WO2013018690A1 - Erap1由来ペプチド及びその使用 - Google Patents
Erap1由来ペプチド及びその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013018690A1 WO2013018690A1 PCT/JP2012/069131 JP2012069131W WO2013018690A1 WO 2013018690 A1 WO2013018690 A1 WO 2013018690A1 JP 2012069131 W JP2012069131 W JP 2012069131W WO 2013018690 A1 WO2013018690 A1 WO 2013018690A1
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- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4702—Regulators; Modulating activity
- C07K14/4705—Regulators; Modulating activity stimulating, promoting or activating activity
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/13—Amines
- A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
- A61K31/138—Aryloxyalkylamines, e.g. propranolol, tamoxifen, phenoxybenzamine
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- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- C12N9/485—Exopeptidases (3.4.11-3.4.19)
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5011—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing antineoplastic activity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
- G01N33/57484—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
- G01N2333/46—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- G01N2333/47—Assays involving proteins of known structure or function as defined in the subgroups
- G01N2333/4701—Details
- G01N2333/4703—Regulators; Modulating activity
- G01N2333/4704—Inhibitors; Supressors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
- G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
- G01N2333/948—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- G01N2333/95—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
- G01N2500/02—Screening involving studying the effect of compounds C on the interaction between interacting molecules A and B (e.g. A = enzyme and B = substrate for A, or A = receptor and B = ligand for the receptor)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ERAP1-derived peptide and its therapeutic use.
- breast cancers which are the most common cancer among Japanese women, are hormone (estrogen: E2) dependent and promote their growth through activation of their receptors (estrogen receptor: ER).
- Estrogen receptor: ER estrogen receptor
- Breast cancer growth mechanisms by ER activation include those that function as transcriptional regulators (genomic activation) and those that are involved in the activation of intracellular phosphorylation cascades as membrane-type ERs localized in the cell membrane (nongenomic)
- the molecular mechanism of ER activation is still unclear.
- Tamoxifen an anti-estrogen
- TAM Tamoxifen
- a standard adjuvant treatment for 5 years as a postoperative adjuvant therapy, and the acquisition of resistance of breast cancer cells by this long-term use is a serious problem
- Non-patent Documents 1-3 Regarding the mechanism of TAM refractory / resistance, mechanisms such as increased estrogen sensitivity and crosstalk between membrane receptors such as EGFR, HER2 and IGFR and growth factor-related signal pathways have been reported (Non-Patent Documents). 1-3) is still unclear.
- ERAP1 Estrogen Receptor Activity-regulated Protein 1 / Also known as BIG3
- PHB2 / REA prohibitin2 / Repressor of Estrogen Activity
- PHB2 / REA prohibitin2 / Repressor of Estrogen Activity
- the present inventors have found that a peptide fragment of ERAP1 (ERAP1 peptide) containing a binding site to PHB2 inhibits the binding of ERAP1 and PHB2, resulting in PHB2 nuclear translocation and activation of ER transcription by PHB2. Found to bring about suppression. Furthermore, it was confirmed that PHB2 dissociated from ERAP1 binds to cell membrane ER, thereby suppressing activation of Akt pathway and MAPK pathway and phosphorylation of nuclear ER. From the above, it was confirmed that the ERAP1 peptide suppresses both ER genomic activation pathway and non-genomic activation pathway.
- the ERAP1 peptide completely suppressed ER transcription activation by suppressing ER down-regulation by proteolysis by the ubiquitin proteasome essential for ER transcription activation. Furthermore, the ERAP1 peptide suppressed estrogen-dependent cell proliferation of ER positive breast cancer cells. In addition, the ERAP1 peptide showed an antitumor effect in a test using mice transplanted with orthotopic breast cancer cells. From the above results, it was confirmed that the ERAP1 peptide has an antitumor effect against estrogen-dependent breast cancer. The present inventors have also found that the ERAP1 peptide has an inhibitory effect on non-estrogen-dependent cell proliferation of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells.
- the ERAP1 peptide was found to suppress cell growth of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells. In addition, it was confirmed that when the ERAP1 peptide and tamoxifen were used in combination, a higher antitumor effect was obtained than when each was used alone.
- phosphorylation of Ser39 of PHB2 is important for suppression of estrogen-dependent cell proliferation.
- the phosphorylation of PHB2 at Ser39 was confirmed to be dephosphorylated by PP1 ⁇ indirectly bound via ERAP1.
- the phosphatase activity of PP1 ⁇ was regulated by phosphorylation of ERAP1 by PKA and PKB.
- the present inventors have confirmed that the ERAP1 peptide also suppresses the growth of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells.
- the present invention is based on the above findings and relates to the following [1] to [26]: [1] A peptide that contains a binding site for PHB2 polypeptide in ERAP1 polypeptide and inhibits binding between ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide; [2] The peptide according to [1], wherein the binding site is the 165th glutamine, the 169th aspartic acid, and the 173rd glutamine in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 35; [3] The peptide according to [2], comprising the amino acid sequence according to any of the following (a) or (b): (A) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31; (B) In the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 31, one, two, or several amino acid residues other than the first glutamine, fifth aspartic acid and ninth glutamine are substituted with other amino acid residues.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising: [11] The pharmaceutical composition according to [10] for treating and / or preventing cancer; [12] The pharmaceutical composition according to [11], wherein the cancer is estrogen receptor positive; [13] The pharmaceutical composition according to [12], wherein the cancer is breast cancer; [14] The pharmaceutical composition according to [12] or [13], wherein the cancer is tamoxifen resistant; [15] A pharmaceutical composition for enhancing a cancer therapeutic effect of a hormonal therapeutic agent, comprising the peptide according to any one of [1] to [7] or a polynucleotide
- a method for determining the prognosis of a subject having breast cancer comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (A) detecting the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a biological sample collected from the subject; (B) comparing the expression level detected in step (a) with a control level; and (c) determining the prognosis of the subject based on the comparison in step (b). [22] The method according to [21], wherein the control level is a good prognostic control level, and an increase in the expression level relative to the control level is determined to be a poor prognosis.
- a method for screening a candidate substance for suppressing the growth of cancer cells, or for treating and / or preventing cancer comprising the following steps: (A) contacting ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof with PKA polypeptide, PKB polypeptide or PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof in the presence of a test substance; (B) detecting the level of binding between the polypeptides in (a); and (c) reducing the level of binding between the polypeptides compared to the level of binding detected in the absence of the test substance.
- the method according to [24] wherein the cancer is estrogen receptor positive.
- an ERAP1 peptide useful for the treatment and / or prevention of cancer, particularly estrogen receptor positive cancer was provided.
- the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing cancer, more specifically, estrogen receptor positive cancer.
- Cancers that can be expected to have therapeutic effects by the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention include estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
- the present invention has realized a therapeutic technique based on a new mechanism.
- FIG. 5 shows that cell-permeable ERAP1 peptide binds to PHB2 and inhibits the interaction between ERAP1 and PHB2.
- A Schematic diagram of three Flag-ERAP1 fragment clones from which either human ERAP1 or one of its terminal regions has been deleted.
- B shows the result of immunoblotting in which the PHB2-binding region of ERAP1 was identified.
- COS-7 cells were transfected with any of the ERAP1 constructs (full length ERAP1, ERAP1 1-434 , ERAP1 435-2177 , ERAP1 1468-2177 ) shown in the figure together with the PHB2 construct.
- FIG. 5 shows that cell-permeable ERAP1 peptide binds to PHB2 and inhibits the interaction between ERAP1 and PHB2.
- C Schematic diagram of the Flag-ERAP1 fragment clone of ERAP1 1-434 and two Flag-ERAP1 fragment clones from which the C-terminal region of ERAP1 1-434 has been deleted.
- FIG. D shows the result of immunoblotting in which the binding region with PHB2 was identified in ERAP1 1-434 .
- COS-7 cells were transfected with any of the ERAP1 constructs (ERAP1 1-434 , ERAP1 1-250 , ERAP1 1-100 ) shown in (C) together with the PHB2 construct.
- 48 hours after transfection cells were lysed and Flag-tagged ERAP1 was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysate using anti-Flag antibody.
- the immunoprecipitated protein and cell lysate (input) were subjected to immunoblot analysis (IB) using the antibodies shown in the figure.
- E It is the result of the immunoblot which shows that an ERAP1 deletion body inhibits interaction with ERAP1 and PHB2.
- COS-7 cells were transfected with Flag-full length ERAP1, HA-PHB2 construct, and the ERAP1-deficient construct ( ⁇ ERAP1: ERAP1 1-434 ) at the concentration shown in the figure. 48 hours after transfection, cells were lysed and HA-tagged PHB2 was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysate using anti-HA antibody.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of a luciferase assay evaluating the inhibitory effect of ERAP1-deficient on the transcriptional activity of ER ⁇ .
- COS-7 cells were transfected with ⁇ ERAP1, full-length ERAP1, PHB2, ER ⁇ , and ERE-luciferase vector plasmids, and simultaneously stimulated with 1 ⁇ M E2 for 48 hours. Data are expressed as multiples of 1 for untreated cells and represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01.
- FIG. 5 shows that cell-permeable ERAP1 peptide binds to PHB2 and inhibits the interaction between ERAP1 and PHB2.
- H Shows putative PHB2 binding sites (Q165, D169, Q173) in the predicted three-dimensional structure of ERAP1.
- I shows the result of an immunoblot in which the PHB2 binding region in ERAP1 was evaluated.
- ERAP1 peptide shows that cell-permeable ERAP1 peptide binds to PHB2 and inhibits the interaction between ERAP1 and PHB2.
- J shows the sequences of ERAP-1 peptide, ERAP1-scramble peptide, and ERAP1-mutant peptide.
- K shows the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the ERAP1-PHB2 interaction in MCF-7 cells (upper figure) and KPL-3C cells (lower figure).
- MCF-7 cells or KPL-3C cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide (Pep), ERAP1-scramble peptide (Scr) or ERAP1-mutant peptide (Mut), and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- Cell lysates of these cells were immunoprecipitated using the antibody shown in the figure or normal rabbit IgG, and then immunoblotted with anti-ERAP1 antibody or anti-PHB2 antibody. The result of the immunoblot which evaluated the coupling
- MCF-7 cells were stimulated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide and / or 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- Cells were fractionated into a mitochondrial fraction, a cytoplasmic fraction, and a nuclear fraction by specific gravity centrifugation, and subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-ERAP1 antibody and anti-PHB2 antibody.
- PRDX3, ⁇ / ⁇ -Tublin (Tublin) and lamin B are markers for the mitochondrial fraction, cytoplasmic fraction and nuclear fraction, respectively (upper figure).
- the protein content of each fraction was evaluated by Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gel (below).
- (B) shows the results of an immunoblot in which intracellular localization of PHB2 was detected.
- FIG. 1 Representative immune cell staining image showing localization of ERAP1-peptide (HA-tagged ERAP1-peptide) and PHB2.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M HA tagged ERAP1-peptide for 24 hours in the presence or absence of 10 nM E2. After fixation, the cells were subjected to immunofluorescence staining using anti-HA antibody, anti-PHB2 antibody and DAPI (to discriminate nuclei). The arrow indicates the ERAP1-peptide transferred to the nucleus.
- (D) shows the results of a luciferase assay evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide.
- MCF-7 cells transiently transfected with an ERE-luciferase reporter vector were treated with the HA-tagged ERAP1-peptide at the concentration shown in the figure, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- TAM indicates tamoxifen treatment.
- Data are expressed as a ratio with the value of untreated cells taken as 1 and represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01; *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- the result of the luciferase assay which evaluated the inhibitory effect of ERAP1-peptide is shown.
- MCF-7 cells transiently transfected with ERE-luciferase reporter vector (E) or AP-1-luciferase reporter vector (F) were treated with the ERAP1-peptide, scramble peptide or mutant peptide at the concentrations shown in the figure. Immediately thereafter, the cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. TAM indicates tamoxifen treatment. Data are expressed as a ratio with the value of untreated cells taken as 1 and represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. *** P ⁇ 0.001; NS, no significant difference (no significance). The inhibitory effect of ER transcription activation by ERAP1-peptide treatment and the reconstitution of chromatin reconstitution complex are shown.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of a luciferase assay evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide.
- KPL-3C cells transiently transfected with an ERE-luciferase reporter vector were treated with the ERAP1-peptide at the concentration shown in the figure, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- TAM indicates tamoxifen treatment.
- Data are expressed as a ratio with the value of untreated cells taken as 1 and represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01; *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- H shows the results of an immunoblot in which the reconstitution of the chromatin reconstitution complex by addition of the ERAP1-peptide was examined.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide or ERAP1-scramble peptide, and then immediately treated with 10 nM E2. After 1 hour or 24 hours, the cells were fractionated into a cytoplasmic fraction and a nuclear fraction, and each fraction was immunoprecipitated using an anti-ER ⁇ antibody, anti-ERAP1 antibody or PHB2 antibody, and each antibody shown in the figure was Immunoblots were performed.
- ⁇ / ⁇ -Tublin (Tublin) and Lamin B are markers for the cytoplasmic fraction and the nuclear fraction, respectively. It shows that ERAP1-peptide promotes nuclear translocation of PHB2.
- C, D shows the results of a luciferase assay evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on ER ⁇ transcription activity.
- MCF-7 cells transiently transfected with ERE-luciferase reporter vector (C) or AP-1-luciferase reporter vector (D) were treated with ERAP1-peptide or 10 nM tamoxifen at the concentration shown in the figure.
- ERAP1-peptide or 10 nM tamoxifen at the concentration shown in the figure.
- Data are expressed as a ratio with the value of untreated cells taken as 1 and represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01; *** P ⁇ 0.001. It shows that ERAP1-peptide promotes nuclear translocation of PHB2.
- (E) shows the result of an immunoblot showing the conversion of the chromatin reconstitution complex by the ERAP1-peptide.
- the nuclear fraction was immunoprecipitated using anti-ER ⁇ antibody or anti-PHB2 antibody, and the immunoprecipitate was used with the antibody shown in the figure.
- the sample was subjected to immunoblot analysis.
- (F) shows the result of deacetylation assay of the chromatin reconstitution complex formed by the ERAP1-peptide treatment.
- the result of the immunoblot which evaluated the effect of ERAP1-peptide in the down-regulation by polyubiquitination of ER (alpha) and proteasome degradation is shown.
- the upper figure shows the results of examining the protein level and mRNA level of ER ⁇ by Western blotting and semi-quantitative RT-PCR after treating KPL-3C cells with ERAP1-peptide and / or 10 nM E2 for 1 hour.
- ⁇ -actin is a loading control.
- the figure below shows KPL-3C cells treated with ERAP1-peptide and / or E2 for 1 hour in the presence of 1 ⁇ M MG-132, and then cell lysate was immunoprecipitated with anti-ER ⁇ antibody, and the antibodies shown in the figure were The result of having performed immunoblot analysis using is shown. It shows that ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses ER ⁇ -dependent cell growth of breast cancer cell lines.
- A, B The result of the MTT assay which evaluated the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide in E2-dependent cell proliferation is shown.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide (A, B), ERAP1-scramble peptide (B), or ERAP1-mutant ⁇ peptide (B), and immediately thereafter with 10 nM E2 for various times (A) or 24 Time (B) stimulated. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. *** P ⁇ 0.001; NS, no significant difference (no significance).
- C shows the results of an MTT assay showing that the ERAP1-peptide has no effect on the growth of ER ⁇ and ERAP1-negative mammary epithelial cells and MCF-10A. The cells were treated with the ERAP1-peptide at the concentration shown in the figure for 24 hours, and cell proliferation was evaluated.
- ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses ER ⁇ -dependent cell growth of breast cancer cell lines.
- D shows the results of FACS analysis showing the effect of the ERAP1-peptide in the cell cycle.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide or 10 nM tamoxifen, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. After fixation, the cells were stained with propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry. It shows that ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses ER ⁇ -dependent cell growth of breast cancer cell lines.
- E shows the results of real-time PCR evaluating the effect of the ERAP1-peptide on gene expression.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide and / or E2 as described above. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, gene expression was evaluated. The data is expressed as a ratio when the value at 0 hour is 1.0, and represents the mean ⁇ SE of three independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01; *** P ⁇ 0.001. It shows that ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses ER ⁇ -dependent cell growth of breast cancer cell lines. (A) shows the results of an MTT assay for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the proliferation of KPL-3C cells.
- KPL-3C cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide, scramble peptide, or mutant peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. *** P ⁇ 0.001; NS, no significant difference (no significance).
- (B) shows the results of an MTT assay evaluating long-term treatment with the ERAP1-peptide. MCF-7 cells were treated with the ERAP1-peptide at the concentration shown in the figure, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2. Thereafter, the ERAP1-peptide was added every day for 4 days. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. The arrow indicates the addition of the ERAP1-peptide.
- FIG. 1 shows that ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses ER ⁇ -dependent cell growth of breast cancer cell lines.
- C shows the results of an MTT assay for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the cell growth of ER ⁇ -positive and ERAP1-positive breast cancer cell lines.
- the various ER ⁇ -positive and ERAP1-positive breast cancer cell lines shown in the figure were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-pepitde, scramble peptide or 10 nM tamoxifen, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01; *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses ER ⁇ -dependent cell growth of breast cancer cell lines.
- D shows the results of MTT assay and luciferase assay in which the stability of the ERAP1-peptide was tested.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 (white squares). Thereafter, 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide was added every day for 4 days (black squares). Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. It shows that ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses ER ⁇ -dependent cell growth of breast cancer cell lines.
- E shows the results of FACS analysis showing the effect of the ERAP1-peptide in the cell cycle.
- KPL-3C cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide or 10 nM tamoxifen, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. After fixation, the cells were stained with propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry. The inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the expression of the ER target gene is shown.
- (A) shows the results of quantitative RT-PCR for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the ER target gene.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for the time shown in the figure.
- FIG. 1 shows the result of immunoblot showing the expression of each growth factor membrane receptor.
- the cell lysate of the ER ⁇ -positive breast cancer cell line shown in the figure was subjected to immunoblot analysis using the antibody shown in the figure.
- (B) shows the results of an immunoblot in which the effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the interaction between ER ⁇ and IGF-1R ⁇ in KPL-3C cells was evaluated. After treating KPL-3C cells with ERAP1-peptide and / or E2 for 24 hours, the nuclear fraction was immunoprecipitated using anti-ER ⁇ antibody, and immunoblot analysis using the antibody shown in the figure was performed. It shows that ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses nongenomic activation pathway.
- C-E shows the result of an immunoblot for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on E2-induced phosphorylation.
- KPL-3C cells (C, D) or BT-474 cells (E) were treated with the ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately treated with 10 nM E2 for the time shown in the figure. Thereafter, phosphorylation levels of Akt (C), MAPK (C) and ER ⁇ (D, E) were evaluated by Western blot. Relative phosphorylation levels were quantified by densitometric analysis and the ratio to the value at 0 hours in untreated cells was calculated.
- ERAP1-peptide controls E2-induced nongenomic activation pathway via IGF-1R ⁇ and Shc.
- A shows the result of an immunoblot for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide in the interaction of ER ⁇ -IGF-1R ⁇ . MCF-7 cells were treated with the ERAP1-peptide and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, the cytoplasmic fraction was immunoprecipitated using an anti-ER ⁇ antibody, and immunoblot analysis using the antibody shown in the figure was performed.
- (B) shows the results of an immunoblot in which the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the interaction of ER ⁇ -PI3K was evaluated.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with the ERAP1-peptide and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, the cytoplasmic fraction was immunoprecipitated with anti-ER ⁇ antibody or anti-PHB2 antibody, and immunoblot analysis using the antibody shown in the figure was performed. It is shown that ERAP1-peptide controls E2-induced nongenomic activation pathway via IGF-1R ⁇ and Shc. (C) shows the result of an immunoblot for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on E2-induced phosphorylation.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide and / or E2 for the time shown in the figure, and then phosphorylation levels of Akt and MAPK were evaluated by Western blot using the antibodies shown in the figure.
- (D) shows the results of an immunoblot in which the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the interaction of ER ⁇ -IGF-1R ⁇ , ER ⁇ -PI3K, ER ⁇ -EGFR and ER ⁇ -Her2 in BT-474 cells was evaluated.
- BT-474 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide and / or E2 for 24 hours, and then the cytoplasmic fraction was immunoprecipitated using anti-ER ⁇ antibody, and immunoblot analysis using the antibody shown in the figure was performed.
- ERAP1-peptide controls E2-induced nongenomic activation pathway via IGF-1R ⁇ and Shc.
- E shows the result of an immunoblot for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on E2-induced phosphorylation.
- BT-474 cells were treated with the ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for the time shown in the figure. Thereafter, phosphorylation levels of Akt and MAPK were evaluated by Western blot.
- F shows the result of an immunoblot for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on E2-induced ER ⁇ phosphorylation.
- FIG. 5 shows that ERAP1-peptide inhibits tumor growth in human breast cancer orthotopic transplanted mice.
- A, B shows the effect of the ERAP1-peptide on tumor volume.
- KPL-3 cells were transplanted subcutaneously into the mammary fat body of BALB / c nude mice.
- a treatment trial (5 individuals / group) was started (day 0).
- KPL-3C tumor orthotopic graft-bearing mice were treated with the ERAP1-peptide (14, 35, 70 mg / kg), scramble peptide (14, 35, 70 mg / kg) or tamoxifen (4 mg / kg) Daily administration by internal injection.
- E2 (6 ⁇ g / day) was subcutaneously administered daily.
- (A) shows the results of measuring the tumor size for 2 weeks.
- FIG. 5 shows that ERAP1-peptide inhibits tumor growth in human breast cancer orthotopic transplanted mice.
