preventing contact with the heat responsive elements or the frame .
  • the system includes each of the class one levers of the displacement transmission unit connected to the platform through one spherical joint.
  • the system includes heat responsive elements arranged in equilateral or other relevant configuration, such that defining a preferential orientation for heat source gradients optimization.
  • the system includes damping unit comprising individual shock-absorber and rabbet associated to each of the class one levers of the displacement transmission unit, such that each damping unit
  • This invention provides a method and an apparatus for tracking heat sources automatically, for example the Sun, inspired in the sunflower natural motion, without utilization of motorized means to move the various parts.
  • the coordinated action of the system results from distinctive thermal and optical properties, namely thermal expansion, reflectivity, and emissivity of various mechanical structures facing or protected from the heat source.
  • a particular design of mechanical units including heat responsive elements, levers, and joints is able to mimic the sunflower phototropic natural response for tracking a heat source.
  • HREs Responsive Elements connected to a frame, a Displacement Transmission Unit (DTU) , and a platform.
  • DTU Displacement Transmission Unit
  • the apparatus described in this invention aims to replicate the mechanical stress and subsequent reaction of a sunflower when subjected to solar radiation.
  • a vertical column comprising special metal bars (HREs) - facing or in the shadow of the heat source, and attached to a system of levers (DTU) to multiply the displacement induced by thermal expansion resulting from temperature gradients - holds a solar panel, whose motion is forced by the levers to a balanced position.
  • the position of the sun in the sky for example, drives the response of the HREs and DTU, forcing the platform to a steady position perpendicular to incoming solar radiation.
  • Figure 1 Isometric view of the tracking system mounted in a tall frame in accordance with the present invention. Detailed views of significant areas are provided separately according to the labels A through F.
  • Figure 2 Isometric views of the (top) upper and (bottom) lower components of the tracking system.
  • Figure 3 Isometric view of the HRE bottom connection to the frame, according to an embodiment of the present invention .
  • Figure 5 Isometric view of the DTU combining the three class one levers.
  • Figure 6 Detailed view of the connection between the platform and the upper arm of the DTU, including the pivoting spherical joint.
  • Figure 7 Sketch of the HRE displacement and platform pivoting as function of heat source incidence.
  • FIG. 8 (left) Temperature and (right) displacement experimental results made with a prototype comprising 1 m long HREs. Measurements are made at north mid latitude during one day in (top) summer and (bottom) winter.
  • the dashed, solid, and dotted lines refer to values of east, south, and west HREs.
  • the thick solid line refers to atmospheric temperature.
  • This invention is inspired in the natural movement of sunflower (heliantus annuus) .
  • the objective is mimicking the sunflower natural motion with a mechanism that could be applied to solar tracking.
  • a unique phototropic response, called heliotropism, allows sunflower to turn to the direction of maximum radiation and, consequently, tracking the heat source in a rather efficient way.
  • Photochemical processes induce motor cells to displace ions in plant
  • the invention describes a passive system of levers to increase displacements caused by different thermal expansion of structural components subjected to differential thermal stress induced by a heating source, usually the Sun.
  • the optical properties of the materials are important for heat absorption optimization.
  • the best choice of optical properties includes low reflectivity, low emissivity, and high absorption.
  • surface coating can be used to improve the optical properties of the medium.
  • the objective is maximizing and minimizing radiation absorption in HRE surfaces facing and in the shadow of the heat source, respectively.
  • FIG. 12 Figure 1 illustrates the system and its five major elements: (i) frame, (ii) Heat Responsive Elements (HREs) , (iii) Displacement Transmission Unit (DTU) , (iv) platform, and (v) damping unit. Loci identified by dashed circles labelled A through D are discussed in dedicated figures.
  • the HREs (2) are held to the frame (1) and connected to the DTU (3) in a way to yield platform rotation when the system is irradiated by a heat source. Functional equipment is mounted on, and rotates jointly with the platform (4) .
  • the HREs are connected to the frame on the bottom and to the DTU on the top.
  • the HREs are made of a high thermal expansion coefficient material compared to the frame. HREs are thin, long elements placed about the frame, with at least one element facing the heat source. The elements are coated with special layers of high absorbance coefficient and low emissivity.
  • FIG. 2 shows enlarged views of the connections between the HREs and the frame, -the detailed view F, and the HRE, the DTU, and the frame, the detailed view E.
  • each HRE is attached to the frame by a one degree of freedom turnbuckle unit (16), which allows for system tension adjustment.