- C Representative examples of KPL-3C xenograft tumor (upper figure) and mouse (lower figure) on the 14th day after the treatment shown in the figure.
- FIG. 5 shows that ERAP1-peptide inhibits tumor growth in human breast cancer orthotopic transplanted mice.
- D shows the change in average body weight of the ERAP1-peptide treated mice.
- E shows the results of quantitative RT-PCR that evaluated the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide at the expression level of typical ER ⁇ target genes in tumors.
- mice were euthanized, tumors were excised, and downstream gene expression levels in each tumor were determined by quantitative RT-PCR.
- the data is expressed as a ratio when the gene expression level in the untreated group is 1, and represents the mean ⁇ SE of 5 mice. * P ⁇ 0.05; ** P ⁇ 0.01; *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- FIG. 5 shows that ERAP1-peptide inhibits tumor growth in human breast cancer orthotopic transplanted mice.
- (F) shows the results of an immunoblot in which the effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the phosphorylation levels of various signal proteins in the tumor was evaluated. The influence of the ERAP1-scramble peptide on tumor volume is shown.
- the ERAP1-scramble peptide (14, 35, 70 mg / kg) was administered daily by intraperitoneal injection to KPL-3C tumor orthotopic graft-bearing mice. 3 shows positive feedback control of transcriptional activation of ERAP1.
- A The result of quantitative RT-PCR which evaluated the up-regulation of ERAP1 by E2 stimulation is shown. MCF-7 cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for the time shown in the figure, and ERAP1 expression was evaluated at the mRNA level by quantitative RT-PCR. Each sample was normalized by the mRNA content of ⁇ 2-MG, and the relative ERAP1 expression level was expressed as a ratio when the value at 0 hour in non-treated cells was 1.
- (B) shows the results of quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting in which the influence of tamoxifen on ERAP1 expression was evaluated.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of tamoxifen (TAM), then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and mRNA levels of ERAP1 were determined by quantitative RT-PCR (left) and Western blot (right) And protein levels were determined.
- TAM concentrations of tamoxifen
- mRNA levels of ERAP1 were determined by quantitative RT-PCR (left) and Western blot (right) And protein levels were determined.
- quantitative RT-PCR data were normalized by ⁇ 2-MG content and expressed as a ratio with a value of 1 for untreated cells.
- Western blot analysis ⁇ -actin was used as a loading control.
- FIG. 3 shows positive feedback control of transcriptional activation of ERAP1.
- C shows the results of a luciferase assay evaluating the transcriptional activation of ERAP1 via the ERE sequence in the intron.
- Luciferase reporter vector was transfected into MCF-7 cells. Thereafter, the cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and luciferase activity was measured.
- (D) shows the result of ChIP assay evaluating the transcriptional activation of ERAP1 via the predicted ERE sequence in intron 1.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide or scramble peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Chromatin was prepared and immunoprecipitated using the antibody shown in the figure. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was performed using primers specific for the ERE region in the intron of ERAP1.
- (E) shows the results of real-time PCR evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the expression of ERAP1.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for the time shown in the figure.
- ERAP1 expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. The data is expressed as a ratio when the value at 0 hours in non-treated cells is 1, and represents the mean ⁇ SE of three independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01; *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells is shown.
- (A) shows the results of an MTT assay that evaluated the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the growth of tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
- Tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells were treated with various concentrations of the ERAP1-peptide (0, 5, 10 ⁇ M), and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. * P ⁇ 0.05; ** P ⁇ 0.01.
- (A) shows the results of an MTT assay evaluating the inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the growth of MCF-7 cells.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide at each concentration (1, 3, 5, 10 ⁇ M) or 10 nM tamoxifen as a positive control for 24 hours.
- Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. * P ⁇ 0.05; ** P ⁇ 0.01.
- (B) shows the result of an immunoblot for evaluating the effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the interaction between ER ⁇ and IGF-1R ⁇ or Shc.
- MCF-7 cells were stimulated with 10 nM ERAP1-peptide only, 10 nM E2 only, or 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and the cytoplasmic fraction was isolated from each treated cell. Thereafter, immunoprecipitation was performed in the cytoplasmic fraction using an anti-ER ⁇ antibody, and Western blot analysis was performed using the antibody shown in the figure. The influence of the ERAP1-peptide on the proliferation of E2-independent breast cancer cells is shown.
- (A) The result of the MTT assay which evaluated the inhibitory effect of Tamoxifen when knocking down ERAP1 by siRNA method is shown. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. * P ⁇ 0.05; ** P ⁇ 0.01.
- (B) shows the results of an ERE luciferase assay evaluating the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen when ERAP1 is knocked down by the siRNA method. Data are expressed as a ratio when the value of si-control in non-treated cells is 1, and represents the mean ⁇ SE of three independent experiments. The influence which combined use of ERAP1-peptide and tamoxifen exerts on tumor growth in human breast cancer transplanted mice is shown.
- KPL-3 cells were transplanted subcutaneously into the mammary fat body of BALB / c nude mice. When the tumor reached a volume of approximately 50-80 mm 3 in the absence of E2, a treatment trial (5 individuals / group) was started (day 0).
- A Representative examples of KPL-3C orthotopic transplanted tumor (upper figure) and mouse (lower figure) on the 14th day after the start of the test.
- B shows the average tumor volume on the 14th day after the start of the study.
- the result of the FACS analysis which showed the combined use effect of the ERAP1-peptide and tamoxifen in a cell cycle is shown.
- sequence has on the inhibitory effect of E2-dependent cell proliferation is shown.
- the upper figure shows the results of MTT assay for evaluating the inhibitory effect of two types of peptides (ERAP1-peptide, ERAP1-peptide-2) on the proliferation of E2-dependent MCF-7 cells.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with the ERAP1-peptide or ERAP1-peptide-2 at the concentrations shown in the figure, and then immediately stimulated with E2 for 24 hours.
- Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. * P ⁇ 0.05; *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- the figure below shows the sequences of ERAP1-peptide and ERAP1-peptide-2. The enclosed sequence indicates the region of interaction with PHB2 predicted by PISVER software.
- ERAP1-negative breast cancer cell line HCC1395 cells PHB2 is transferred to the nucleus by E2 stimulation.
- A shows the result of an immunoblot in which the localization of PHB2 was detected.
- HCC1395 cells were treated with 5 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 1 ⁇ M E2 for 24 hours.
- Cells were fractionated into a cytoplasmic fraction and a nuclear fraction by specific gravity centrifugation, and subjected to immunoblot analysis using an anti-PHB2 antibody.
- Lamin and Tubulin are markers for the cytoplasmic fraction and the nuclear fraction, respectively.
- B shows the result of an immunoblot in which the reconstitution of a chromatin complex centered on ER ⁇ was examined.
- HCC1395 cells were treated with 5 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, then immediately stimulated with 1 ⁇ M E2 for 24 hours, and then the nuclear fraction was immunoprecipitated using anti-ER ⁇ antibody, and the immunoprecipitate was immunoblot using the antibody shown in the figure. It used for analysis.
- C shows the results of an MTT assay evaluating the effect of the ERAP1-peptide on the growth of ERAP1-negative breast cancer cell line HCC1395 cells. HCC1395 cells were treated with the ERAP1-peptide at the concentration shown in the figure, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 96 hours. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. * P ⁇ 0.05; NS, no significant difference (no significance).
- FIG. 1 shows the results of immunoblotting in which the effect of ERAP1-peptide treatment on the phosphorylation of PHB2 bound to ER ⁇ was evaluated.
- MCF-7 cells and HCC1395 cells were treated with 5 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 1 ⁇ M E2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, the nuclear fraction of each cell was immunoprecipitated using an anti-ER ⁇ antibody, and immunoblot analysis was performed using the antibody and phosphorylated antibody shown in the figure.
- (B) shows the results of a luciferase assay evaluating that the serine residue at position 39 of PHB2 controls ER ⁇ transcriptional activation.
- COS-7 cells transiently transfected with each plasmid of PHB2 (or PHB2 mutant vector, S39A and S39G), ER ⁇ , ERE-luciferase vector, and pRL-TK as an internal standard were stimulated with 1 ⁇ M E2 for 48 hours.
- Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01.
- the results of immunoblots showing the expression of ERAP1, PHB2, and ER ⁇ in human breast cancer cell lines are shown.
- Cell lysates of human breast cancer cell lines and mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) shown in the figure were subjected to immunoblot analysis using the antibodies shown in the figure. 2 shows the expression of ERAP1 in human breast cancer resection specimens.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of immunohistochemical staining for evaluating the expression of ERAP1 on a resected specimen of breast cancer.
- the upper figure is a representative immunohistochemically stained image showing the expression of ERAP1 in a paraffin-embedded breast cancer resection specimen. Judgment of cancerous area by immunostaining is negative in cases where cancer tissue is not stained at all (Negative: 24 cases, 23%) and weakly positive in cases where cytoplasm is stained lightly (Weak: 59 cases, 57%) Cases in which cancer tissue was stained almost uniformly and strongly were regarded as strongly positive (Strong: 20 cases, 19%).
- a full length REA (WT) and a 39th Ser construct mutated to Ala or Glu (S39A, S39E) were transiently transfected into HEK293T cells with ERE-luciferase reporter vector and ER ⁇ construct, and 10 nM E2 Stimulated for 24 hours.
- Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01.
- B shows the results of immunoblotting of Ser39 phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA.
- HEK293T cells were transfected with PHB2 / REA constructs (WT, S39A, S39E) and stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours after 48 hours.
- (A) shows the results of immunoblotting analysis of the phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (Ser39) translocated to the nucleus by the cell-permeable ERAP1-peptide.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Cells were fractionated into a cytoplasmic fraction and a nuclear fraction by specific gravity centrifugation, and each fraction was immunoprecipitated using an anti-PHB2 / REA antibody.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of evaluation of serine phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA released by ERAP1-peptide treatment by sequential immunoblot analysis.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 over time.
- Each cell lysate was subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-PHB2 / REA antibody and anti-phosphorylated PHB2 / REA (S39) antibody.
- C Representative cell immunostaining image showing phosphorylation of REA (S39).
- MCF-7 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide and ⁇ -phosphatase (400 U) for 24 hours in the presence of 10 nM E2. After immobilization, it was subjected to immunofluorescent staining. The result which evaluated phosphorylation in Ser39 of PHB2 / REA which moved to the nucleus is shown.
- D shows the results of immunoblotting analysis of phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (Ser39) that translocated to the nucleus due to suppression of ERAP1 expression.
- MCF-7 cells that suppressed ERAP1 expression by siRNA method were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and then fractionated into cytoplasmic fraction (C) and nuclear fraction (N) by specific gravity centrifugation. And immunoblot analysis.
- E shows the results of real-time PCR in which the expression of the ER ⁇ downstream gene was evaluated by suppressing the expression of ERAP1.
- MCF-7 cells in which the expression of ERAP1 was suppressed by siRNA method were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- ER ⁇ downstream genes (ERAP1, CCND1, TFF1, c-Myc) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Data are expressed as a ratio when the value in non-treated cells is 1.0, and represents the mean ⁇ SE of three independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- Fig. 2 shows the tumor growth inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide in orthotopic transplanted mice of human breast cancer.
- A shows the results of immunoblotting analysis of phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (Ser39) in transplanted tumors of human breast cancer orthotopic transplanted mice administered with the ERAP1-peptide.
- mice were euthanized, tumors were removed, and phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (S39) in each tumor was evaluated by immunoblot analysis.
- B shows the results of tumor volume evaluation in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer transplanted mice administered with the ERAP1-peptide.
- Tamoxifen-resistant MCF7-cells (Tam-R MCF-7) were implanted subcutaneously in the mammary fat body of BALB / c nude mice, and tumors in the presence of tamoxifen (37 ng / day, 1.85 ⁇ g / kg) were approximately 50- When a volume of 80 mm 3 was reached, the treatment trial (5 individuals / group) was started (day 0).
- Tam-R MCF-7 tumor orthotopic graft tumor-bearing mice are injected daily with intraperitoneal injection of ERAP1-peptide (Peptide: 3.5, 7, 14 mg / kg) or ERAP1-scramble peptide (scrPeptide: 14 mg / kg) Administered.
- E2 (6 ⁇ g / day) was administered subcutaneously every day.
- Shown are Tam-R MCF-7 xenograft tumor and mean tumor volume ⁇ SE (n 5) on day 21. * P ⁇ 0.05, ** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001. It shows that ERAP1 and PP1 ⁇ interact.
- (A) shows the result of immunoblot analysis showing the binding of ERAP1 and PP1 ⁇ .
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide and immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, the cells were lysed, ERAP1 was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysate using an anti-ERAP1 antibody, and immunoblot analysis was performed using the antibody shown in the figure. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments.
- (B) shows the result of immunoblot analysis confirming the PP1 ⁇ binding region in ERAP1.
- ERAP1 construct ( ⁇ PP1 ⁇ ) and ER ⁇ construct lacking 1228-1232aa (KAVSF), which is a putative PP1 ⁇ binding motif, were transfected into HEK293T cells, and stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours after 48 hours. Thereafter, the cells were lysed, FLAG-tagged ERAP1 was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysate using an anti-FLAG antibody, and the immunoprecipitated protein was subjected to immunoblot analysis using the antibody shown in the figure. Data are representative of two independent experiments. It shows that ERAP1 and PP1 ⁇ interact.
- the ERAP1 construct ( ⁇ PP1 ⁇ ) and ER ⁇ construct lacking the PP1 ⁇ binding motif (1228-1232aa) were transfected into HEK293T cells, and stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours 48 hours later. After cell lysis, PHB2 / REA was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysate using anti-PHB2 / REA antibody, and immunoblot analysis was performed using the antibody shown in the figure. Data are representative of two independent experiments. (C) shows the results of immunoblot analysis for evaluating phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (Ser39) in cells treated with the binding inhibitor peptide of ERAP1 and PP1 ⁇ .
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 50, 100 ⁇ M inhibitory peptide and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. These cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-ERAP1 antibody, and immunoblot analysis was performed using the antibody shown in the figure. It shows that phosphorylation of ERAP1 induces phosphatase activity of PP1 ⁇ .
- A The result of siRNA test showing that ERAP1 negatively regulates PP1 ⁇ activity.
- MCF-7 cells that suppressed the expression of ERAP1 or PP1 ⁇ were lysed by siRNA method, and the phosphatase activity was calculated. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- FIG. B shows the results of phosphatase activity analysis and immunoblot analysis for evaluating the inhibitory effect of ERAP1 on PP1 ⁇ activity.
- HEK293T cells transfected with ERAP1 construct (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ⁇ g) or ERAP1 construct lacking PP1 ⁇ binding region ( ⁇ PP1 ⁇ : 2.0 ⁇ g) were lysed, immunoprecipitated using anti-PP1 ⁇ antibody, and phosphatase activity analysis (upper figure) ) And immunoblot analysis (below).
- the phosphatase activity represents the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001. It shows that phosphorylation of ERAP1 induces phosphatase activity of PP1 ⁇ .
- (C) shows the results of a phosphatase assay showing that estrogen stimulation induces PP1 ⁇ activity. After MCF-7 cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 6, 12 or 24 hours, the phosphatase activity of the cell lysate was calculated. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- (D) shows the results of evaluation of ERAP1 phosphorylation by estrogen stimulation by immunoblot analysis. MCF-7 cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and then cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting using the anti-phosphorylated antibody shown in the figure. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments.
- FIG. 5 shows that phosphorylation of ERAP1 by PKA and PKB regulates phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (S39) via PP1 ⁇ activity.
- A shows the results of a phosphatase assay showing that PKA and PKB induce PP1 ⁇ activity.
- MCF-7 cells in which expression of PKA or PKB, or both PKA and PKB was suppressed by siRNA method were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, the cell lysate was immunoprecipitated with an anti-ERAP1 antibody, and the phosphatase activity was calculated. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001. (B) shows the result of an immunoblot analysis showing that PKA and PKB induce phosphorylation of ERAP1.
- MCF-7 cells in which expression of PKA or PKB, or both PKA and PKB was suppressed by siRNA method were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1 peptide, and immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- FIG. 5 shows that phosphorylation of ERAP1 by PKA and PKB regulates phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (S39) via PP1 ⁇ activity.
- D shows the results of immunoblot analysis showing that inhibition of PKA activity suppresses serine phosphorylation of ERAP1 and induces phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (S39).
- MCF-7 cells whose expression of PKA was suppressed by siRNA method, were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. In addition, MCF-7 cells were treated with H-89 for 30 minutes, washed with PBS, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblot using the antibodies shown in the figure.
- (E) shows the result of immunoblot analysis showing that phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (S39) is induced by inhibition of PKA activity.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with H-89 and okadaic acid for 30 minutes, washed with PBS, and immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblot using the antibodies shown in the figure.
- (F) shows the results of an immunoblot showing that PKC ⁇ induces phosphorylation of REA (S39).
- MCF-7 cells, whose expression of PKC ⁇ was suppressed by siRNA method were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1 peptide and immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- the cytoplasmic fraction and the nuclear fraction were fractionated by specific gravity centrifugation, and immunoblot analysis was performed using the antibodies shown in the figure. Data is expressed as a ratio when the value of phosphorylation of REA is 1.0 when siControl-treated cells are treated with ERAP1 peptide. It shows that PP1 ⁇ is a target gene of ER ⁇ .
- (A) shows the results of immunoblot analysis evaluating up-regulation of PP1 ⁇ by E2 stimulation. MCF-7 cells and BT-474 cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and the protein level of PP1 ⁇ was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Data were normalized with ⁇ -actin.
- (B) shows the results of real-time PCR evaluating up-regulation of PP1 ⁇ by E2 stimulation.
- MCF-7 cells, ZR-75-1 cells, T47D cells, and BT-474 cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and the mRNA level of PP1 ⁇ was determined by real-time PCR.
- Data are normalized by ⁇ 2-MG content and represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. ** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- (D) shows the result of ChIP assay evaluating the transactivation of PP1 ⁇ via the ERE sequence of 5 ′ upstream and intron 2.
- chromatin was prepared and immunoprecipitated using the antibody shown in the figure. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was performed using primers specific for 5 ′ upstream of PP1 ⁇ and the ERE region of intron 2.
- (E) shows the results of a luciferase assay evaluating the transactivation of PP1 ⁇ via the ERE sequence in the PP1 ⁇ gene.
- a luciferase reporter vector consisting of a construct containing the ERE conserved motif located 5 'upstream and intron 2 of the PP1 ⁇ gene (bottom: 5'-ERE and 5'- and intron2-ERE) was transfected into HEK293T cells. Thereafter, the cells were stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and luciferase activity was measured. Data represent the mean ⁇ SE of 3 independent experiments. *** P ⁇ 0.001. It shows that ERAP1-peptide treatment suppresses protein and gene expression enhancement by estrogen stimulation. (A) shows the results of statistical analysis of proteome in ERAP1-peptide treated cells.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide (Peptide) and ERAP1-scramble peptide (scrPeptide) and immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 1 hour, and the cell lysate was digested with trypsin and subjected to 2DICAL. The ratio of the data to the value at 0 hours was calculated, and each proteome was statistically analyzed with box plot. * P ⁇ 0.05. (B) shows the results of statistical analysis of transcriptome in ERAP1-peptide treated cells.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 5, 10, and 15 hours, followed by RNA extraction and subsequent Cy3-cRNA synthesis, which were used in a microarray.
- the data was statistically analyzed with GeneSpring software, and the ratio to the value at 0 hour was calculated. ** P ⁇ 0.01. It shows that the ERAP1-peptide specifically binds to PHB2 / REA.
- (A) shows the results of evaluating the binding of the ERAP1-peptide to PHB2 / REA by Biacore.
- MCF-7 cells in which expression of ERAP1 was suppressed by siRNA method were lysed, and immunoblot analysis was performed using a monoclonal antibody with human ERAP1 (459-572aa) as an antigen.
- B shows the result of immunoblot analysis in which coprecipitation of PHB2 / REA was evaluated with an anti-ERAP1 purified antibody. Lysates of MCF-7 cells (M) and T47D cells (T) were immunoprecipitated with an anti-ERAP1 purified antibody, and immunoblot analysis was performed using the antibodies shown in the figure.
- ERAP1 (1-434aa), Q165, D169, Q173 alanine mutant (Mutant), Q165 alanine mutant (Q165A), D169 alanine mutant (D169A), Q173 Either an alanine variant (Q173A) or an alanine variant of Q165, D169 (Q165A, D169A) was transfected. 48 hours after transfection, cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated using anti-FLAG and anti-HA antibodies. Immunoprecipitated proteins and cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblot using the antibodies shown in the figure.
- Data is expressed as a ratio when the coprecipitation band at ERAP1 (1-434aa) is taken as 100. It shows that phosphorylation of ERAP1 by PKA and PKB regulates phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA (S39) via PP1 ⁇ activity in KPL-3C cells.
- (A) shows the result of immunoblot analysis showing that PP1 ⁇ regulates serine phosphorylation of PHB2 / REA.
- FIG. 1 shows the result of immunoblot analysis showing that ERAP1 is localized in mitochondria.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours.
- Cells were fractionated into mitochondrial fraction (M), cytoplasmic fraction (C) and nuclear fraction (N) by specific gravity centrifugation, and immunoblot analysis was performed using the antibodies shown in the figure.
- Lamin B, ⁇ / ⁇ -Tubulin (Tubulin) and PRDX3 are markers for the nuclear fraction, cytoplasmic fraction and mitochondrial fraction, respectively. It shows that ROS production in mitochondria by E2 stimulation is induced via ERAP1.
- (B) shows the results of evaluating ROS production in mitochondria via ERAP1.
- MCF-7 cells and MCF-7 cells and HCC1395 cells in which expression of ERAP1 was suppressed were treated with 10 ⁇ M DHR123 for 15 minutes. After washing, the cells were stimulated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide and 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, and analyzed by flow cytometry. As a positive control, cells treated with 1 mM H 2 O 2 for 24 hours were used. Data are representative of two independent experiments.
- isolated and purified as used with respect to certain materials (eg, peptides, polynucleotides, etc.) are substantially free of at least one material that may be included in a natural source. It shows that. Thus, isolated or purified peptides are substantially free of cellular material, eg, carbohydrates, lipids, or other contaminating proteins derived from the cell or tissue source from which they were obtained, or chemically synthesized. When referred to, it refers to a peptide that is substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals.
- substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of peptides that are separated from cellular components of the cells from which the peptides are isolated or recombinantly produced.
- peptides substantially free of cellular material include peptide preparations having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% (by dry weight) of heterologous proteins.
- the peptide is produced recombinantly, in some embodiments, it is also substantially free of media, which includes a contaminated media that has less than about 20%, 10%, or 5% of the volume of the peptide preparation.
- Peptide preparations are included.
- the polypeptide is produced by chemical synthesis, in some embodiments, it is substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals, including about 30%, 20%, 10% of the volume of the peptide preparation. %, Less than 5% (by dry weight) of peptide preparations having only chemical precursors or other chemicals involved in peptide synthesis.
- the peptide of the invention is isolated or purified.
- polypeptide “peptide”, and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. These terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues are modified or unnatural residues, for example, artificial chemical mimetics of the corresponding natural amino acids, as well as natural amino acid polymers Is done.
- amino acid is used herein to refer to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function similarly to the naturally occurring amino acids. Natural amino acids can be those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those modified after translation in cells (eg, hydroxyproline, ⁇ -carboxyglutamic acid, and O-phosphoserine).
- amino acid analog has the same basic chemical structure as a natural amino acid (hydrogen, carboxy group, amino group, and ⁇ -carbon bonded to an R group), but has a modified R group or modified backbone (eg, Homoserine, norleucine, methionine, sulfoxide, methionine methylsulfonium)).
- amino acid mimetic is used herein to refer to a chemical compound that has a structure that is different from a common amino acid, but that functions similarly to a common amino acid.
- Amino acids may be referred to herein by either the commonly known three letter symbols or the one letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commision.
- polynucleotide and nucleic acid are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of nucleotides. These terms include both natural or non-natural nucleic acid polymers. Nucleotides, like amino acids, are referred to by their generally accepted single letter symbols.
- the term “treatment” means ameliorating at least one symptom caused by the target disease or suppressing the progression of the symptom.
- “Cancer treatment” includes, for example, cancer cell growth inhibition, cancer regression, improvement of detectable symptoms associated with cancer, mitigation or progression inhibition, metastasis inhibition, and the like.
- the term “prevention” means to avoid, suppress or delay the occurrence of the target disease. Prevention can occur at primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. Whereas primary prevention avoids the onset of the disease, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention prevent disease progression and reduce the complications associated with the disease by restoring function. Includes activities aimed at preventing the appearance of symptoms as well as reducing the adverse effects of already established diseases. “Cancer prevention” includes, for example, avoidance or delay of onset of cancer, suppression or delay of progression of symptoms from an early stage, suppression of metastasis after surgery, and the like.
- ERAP1 polypeptide refers to a polypeptide encoded by the ERAP1 (Estrogen-Receptor-Activity-Regulated Protein-1) gene. More specifically, “ERAP1 polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence (GeneBank ⁇ Accession No. BAH83562.1) described in SEQ ID NO: 35, which is a human ERAP1 protein. However, in the present invention, the ERAP1 polypeptide is not limited to these, and includes these isoforms and mutants.
- ERAP1 is also referred to as “BIG3 (Brefeldin A-Inhibited Guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 3)", “A7322” or “KIAA1244".
- BIG3 Coreldin A-Inhibited Guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 3
- A7322 or "KIAA1244".
- ERAP1 polypeptide is also described as “ERAP1”.
- SEQ ID NO: 34 GeneBank Accession No. AB252196.1.
- PHB2 polypeptide refers to a polypeptide encoded by the PHB2 (prohibitin2) gene. More specifically, “PHB2 polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 (GeneBank Accession No. NP_001138303.1), which is a human PHB2 protein. However, in the present invention, the PHB2 polypeptide is not limited to these, and includes these isoforms and mutants. “PHB2” is also referred to as “REA (Repressor of activity”). In the present specification, “PHB2 polypeptide” is also described as “PHB2” or “PHB2 / REA”. An example of a representative base sequence of the human PHB2 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 36 (GeneBank Accession No. NM_001144831.1).
- PP1 ⁇ polypeptide refers to a polypeptide encoded by a PPPCA (protein phosphatase 1, catalytic subunit, unitalphaisozyme) gene. More specifically, “PP1 ⁇ polypeptide” is a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 72, 74 or 76 (GeneBank Accession No. NP_001008709, NP_002699.1 or NP_996756.1) which is a human PP1 ⁇ protein. Point to. However, in the present invention, the PP1 ⁇ polypeptide is not limited to these, and includes these isoforms and mutants.
- PP1 ⁇ polypeptide is also described as “PP1 ⁇ ”.
- Examples of representative base sequences of human PP1 ⁇ gene are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 71, 73 and 75 (GeneBankeneAccession No. NM_001008709, NM_002708.3 and NM_206873.1).
- the term “PKA polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide encoded by a PRKACA (protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha) gene. More specifically, the “PKA polypeptide” is a human PKA (Protein kinase A) protein having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 78 or 80 (GeneBank Accession No. NP_002721.1 or NP_997401.1). Refers to a peptide. However, in the present invention, the PKA polypeptide is not limited to these, and includes these isoforms and mutants. In the present specification, “PKA polypeptide” is also described as “PKA”. Examples of representative base sequences of the human PKA gene are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 77 and 79 (GeneBank Accession No. NM_002730.3 and NM_207518.1).
- PKB polypeptide refers to a polypeptide encoded by the AKT1 (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1) gene. More specifically, “PKB polypeptide” refers to the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 82, 84 or 86 (GeneBank Accession No. NP_001014431, NP_001014432 or NP_005154), which is a human PKB (Protein kinase B) protein. However, in the present invention, the PKB polypeptide is not limited to these, and includes these isoforms and mutants. “PKB polypeptide” is also referred to as “PKB”. Examples of representative base sequences of the human PKB gene are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 81, 83 and 85 (GeneBank Accession No. NM_001014431, NM_001014432 and NM_005163).
- estrogen receptor encompasses both estrogen receptor ⁇ (ER ⁇ ) and estrogen receptor ⁇ (ER ⁇ ).
- ER ⁇ and ER ⁇ are encoded by the ESR1 gene and the ESR2 gene, respectively.
- the nucleotide sequence of a representative human ESR1 gene and the amino acid sequence of human ER ⁇ are shown in SEQ ID NO: 38 (Gene Benk Accetion No. NM_000125.3) and SEQ ID NO: 39 (Gene Benk Accetion No. NP_000116.2), respectively.
- SEQ ID NO: 40 Gene Benk Accetion No.
- the base sequence and amino acid sequence of the estrogen receptor are not limited to these, and include these isoforms and variants.
- the estrogen receptor is ER ⁇ . It has been reported that transcriptional activation of both ER ⁇ and ER ⁇ is regulated by PHB2 polypeptide (Montano MM, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96: 6947-52.).
- the term “estrogen receptor positive” as used with respect to a cell or cancer means that the cancer cell that constitutes the cell or cancer expresses the estrogen receptor.
- estrogen receptor negative as used herein with respect to a cell or cancer means that the cancer cell constituting the cell or cancer does not express the estrogen receptor.
- ERAP1 Peptide The present invention provides a peptide that contains a binding site for a PHB2 polypeptide in an ERAP1 polypeptide and inhibits the binding between an ERAP1 polypeptide and a PHB2 polypeptide.
- the peptide of the present invention is also described herein as “ERAP1 peptide”.
- the peptide of the present invention has an ability to bind to a PHB2 polypeptide by including a binding site for the PHB2 polypeptide in the ERAP1 polypeptide. As a result, binding of the ERAP1 polypeptide to the PHB2 polypeptide is competitively inhibited.
- the ERAP1 peptide in the present invention can be a salt as long as it has an action of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide.
- it can be a salt with an acid (inorganic acid, organic acid, etc.) or a base (alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, amine, etc.).
- the salt with an acid include a salt with an inorganic acid (for example, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, etc.), or an organic acid (for example, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid).
- Acid succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, megluminic acid and the like) and the like.
- salt with a base include salts with sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium.
- salt of the peptide of the present invention include acetate, hydrochloride, megluminate, ammonium salt and the like.
- the binding site of the ERAP1 polypeptide to the PHB2 polypeptide means an amino acid residue involved in binding to the PHB2 polypeptide in the amino acid sequence constituting the ERAP1 polypeptide.
- Examples of such amino acid residues include 165th glutamine, 169th aspartic acid, and 173rd glutamine in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the peptide of the present invention is a peptide comprising the 165th glutamine, the 169th aspartic acid and the 173rd glutamine in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide A peptide that inhibits binding to a peptide.
- the number of a specific amino acid residue in the amino acid sequence represents the number of amino acid residues counted from the N-terminus.
- the peptide of the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence from the 165th glutamine to the 173rd glutamine in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 33 (QMLSDLTLQ (SEQ ID NO: 31)).
- QMLSDLTLQ SEQ ID NO: 31
- ERAP1-peptide QMLSDLTLQLRQR (SEQ ID NO: 27)
- ERAP1-peptide-2 ATLSQMLSDLTLQ (SEQ ID NO: 30) described in the Examples of the present specification.
- peptide of the present invention include peptides comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c): (A) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31 / QMLSDLTLQ; (B) the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 27 / QMLSDLTLQLRQR; and (c) the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 30 / ATLSQMLSDLTLQ.
- the peptide of the present invention is not limited to these, and includes a binding site for the PHB2 polypeptide in the ERAP1 polypeptide, as long as it has an activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide.
- the amino acid sequence constituting is not particularly limited.
- the peptide of the present invention comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the following (a ′) to (c ′) and having an activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide: Includes: (A ′) In the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 31, one, two or several amino acid residues other than the first glutamine / Q, the fifth aspartic acid / D and the ninth glutamine / Q are An amino acid sequence substituted with another amino acid residue; (B ′) In the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27, one, two, or several amino acid residues other than the first glutamine / Q, the fifth aspartic acid / D, and the ninth glutamine / Q are An amino acid sequence substituted with another amino acid residue; and (c ′) other than the fifth glutamine / Q, the ninth aspartic acid / D and the thirteenth glutamine / Q in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
- the amino acid residue to be substituted may be any amino acid residue as long as the ability to inhibit the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide is maintained.
- Which amino acid residue is to be substituted can also be determined by predicting amino acid residues that are not involved in binding to the PHB2 peptide using a calculation method such as PSIVER.
- amino acid residues predicted as “-” can be preferably selected as substitution candidate residues.
- the number of amino acid residues to be substituted is also not particularly limited as long as the ability to inhibit the binding of ERAP1 polypeptide to PHB2 polypeptide is maintained, and 1, 2 or several amino acid residues are substituted. obtain.
- the ERAP1 peptide defined in (a ′) has one amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 31 except for the first glutamine / Q, the fifth aspartic acid / D and the ninth glutamine / Q, A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which two or several amino acid residues are substituted with other amino acid residues and having an activity of inhibiting the binding of an ERAP1 polypeptide and a PHB2 polypeptide.
- (a ′) for example, all of the following three amino acid residues are conserved in the continuous amino acid sequence including 165-173 (SEQ ID NO: 31) in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, and other positions In which a peptide that inhibits the binding of an ERAP1 polypeptide and a PHB2 polypeptide is included.
- substitution of amino acid residues allowed at positions other than the above three amino acids is usually 10 or less, or 8 or less, such as 7 or less, preferably 6 or less, more preferably 5 or less, particularly preferably 3 or less. It is.
- Such ERAP1 peptides include, for example, peptides composed of amino acids of 30 residues or 20 residues, typically 19 residues, preferably 18 residues, more preferably 17 residues or less.
- substitutions are often referred to as “conservative substitutions” or “conservative modifications”. Therefore, the substitution in the above (a ′) to (c ′) is preferably performed by conservative substitution. Conservative substitution tables showing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art.
- amino acid side chain properties that are desirable to preserve include, for example, hydrophobic amino acids (A, I, L, M, F, P, W, Y, V), hydrophilic amino acids (R, D, N, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T), as well as side chains having the following functional groups or features in common: aliphatic side chains (G, A, V, L, I, P); hydroxyl group-containing side chains (S, T, Y); sulfur atom-containing side chains (C, M); carboxylic acid and amide-containing side chains (D, N, E, Q); base-containing side chains (R) , K, H); and aromatic-containing side chains (H, F, Y, W).
- hydrophobic amino acids A, I, L, M, F, P, W, Y, V
- hydrophilic amino acids R, D, N, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T
- side chains having the following functional groups or features in common aliphatic side chains (G
- the following eight groups each contain amino acids recognized in the art as being conservative substitutions for each other: 1) Alanine (A), Glycine (G); 2) Aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5) Isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V); 6) phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), tryptophan (W); 7) serine (S), threonine (T); and 8) Cysteine (C), methionine (M) (see, eg, Creighton, Proteins 1984).
- substitutions in the above (a ′) to (c ′) are not limited to these, and may be non-conservative substitutions as long as the activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide is maintained.
- the peptide of the present invention may contain amino acid residues other than the binding site of the ERAP1 polypeptide to the PHB2 polypeptide as long as the activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide is maintained.
- a fragment of the ERAP1 polypeptide containing the binding site with the PHB2 polypeptide in the ERAP1 polypeptide is suitable as the peptide of the present invention.
- a fragment of the ERAP1 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 35) containing the amino acid sequence from the 165th glutamic acid to the 173rd glutamic acid and its peripheral sequence is a preferred example of the peptide of the present invention.
- the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 9 residues
- 30 residues, or 20 residues typically 19 residues, preferably 18 residues, more preferably 17 residues or less.
- ERAP1 peptide in the present invention.
- Such peptides include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 (9 residues) and the amino acid sequence selected from the full-length amino acid sequence constituting the ERAP1 polypeptide, and typically 30 or 20 residues.
- the amino acid added to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 is selected from 0 (that is, the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 31), the full-length amino acid sequence constituting the ERAP1 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 35). 1 or 2 or more consecutive amino acid sequences.
- the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 is an amino acid sequence containing the 165th glutamine / Q, the 169th aspartic acid / D and the 173rd glutamine / Q of the full-length amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 35) constituting the ERAP1 polypeptide. It is.
- the amino acid residue added to SEQ ID NO: 31 or the amino acid sequence can be selected from amino acid sequences adjacent to 165-173 in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35.
- a continuous sequence comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 31 / QMLSDLTLQ and selected from an amino acid sequence consisting of ATLS + QMLSDLTLQ + LRQR (corresponding to the region covered by SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 30)
- the peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence is preferably used as the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention.
- the peptide of the present invention desirably has one or both of the following properties (i) and (ii): (I) promotes nuclear translocation of PHB2 polypeptide in estrogen receptor positive cells expressing ERAP1 polypeptide; and (ii) estrogen receptor positive cells expressing ERAP1 polypeptide And / or promote the binding of an estrogen receptor present in the cell membrane to a PHB2 polypeptide.
- the peptide of the present invention suppresses activation of estrogen receptor in ERAP1-expressing cells, and as a result, estrogen receptor positive cells. Leads to suppression of cell proliferation.
- Both of the properties (i) and (ii) of the ERAP1 peptide can be evaluated according to the method described in Examples described later.
- PHB2 polypeptide is known to be an estrogen receptor-selective co-regulator, and represses estrogen receptor transcriptional activation by interacting with the estrogen receptor (Kasashima K, J Biol Chem 2006; 281 : 36401-10).
- the ERAP1 polypeptide binds to the PHB2 polypeptide, thereby preventing the PHB2 polypeptide from translocating into the nucleus and inhibiting the interaction between the PHB2 polypeptide and the estrogen receptor in the nucleus (FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B). In addition, it prevents the binding of estrogen receptor present in the cell membrane and PHB2 polypeptide (FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4B).
- the suppression of estrogen receptor activation by the PHB2 polypeptide does not work sufficiently, leading to increased cell proliferation.
- the peptide of the present invention restores the function of suppressing the estrogen receptor activation of the PHB2 polypeptide inhibited by binding to the ERAP1 polypeptide by competitively inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide. It has the characteristics. Therefore, it is desirable that the peptide of the present invention does not prevent the PHB2 polypeptide from entering the nucleus and does not prevent the binding of the estrogen receptor and the PHB2 polypeptide.
- the ERAP1 polypeptide fragment containing the binding site with the PHB2 polypeptide is suitable as the peptide of the present invention, but the peptide close to the full length of the ERAP1 polypeptide may not be as large as the ERAP1 polypeptide. It may prevent the PHB2 polypeptide from translocating into the nucleus, or may interfere with the binding of the PHB2 polypeptide to the estrogen receptor. Therefore, the partial amino acid sequence of the ERAP1 polypeptide contained in the peptide of the present invention is preferably 100 residues or less, more preferably 80 residues or less, and even more preferably 70 residues or less. In a more preferred embodiment, the partial amino acid sequence of the ERAP1 polypeptide contained in the peptide of the present invention is 50 residues or less, 40 residues or less, 30 residues or less, 25 residues or less, or 20 residues or less.
- the peptide of the present invention may contain an amino acid sequence other than the amino acid sequence derived from the ERAP1 polypeptide as long as the activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide is maintained. In this case as well, it is desirable not to prevent the PHB2 polypeptide from translocating into the nucleus or binding between the PHB2 polypeptide and the estrogen receptor. Therefore, the peptide of the present invention is preferably a peptide having 100 residues or less, 80 residues or less, or 70 residues or less. In a more preferred embodiment, the peptide of the present invention is a peptide having 50 residues or less, 40 residues or less, or 30 residues or less. Preferable examples of the amino acid sequence contained in the peptide of the present invention include, but are not limited to, an amino acid sequence constituting a cell-penetrating peptide described later and a linker sequence for binding other substances. is not.
- the peptide of the present invention may be modified with other substances.
- the term “modified” as used with respect to peptides refers to other substances bound directly or indirectly to the peptide.
- examples of other substances that modify the peptide of the present invention include, but are not limited to, peptides, lipids, saccharides, and natural or synthetic polymers.
- the peptide of the present invention may have any modification as long as it maintains the activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide.
- the peptide of this invention may be provided with an additional function by modification. Examples of additional functions include, but are not limited to, target directivity, stability, cell membrane permeability, and the like.
- a preferable example of modification includes introduction of a cell membrane permeable substance.
- the intracellular structure is blocked from the outside by a cell membrane. For this reason, it is difficult to efficiently introduce extracellular substances into cells.
- certain substances have cell membrane permeability and can be introduced into cells without being blocked by the cell membrane.
- cell membrane permeable substance By modifying with such a substance having cell membrane permeability (cell membrane permeable substance), it is possible to impart cell membrane permeability to a substance that does not have cell membrane permeability. Therefore, the peptide of the present invention can be efficiently introduced into cells by modifying the peptide of the present invention with a cell membrane permeable substance.
- “cell membrane permeability” refers to the property of being able to penetrate the mammalian cell membrane and enter the cytoplasm.
- the “cell membrane permeable substance” refers to a substance having “cell membrane permeability”.
- cell membrane permeable substances include, but are not limited to, membrane-fusible liposomes and cell membrane permeable peptides.
- the fusogenic liposome fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents into the cell.
- Membrane-fusible liposomes can be prepared, for example, by modifying the liposome surface with a substance having membrane-fusogenic properties.
- membrane-fusion liposomes include, for example, pH-sensitive liposomes (Yuba E, et al., J. Control. Release, 149, 72-80 (2011)), Sendai virus membrane-fusion liposomes (WO97 / 016171), Examples include liposomes modified with a cell membrane permeable peptide.
- the peptide of the present invention may be encapsulated in a fusogenic liposome for efficient introduction into cells.
- encapsulation of a peptide in a fusogenic liposome is also encompassed by “modification” of the peptide.
- cell membrane permeable peptides As for cell membrane permeable peptides, various natural or artificially synthesized peptides have been reported so far (Joliot A. & Prochiantz A., Nat Cell Biol. 2004; 6: 189-96). Examples of cell membrane permeable peptides include, but are not limited to, the following peptides. :
- Polyarginine (Matsushita et al., (2003) J. Neurosci .; 21, 6000-7.); Tat / RKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: 42) (Frankel et al., (1988) Cell 55, 1189-93., Green & Loewenstein (1988) Cell 55, 1179-88.); Penetratin / RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK (SEQ ID NO: 57) (Derossi et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10444-50.); Buforin II / TRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRK (SEQ ID NO: 43) (Park et al., (2000) Proc.
- the polyarginine listed above can be composed of any number of arginine residues. For example, it can be composed of 5 to 20 arginine residues.
- the number of arginine residues constituting polyarginine is not particularly limited as long as it does not interfere with the activity of this peptide that inhibits the binding of ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide, but in general, 11 arginine residues.
- Polyarginine consisting of (SEQ ID NO: 55) is often used.
- the peptide of the present invention modified with a cell membrane permeable substance can also be represented by the following general formula: [R]-[D]
- [R] represents a cell membrane permeable substance
- [D] represents “a peptide that contains a binding site with PHB2 polypeptide in ERAP1 polypeptide and inhibits binding between ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide”.