  • the HREs are fixed in both ends with serrated grips (23, 24) .
  • the turnbuckle unit is linked to HRE by a connector pin (17) lodged in the serrated grip.
  • the HREs are inserted through the two serrated elements and tight together with screws.
  • the hole in the turnbuckle end fitting (18) has little tolerance with respect to screw (19) to allow HRE position adjustments; the screw (19) provides the turnbuckle shortening and regulates tension in the HREs.
  • Tension regulation requires opening and shutting the screws (19) with a tool. While screw opening leads to strain reduction, shutting the screw (19) tightly increases
  • the screw (19) is directly connected, e.g., welded, to the end fitting (18).
  • the screw thread is inserted in a smooth hole inside a shelf (20) connected, e.g., welded, to the frame.
  • the hole has little tolerance with respect to screw (19) to allow HRE position adjustments.
  • a nut (22) is coupled to a washer (21) in the lower side of the shelf (20) (see details in Figure 3) . Rotation of nut (22) in the right-hand direction provides turnbuckle shortening and adjusts the HRE tension.
  • the HRE tension regulation requires shutting or opening nut (22) with a tool.
  • the nut (22) shutting and opening produces tension increasing and decreasing, respectively.
  • FIG. 3 In the detailed view A of Figure 3 is shown a comprehensive perspective of the turnbuckle unit emphasizing the HRE tension adjustment component, which comprises screw (19), shelf (20), washer (21), and nut (22).
  • the HRE upper end is tied with the serrated grip (23) to the DTU through a pair of connecting rods.
  • the DTU (3) is fundamentally a system of three levers (8, 9) . Fewer levers can be employed for applications involving single degree of freedom angular rotation. Although other options are possible, the DTU booms are symmetrically displaced in the recommended configuration.
  • the HREs are connected to the DTU in a way to provide permanent tension and consequently avoid compressional deformation.
  • the DTU is composed by three limbs disposed at 120° with respect to each other as illustrated in Figure 2.
  • the DTU is linked to the frame through a damping unit (5, 6) , comprising a shock-absorber (6) and a rabbet/buffer (5) to minimize vibrations in the system and to suppress transients due to wind gusts, for example .
  • Figure 4 presents an isometric perspective and a top view of lever elements.
  • Each limb comprises two booms, termed forearm (8) and upper arm (9), connected via a 1-Degree of Freedom (1-DoF) elbow, i.e., a revolute joint (11); see Figure 5 (detailed view C) for a different perspective of the revolution joint.
  • the forearm and upper arm metallic bands rotate with respect to each other.
  • the forearm is pivoting-connected to HRE through a rod (12) with revolute joint (13) and is also connected to the frame via another revolute joint (14) .
  • the two connecting rods (12) are connected to HRE with a connector pin (15) lodged in the serrated grip system (23) .
  • the upper arm (9) is connected to the forearm (8) by a revolute joint (11) and to the platform by a spherical joint (10), which is shown in Figure 6 in the detailed view D.
  • the forearm and upper arm can move with respect to each other by means of one-dimension revolute joints as shown in Figure 5.
  • Each arm comprises a connecting rod attached to the platform by a spherical joint and a class one lever attached both to HRE and the frame. The latter is the fulcrum of the class one lever.
  • asymmetric HRE expansion or contraction compels DTU to a new equilibrium position, which amplifies the displacement so that the platform acquires a normal position to the heat source.
  • the HREs length increase because of thermal expansion and their tension decreases, which allows the platform to adjust to a new position so that a new equilibrium is reached under the action of gravity.
  • the levers only transmit tensile stress to the HREs. Conversely,
  • the HREs have the highest thermal expansion coefficient among all structural components, and they are integrated in a way that at least one element is facing the heat source.
  • the HREs are three identical metallic elements coated with high absorption, low emissivity materials. Thickness is small for minimizing heating inertia, and consequently allowing a fast response as dilation/contraction to heat source variations.
  • the frame is prepared for safely standing the force caused by the HREs and for providing sufficient rigidity to the entire structure, including additional weight of the device or panel mounted on the platform (4) .
  • the frame geometry aims for heating minimization and to provide steady thermal conditions, i.e., frame surface is coated with high reflective and emissive layers. The displacement between the frame and HREs due to thermal expansion difference is amplified, multiplied by the DTU.
  • the forearm (8) is a class one lever, where revolute joint (14) is the fulcrum about which the forearm is able to pivoting.
  • revolute joint (14) is the fulcrum about which the forearm is able to pivoting.