- [R] and [D] may be linked directly or indirectly via a linker or the like.
- a peptide, a compound having a plurality of functional groups, and the like can be used as a linker.
- a preferred linker is a linker consisting of a glycine residue.
- the number of glycine residues constituting the linker is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 10 residues, more preferably 2 to 7 residues, and further preferably 3 to 5 residues.
- a cell membrane permeable substance and a “peptide that contains a binding site for PHB2 polypeptide in ERAP1 polypeptide and inhibits binding of ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide” to the surface of the microparticle. Both may be indirectly connected.
- [R] can be linked to any position of [D].
- [R] examples include the N-terminal or C-terminal of [D] and the side chain of the amino acid residue constituting [D].
- [R] is linked to the N-terminal or C-terminal of [D] directly or indirectly through a linker.
- a plurality of [R] molecules can be linked to one [D] molecule.
- the [R] molecule can be introduced at a plurality of different positions of the [D] molecule.
- [D] can be modified with a plurality of [R] linked to each other.
- the peptides of the present invention can introduce such amino acid mimetics or unnatural amino acids to enhance in vivo stability.
- Peptide stability can be confirmed using, for example, peptidases and various biological media such as human plasma and serum (eg, Coos Verhoef et al. (1986) Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokin (See 11: 291-302).
- the peptide of the present invention is characterized in that it has an activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide. Whether the prepared peptide has the activity of inhibiting the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide is compared with the binding level between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide in the presence and absence of the peptide. This can be confirmed. That is, when the binding level in the presence of the peptide is lower than the binding level in the absence of the peptide, the peptide inhibits the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide. It can be determined to have “activity”.
- the measurement of the binding level between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide can be performed using various known methods. For example, immunoprecipitation using an anti-ERAP1 antibody or anti-PHB2 antibody, affinity chromatography, a biosensor using a surface plasmon resonance phenomenon, or the like can be used.
- ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide are incubated in the presence and absence of the test peptide. Thereafter, the reaction solution is immunoprecipitated with anti-ERAP1 antibody or anti-PHB2 antibody, and Western blot analysis of the immunoprecipitate is performed.
- the binding level between ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide can be confirmed by detecting at least one of PHB2 polypeptide level immunoprecipitated with anti-ERAP1 antibody or ERAP1 polypeptide level immunoprecipitated with anti-PHB2 antibody. it can.
- the ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide used here can be prepared by a known genetic engineering technique. Moreover, cell lysates of production cells of these polypeptides can also be used. Cell lines such as those described in the examples of the present specification can be used as production cells for these polypeptides.
- estrogen receptor positive cells are cultured in the presence and absence of the test peptide. Thereafter, the cells may be lysed with an appropriate lysis buffer, and immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis similar to those described above may be performed using the cell lysate.
- Peptides that have been confirmed to have “activity inhibiting the binding between ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide” by any of the methods described above have the “activity inhibiting the binding between ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide”. It is determined that it is a peptide having.
- the peptide of the present invention may have one or both of the following properties (i) and (ii) as preferred properties: (I) promotes nuclear translocation of PHB2 polypeptide in estrogen receptor positive cells expressing ERAP1 polypeptide; and (ii) estrogen receptor positive cells expressing ERAP1 polypeptide And / or promote the binding of an estrogen receptor present in the cell membrane to a PHB2 polypeptide.
- the peptide of the present invention has the above-mentioned properties depends on (i) the nuclear translocation level of PHB2 polypeptide in the presence and absence of the peptide of the present invention, and / or (ii) estrogen receptor and PHB2 This can be confirmed by comparing the level of binding to the polypeptide. That is, when the level in the presence of the peptide of the present invention is higher than the level in the absence of the peptide of the present invention, the peptide of the present invention has the above (i) and / or (ii) It can be determined that it has the following properties.
- the estrogen receptor positive cells are stimulated with estradiol for 24 hours with or without the addition of the peptide of the present invention. Thereafter, the cells are fractionated by specific gravity centrifugation, and the PHB2 polypeptide present in the nuclear fraction is detected by Western blot analysis or the like.
- the level of PHB2 polypeptide detected in the nuclear fraction was increased when the peptide of the present invention was added compared to when the peptide of the present invention was not added, the peptide of the present invention was It is determined to have the property i).
- the level of PHB2 polypeptide present in the nucleus can also be detected by immunocytochemical staining, as described in the Examples herein.
- the estrogen receptor positive cells are stimulated with estradiol for 24 hours with or without the addition of the peptide of the present invention. Thereafter, the cells are fractionated by specific gravity centrifugation, the cytoplasmic fraction and the nuclear fraction are immunoprecipitated with an anti-estrogen receptor antibody or anti-PHB2 antibody, and Western blot analysis of the immunoprecipitate is performed.
- the peptide of the present invention was added, the binding level between the estrogen receptor and the PHB2 polypeptide increased in the cytoplasmic fraction and / or the nuclear fraction compared to the case where the peptide was not added. In this case, it is determined that the peptide of the present invention has the property (ii).
- the peptides of the present invention can be produced using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- the peptide of the present invention can be obtained by chemical synthesis based on the amino acid sequence. Methods for chemically synthesizing peptides are known, and those skilled in the art can chemically synthesize the peptides of the present invention based on the amino acid sequence selected as the peptides of the present invention. Methods for chemical synthesis of peptides are described, for example, in the following literature: (I) Peptide Synthesis, Interscience, New York, 1966; (Ii) The Proteins, Vol.
- Inventive peptides can also be obtained.
- a polynucleotide encoding the peptide of the present invention is inserted into an appropriate expression vector and introduced into an appropriate host cell to prepare a transformed cell.
- the host cell is cultured to produce the peptide of the present invention, and the cell extract is prepared.
- standard techniques for protein purification can be used.
- the peptide can be purified by selection and combination.
- the peptide of the present invention can also be synthesized by an in vitro translation system in which elements necessary for protein synthesis are reconstituted in vitro.
- the peptide of the present invention can be expressed as a fusion protein with another peptide.
- a polynucleotide encoding the peptide of the present invention and a polynucleotide encoding another peptide are linked in-frame, inserted into an appropriate expression vector, introduced into an appropriate host cell, and transformed cells. Adjust.
- the host cell is cultured to produce a fusion protein of the peptide of the present invention and another peptide, and the cell extract is prepared. Purification of the fusion protein from the cell extract can be performed, for example, by capturing the fusion protein by affinity chromatography using a column to which a substance having an affinity for the fusion protein is bound.
- the fusion protein captured on the column can be bound with these enzymes.
- the peptide of the present invention can be separated from the column.
- peptides that can be used to form the fusion protein include, but are not limited to, for example, the following peptides: FLAG (Hopp et al., (1988) BioTechnology 6, 1204-10); 6xHis or 10xHis consisting of histidine (His) residues; Influenza hemagglutinin (HA); Human c-myc fragment, VSV-GP fragment; p18 HIV fragment; T7 tag; HSV tag; E tag; SV40T antigen fragment; lck tag; ⁇ -tubulin fragment; B tag; Protein C fragment; GST (glutathione-S-transferase); HA (influenza hemagglutinin); An immunoglobulin constant region; ⁇ -galactosidase; and; MBP (maltose-binding protein).
- FLAG Hopp et al., (1988) BioTechnology 6, 1204-10
- 6xHis or 10xHis consisting of histidine (His
- the present invention also provides polynucleotides encoding the peptides of the invention.
- the present invention also provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide and a host cell comprising the vector.
- the polynucleotide, the vector, and the host cell can be used to produce the peptides of the present invention.
- the polynucleotide of the present invention can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, using a solid phase technique as described in Beaucage SL & Iyer RP, Tetrahedron 1992, 48: 2223-311; Matthes et al., EMBO J 1984, 3: 801-5 Can be synthesized.
- the polynucleotide of the present invention can be prepared using genetic engineering techniques. For example, based on the partial base sequence of the ERAP1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 34) encoding the amino acid sequence selected as the peptide of the present invention, primers are prepared, and mRNA extracted from cells expressing the ERAP1 polypeptide as a template, Perform reverse transcription PCR. Thereby, the polynucleotide of the present invention can be amplified.
- the polynucleotide of the present invention can be produced in a host cell by inserting the polynucleotide of the present invention into an appropriate expression vector and introducing it into an appropriate host cell.
- E. coli is selected as the host cell and the vector is amplified in large quantities inside E. coli (eg, JM109, DH5 ⁇ , HB101, or XL1Blue), the vector is “ori” for amplification in E. coli, And a marker gene for selecting transformed E. coli (for example, a drug resistance gene selected by a drug such as ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol).
- a marker gene for selecting transformed E. coli for example, a drug resistance gene selected by a drug such as ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol.
- M13 series vectors, pUC series vectors, pBR322, pBluescript, pCR-Script, and the like can be used.
- Expression vectors are particularly useful when using vectors for production of the peptides of the invention.
- the vector may be a promoter that can efficiently express a desired gene in E. coli, such as the lacZ promoter (Ward et al., Nature 341: 544). -6 (1989); FASEB J 6: 2422-7 (1992)), araB promoter (Better et al., Science 240: 1041-3 (1988)), T7 promoter or the like.
- the vector may include a signal sequence for polypeptide secretion.
- coli is the pelB signal sequence (Lei et al., J ⁇ Bacteriol 169: 4379-83 (1987)).
- Means for introducing the vector into the target host cell include, for example, the calcium chloride method and the electroporation method.
- expression vectors derived from mammalian cells eg, pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) and pEGF-BOS (Mizushima S., Nucleic Acids Res 18 (17): 5322 (1990)
- pEF pCDM8
- Insect cell-derived expression vectors eg, “Bac-to-BAC baculovirus expression system” (Gibco BRL (GIBCO BRL)
- pBacPAK8 Insect cell-derived expression vectors
- plant-derived expression vectors eg, pMH1, pMH2
- animal virus-derived Expression vectors eg, pHSV, pMV, pAdexLcw
- retrovirus-derived expression vectors eg, pZIpneo
- yeast-derived expression vectors eg, “Pichia Expression Kit” (Invitrogen), pNV11, SP-Q01
- hay Expression vectors for example, pPL608, p
- the vector In order for a vector to be expressed in animal cells such as CHO cells, COS cells or NIH3T3 cells, the vector must be a promoter required for expression in this type of cell, such as the SV40 promoter (Mulligan et al. Nature 277: 108). -14 (1979)), MMLV-LTR promoter, EF1 ⁇ promoter (Mizushima et al., Nucleic Acids Res 18: 5322 (1990)), CMV promoter, etc., and a marker gene for selecting transformants (for example, it is preferable to have a drug (for example, a drug resistance gene selected by neomycin, G418). Examples of known vectors with these characteristics include, for example, pMAM, pDR2, pBK-RSV, pBK-CMV, pOPRSV, and pOP13.
- the polynucleotide of the present invention may be inserted into an appropriate vector and introduced into the target cell in order to produce the peptide of the present invention in the target cell.
- the peptide of the present invention produced in the target cell inhibits the binding between the ERAP1 polypeptide and the PHB2 polypeptide, and induces suppression of cell growth of the target cell.
- the vector into which the polynucleotide of the present invention is inserted can be a vector for stably inserting the polynucleotide of the present invention into the genome of the target cell (for example, description of homologous recombination cassette vector). (See Thomas KR & Capecchi MR, Cell 1987, 51: 503-12).
- the polynucleotide of the present invention can also be inserted into an expression vector such as a viral vector or a bacterial vector.
- expression vectors include attenuated virus hosts such as cowpox or fowlpox (see, eg, US Pat. No. 4,722,858).
- vectors that can be used include Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) (Stover et al., Nature 1991, 351: 456-60).
- BCG Bacille Calmette Guerin
- Other examples include adenovirus vectors and adeno-associated virus vectors, retrovirus vectors, Salmonella typhi vectors, detoxified anthrax toxin vectors, etc. (Shata et al., Mol Med Today 2000, 6: 66). -71; Shedlock et al., J Leukoc Biol 2000, 68: 793-806; and Hipp et al., In Vivo 2000, 14: 571-85).
- composition comprising the peptide or polynucleotide of the present invention and use thereof
- the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide of the present invention.
- the peptide of the present invention induces suppression of estrogen receptor activation by PHB2 polypeptide by inhibiting the binding of ERAP1 polypeptide and PHB2 polypeptide, resulting in cell proliferation in estrogen receptor positive cells. Guide suppression. Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is useful for the treatment and / or prevention of cell proliferative diseases caused by activation of estrogen receptors. Examples of such cell proliferative diseases include cancer.
- ERAP1 polypeptide is a novel estrogen receptor activation regulator, and it has been confirmed that it is highly expressed in many breast cancer specimens and breast cancer cells, while almost no expression is observed in normal tissues ( Kim JW, Akiyama M, Park JH, etHal. Cancer Sci. 2009; 100: 1468-78.). Therefore, in breast cancer, the expression of ERAP1 polypeptide inhibits the function of suppressing activation of estrogen receptor by PHB2 polypeptide, and as a result, it is considered that the proliferation of breast cancer cells is promoted. Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is particularly suitable for the treatment and / or prevention of breast cancer.
- breast cancers it is particularly useful for breast cancers that are estrogen receptor positive and express the ERAP1 polypeptide.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is not limited to use for breast cancer, and any pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used as long as it is estrogen receptor positive and expresses ERAP1 polypeptide. can do.
- estrogen receptor positive cancers other than breast cancer include endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer (NelleselleJL, et al., Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May; 6 (3): 437-451.), Lung cancer (especially non-small cell lung cancer) (Stabile LP, et al., Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 15; 65 (4): 1459-70 .; Marquez-Garban DC, et al., Steroids. 2007 Feb; 72 (2 ): 135-43.), But is not limited thereto.
- the peptide of the present invention has an inhibitory effect not only on estrogen-dependent cell proliferation but also on estrogen-independent cell proliferation in estrogen receptor positive cells (Example 3).
- estrogen receptor positive breast cancers 60-70% are estrogen dependent breast cancers, while the rest are estrogen independent.
- Estrogen-independent breast cancer is refractory or resistant to conventional hormone therapy agents such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, and cannot be treated with conventional hormone therapy agents.
- factors other than estrogen for example, growth factors (EGF, IFGF, etc.), estrogen receptor mutation, estrogen receptor phosphorylation, etc.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention treats estrogen-independent estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. And / or prevention.
- the peptide of the present invention has a cytostatic effect on estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells (FIG. 40). Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can also be applied to the treatment and / or prevention of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer.
- the peptide of the present invention effectively suppresses cell proliferation of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells (Examples 2 and 8).
- Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen agent and is thought to suppress estrogen-dependent cell growth by binding to the estrogen receptor in a competitive manner with estrogen.
- Tamoxifen is widely used as a postoperative adjuvant therapy and standard treatment for advanced / recurrent breast cancer, but about 30% of estrogen receptor positive breast cancers are refractory to tamoxifen.
- long-term use may cause breast cancer to acquire resistance to tamoxifen.
- the peptide of the present invention has a cell growth inhibitory effect on tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be suitably applied to such tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
- tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen agent and differs from the peptide of the present invention in a mechanism that exerts a cell growth inhibitory effect. Therefore, by using tamoxifen in combination with the peptide of the present invention, the peptide of the present invention is considered to enhance the cancer therapeutic effect of tamoxifen.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is suitable for use in the treatment and / or prevention of cancer in combination with tamoxifen for the purpose of enhancing the cancer treatment effect of tamoxifen.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in combination with a hormonal therapeutic agent other than tamoxifen.
- hormone therapy agent refers to an agent that suppresses estrogen-dependent cell proliferation by suppressing the action of estrogen or the production of estrogen in vivo.
- hormone therapy agents include, but are not limited to, aromatase inhibitors, LH-RH agonist preparations, progesterone preparations, and the like. Since these conventional hormonal therapeutic agents are different in the mechanism for inducing cancer treatment from the peptides of the present invention, the combined use with the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be expected to enhance the cancer therapeutic effect.
- the pharmaceutical compositions described in the following (1) to (7) are provided: (1) A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of the peptide of the present invention, a polynucleotide encoding the peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the peptide; (2) The pharmaceutical composition according to (1) for treating and / or preventing cancer; (3) The pharmaceutical composition according to (2), wherein the cancer is breast cancer; (4) The pharmaceutical composition according to (1) or (2), wherein the cancer is estrogen receptor positive; (5) The pharmaceutical composition according to (4), wherein the cancer is tamoxifen resistant; (6) A pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the cancer therapeutic effect of a hormonal therapeutic agent comprising the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide; and (7) the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide.
- a pharmaceutical composition for suppressing activation of estrogen receptor in estrogen receptor positive cells is used as the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the peptide of the present invention.
- a salt with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid inorganic acid, organic acid, etc.
- base alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, amine, etc.
- a preferred embodiment includes a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
- examples of such salts include salts with inorganic acids (eg, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, etc.) or organic acids (eg, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid).
- the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the peptide of the present invention include acetate, hydrochloride, megluminate and ammonium salt.
- the present invention also provides use of the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide in the manufacture of the pharmaceutical composition according to any one of (1) to (7) above.
- the present invention further includes a step of formulating a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide as an active ingredient.
- a method or process for producing a pharmaceutical composition according to any one of the above is provided.
- the present invention also includes a step of mixing an active ingredient and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the active ingredient is the peptide of the present invention or the polynucleotide encoding the peptide (1) to ( A method or process for producing the pharmaceutical composition according to any one of 7) is provided.
- the present invention also relates to the peptide of the present invention or the peptide for use in the treatment of cancer, enhancement of the cancer treatment effect of a hormone therapeutic agent, or suppression of estrogen receptor activation in estrogen receptor positive cells.
- a polynucleotide is provided.
- the present invention also provides a method for treating and / or preventing a cell proliferative disease caused by activation of an estrogen receptor, comprising the step of administering to the subject the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide.
- Examples of the cell proliferative disease treated and / or prevented by the method of the present invention include cancer.
- the cancer suitable for application of the method of the present invention is the same as the above-described pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. That is, the method of the present invention is preferably applied to a cancer that is estrogen receptor positive and expresses the ERAP1 polypeptide.
- this invention provides the method of suppressing activation of an estrogen receptor including the process which contacts the peptide of this invention, or the polynucleotide which codes this peptide with an estrogen receptor positive cell.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is preferably administered to humans, but is administered to other mammals such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees. May be.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention contains a pharmaceutically effective amount of the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide as an active ingredient.
- a “pharmaceutically effective amount” is an amount sufficient for the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to achieve its purpose.
- an example of a pharmaceutically effective amount is suppression of cancer growth rate, metastasis when administered to a patient. It may be an amount that induces suppression of performance, prolongation of survival, suppression or delay of cancer development, or relief of various clinical symptoms associated with cancer.
- the suppression of the growth rate of cancer can be, for example, about 5% or more compared to the case where the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is not administered.
- the suppression of cancer growth rate may be about 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 100% or more. .
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the cancer therapeutic effect of a hormonal therapeutic agent
- an example of a pharmaceutically effective amount is the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention when administered to a patient. It may be an amount that induces an enhancement of the cancer therapeutic effect of the hormonal therapeutic agent as compared to the case where no is administered.
- the therapeutic effects of hormonal agents to be compared include, for example, suppression of cancer growth rate, suppression of metastatic potential, prolongation of survival, suppression or delay of cancer development, or alleviation of various clinical symptoms associated with cancer. possible.
- the pharmaceutically effective amount may be an amount that enhances the inhibitory effect on the cancer growth rate by the hormone therapeutic agent by about 5% or more compared to the case where the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is not administered.
- the enhancement effect of the cancer growth rate by the hormonal therapeutic agent is about 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, Or it may be 100% or more.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for suppressing the activation of estrogen receptor in estrogen receptor positive cells
- an example of a pharmaceutically effective amount is present when administered to a patient. It may be an amount that induces suppression of estrogen receptor activation in estrogen receptor positive cells compared to when the inventive pharmaceutical composition is not administered.
- Inhibition of activation of estrogen receptor includes, for example, suppression of expression level of transcription activation target gene (gene having estrogen responsive element (ERE)) by estrogen receptor, suppression of phosphorylation level of estrogen receptor, IGF This can be confirmed by detecting suppression of phosphorylation levels of signal molecules such as -1R ⁇ , Shc, Akt, PI3K, and MAPK.
- a pharmaceutically effective amount can be an amount that inhibits any of the above exemplified levels by about 5% or more compared to when the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is not administered.
- the suppression of any of the levels exemplified above is about 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 100 % Or more.
- a pharmaceutically effective amount can depend on many factors, including the age and sex of the subject, the purpose of the administration, the severity of the disease, and the route of administration. However, determination of a pharmaceutically effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is well within the ability of those skilled in the art. For example, a pharmaceutically effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be estimated initially from cell culture assays and / or animal models. For example, the pharmaceutically effective amount can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating concentration range that includes the IC 50 as determined in cell culture (dose showing 50% of the desired effect of the cells).
- Pharmaceutically effective amounts are also standard in cell cultures or laboratory animals, eg, to determine LD 50 (dose that causes 50% of the population to die) and ED 50 (dose that is therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). It can also be determined by various pharmaceutical procedures.
- the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index (ie, the ratio between LD 50 and ED 50 ).
- Data from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in dosage range formulations for use in humans.
- the dosage of such polypeptides and polynucleotides can be within a range of circulating concentrations including ED 50 with little or no toxicity. Within this range, dosage may vary depending on the unit dosage form used and the route of administration utilized.
- Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active ingredient which are sufficient to maintain the desired effects.
- the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide can be administered at a dose of about 0.1 to about 250 mg / kg / day.
- it is about 0.5 to about 200 mg / kg / day, more preferably about 1.0 to about 150 mg / kg / day, and still more preferably about 3.0 to about 100 mg / kg / day.
- the dose range for adults is generally about 5 mg to about 17.5 mg / day, preferably about 5 mg to about 10 mg / day, more preferably about 100 mg to about 3 mg / day.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may comprise the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide in the aforementioned amounts in a tablet or other unit dose form provided in individual units.
- the aforementioned doses may be included as a plurality of formulations, for example in units containing from about 5 mg to about 500 mg, preferably from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may optionally contain other therapeutic substances as active ingredients.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain other hormone therapeutic agents (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitor, LH-RH agonist preparation, progesterone preparation, etc.).
- hormone therapeutic agents tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitor, LH-RH agonist preparation, progesterone preparation, etc.
- composition of the present invention may contain, for example, an anti-inflammatory agent, an analgesic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent and the like.
- an anti-inflammatory agent for example, an analgesic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent and the like.
- Various preparations to be blended with these ERAP1 peptides can be blended in the form of a prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with one or more other pharmaceutical compositions.
- the peptide of the present invention when used in combination with other hormonal therapeutic agents, the antitumor effect is expected to increase as compared with the case where each peptide is administered alone.
- the present invention includes the following methods as preferred embodiments: A method for treating and / or preventing cancer, comprising a step of administering to the subject the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide, and a step of administering a hormone therapeutic agent to the subject; and And (b) a method for enhancing a breast cancer therapeutic effect of a hormonal therapeutic agent in a subject comprising the steps: (A) a step of administering a hormone therapy agent to the subject; and (b) a step of administering the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide to the subject.
- the present invention provides a therapeutic effect of either or both of a hormonal therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent, comprising a step of administering an ERAP1 peptide to a subject who has been administered either or both of a hormonal therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent.
- a therapeutic effect of either or both of a hormonal therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent comprising a step of administering an ERAP1 peptide to a subject who has been administered either or both of a hormonal therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent.
- the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the therapeutic effect of either or both of a hormonal therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent of any component selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c): Regarding use in the manufacture of goods: (a) the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention; (b) a polynucleotide encoding the peptide; and (c) A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the peptide. Furthermore, the present invention provides a treatment for either or both of a hormonal therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent, comprising any component selected from the group consisting of (a) to (c) above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutical compositions for enhancing the effect are provided.
- the present invention includes any one of a hormonal therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent, comprising a step of combining any component selected from the group consisting of the above (a)-(c) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Or a method for producing a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the therapeutic effect of both.
- a disease expected to have an enhanced therapeutic effect is a cancer that is estrogen receptor positive and expresses the ERAP1 polypeptide. Such cancers include human breast cancer.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be included in a manufactured article and / or kit comprising materials useful for treating and / or preventing cancer. More specifically, (i) one or both of hormone and chemotherapeutic agents, and (ii) A kit for treating cancer that is estrogen receptor positive and expresses ERAP1 polypeptide, comprising any component selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c): Included in the kit of the invention: (a) the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention; (b) a polynucleotide encoding the peptide; and (c) A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the peptide.
- the article of manufacture may include a container of any pharmaceutical composition of the present invention with a label.
- Suitable containers include bottles, vials, and test tubes.
- the container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
- the label on the container must indicate that the pharmaceutical composition is used to treat and / or prevent one or more conditions of the disease.
- the label may also indicate directions such as administration.
- the kit containing the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may optionally further include a second container for excluding a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
- the kit may further include other materials desired from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be placed in a packaging or dispenser device that can contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient, as required.
- the packaging may include metal foil or plastic foil, such as blister packaging.
- the packaging or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also be provided as a kit with other pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating and / or preventing cancer.
- the pharmaceutical composition that can be combined with the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention as a kit includes, but is not limited to, for example, a hormone therapeutic agent and a chemotherapeutic agent.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be provided as a kit with other hormonal therapeutic agents. Accordingly, kits comprising the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention and other hormonal therapeutic agents are also encompassed by the present invention.
- the present invention relates to the use of the following combinations (i) and (ii) in the treatment of a cancer that is estrogen receptor positive and expresses an ERAP1 polypeptide in a subject: (i) one or both of hormone and chemotherapeutic agents, and (ii) any component selected from the group consisting of the following (a)-(c); (a) the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention; (b) a polynucleotide encoding the peptide; and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the peptide.
- the cancer that can be treated includes human breast cancer.
- the peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide may be directly administered to a subject together with an appropriate carrier, or may be formulated into an appropriate dosage form using a known pharmaceutical preparation method. it can.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a peptide of the invention can also be administered to a subject with a suitable carrier, or formulated for administration, similar to a peptide.
- a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered orally, rectally, intranasally, topically (including in the buccal and sublingual), intravaginally, or parenterally (including intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous), or It can be formulated into a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be orally administered as sugar-coated tablets, capsules, elixirs, and microcapsules, or water or any other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It can also be administered parenterally in the form of injections which are sterile solutions or suspensions.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or medium, specifically sterile water, physiological saline, vegetable oil, emulsifier, suspension agent, surfactant, stabilizer, flavoring agent, supplement. It can be mixed with dosage forms, solvents, preservatives, binders and the like in unit dosage forms generally required for accepted drug use.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to an inert substance used as a diluent or solvent for a drug. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in addition to the peptide of the present invention or the polynucleotide encoding the peptide.
- additives examples include binders (such as gelatin, corn starch, gum tragacanth, and gum arabic); excipients (such as crystalline cellulose); swelling agents (such as corn starch, gelatin, and alginic acid).
- a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
- a sweetener such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin
- a flavoring agent such as peppermint, red oil, and cherry.
- a liquid carrier such as oil
- Sterile components for injection can be formulated using solvent agents such as distilled water for injection according to normal drug use.
- Saline and other isotonic solutions containing adjuvants such as glucose, D-sorbitol, D-mannose, D-mannitol, and sodium chloride can be used as an aqueous solution for injection.
- adjuvants such as glucose, D-sorbitol, D-mannose, D-mannitol, and sodium chloride
- solubilizers such as alcohols, specifically ethanol, polyalcohols (eg propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol), nonionic surfactants (eg polysorbate 80 TM or HCO-50) can do.
- Sesame oil or soybean oil can be used as an oily solution, can be used with benzyl benzoate or benzyl alcohol as a solubilizer, and buffers (such as phosphate buffer and sodium acetate buffer); analgesia It can be formulated with drugs (such as procaine hydrochloride); stabilizers (such as benzyl alcohol and phenol); and antioxidants.
- the prepared injection solution can be filled into an appropriate ampoule.
- compositions suitable for oral administration include, but are not limited to, capsules, cachets and tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
- Formulations also include drugs, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, pills, powders, granules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions and the like.
- the active ingredient is optionally administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
- Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binders, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, and wetting agents.
- Suitable excipients are in particular sugars including bulking agents such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, hydroxy Propylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If necessary, disintegrating agents such as cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, and alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate may be added.
- a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more pharmaceutical ingredients.
- Compressed tablets are a mixture of an active ingredient in a freely flowable form such as a powder or granules, optionally with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricant, surfactant, or dispersant. And may be prepared by compression in a suitable machine.
- a wet tablet can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
- the tablets can be coated according to methods well known in the art.
- Oral liquid preparations may take the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, or may be dried for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. It may be provided as a product.
- Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), and preservatives.
- Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injections and suspensions that may contain antioxidants, buffers, antibacterials and solutes that make the target recipient's blood and formulation isotonic.
- Aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions may be included which may contain agents and thickeners.
- Formulations may be provided in unit doses or multiple doses in containers, such as sealed ampoules or vials, and stored in a lyophilized state where a sterile liquid carrier such as saline, water for injection may be added just prior to use. May be. Alternatively, the formulation may be provided for continuous infusion.
- Extemporaneous injection solubilizers and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described.
- Rectal preparations include suppositories using standard carriers such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol.
- Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include sucrose and lozenges containing the active ingredient in a flavoring base such as gum arabic or gum tragacanth and gelatin, glycerin, sucrose, or arabic
- a lozenge containing the active ingredient in a base such as rubber is included.
- liquid sprays or dispersible powders or drops can be used for intranasal administration of the active ingredient. Drops may be formulated with an aqueous or non-aqueous base that also contains one or more dispersants, solubilizers, or suspending agents.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be delivered by any suitable means for delivering an inhaler, nebulizer, pressurized pack, or other aerosol spray.
- the pressurized pack may contain a suitable propellant (dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas).
- a suitable propellant diichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas.
- the dosage unit can be determined by providing a valve that delivers a fixed amount.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may take the form of a powder mixture of a dry powder composition, eg, a peptide of the invention, and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. Good.
- the powder composition may be provided in unit dosage form, eg, in capsules, cartridges, gelatin, or blister packs, from which the powder may be administered using an inhaler or insufflator.
- the above-mentioned preparation adapted so that the peptide of the present invention can be sustained-released can also be used.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also contain other active ingredients such as antibacterial agents, immunosuppressive agents, or preservatives.
- the formulations of the present invention may include other materials conventional in the art in view of the type of formulation in question.
- formulations suitable for oral administration can include flavoring agents.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is preferably administered parenterally as an injection to avoid digestion of the peptide or polynucleotide as the active ingredient by gastric acid or intestinal enzymes.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be administered intraarterial, intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous or intratumoral.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is administered by intravenous injection in a form in which the active ingredient is encapsulated in a suitable delivery reagent such as a liposome. Encapsulation of the active ingredient in a delivery reagent such as a liposome can be performed by methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can contain a gene therapy vector into which the polynucleotide is inserted as an active ingredient.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain an appropriate transfection enhancing agent.
- the expression of ERAP1 polypeptide is significantly correlated with the recurrence-free survival of breast cancer (Example 7). Therefore, the present invention also provides a method for determining the prognosis of a patient having cancer using the expression of ERAP1 polypeptide as an index.
- the present invention provides the following methods [1] to [8]: [1] A method for determining the prognosis of a patient having cancer, comprising the following steps (a) to (c) according to (A) or (B): (A) (A) detecting the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a biological sample collected from the subject; (B) comparing the expression level detected in step (a) with a control level; (C) determining the prognosis of the subject based on the comparison of step (b); (B) (A) isolating or collecting a biological sample from the subject; (b) contacting a biological sample derived from the subject with an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to an ERAP1 polynucleotide or an antibody that binds to an ERAP1 polypeptide in order to detect, measure, or determine the expression level of the ERAP1 gene; (c) detecting, measuring or determining the expression level of the ERAP1 gene based on the contact; (
- prognosis refers to a prediction regarding the probable outcome of a disease, the likelihood of recovery from the disease, and the likelihood of recurrence of the disease.
- a poor or poor prognosis is defined by a decrease in survival time or survival rate after treatment, or an increase in recurrence rate after treatment or a reduction in time to recurrence.
- a good prognosis is defined by an increase in survival time or survival after treatment, or a decrease in recurrence rate after treatment or an extension of time to recurrence.
- the phrase “determining prognosis” includes prediction and probabilistic analysis of cancer progression, particularly cancer recurrence, metastasis spread, and disease recurrence.
- the method of determining the prognosis of the present invention is clinical in making conclusions about therapies, including therapeutic intervention, diagnostic criteria such as disease staging, and disease monitoring and monitoring for metastasis or recurrence of neoplastic disease. It is intended to be used for
- the prognosis predicted by the methods of the present invention can be post-operative recurrence. Therefore, the method of the present invention makes it possible to predict the possibility of cancer recurrence in a patient who has undergone cancer resection surgery.
- the cancer whose prognosis is determined by the method of the present invention is preferably an estrogen receptor-positive cancer.
- estrogen receptor positive cancer include, but are not limited to, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer (particularly non-small cell lung cancer), and the like.
- the cancer whose prognosis is determined by the method of the present invention is breast cancer.
- the biological sample collected from the patient used in the method of the present invention is not particularly limited, but preferably contains a patient-derived cancer cell.
- a preferable example of the biological sample is a cancer excision specimen excised by surgery or the like.
- an example of a preferable biological sample is a resected breast cancer sample.
- Biological samples can be taken from the patient at various times, including before, during and after treatment.
- breast cancer cells derived from patients whose prognosis is determined are particularly preferred as the biological sample of the present invention.
- control level used for comparison is the expression of the ERAP1 gene detected before any type of treatment, eg, in an individual or population of individuals who showed a good prognosis of cancer after treatment. Can be a level.
- the control level in this case is referred to herein as the “good prognostic control level”.
- the “control level” can be the expression level of the ERAP1 gene detected before any type of treatment in an individual or population of individuals who showed a poor prognosis of cancer after treatment.
- the control level in this case is referred to herein as the “poor prognostic control level”.
- a “control level” can be a single expression pattern or multiple expression patterns derived from a single reference population.
- control level can be determined based on the expression level of the ERAP1 gene detected prior to any type of treatment in a cancer patient or a population of patients with a known prognosis.
- the standard value of the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a patient group with a known prognosis is used.
- the standard value can be obtained by any method known in the art. For example, a range of mean ⁇ 2S.D. Or mean ⁇ 3S.D. Can be used as a standard value.
- the control level can be determined at the same time as the test biological sample by using a sample previously collected and stored from a cancer patient or group of patients with a known prognosis prior to any type of treatment.
- control level can be determined by statistical methods based on the results obtained by analyzing the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in samples collected and stored so far from the control group.
- control level may be a database of expression patterns of a group of patients with a known prognosis collected so far.
- the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a patient-derived biological sample can be compared with a plurality of control levels obtained from a plurality of reference samples.
- a control level determined from a reference sample derived from the same tissue type as that of the biological sample taken from the patient is used.
- the prognosis of the patient when the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a patient-derived biological sample is similar to a good prognostic control level, the prognosis of the patient is determined to be good.
- the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in the patient-derived biological sample is increased with respect to a good prognostic control level, the prognosis of the patient is determined to be poor or poor.
- the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a patient-derived biological sample is reduced relative to a poor prognosis control level, the prognosis of the patient is determined to be good.
- the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in the patient-derived biological sample is similar to the poor prognostic control level, it is determined that the prognosis of the patient is not good or bad.
- Preferred examples of good prognostic control samples include, for example, breast cancer cells from patients who have shown a good prognosis after treatment.
- preferred examples of poor prognostic control samples include breast cancer cells from patients who have shown poor prognosis after treatment.
- the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a biological sample changes (ie, increases or decreases) when it differs from the control level by 1.0 or more, 1.5 or more, 2.0 or more, 5.0 or more, 10.0 or more, or more. Can be considered.
- the difference in expression level between the test biological sample level and the control level can be normalized by a control, for example a housekeeping gene.
- a control for example a housekeeping gene.
- a polynucleotide whose expression level is known not to differ between cancer cells and non-cancer cells for example, a gene encoding ⁇ -actin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ribosomal protein P1
- ERAP1 a gene encoding ⁇ -actin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ribosomal protein P1
- the expression level can be determined by detecting a transcription product (mRNA) or translation product (protein) of the ERAP1 gene in a biological sample collected from a patient using a method known in the art.
- mRNA of the ERAP1 gene can be detected by hybridization, for example, Northern blot hybridization analysis, using a probe having a sequence complementary to the mRNA. Detection can be performed on a chip or an array.
- an amplification-based detection method using a primer specific for the mRNA of the ERAP1 gene for example, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) can be used for detection.
- RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- a probe or primer specific for the ERAP1 gene can be designed and prepared using conventional techniques by referring to the entire sequence of the base sequence of the ERAP1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 34).
- the primers (SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18) used in the examples can be used for detection by RT-PCR, but are not limited thereto.
- the probe or primer used in the method of the present invention hybridizes with mRNA of the ERAP1 gene under stringent, moderate stringent, or low stringent conditions.
- stringent (hybridization) conditions refers to conditions under which a probe or primer hybridizes to its target sequence but not to other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Specific hybridization of long sequences is observed at higher temperatures than short sequences. Generally, the temperature of stringent conditions is selected to be about 5 ° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) of the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
- Tm is the temperature at which 50% of a probe complementary to a target sequence will hybridize to the target sequence in equilibrium (at a defined ionic strength, pH and nucleic acid concentration). Generally, there is an excess of target sequence in Tm, so 50% of the probes are occupied in equilibrium.
- stringent conditions are less than about 1.0M sodium ion at a salt concentration of pH 7.0-8.3, typically about 0.01M-1.0M sodium ion (or a salt thereof), and a short temperature. It is at least about 30 ° C. for probes or primers (eg, 10-50 nucleotides) and at least about 60 ° C. for long probes or primers. Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.
- the translation product of the ERAP1 gene in order to determine the expression level of the ERAP1 gene, can also be detected.
- the amount of ERAP1 polypeptide can be determined.
- Examples of a method for determining the amount of ERAP1 polypeptide as a translation product include an immunoassay method using an antibody that specifically recognizes the ERAP1 polypeptide.
- the antibody can be monoclonal or polyclonal.
- any fragment or modified fragment of an antibody eg, chimeric antibody, scFv, Fab, F (ab ') 2, Fv, etc.
- Methods for preparing these types of antibodies are known in the art, and any method can be utilized to prepare such antibodies and their equivalents.
- the expression level of the ERAP1 gene can be determined by immunohistochemical staining using an antibody against the ERAP1 polypeptide.
- an antibody against the ERAP1 polypeptide As a sample for immunohistochemical staining, a cancer excised specimen is preferably used.
- the abundance of the ERAP1 polypeptide that correlates with the expression level of the ERAP1 gene can be evaluated by observing the intensity of immunohistochemical staining. That is, when the cancer tissue is stained almost uniformly and strongly, it indicates that the amount of the ERAP1 polypeptide is large and the expression level of the ERAP1 gene is high.
- a cancer tissue is strongly strongly stained almost uniformly and determined to be strongly positive, and the prognosis of the patient from whom the tissue is collected is not good.
- the methods of the present invention may also provide intermediate results in addition to other test results that determine patient prognosis. Such intermediate results can assist a doctor, nurse, or other therapist to determine, determine, or infer a patient's prognosis. Additional information that can be considered in combination with intermediate results obtained by the present invention to determine prognosis includes the patient's clinical symptoms and physical condition.
- the expression level of the ERAP1 gene is the prognosis of a subject suffering from estrogen receptor positive cancer (eg, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer (especially non-small cell lung cancer)).
- estrogen receptor positive cancer eg, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer (especially non-small cell lung cancer)
- the present invention also provides a method for detecting a prognostic marker to assess, predict or determine the prognosis of a subject suffering from an estrogen receptor positive cancer, the method comprising: a) detecting or measuring the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a biological sample from the subject, and b) associating the expression level detected or measured in step a) with the prognosis of the subject.
- increased expression levels relative to control levels indicate the likelihood or suspicion of poor prognosis (low survival).
- the present invention further provides a method for detecting the expression level of the ERAP1 gene in a biological sample collected from a patient having cancer as a marker for determining the prognosis of the patient having cancer. I will provide a. An increased expression level of the detected ERAP1 gene compared to a good prognostic control level indicates that the patient has a poor or poor prognosis.
- the present invention further provides a reagent for determining the prognosis of a patient having cancer, specifically in a nucleic acid complementary to mRNA of the ERAP1 gene or an ERAP1 polypeptide.
- a reagent for determining the prognosis of a patient having cancer specifically in a nucleic acid complementary to mRNA of the ERAP1 gene or an ERAP1 polypeptide.
- Use of antibodies that bind is provided.
- the present invention further provides an antibody that specifically binds to a nucleic acid complementary to mRNA of the ERAP1 gene or an ERAP1 polypeptide for determining the prognosis of a patient having cancer. To do.
- Kit for Evaluating Prognosis of Cancer provides a kit for evaluating or determining the prognosis of cancer.
- the kit includes at least one reagent for detecting the expression of the ERAP1 gene in a patient-derived biological sample, which can be selected from the following group.
- the cancer of the present invention is preferably an estrogen receptor positive cancer, more preferably a breast cancer.
- (a) Reagent for detecting mRNA of ERAP1 gene (b) Reagent for detecting ERAP1 protein
- Suitable reagents for detecting ERAP1 mRNA include nucleic acids that specifically bind to or identify ERAP1 mRNA, such as oligonucleotides that have a complementary sequence to a portion of ERAP1 mRNA. .
- This type of oligonucleotide is exemplified by primers and probes specific for ERAP1 mRNA.
- Such types of oligonucleotides can be prepared based on methods well known in the art.
- a reagent for detecting ERAP1 mRNA can be immobilized on a solid substrate.
- two or more reagents for detecting ERAP1 mRNA can be included in the kit.
- a probe or primer of the invention typically comprises a substantially purified oligonucleotide.
- the oligonucleotide is typically at least about 2000, 1000, 500, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50, or 25 contiguous sense strand nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids comprising the ERAP1 sequence, or It includes regions of the antisense strand nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids containing ERAP1 sequences, or nucleotide sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions with natural variants of these sequences.
- an oligonucleotide having a length of 5 to 50 can be used as a primer for amplifying the gene to be detected.
- a polynucleotide having a length of several hundred (eg, about 100 to 200) bases to several kilos (eg, about 1000 to 2000) can be used as a probe (for example, Northern blotting assay or DNA microarray analysis).
- reagents suitable for detecting ERAP1 protein include antibodies against ERAP1 protein.
- the antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal.
- any fragment or modified product of an antibody for example, a chimeric antibody, scFv, Fab, F (ab ′) 2 , Fv, etc.
- Methods for preparing such types of antibodies for detecting proteins are well known in the art, and any method in the present invention can be used to prepare such antibodies and their equivalents. it can.
- the antibody can be labeled with a signal generating molecule by direct linkage or indirect labeling techniques.