  • the HREs are always under tensile stress, can expand or shrink due to temperature variations, keep the total tension constant, and maintain the system balanced.
  • Figure 4 also shows the lever comprising central (26), left (25L) , and right (25R) parts.
  • the central part is linked to HRE through a bearing (13) sufficiently strong to withstand large loads.
  • the central part (26) is also linked to the upper arm (9) through the elbow connector (11) .
  • the left (25L) and right (25R) parts are connected to the frame through robust bearings (14) able to withstand large loads.
  • Figure 7 presents a schematic of system rotation sequence as a function of sun elevation angle and displacements due to thermal expansion.
  • Figure 7a describes a situation when radiation arrives vertically on the panel (7) and all HREs receive the same energy. Under those conditions, the thermal expansion is similar and the device remains horizontal.
  • the heat source deviates from maximum elevation, e.g., the sun departs from zenith
  • the system becomes thermally unbalanced and a displacement occurs as shown in Figures 7b, 7c.
  • the other HRE is in the shadow of the heat source and does not suffer any displacement.
  • the displacement suffered by one HRE with respect to the frame and the other HRE is AL .
  • the amount AL compels the system to find a new balance, keeping the heat source direction orthogonal to the platform.
  • the HRE receives more energy and a larger displacement happens.
  • the additional amount of energy produces a larger displacement and the platform tilt increases, keeping the heat source
  • the purpose of the damping unit (5, 6) is to minimizing sudden, transient motions of the platform due to wind or shock.
  • the damping unit can be any sort of shock-absorber such as a spring, pneumatic, damper, etc. Although other positions can be selected, namely connecting the platform
  • the damping unit contributes to three complementary purposes: (i) minimizing platform vibrations, namely when subjected to strong wind; (ii) protecting HREs against compression - all HREs are constantly under tension though strong external forces, e.g., due to wind, could balance tension, induce compression, and damage the bar; (iii) help restoring the horizontal, equilibrium position when the heat source is not effective.
  • Figure 8 presents 1-day temperature and displacement measurements of the HREs, which are made of aluminium with a black paint cladding. Because measurements were made in the northern hemisphere, the system includes HREs facing east, south, and west, respectively. Air temperature is also included for comparison purposes. In the morning, when solar radiation is reaching the system from east, the HRE facing east is warmer. During the day, south and, later, west HREs are getting warmer, encompassing the apparent motion of the sun in the sky. During night, the HREs temperature is similar and the platform rests horizontally. Although for shorter period and lower temperatures, similar profiles are observed during the winter. Since the system responds to temperature gradients, winter lower temperatures do not represent a handicap for system performance.
  • This invention offers a new heat source tracking method for maximizing power efficiency of solar panels. Compared to
  • the present system avoids: (i) electric motors to drive support structures and solar panels; (ii) electrical or optical sensors to identify the source direction; (iii) and any hydraulic parts to assist moving the structures.
  • the system is intrinsically prepared to respond to less favourable weather conditions such as a cloudy sky or strong winds. The result is a passive, cheaper, and more efficient system that requires less maintenance, too.
  • the system is useful for not only solar energy equipment optimization but also shading maximization, e.g., sunshade, building interior illumination, and spacecraft guidance and navigation applications. Provided particular modifications are made, namely in surface coatings, the system can be used to track intense infrared or visible radiation sources besides the Sun.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil pour suivre des sources de chaleur de manière continue sans moyens motorisés inspirés du mouvement naturel du tournesol pour optimiser un rayonnement incident. Le procédé tire profit des propriétés thermodynamiques uniques de matériaux, essentiellement la dilatation thermique, pour induire un mouvement. Le procédé est particulièrement approprié pour des sources d'énergie qui rayonnent principalement dans les bandes optiques du proche infrarouge. Le système peut mimer la réponse naturelle phototrope du tournesol pour suivre une source de chaleur, les déplacements structuraux du système dus à la dilatation thermique des matériaux ressemblant à ceux de la pression naturelle de turgescence de la tige de tournesol. Parmi les applications les plus pertinentes, le procédé est particulièrement approprié pour des systèmes de suivi solaire passifs.
PCT/IB2012/055038 2011-09-23 2012-09-21 Système de suivi de source de chaleur passif WO2013042086A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PT105900A PT105900A (pt) 2011-09-23 2011-09-23 Sistema passivo de seguimento solar
PT105900 2011-09-23

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2013042086A1 true WO2013042086A1 (fr) 2013-03-28

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WO (1) WO2013042086A1 (fr)

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