- Labels, methods for labeling antibodies, and methods for detecting antibody binding to its target are well known in the art, and any label and method can be used for the present invention.
- two or more reagents for detecting the ERAP1 protein can be included in the kit.
- the kit may contain one or more of the above reagents.
- the kit detects solid substrates and reagents for binding probes to the ERAP1 gene or antibodies to the ERAP1 protein, media and containers for culturing cells, positive and negative control reagents, and antibodies to the ERAP1 protein. Secondary antibodies.
- tissue samples obtained from patients with good or poor prognosis can serve as useful control reagents.
- the kit of the present invention includes commercial aspects and users, including buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and packaging enclosures (eg, documents, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc.) with instructions for use. It may further include other materials desirable from the viewpoint of the above.
- These reagents and the like can be contained in a labeled container. Suitable containers include bottles, vials, and test tubes. The container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
- the reagent when the reagent is a probe for ERAP1 mRNA, the reagent can be immobilized on a solid substrate such as a porous strip to form at least one detection site.
- the measurement or detection region of the porous strip can include multiple sites, each containing a nucleic acid (probe).
- the test strip may also include sites for negative and / or positive controls. Alternatively, the control site may be located on a separate strip from the test strip.
- different detection sites may contain different amounts of immobilized nucleic acid, i.e., a larger amount of immobilized nucleic acid at the first detection site and a smaller amount of immobilized nucleic acid at subsequent sites.
- the number of sites exhibiting a detectable signal provides a quantitative indicator of the amount of ERAP1 mRNA present in the sample.
- the detection site can be configured in any shape that can be suitably detected and is typically in the form of a stripe or dot across the width of the test strip.
- kits of the invention can further comprise a control sample that exhibits a good prognosis, a control sample that exhibits a poor prognosis, or both.
- a control sample showing a good prognosis can be, for example, a sample from an individual or population that has a good course after cancer treatment.
- a control sample showing a poor prognosis can be a sample derived from an individual or a group whose progress after cancer treatment is not good.
- the control sample showing a good prognosis can be clinical cancer tissue from a cancer patient who has a good course after cancer treatment.
- the cancer is preferably an estrogen receptor positive cancer.
- the control sample showing a good prognosis of the present invention is preferably a sample containing an amount of ERAP1 mRNA or protein lower than the cutoff value.
- the cutoff value refers to a value that distinguishes between a range with a good prognosis and a range with a poor prognosis.
- the cut-off value can be determined using, for example, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
- the ERAP1 standard sample of the present invention can contain an amount of ERAP1 mRNA or polypeptide corresponding to the cutoff value.
- a control sample showing a poor prognosis can be a clinical cancer tissue derived from a cancer patient who does not progress well after cancer treatment.
- the control sample showing a poor prognosis of the present invention is preferably a sample containing an amount of ERAP1 mRNA or protein greater than the cutoff value.
- Method for Screening Candidate Substances for Treating and / or Preventing Cancer The present invention also provides a method for screening candidate substances for treating and / or preventing cancer.
- phosphorylation of SerB of PHB plays an important role in the function of suppressing the activation of PHB estrogen receptor.
- PhoB phosphorylated Ser39 is dephosphorylated by PP1 ⁇ by binding to PP1 ⁇ via ERAP1 (Example 8).
- the inhibitory function of PHB estrogen receptor activation is reduced, and the proliferation of cancer cells is promoted. Therefore, by inhibiting the binding between ERAP1 and PP1 ⁇ , the interaction between PP1 ⁇ and PHB is inhibited.
- the dephosphorylation of PHB2 is suppressed, and the suppression function of estrogen receptor activation of PHB2 is maintained. can do. Therefore, a substance that inhibits the binding between ERAP1 and PP1 ⁇ can be a candidate substance for treating and / or preventing cancer.
- the present invention provides a method for screening a candidate substance for treating and / or preventing cancer using as an index the binding inhibition of ERAP1 polypeptide and PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide.
- the test substance screened by the screening method of the present invention includes an arbitrary compound or a composition containing several compounds. Furthermore, the test substance exposed to the cell or protein by the screening method of the present invention may be a single compound or a combination of compounds. When a combination of compounds is used in the screening method of the present invention, the compounds may be contacted sequentially or simultaneously.
- test substances of the present invention are (1) biological libraries, (2) spatially addressable parallel solid or liquid phase libraries, (3) synthetic library methods that require deconvolution, (4) It can be obtained using any of a number of combinatorial library methods known in the art, including a “one bead one compound” library method and (5) a synthetic library method using affinity chromatography selection.
- Biological library methods using affinity chromatography selection are limited to peptide libraries, but the other four approaches are applicable to compound peptide libraries, non-peptide oligomer libraries, or small molecule libraries (Lam, Anticancer Drug Des 1997, 12: 145-67).
- the library of compounds can be found in solution (see Houghten, Bio / Techniques 1992, 13: 412-21) or on beads (Lam, Nature 1991, 354: 82-4) or on the chip (Fodor, Nature 1993, 364: 555-6), on bacteria (US Pat. No. 5,223,409), on spores (US Pat. Nos.
- the compound in which a part of the structure of the compound screened by the screening method of the present invention is converted by addition, deletion and / or substitution is included in the test substance identified by the screening method of the present invention.
- the screened test substance is a protein
- the entire amino acid sequence of the protein can be determined and the nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein can be deduced, or It is also possible to analyze the partial amino acid sequence of the identified protein, prepare an oligo DNA as a probe based on the sequence, screen the cDNA library using the probe, and isolate the DNA encoding the protein.
- the isolated DNA can be used for the preparation of a test substance that is a candidate substance for treating or preventing cancer.
- the test substance to be screened in the screening method of the present invention may be an antibody that specifically binds to an ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or in vivo the original protein biology. It may be an antibody that specifically binds to a partial peptide that lacks pharmacological activity. Alternatively, it may be a dominant negative peptide of PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide that specifically binds to the binding site of ERAP1 polypeptide to PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide. Alternatively, it may be a dominant negative peptide of ERAP1 polypeptide that specifically binds to the binding site of PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide to ERAP1 polypeptide.
- test substance library is well known in the art, further guidelines on the test substance identification method and the construction of the test substance library for the screening method of the present invention are shown below.
- test substance library involves the molecular structure of a compound known to have the required properties and / or the molecular structure of an ERAP1 polypeptide and a PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide. It becomes easier with knowledge.
- One approach for prescreening suitable test substances is to use computer modeling of the interaction between the test substance and its target.
- Computer modeling technology enables visualization of the three-dimensional atomic structure of a selected molecule and rational design of new compounds that interact with the molecule.
- Three-dimensional constructs typically rely on data from X-ray crystallographic analysis or NMR imaging of selected molecules.
- Molecular dynamics requires force field data.
- the computer graphics system allows predicting how new compounds will bind to the target molecule and allows experimental manipulation of the structure of the compound and target molecule to complete the binding specificity. Predicting what a molecule-compound interaction will look like when minor changes are made to one or both requires molecular mechanics software and computationally intensive computers, which are usually molecular Coupled with a user-friendly menu-driven interface between the design program and the user.
- Examples of molecular modeling systems outlined above include the CHARMM and QUANTA programs, Polygen Corporation, Waltham, Mass. CHARMM performs energy minimization and molecular dynamics functions. QUANTA performs molecular structure building, graphic modeling, and analysis. QUANTA allows interactive construction, modification, visualization, and analysis of each other's behavior of molecules.
- combinatorial chemistry techniques can be utilized to construct a number of variants based on the chemical structure of the identified putative inhibitor, as detailed below. .
- the resulting library of putative inhibitors or “test substances” can be screened using the methods of the invention to identify candidate substances for treating and / or preventing cancer.
- a combinatorial library of test substances can be created as part of a rational drug design program that includes knowledge of the core structure present in known inhibitors. This approach makes it possible to maintain the library at a reasonable size that facilitates high-throughput screening.
- a simple, particularly short, polymer molecule library can be constructed by simply synthesizing all permutations of the molecular families that make up the library.
- An example of this latter approach is a library of all peptides 6 amino acids long. Such a peptide library may contain any permutation of 6 amino acid sequences. This type of library is referred to as a linear combinatorial chemical library.
- Combinatorial chemical libraries include peptide libraries (see, eg, US Pat. No. 5,010,175; Furka, Int J Pept Prot Res 1991, 37: 487-93; Houghten et al., Nature 1991, 354: 84-6) Is included, but is not limited thereto. Other chemical techniques for generating chemical diversity libraries can also be used. Such chemistry includes peptides (eg, International Publication No. WO91 / 19735), encoded peptides (eg, International Publication No. WO93 / 20242), random biooligomers (eg, International Publication No.
- benzodiazepines For example, US Pat. No. 5,288,514), diversomers such as hydantoins, benzodiazepines, and dipeptides (DeWitt et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993, 90: 6909-13), vinylogous polypeptide (Hagihara) et al., J Amer Chem Soc 1992, 114:) 6568), non-peptidomimetic peptidomimetic with glucose scaffold (Hirschmann et al., J Amer Chem Soc 1992, 114: 9217-8) Organic compounds (Chen et al., J.
- Furka et al. 14th International Congress of Biochemistry 1988, Volume # 5, Abstract FR: 013; Furka, Int J Peptide Protein Res 1991, 37: 487-93), Houghten (US Pat. No. 4,631,211), and Rutter et al. (US Patent) No. 5,010,175) describes a method of making a mixture of peptides that can be tested as agonists or antagonists.
- Aptamers are macromolecules composed of nucleic acids that bind tightly to specific molecular targets.
- Tuerk and Gold disclose the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) method for aptamer selection.
- SELEX Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment
- a large library of nucleic acid molecules eg, 10 15 different molecules can be used for screening.
- the present invention relates to ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA Provided is a method for screening a candidate substance for suppressing the growth of cancer cells or a candidate substance for treating and / or preventing cancer using inhibition of binding to a polypeptide or PKB polypeptide as an index.
- the cancer to which the candidate substance identified by the screening method of the present invention can be applied is a cancer expressing the ERAP1 polypeptide, and more preferably an estrogen receptor positive cancer. An example of such a cancer is breast cancer.
- the candidate substance identified by the screening method of the present invention can effectively suppress estrogen-dependent cell proliferation of cancer cells.
- the method of the present invention comprises the following steps: (A) contacting ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof with PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof in the presence of a test substance; (B) detecting the level of binding between the polypeptides in (a); and (c) reducing the level of binding between the polypeptides compared to the level of binding detected in the absence of the test substance. A step of selecting a test substance.
- the present invention also provides a method for evaluating the cell growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells or the therapeutic or preventive effect on cancer of the test substance.
- the method includes the following steps: (A) contacting ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof with PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof in the presence of a test substance; (B) detecting the level of binding between the polypeptides in (a); and (c) detecting the level of binding between the polypeptides detected in (b) in the absence of a test substance. And (d) the rate of decrease in the level of binding between the polypeptides by the test substance determined by the comparison in (c), the cell growth inhibitory effect on the cancer cells of the test substance or the therapeutic or preventive effect on cancer Correlating with.
- the test substance when the test substance is compared to the binding level detected in the absence of the test substance, the ERAP1 polypeptide or functional equivalent thereof and the PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or their When reducing the level of binding to a functional equivalent, the test substance can be identified or selected as a candidate substance having a cytostatic effect on cancer cells or a therapeutic or preventive effect on cancer.
- test substance when the test substance is compared to the binding level detected in the absence of the test substance, the ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof, the PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, the PKA polypeptide or the PKB polypeptide, or their function
- the test substance is considered as a substance that does not have a significant cytostatic effect on cancer cells or does not have a significant therapeutic or preventive effect on cancer. Can be identified.
- ERAP1 polypeptide used in connection with the screening method of the present invention is a variant or fragment of ERAP1 polypeptide that retains the ability to bind to PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide, or PKB polypeptide. It refers to polypeptides, fragment polypeptide variants, and tagged polypeptides thereof. Therefore, when the inhibition of binding to PP1 ⁇ polypeptide is used as an indicator, the functional equivalent of ERAP1 polypeptide is a variant of ERAP1 polypeptide, fragment polypeptide, fragment polypeptide that retains the binding ability to PP1 ⁇ polypeptide. Peptide variants and their tagged polypeptides.
- Examples of such functional equivalents of ERAP1 include polypeptides comprising a binding domain of an ERAP1 polypeptide with a PP1 ⁇ polypeptide.
- examples of such a functional equivalent include a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66, or a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67.
- the functional equivalent of the ERAP1 polypeptide is an ERAP1 polypeptide variant or fragment polypeptide that retains the binding ability to the PKA polypeptide.
- An example of a functional equivalent of such an ERAP1 polypeptide is a polypeptide comprising a binding domain of the ERAP1 polypeptide with a PKA polypeptide.
- the functional equivalent of the ERAP1 polypeptide is an ERAP1 polypeptide variant or fragment polypeptide that retains the binding ability to the PKB polypeptide.
- An example of such a functional equivalent of ERAP1 is a polypeptide comprising a binding domain of the ERAP1 polypeptide with a PKB polypeptide.
- PP1 ⁇ polypeptide used in connection with the screening method of the present invention is a variant of PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, fragment polypeptide, fragment polypeptide mutation that retains the ability to bind to ERAP1 polypeptide. Body, and tagged polypeptides thereof.
- functional equivalents of such PP1 ⁇ polypeptides include polypeptides comprising a binding domain of PP1 ⁇ polypeptide with ERAP1 polypeptide.
- the term “functional equivalent of PKA polypeptide” used in connection with the screening method of the present invention is a variant of PKA polypeptide, fragment polypeptide, fragment polypeptide mutation that retains the ability to bind to ERAP1 polypeptide. Body, and tagged polypeptides thereof. Examples of such functional equivalents of PKA polypeptides include polypeptides comprising a binding domain of a PKA polypeptide with an ERAP1 polypeptide.
- the term “functional equivalent of PKB polypeptide” used in connection with the screening method of the present invention is a variant of PKB polypeptide, fragment polypeptide, fragment polypeptide mutation that retains the ability to bind to ERAP1 polypeptide. Body, and tagged polypeptides thereof.
- Examples of functional equivalents of such PKB polypeptides include polypeptides that include a binding domain of a PKB polypeptide with an ERAP1 polypeptide.
- ERAP1 peptide generally, modification of one, two, or several amino acids in a protein does not affect the function of the protein.
- the functional equivalents of the ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide, and PKB polypeptide are one in the amino acid sequence of the ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide, and PKB polypeptide, respectively, A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which two or several amino acid residues are substituted, deleted, inserted, and / or added.
- These functional equivalents each have at least about 80% homology (also referred to as “sequence identity”), more preferably at least about ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide, and PKB polypeptide. It may comprise amino acid sequences having about 90% to 95% homology, even more preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology.
- “% Homology” also referred to as “% identity” can typically be calculated based on a comparison between two optimally aligned sequences. Methods for aligning sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Optimal alignment and comparison of sequences can be performed, for example, using the algorithm in “Wilbur and Lipman, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 726-30 (1983)”.
- the number of amino acid mutations is not particularly limited. However, in general, the number of amino acid mutations is preferably 5% or less of the amino acid sequence. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the number of amino acid residues mutated in the functional equivalent of the polypeptide is 30 amino acids or less, 20 amino acids or less, 10 amino acids or less, 5 or 6 amino acids or less, or 3 or 4 amino acids or less. possible.
- the functional equivalents of the ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide, and PKB polypeptide can be obtained under stringent conditions using the natural polypeptides of the ERAP1 gene, PP1 ⁇ gene, PKA gene, and PKB gene, respectively. It may be encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes to each nucleotide.
- stringent conditions refers to the fact that a nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to its target sequence, typically in a complex mixture of nucleic acids, but is detectable to other sequences. Means a non-hybridizing condition. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and depend on conditions such as ionic strength, pH and nucleic acid concentration. The longer the sequence, the higher the temperature for specific hybridization. Extensive guidance on nucleic acid hybridization can be found in Tijssen, Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Probes, Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid assays (1993). Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10 ° C.
- Tm thermal melting point
- Stringent conditions may be achieved by the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.
- a positive signal is at least twice background, preferably 10 times background hybridization.
- Exemplary stringent hybridization conditions are possible: 50% formamide, 5xSSC, and 1% SDS, 42 ° C incubation, or 5xSSC, 1% SDS, 65 ° C, 0.2xSSC and Wash at 0.1% SDS at 50 ° C.
- hybridization conditions for isolating DNA encoding a functionally equivalent polypeptide to the ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide, and PKB polypeptide. Therefore, it can be selected.
- hybridization is performed by pre-hybridizing with “Rapid-hyb buffer” (Amersham LIFE SCIENCE) at 68 ° C for 30 minutes or longer, adding a labeled probe, and heating at 68 ° C for 1 hour or longer. can do.
- the subsequent washing step can be performed, for example, under low stringent conditions.
- Exemplary low stringency conditions include 42 ° C., 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 50 ° C., 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS.
- Exemplary high stringency conditions include, for example, 3 washes in 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.01% SDS for 20 minutes at room temperature, followed by 3 washes in 1 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS for 20 minutes at 37 ° C. And two washes in 1 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% DSD for 20 minutes at 50 ° C.
- several factors, such as temperature and salt concentration can affect the stringency of hybridization, and those skilled in the art can select these factors appropriately to achieve the necessary stringency conditions. it can.
- tagged polypeptide used in connection with the screening method of the present invention refers to a polypeptide in which an epitope of any monoclonal antibody whose specificity is apparent is added to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the polypeptide.
- an epitope a commercially available epitope-antibody system can be used (Experimental Medicine 1995, 13: 85-90).
- ⁇ -galactosidase maltose binding protein, glutathione S-transferase (GST), green fluorescent protein (GFP), polyhistidine (His-tag), influenza aggregate HA, human c-myc, FLAG, vesicular stomatitis virus sugar Protein (VSV-GP), T7 gene 10 protein (T7-tag), human herpes simplex virus glycoprotein (HSV-tag), E-tag (epitope on monoclonal phage), etc.
- GST glutathione S-transferase
- GFP green fluorescent protein
- His-tag polyhistidine
- influenza aggregate HA human c-myc
- FLAG vesicular stomatitis virus sugar Protein
- VSV-GP vesicular stomatitis virus sugar Protein
- T7-tag T7 gene 10 protein
- HSV-tag human herpes simplex virus glycoprotein
- E-tag epipe on monoclonal phage
- ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide and PKB polypeptide, and functional equivalents thereof can be produced using methods well known to those skilled in the art as described in “1. ERAP1 peptide”. .
- the above-described polypeptide used in the screening method of the present invention is isolated and purified.
- the ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide and PKB polypeptide used in the screening method of the present invention, and their functional equivalents bind other substances as long as they retain their binding ability. May be.
- substances that can be linked include peptides, lipids, sugars and sugar chains, acetyl groups, natural and synthetic polymers, and the like. Linkage of these substances may be performed to give additional functions to the polypeptide or to stabilize the polypeptide.
- Methods for screening for substances that inhibit the binding between ERAP1 polypeptide or functional equivalent thereof and PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or functional equivalents thereof are well known to those skilled in the art. Can be used. For example, such screening can be performed by an in vitro assay system. More specifically, first, the ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof is bound to the support, and the PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, the PKA polypeptide or the PKB polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof is added to the test substance together with the test substance. .
- PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof may be bound to a support, and ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof may be added to the test substance together with the test substance.
- a test substance that reduces the amount of ERAP1 polypeptide or functional equivalent to be detected, a candidate substance for suppressing the growth of cancer cells, and / or a candidate for treating and / or preventing cancer It can be selected as a substance.
- supports that can be used to bind the above polypeptides include insoluble polysaccharides such as agarose, cellulose, and dextran; and synthetic resins such as polyacrylamide, polystyrene, and silicon.
- insoluble polysaccharides such as agarose, cellulose, and dextran
- synthetic resins such as polyacrylamide, polystyrene, and silicon.
- commercially available beads and plates eg, multi-well plates, biosensor chips, etc.
- the beads may be packed into a column.
- magnetic beads that are also known in the art are used, the polypeptide bound on the beads can be easily isolated by magnetism.
- the binding between the polypeptide and the support can be performed by methods known in the art such as chemical bonding and physical adsorption.
- the polypeptide may be bound to the support via an antibody that specifically recognizes the polypeptide.
- the polypeptide is a tagged polypeptide
- the tagged polypeptide may be bound to the support via an antibody that specifically recognizes the tag.
- avidin and biotin can also be used to bind the polypeptide to the support.
- the binding between the polypeptides can be performed, for example, in a buffer such as a phosphate buffer or Tris buffer.
- a biosensor using the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon may be used as a means for detecting or quantifying the binding between polypeptides.
- the binding between the polypeptides can be observed in real time as a surface plasmon resonance signal without labeling using a trace amount of the polypeptide (for example, BIAcore, Pharmacia). ). Therefore, it is possible to assess the binding between polypeptides using a biosensor such as BIAcore.
- the ERAP1 polypeptide or functional equivalent thereof may be labeled and used to detect or measure binding between the polypeptides.
- PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or functional equivalents thereof may be labeled and used to detect or measure binding between the polypeptides. Specifically, after labeling one of the polypeptides that detect binding, the labeled polypeptide is contacted with the other polypeptide in the presence of the test substance, and then, after washing, the bound polypeptide is removed. Detect or measure by label.
- Radioisotopes eg, 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 33 P, 35 S, 125 I, 131 I
- enzymes eg, alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, ⁇ -galactosidase, ⁇ -glucosidase
- fluorescent substances Labeling agents such as biotin / avidin (eg, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine) and biotin / avidin can be used in this method for labeling the polypeptide.
- FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
- biotin / avidin can be used in this method for labeling the polypeptide.
- the labeled polypeptide bound by liquid scintillation can be detected or measured.
- the bound labeled polypeptide is detected or measured by adding a substrate of the enzyme and detecting a change in the substrate by the enzyme, such as color development, using an absorptiometer or the like. can do. Furthermore, when a fluorescent substance is used as a label, the bound labeled polypeptide can be detected or measured using a fluorometer.
- an ERAP1 polypeptide, PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide, PKB polypeptide, or an antibody to a functional equivalent thereof an ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof, and a PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, a PKA polypeptide
- binding between PKB polypeptides or functional equivalents thereof can be detected or measured.
- the PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof is immobilized on a support, and after the ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof is contacted with the test substance, the ERAP1 polypeptide Using an antibody against a peptide or functional equivalent thereof, detect or measure PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or ERAP1 polypeptide or functional equivalent thereof bound to these functional equivalents be able to.
- the antibody is preferably labeled with one of the labeling substances and can be detected or measured based on the labeling substance.
- the antibody with respect to the said polypeptide may be used as a primary antibody detected with the secondary antibody labeled with the labeling substance.
- bonded with polypeptide can also be detected or measured using a protein G column or a protein A column.
- a two-hybrid system utilizing cells can be used (“MATCHMAKER Two-Hybrid system”, “Mammalian MATCHMAKER Two-Hybrid Assay Kit”, “MATCHMAKER one-Hybrid system” (Clontech) “HybriZAP Two-Hybrid Vector System” (Stratagene); References “Dalton and Treisman, Cell 68: 597-612 (1992),“ Fields and Sternglanz, Trends Genet 10: 286-92 (1994) ”).
- the ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof is fused with the SRF binding region or the GAL4 binding region and expressed in yeast cells.
- PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or functional equivalents thereof are fused to the transcriptional activation region of VP16 or GAL4 and expressed in yeast cells in the presence of the test substance as well.
- PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof is fused to the SRF binding region or GAL4 binding region, and the transcriptional activation of ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof is VP16 or GAL4. It may be fused with a region.
- Binding of the ERAP1 polypeptide or functional equivalent thereof to the PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or functional equivalent thereof activates the reporter gene and allows detection of positive clones.
- the reporter gene for example, Ade2 gene, lacZ gene, CAT gene, luciferase gene and the like can be used in addition to the HIS3 gene.
- the term “reduces the binding level” as used in connection with the screening method of the present invention is at least 10% or more, preferably 25% or more, more preferably compared to the binding level detected in the absence of the test substance. Refers to reducing the level of binding between polypeptides by 50% or more, more preferably 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or more.
- a test substance is characterized as a substance that “reduces the level of binding” if it reduces the level of binding between the polypeptides by at least 10% or more.
- the candidate substance identified or selected by the screening method of the present invention can be evaluated for its cell growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells or therapeutic or prophylactic effect on cancer by further tests. Therefore, the screening method of the present invention can include the following steps: (A) contacting ERAP1 polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof with PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide, or a functional equivalent thereof in the presence of a test substance; (B) detecting the level of binding between the polypeptides in (a); (C) selecting a test substance that reduces the level of binding between the polypeptides compared to the level of binding detected in the absence of the test substance; (D) a step of confirming a growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells for the test substance selected in (c); and (e) a test substance confirmed to have a growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells in (d), Or as a candidate substance for treating and / or preventing cancer.
- the cancer cells that can be used in such in vitro and in vivo tests are estrogen receptor positive cancer cells expressing the ERAP1 polypeptide. Examples of such cancer cells include estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells.
- the growth inhibitory effect of cancer cells evaluated in an in vitro test or an in vivo test is an inhibitory effect on estrogen-dependent cell growth.
- an in vitro test for confirming the growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells for example, culturing cancer cells or normal cells in the presence of the candidate substance and measuring the growth rate
- cancer cells are treated with estrogen and then cultured in the presence of the candidate substance, or cancer cells in the presence of estrogen and the candidate substance.
- An in vivo test for confirming the growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells of the identified or selected candidate substance is, for example, administering the candidate substance to a mouse transplanted with a cancer cell and confirming the growth of the transplanted cancer cell. Can be implemented.
- estrogen and the candidate substance are administered simultaneously or sequentially to a mouse transplanted with cancer cells, and the growth of the transplanted cancer cells is confirmed. Can be implemented.
- Such in vitro and in vivo test methods are exemplified in the examples herein.
- the term “a growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells was confirmed” is at least 10% or more, preferably 25% compared to the growth rate of cancer cells detected in the absence of the test substance. It means that the growth rate is suppressed in the presence of the test substance by more than%, more preferably more than 50%, still more preferably more than 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%. Therefore, when the test substance suppresses the growth rate of cancer cells by at least 10% or more, the test substance is characterized as a substance “a growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells has been confirmed”.
- Example 1 Effect on estrogen-dependent breast cancer 1.
- KPL-1 and KPL-3C were provided by Dr. Junichi Kobayashi (Kawasaki Medical University, Okayama, Japan) under a mass transfer agreement.
- HBC4 and HBC5 were provided by Dr. Takao Yamori (Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Cancer Research Institute) under the Material Transfer Agreement. All cell lines were cultured under the conditions recommended by the respective depositors.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10% FBS (Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan), 1% antibiotic / antimycotic solution (Invitrogen), 0.1 mM NEAA (Invitrogen), 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 10 ⁇ g / ml insulin (Sigma, Suspended in MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) reinforced with St. Louis, MO, USA), 48-well plate (2 x 10 4 cells / 200 ⁇ l), 24-well plate (1 x 10 5 cells / 1 ml), 6-well plate (5 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 2 ml) or 10 cm dish (2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 10 ml). Cells were maintained at 37 ° C.
- Anti-PHB2 antibody (abcam, Cambridge, UK); Anti-NcoR antibody (abcam, Cambridge, UK); Anti-phosphorylated ER ⁇ antibody (Tyr537) (abcam, Cambridge, UK); Anti-ER ⁇ (AER314) antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA); Anti-SRC-1 (128E7) antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-Shc antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti- ⁇ / ⁇ -tubulin antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-Akt antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-phosphorylated Akt antibody (Ser473) (587F11) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-p44 / 42 Map Kinase antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-phosphorylated p44 / 42 Map Kinase antibody (Thr202)
- Cells were lysed with 0.1% NP-40 lysis buffer as described in the section of immunoprecipitation “Western blot analysis”. Cell lysates were precleaned for 3 hours at 4 ° C. using normal IgG and rec-Protein G Sepharose 4B (Zymed, San Francisco, Calif., USA). After centrifugation, the supernatant was incubated for 6 hours at 4 ° C. in the presence of anti-ERAP1 antibody, anti-PHB2 antibody and anti-ER ⁇ antibody. Thereafter, the antigen-antibody complex was precipitated by incubating at 4 ° C. for 1 hour in the presence of rec-Protein G Sepharose 4B.
- the immunoprecipitated protein complex was washed 3 times with lysis buffer and separated by SDS-PAGE. Thereafter, Western blot analysis was performed by the method described previously (Kim JW, et al. Cancer Sci. 2009; 100: 1468-78.).
- ERAP1 protein partial peptide (ERAP1 1-434, ERAP1 435-2177, ERAP1 1468-2177, ERAP1 1-250, ERAP1 1- 100 ) was cloned into the appropriate site of the N-terminal Flag-tagged pCAGGS vector.
- COS-7 cells were transfected with FLAG-ERAP1 and HA-PHB2 plasmids using FuGENE6 transfection reagent (Roche). 48 hours after transfection, cells were lysed with 0.1% NP-40 lysis buffer as described above. The cell lysate was pre-cleaned at 4 ° C.
- ERAP1 deficient 1-434
- ERAP1 and REA Expression vector construct consisting of 1-434 amino acid residues of ERAP1 (SEQ ID NO: 33) predicted to be important for the interaction between ERAP1 and PHB2 (ERAP1 1-434 ) was used to examine the effect on the interaction between ERAP1 and PHB2 and the effect on ERE activity by E2 stimulation.
- COS-7 cells were transfected with Flag-ERAP1 together with HA-PHB2 using FuGENE6 transfection reagent (Roche), and 48 hours later, the cells were lysed with 0.1% NP-40 lysis buffer. The cell lysate was pre-cleaned at 4 ° C.
- a 13-amino acid peptide (codon 165-177: QMLSDLTLQLRQR (SEQ ID NO: 27)) derived from the PHB2 binding domain of dominant negative peptide ERAP1 has a polyarginine sequence (11R) consisting of 11 arginines that are permeable to the cell membrane. ) Were covalently linked.
- ERAP1-scramble peptide (DRQLQLSTLQRML (SEQ ID NO: 28)
- ERAP1-mutant peptide (AMLSALTLALRQR (SEQ ID NO: 29) were synthesized as controls.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1 peptide in the presence of 10 nM E2. After 24 hours, the cells were lysed with 0.1% NP-40 lysis buffer and the cell lysate was incubated in the presence of anti-ERAP1 and anti-PHB2 antibodies as described in the section “Immunoprecipitation”. The immunoprecipitated protein or cell lysate was then electrophoresed and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Finally, Western blot analysis was performed using anti-ERAP1 antibody or anti-PHB2 antibody to detect endogenous ERAP1 or PHB2 protein, respectively.
- Immunocytochemical staining MCF-7 cells were seeded at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in an 8-well chamber (Laboratory-Tek II Chamber Slide System, Nalgen Nunc International, Naperville, IL, USA) under estrogen-free conditions And cultured for 24 hours. 24 hours after exposure to E2 and / or ERAP1-peptide, the cells were fixed by treatment with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then treated with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 2 minutes. Made it permeable. The cells were then coated with 3% BSA to block nonspecific hybridization and the cells were incubated for an additional hour in the presence of anti-PHB2 antibody.
- MCF-7 cells were treated as described above, and MCF7 cell nuclei and cytoplasmic extracts were used to detect anti-protein in the presence of rec-protein G sepharose. Immunoprecipitation using ERAP1 antibody, anti-PHB antibody and anti-ER ⁇ antibody was performed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared using NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The protein content of cytoplasmic fraction and nuclear fraction was evaluated by Coomassie brilliant blue staining.
- Luciferase reporter assay For the ERE reporter assay, MCF-7 cells were transfected with the ERE reporter (SABiosciences, Frederick, MD, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- ERE reporter For AP-1 reporter assay, AP-1 reporter (mouse IL-11 promoter containing two tandem AP-1 sites subcloned into PGL2-basic vector), c-fos, c-Jun and internal standard PRL-TK was transfected into MCF-7 cells. 16 hours after transfection, the medium was changed to assay medium (Opti-MEM, 10% FBS, 0.1 mM NEAA, 1 mM Sodium pyruvate and 10 ⁇ g / ml insulin).
- the cells were treated with E2 and / or ERAP1-peptide for 24 hours.
- Cells were harvested and luciferase and Renilla-luciferase activities were evaluated using the Promega dual luciferase reporter assay (Tokyo, Japan). All data was normalized by Renilla-luciferase activity, taking into account transfection efficiency.
- HDAC assay was performed using the HDAC Fluorescent Activity Assay / Drug Discovery Kit (Enzo Life Sciences, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In 6-well plates, MCF-7 cells were treated with E2 and / or ERAP1 peptide for 24 hours. Thereafter, the cell extract was immunoprecipitated using an anti-PHB2 antibody, and the immunoprecipitated cell extract was incubated at 30 ° C. for 30 minutes in the presence of the substrate. After incubation, the reaction was stopped and fluorescence was analyzed with a microplate fluorometer (Infinite M200, Tecan, Mannedorf, Switzerland).
- Primers are as follows: ER ⁇ : 5′-GCAGGGAGAGGAGTTTGTGTG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 1) and 5′-TGGGAGAGGATGAGGAGGAG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 2); ⁇ -actin: 5′-GAGGTGATAGCATTGCTTTCG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 3) and 5′-CAAGTCAGTGTACAGGTAAGC-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 4).
- ER ⁇ target genes pS2, cyclin D1, c-myc, SP-1, E2F1, and PgR
- ERAP1 ER ⁇ target genes
- PHB2 protein kinase
- ⁇ 2-MG was used as an internal standard control.
- Total RNA extraction and subsequent cDNA synthesis was performed as described above.
- the cDNA was analyzed by real-time PCR on a 500 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) using SYBR® Premix Ex Taq (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each sample was normalized with the mRNA content of ⁇ 2-MG.
- the primers used for amplification are as follows: pS2: 5′-GGCCTCCTTAGGCAAATGTT-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) and 5'-CCTCCTCTCTGCTCCAAAGG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 6); cyclin D1: 5'-CAGAAGTGCGAGGAGGAGGT-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 7) and 5'-CGGATGGAGTTGTCGGTGT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 8); c-myc: 5'-CGTCTCCACACATCAGCACA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 9) and 5'-GCTCCGTTTTAGCTCGTTCC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 10); SP-1: 5′-TGCTGCTCAACTCTCCTCCA-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 11) and 5′-GCATCTGGGCTGTTTTCTCC-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 12); E2F1: 5'-TACCCCAACTCCCTCTACCC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 13
- Cell proliferation assay was performed using Cell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan). The cells were harvested, plated at 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in a 48-well plate, and maintained at 37 ° C. in a humidified incubator. At the indicated time points, a 1:10 diluted CCK-8 solution was added and incubated for 1 hour and the absorbance at 450 nm was measured to calculate the number of viable cells in each well.
- CCK-8 Cell-Counting Kit-8
- Cell cycle cells were fixed with cold 70% ethanol, cells were stained with 20 ⁇ g / ml propidium iodide (Sigma) and 1 mg / ml ribonuclease A (Sigma) and analyzed by FACSCalibur (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) . Cell cycle was evaluated using CellQuest software (BD).
- BD CellQuest software
- KPL-3C cell suspension (1 x 10 7 cells / mouse) mixed with an equal volume of Matrigel (BD), 6 week old female BALB / c nude mice (CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan) Were injected into the mammary fat pad. Mice were housed in a sterile isolation facility with a 12-hour light / 12-hour dark cycle and were fed free of rodent food and water. Tumors were allowed to grow for a week until they reached a size of 50-80 mm 3 (calculated as 1/2 ⁇ (width ⁇ length 2 )).
- mice were treated in 9 treatment groups (5 individuals / group): no treatment group, 6 ⁇ g / day E2 treatment group, E2 + 0.28 mg / day ERAP1-peptide treatment group, E2 + 0.7 mg / day ERAP1-peptide Treatment group, E2 + 1.4mg / day ERAP1-peptide treatment group, E2 + 0.28mg / day scramble peptide treatment group, E2 + 0.7mg / day scramble peptide treatment group, E2 + 1.4mg / day scramble peptide treatment Groups were randomly divided into E2 + 83 ⁇ g / day tamoxifen treatment groups.
- mice were treated daily with 6 ⁇ g / day E2 solution (100 ⁇ l 2.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 M) on the cervical skin.
- the ERAP1-peptide or scramble peptide was administered to mice daily by intraperitoneal injection at 0.28, 0.7, or 1.4 mg / day (14, 35, 70 mg / kg). Tamoxifen was also administered intraperitoneally to mice daily at a dose of 4 mg / kg. Tumor volume was measured over 2 weeks using calipers. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed and the tumors were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen for further ER ⁇ target gene expression analysis. In vivo data are shown as mean tumor volume ⁇ standard error of mean. The P value at the end of the test was calculated using Student's t test. All tests were performed according to the guidelines of the Tokushima University animal facility.
- ChIP analysis was performed using EZ-ChIP (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. MCF-7 cells were treated with E2 and / or ERAP1-peptide for 24 hours, then fixed with 37% formaldehyde, resuspended in lysis buffer, and Microson XL-2000 (Misonix, Farmingdale, NY, USA) Then, ultrasonic crushing was performed at 10 seconds ⁇ 10. The supernatant was precleared with protein G agarose beads and 1% input was collected.
- Immunoprecipitation (1 x 10 6 cells each) was performed using anti-ER ⁇ antibody, anti-PHB2 antibody, anti-HDAC1 antibody, anti-NCoR antibody, anti-SRC-1 antibody and normal mouse IgG as a control (overnight, 4 ° C) .
- the DNA-protein complex was pulled down with protein G agarose beads (1 hour, 4 ° C.) and washed.
- the immunoprecipitate was resuspended in Elution buffer, incubated for 5 hours at 65 ° C. to decrosslink, and purified using the attached purification column. DNA fragments were detected by 25 to 28 cycles of PCR.
- Primers for the ERE region of the ERAP1 genome include 5'-GGGGTACCTTATATCACTAGTCGACA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 23) and 5′-CCGCTCGAGAGAACTAGAGCAGACAA-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 24) was used. Student's t test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences between statistical analysis test groups. A P value ⁇ 0.05 was considered significant.
- PSIVER P rotein-protein interaction SI tes prediction ser VER
- the calculation method uses a Naive Bayes classifier with kernel density estimation and publishes a prediction server on the Internet. In the present invention, a default threshold value of 0.390 was used.
- a partial sequence of the recombinant PHB2 protein human PHB2 was transformed into a pTAT6 expression vector (in-frame at the amino terminus with the hexahistidine tag, thioredoxin (TrxA) and TEV protease cleavage site (TEV site)).
- TrxA thioredoxin
- TEV protease cleavage site TEV site
- the present inventors consider that the region in the vicinity of these three amino acid residues of ERAP1 is important for the interaction with PHB2 / REA, and the 13 amino acid residues ⁇ (165) on the ⁇ helix structure containing these three amino acid residues. -177 amino acid residues: QMLSDLTLQLRQR (SEQ ID NO: 27)). Then, a dominant negative peptide (ERAP1-peptide) in which 11 arginine residues having a cell permeability function were added to the N-terminus of the 13 amino acid residues was synthesized.
- a peptide (ERAP1-scramble peptide: DRQLQLSTLQRML (SEQ ID NO: 28)) in which 13 amino acid residue sequences are randomly rearranged, a peptide in which all three amino acid residues important for binding are substituted with alanine (ERAP1-mutant peptide: AMLSALTLALRQR (SEQ ID NO: 29)) was also synthesized (FIG. 1J). Using these peptides, inhibition of binding between ERAP1 and PHB2 / REA was examined by immunoprecipitation-western blotting using anti-ERAP1 antibody and anti-PHB2 / REA antibody.
- ERAP1-peptide When ERAP1-peptide is added to ER ⁇ -positive breast cancer cells MCF-7 (Fig. 1K, upper) and KPL-3C (Fig. 1K, lower), the binding between endogenous ERAP1 and endogenous PHB2 / REA is markedly inhibited. I understood it. On the other hand, when the ERAP1-scramble peptide or ERAP1-mutant peptide was added, binding inhibition between endogenous ERAP1 and endogenous PHB2 / REA was not observed in either cell (FIG. 1K).
- Effect of ERAP1-peptide on transcriptional activation of ER ⁇ PHB2 / REA has a function to suppress transcriptional activity of ER by translocation from cytoplasm into nucleus (Montano MM, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96: 6947-52.) Localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and has functions of mitochondrial morphology maintenance, mitochondrial biosynthesis, and apoptosis control (Kasashima K, et al., J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 36401-10 .; Artal-Sanz M and Tavernarakis N. Trends Endocrinol Metab.
- an ERAP1-peptide (ERAP1-HA-peptide) to which an HA tag was added was synthesized in order to examine the behavior of the ERAP1-peptide ⁇ and examined using it.
- the ERAP1-HA-peptide was directly linked to PHB2 / REA. It was observed that they combined and translocated simultaneously (Fig. 3B, 3C).
- ER ⁇ recruits these factors to form a complex, which reduces histone deacetylation. As a result, it was suggested that the transcription activity of ER ⁇ is suppressed by aggregating chromatin.
- ECF and 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide or anti-E2 inhibitor tamoxifen (TAM) were simultaneously administered to MCF-7 cells, and FACS analysis was performed 24 hours later.
- FACS analysis was performed 24 hours later.
- cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase was observed as in the case of 10 nM TAM administration (FIG. 6D).
- KPL-3C was used (FIG. 7E). From the above, it was found that the ERAP1-peptide induces a cell growth inhibitory effect by inducing G1 phase arrest.
- ER ⁇ is localized in the cell membrane (or directly under the cell membrane), and IGF-1R ⁇ (Insulin-like) is a membrane growth factor receptor by E2 stimulation.
- IGF-1 receptor ⁇ Insulin-like
- HER2 and EGFR have been reported to activate the intracellular signal cascade and promote cell proliferation, so-called “non-genomic ER activation pathway” (Osborne).
- CK Schiff R. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23: 1616-22 .
- Yager JD Davidson NE. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 270-82 .
- ERAP1-peptide dissociates PHB2 / REA from ERAP1 and directly binds cell membranes ER ⁇ and PHB2 / REA in an E2-dependent manner, thereby binding ER ⁇ to IGF-1R ⁇ , HER2, and EGFR. It was suggested that it inhibits the “non-genomic signal activity pathway” and ultimately leads to inhibition of cell proliferation.
- ER ⁇ is phosphorylated at many sites in an E2-dependent manner, but in particular, phosphorylation of six amino acid residues (Ser104, Ser 106, Ser118, Ser167, Ser357, Tyr537) Is important for ER ⁇ transcriptional activity and binding to E2 (Lannigan DA. Steroids. 2002; 68: 1-9 .; Barone I, et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2010; 16: 2702 -08 .; Murphy LC, et al., Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2011; 18: R1-14.). Therefore, in MCF-7 cells, the effect of ERAP1-peptide on ER ⁇ phosphorylation after addition of E2 was examined.
- KPL-3C cells which are ER-positive breast cancer, are orthotopically transplanted into the mammary gland of nude mice.
- E2 is administered subcutaneously and ERAP1-peptide, ERAP1-scramble peptide or tamoxifen (TAM)
- TAM tamoxifen
- the tumors of the mice administered with the ERAP1-peptide showed the same antitumor effect as that of the mice not administered with E2 and the same level as that of TAM at all doses (FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C).
- no change in body weight was observed (FIG. 11D).
- mice administered with the ERAP1-scramble peptide did not show a significant tumor suppression effect at any dose (FIGS. 11B, 11C, and FIG. 12).
- the ERAP1-peptide inhibits the binding between ERAP1 and PHB2 / REA, thereby inducing the binding between PHB2 / REA and ER ⁇ . It was suggested that the anti-tumor effect is exhibited by suppressing the pathway of “genomic activation” and “non-genomic activation” of ER ⁇ .
- ERAP1 expression enhancement of ERAP1- by positive feedback mechanism
- E2 stimulation Kim JW, et al., Cancer Sci. 2009; 100: 1468-78.
- ERAP1 is one of the target genes of ER ⁇ .
- MCF-7 cells the expression of ERAP1 at the mRNA level after E2 administration was examined by quantitative RT-PCR. As a result, expression was increased in a time-dependent manner up to 24 hours after E2 administration (FIG. 13A).
- TAM tamoxifen
- ERE estrogen responsible element, E2 responsive sequence: AGGTCAnnnTGACCT (SEQ ID NO: 25)
- E2 responsive sequence AGGTCAnnnTGACCT (SEQ ID NO: 25)
- a conserved ERE sequence called TCCAGT TGCAT TGACCT (SEQ ID NO: 26) on intron 1 was confirmed (FIG. 13C).
- ERAP1 is one of the target genes of ER ⁇ and is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism that increases its expression when ER ⁇ activation is induced in an E2-dependent manner. It was. Next, the influence of the ERAP1-peptide on the expression of ERAP1 itself was examined. As shown in FIG. 13A, ERAP1 was upregulated in an E2-dependent manner, but its expression was suppressed over time by administration of the ERAP1-peptide.
- the ERAP1-peptide inhibits the positive feedback mechanism of ERAP1 in E2-dependent ER ⁇ -positive breast cancer cells, and as a result, induces dissociation of PHB2 / REA, inhibits all ER ⁇ activation mechanisms, It was found that it leads to a growth inhibitory effect.
- Example 2 Inhibitory effect of ERAP1-peptide on tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells 1.
- Materials and methods Tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells The tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cell line provided by Dr. Atsushi Inoue (Saitama Medical University Genomic Medical Research Center) under the Material Transfer Agreement was used for the following experiments. tried. Tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells were cultured under the conditions recommended by the depositor. Tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells are enriched with 10% FBS (Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan), 1% penicillin / streptomycin (Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan), 1 ⁇ M tamoxifen (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) In DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
- tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells were seeded at 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in a 48-well plate in DMEM / F12 medium containing phenol red, and left in a CO 2 incubator for 24 hours, and then 10% FBS, The medium was replaced with a DMEM / F12 medium containing 1% penicillin / streptomycin and 1 ⁇ M tamoxifen and not phenol red, and further cultured for 24 hours.
- MCF-7 cells and Tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells were treated with phenol red in DMEM / F12 medium 24- Inoculate 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well in a well plate and leave it in a CO 2 incubator for 24 hours, and then add DMEM / F12 medium containing 10% FBS, 1% penicillin / streptomycin, 1 ⁇ M tamoxifen, and no phenol red. The culture was replaced and pre-cultured for another 24 hours.
- Phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK is anti-phosphorylated Akt (Ser473) (587F11) and anti-phosphorylated p44 / 42 MAP Kinase (Thr202 / Tyr204) antibody, and phosphorylation of ER ⁇ is anti-phosphorylated ER ⁇ (Ser104 / 106 ), Anti-phosphorylated ER ⁇ (Ser118), anti-phosphorylated ER ⁇ (Ser167), anti-phosphorylated ER ⁇ (Ser305), and anti-phosphorylated ER ⁇ (Tyr537) antibodies.
- the ERAP1-peptide can also lead to suppression of cell proliferation by inhibiting nongenomic pathway activation and ER ⁇ phosphorylation which are one of the causes in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. It was.
- Example 3 Examination of ERAP1-peptide effect on E2-independent cell proliferation 1.
- Materials and methods Examination of the effect of ERAP1-peptide on E2-independent cell growth 2 x 10 4 MCF-7 cells or ZR-75-1 cells per well in 48-well plates, 1 x 10 KPL-3C cells After seeding 4 cells / well and leaving in a CO 2 incubator for 24 hours, MCF-7 cells are 10% FBS (Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan), 1% antibiotic / antimycotic solution (Invitrogen), 0.1 mM NEAA48 (Invitrogen) , 10% ZR-75-1 and KPL-3C cells in DMEM / F12 medium without phenol red containing 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 10 ⁇ g / ml insulin (Sigma, St.
- the medium was replaced with a phenol / red-free RPMI medium containing FBS and 1% antibiotic / antimycotic solution, and further cultured for 24 hours. After removing the supernatant, 200 ⁇ l of each concentration of ERAP1-peptide or tamoxifen as a positive control was added and reacted for 24 hours. After removing the reaction solution, add 125 ⁇ l of 10-fold diluted CCK-8 solution to each well and perform color reaction for 1 hour in a CO 2 incubator, then transfer 100 ⁇ l from each well to a 96-well plate. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured with a microplate reader.
- rec-Protein G Sepharose 4B was added and incubated at 4 ° C. for 1 hour to precipitate the antigen-antibody complex.
- the immunoprecipitated protein complex was washed 3 times with lysis buffer and separated by SDS-PAGE.
- Anti-IGF-1R ⁇ , anti-ER ⁇ , anti-Shc, and anti-PHB2 antibodies were used for subsequent detection of all proteins by Western blot, and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies were used for detection of tyrosine phosphorylation of each protein.
- Example 4 Examination of combined effect of ERAP1-peptide and tamoxifen 1.
- Materials and methods The inhibitory effect of tamoxifen when ERAP1 was knocked down by ERAP1 knockdown siRNA method in breast cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay.
- the sequence of si-ERAP1, si-control (si-EGFP) and the experimental method were based on the report of Kim et al. (Cancer Science, 2009, 100; 1468-78).
- MCF-7 cells seeded at 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in a 48-well plate were stimulated with 1 ⁇ M E2, treated 24 hours later with si-ERAP1 or si-control, then treated 24 hours later with 10 ⁇ M tamoxifen, After 96 hours, the number of viable cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen when ERAP1 was knocked down by siRNA method was evaluated by ERE-luciferase assay.
- ERE-luciferase reporter Transiently transfect ERE-luciferase reporter into MCF-7 cells seeded at 2 x 10 4 / well in a 96-well plate, then stimulate with 1 ⁇ M E2 and 24 hours later si-ERAP1 or si-control After 24 hours, the cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M tamoxifen, and 96 hours later, ERE luciferase activity was measured.
- KPL-3 cells were transplanted subcutaneously into the mammary fat body of BALB / c nude mice. When the tumor reached a volume of approximately 50-80 mm 3 in the absence of E2, a treatment trial (5 individuals / group) was started (day 0).
- a treatment trial (5 individuals / group) was started (day 0).
- mice bearing KPL-3C tumor xenografts ERAP1-peptide alone (3.5, 7, 14 mg / kg), scramble peptide alone (14 mg / kg), tamoxifen alone (4 mg / kg) or ERAP1-peptide (14 mg / kg) and tamoxifen (4 mg / kg) were administered daily by intraperitoneal injection.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide and / or 10 nM tamoxifen, and then immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours. After fixation, the cells were stained with propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry.
- Example 5 Examination of breast cancer cell growth inhibitory effect of peptides having different sequences 1. Materials and Methods In order to confirm whether or not the same effect can be obtained even in a peptide having a sequence different from the ERAP1-peptide used in the above Examples, it was predicted that the binding site was PHB2 / REA.
- An ERAP1-peptide-2 (161-173 amino acid residues: ATLSQMLSDLTLQ (SEQ ID NO: 30)) containing amino acid residues and having a sequence different from that of the ERAP1-peptide was prepared (the lower figure in FIG. 20). Cell proliferation assay was evaluated using Cell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan).
- CO 2 incubator were plated by 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in 48-well plates at DMEM / F12 medium without phenol red containing MCF-7 cells with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic / antimycotic solution Then, 180 ⁇ l of each concentration of ERAP1-peptide (165-177 amino acid residues) or ERAP1-peptide-2 (pep-1: 161-173 amino acid residues) was added, and then 20 ⁇ l of 100 nM E2 was added. (Final concentration of 10 nM) was reacted for 24 hours.
- Example 6 PHB2 phosphorylation in ER ⁇ -positive and ERAP1-negative breast cancer cell lines 1. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the localization of nuclear / cytoplasmic fraction PHB2, HCC1395 cells, which are ER ⁇ -positive and ERAP1-negative breast cancer cell lines, were treated with ERAP1-peptide and / or E2, and the cytoplasm and nuclear extract of HCC1395 cells were treated with NE- It was prepared using PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
- HCC1395 cells Effect of ERAP1-peptide on ER ⁇ -positive and ERAP1-negative breast cancer cell line HCC1395 cells
- the proliferation assay of HCC1395 cells was evaluated using Cell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan).
- HCC1395 cells were seeded at 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in a 48-well plate with RPMI medium containing 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic / antimycotic solution without phenol red, and left in a CO 2 incubator. 180 ⁇ l of each concentration of ERAP1-peptide was added, and subsequently 20 ⁇ l of 100 nM E2 was added (final concentration 10 nM), followed by reaction for 96 hours.
- PHB2 phosphorylated MCF-7 cells and HCC1395 cells treated with ERAP1-peptide were treated with 5 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, and then immediately stimulated with 1 ⁇ M E2 for 24 hours, and then the nuclear fraction was isolated from the cells of each treatment.
- the immunoprecipitated protein complex was washed 3 times with lysis buffer and separated by SDS-PAGE. Subsequent Western blotting used anti-ER ⁇ antibody and anti-PHB2 antibody for detection of total protein, and anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, anti-phosphorylated serine antibody, and anti-phosphorylated threonine antibody for detection of PHB2 phosphate. was used.
- ERAP1 is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism that, as one of the target genes of ER ⁇ , is activated when ER ⁇ activation is induced in an E2-dependent manner
- the ERAP1-peptide induces the dissociation of PHB2 / REA from ERAP1 in ER ⁇ -positive breast cancer cells, thereby inhibiting the positive feedback mechanism of ERAP1, inhibiting all ER ⁇ activation mechanisms, and suppressing cell growth It was confirmed to lead the effect.
- ER-positive breast cancer cells that are ERAP1-negative, and the mechanism of enhanced expression of ER target genes in such cells is unknown.
- REA / PHB2 has a function of suppressing its activation by directly binding to ER, so that it is an ER inhibitor of PHB2 / REA in ERAP1-negative and ER-positive breast cancer cells. Its role is unknown. Therefore, first, the nuclear translocation of PHB2 was examined using the ERAP1-negative ER positive breast cancer cell line HCC1395 cells (FIG. 21).
- HCC1395 cells which are ERAP1-negative and ER-positive breast cancer cells
- PHB2 translocates into the nucleus and binds directly to nuclear ER ⁇ in an E2-dependent manner, and is a coupling inhibitor NcoR and deacetylase It turns out that it recruits HDAC1.
- the effect of ERAP1-peptide on cell proliferation was not observed (FIG. 21C).
- this HCC1395 cell line shows E2-dependent cell growth (Fig. 21C)
- suppression of ER ⁇ activity is controlled by the presence or absence of phosphorylation.
- Example 7 Expression of ERAP1 and PHB2 in human breast cancer cell line and human breast cancer excised specimen 1.
- Materials and methods Expression analysis of ERAP1 in breast cancer cell lines Human ER positive breast cancer cell lines (KPL-3L, BT-474, ZR-75-1, YMB-1, T47D, HBC4, KPL-1) and mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) The cell lysate was immunoblotted with anti-ERAP1 antibody, anti-PHB2 antibody, and anti-ER ⁇ antibody.
- ERAP1 and PHB2 Expression analysis of ERAP1 and PHB2 in human breast cancer resected specimens Expression of ERAP1 and PHB2 / REA in 103 paraffin-embedded breast cancer resected specimens was compared with anti-ERAP1 antibody (75-fold dilution, 7 hours, 4 ° C) and anti-PHB2 antibody (300 It was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using a 2-fold dilution, 12 hours, 4 ° C). Judgment of the cancer site by immunostaining was negative in cases where the cancer tissue was not stained at all, as well as weakly positive in cases where the cytoplasm was lightly stained, and strongly positive in cases where the cancer tissue was stained almost uniformly and strongly. .
- ERAP1 Expression of ERAP1, PHB2, and ER ⁇ in human ER positive breast cancer cell lines was examined. In ER-positive breast cancer, expression in ERAP1 was confirmed in all cell lines except HCC1395 (FIG. 23 and Cancer Science, 2009; 100: 1468-78).
- ERAP1 and PHB2 in human breast cancer resected specimens
- Expression of ERAP1 was evaluated by immunohistological staining in breast cancer resected specimens. Of the 103 cases evaluated, 24 cases (23%) were negative (Negative) in which no cancer tissue was stained, 59 cases (57%) were weakly positive (Weak) in which the cytoplasm was palely stained, and the cancer tissue was almost uniformly strong Strong cases (Strong) stained were 20 cases (19%) (upper figure in FIG. 24A). In addition, each case was classified into Weak (negative and weakly positive) and Strong (strongly positive), and the correlation between ERAP1 expression and relapse-free survival was created by Kaplan-Meier method. It was evaluated by.
- Example 8 Examination of action mechanism of ERAP1 peptide in human breast cancer cells 1.
- Materials and methods Cell lines Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, ZR-75-1, BT-474, T47D, HCC1395) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA).
- KPL-3C was provided by Dr. Junichi Kobayashi (Kawasaki Medical University, Okayama, Japan) under a mass transfer agreement.
- HEK293T was purchased from RIKEN (Ibaraki, Japan). All cell lines were cultured under the conditions recommended by the respective depositors.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with 10% FBS (Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan), 1% antibiotic / antimycotic solution (Invitrogen), 0.1 mM NEAA (Invitrogen), 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 10 ⁇ g / ml insulin (Sigma, Suspension in MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) reinforced with St. Louis, MO, USA), 24-well plate (1 x 10 5 cells / 1 ml), 6-well plate (5 x 10 5 cells / ml) 2 ml) or 10 cm dish (2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 10 ml). Cells were maintained at 37 ° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide.
- the medium was replaced with phenol red-free DMEM / F12 (Invitrogen) fortified with FBS, antibiotic / antimycotic solution, NEAA, sodium pyruvate and insulin. After 24 hours, cells were treated with 10 nM 17 ⁇ estradiol (E2, Sigma). In the inhibition test, the ERAP1-peptide was added immediately before E2 stimulation.
- Luciferase reporter assay HEK293T cells commercially available ERE reporter (SABiosciences, Frederick, MD, USA) and PP1 ⁇ gene ERE reporter (5 'upstream ERE motif and 5' upstream and intron 2 tandem sequence consisting of ERE motif) and internal standard PRL-TK was transfected as Sixteen hours after transfection, the medium was replaced with assay medium (Opti-MEM, 10% FBS). 24 hours after transfection, the cells were treated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, the cells were harvested, and the luciferase and Renilla-luciferase activities were evaluated by Promega dual luciferase reporter assay (Tokyo, Japan). All data was normalized by Renilla-luciferase activity, taking into account transfection efficiency.
- the membrane was incubated for 1 hour in the presence of the following antibodies: Anti- ⁇ -actin (AC-15) antibody (Sigma); Anti-ERAP1 purified antibody (anti-hA7322 (His13)) (Sigma); Anti-FLAG-tag M2 antibody (Sigma); Anti-HA-tag antibody (Roche, Mannheim, Germany); Anti-PHB2 / REA antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, UK); Anti-ER ⁇ (AER314) antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA); Anti- ⁇ / ⁇ -tubulin antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-Akt (PKB) antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-phosphorylated Akt antibody (Ser473) (587F11) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-p44 / 42 Map Kinase antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Anti-phosphorylated p44 / 42 Map Kinase antibody (Thr
- the membrane was incubated overnight in the presence of the following antibodies: Anti-phosphorylated PHB2 / REA purified antibody (Ser39) (Scrum, Tokyo, Japan); Anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA); Anti-phosphorylated serine antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA); or anti-phosphorylated threonine antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA).
- Anti-phosphorylated PHB2 / REA purified antibody Serrum, Tokyo, Japan
- Anti-phosphotyrosine antibody Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Anti-phosphorylated serine antibody Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA
- anti-phosphorylated threonine antibody Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- MCF-7 cells were seeded at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in an 8-well chamber (Laboratory-Tek II Chamber Slide System, Nalgen Nunc International, Naperville, IL, USA) under estrogen-free conditions And cultured for 24 hours. 24 hours after exposure of MCF-7 cells to ERAP1-peptide and ⁇ -phosphatase and 10 nM E2, cells were fixed by treatment with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 ° C for 30 minutes, and 0.1% Triton X-100 Cells were permeabilized by treatment with for 2 minutes.
- the cells were then coated with 3% BSA to block non-specific hybridization and the cells were incubated for an additional hour in the presence of anti-PHB2 / REA antibody and anti-phosphorylated PHB2 / REA antibody (Ser39). After washing with PBS, cells were stained by incubating for 1 hour in the presence of Alexa 594 and Alexa 488-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (Molecular Probe, Eugene, OR, USA). Nuclei were counterstained with 4,6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, Vectashield, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Fluorescence images were obtained under an Olympus IX71 microscope (Tokyo, Japan).
- KPL-3C cell suspension (1 x 10 7 cells / mouse) mixed with an equal volume of Matrigel (BD), 6 week old female BALB / c nude mice (CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan) Were injected into the mammary fat pad. Mice were housed in a sterile isolation facility with a 12 hour light / 12 hour dark cycle and were fed free of rodent food and water. Tumors were allowed to grow for a week until they reached a size of 50-80 mm 3 (calculated as 1/2 ⁇ (width ⁇ length 2 )).
- mice were treated in 9 treatment groups (5 individuals / group): no treatment group, 6 ⁇ g / day E2 treatment group, E2 + 0.28 mg / day ERAP1-peptide treatment group, E2 + 0.7 mg / day ERAP1-peptide Treatment group, E2 + 1.4 mg / day ERAP1-peptide treatment group, E2 + 0.28 mg / day ERAP1-scramble peptide treatment group, E2 + 0.7 mg / day ERAP1-scramble peptide treatment group, E2 + 1.4 mg / day
- the ERAP1-scramble peptide treatment group and the E2 + 83 ⁇ g / day tamoxifen treatment group were randomly divided.
- mice were treated daily with 6 ⁇ g / day E2 solution (100 ⁇ l: 2.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 M) on the neck skin.
- the ERAP1-peptide or ERAP1-scramble peptide was administered to mice daily by intraperitoneal injection at 0.28, 0.7, or 1.4 mg / day (14, 35, 70 mg / kg).
- Tamoxifen was also administered intraperitoneally to mice daily at a dose of 4 mg / kg. Tumor volume was measured over 2 weeks using calipers.
- animals were euthanized and tumors were excised to assess PHB2 / REA serine phosphorylation, ground under liquid nitrogen and subjected to Western blot. All tests were performed according to the guidelines of the Tokushima University animal facility.
- PP1 ⁇ phosphatase activity The phosphatase activity of PP1 ⁇ was measured using Protein Phosphatase Assay Kit (AnaSpec, Fremont, CA, USA). After treating MCF-7 cells with E2 and ERAP1-peptide for 24 hours, the cell lysate was immunoprecipitated with anti-PP1 ⁇ antibody, and the immunoprecipitated cell extract was incubated with substrate (p-Nitrophenyl phosphate) at room temperature for 60 minutes After that, the reaction was stopped and the absorbance at 405 nm was measured. PP1 ⁇ activity ( ⁇ mole / min) was defined as the amount of enzyme catalyzing 1 ⁇ mole of substrate per minute.
- Real-time PCR The expression of PP1 ⁇ was evaluated by real-time PCR. Extract RNA from E2-treated cells using RNeasy Mini purification kit (Qiagen) and reverse to cDNA using Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen), oligo dT primer (Invitrogen) and 25 mM dNTP Mixture (Invitrogen) I copied it. CDNA was analyzed by real-time PCR using a 500 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) using SYBR (registered trademark) Premix Ex Taq (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan). Each sample was normalized with the mRNA content of ⁇ 2-MG.
- the primers used for amplification are as follows; PP1 ⁇ : 5′-ACTATGTGGACAGGGGCAAG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 58) and 5′-CAGGCAGTTGAAGCAGTCAG-3 ′ (SEQ ID NO: 59), ⁇ 2-MG: 5 ′ -AACTTAGAGGTGGGGAGCAG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 21) and 5'-CACAACCATGCCTTACTTTATC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 22).
- ChIP analysis was performed using EZ-ChIP (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 nM E2 for 24 hours, fixed with 37% formaldehyde, resuspended in lysis buffer, and 10 seconds x 10 with Microson XL-2000 (Misonix, Farmingdale, NY, USA). Ultrasonic crushing. The supernatant was precleared with protein G agarose beads and 1% input was recovered. Immunoprecipitation (1 ⁇ 10 6 cells each) was performed using anti-ER ⁇ antibody and mouse IgG (overnight, 4 ° C.), and the DNA-protein complex was pulled down with protein G agarose beads (1 hour, 4 ° C.).
- 2DICAL MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide and ERAP1-scramble peptide, immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2, and then fixed with methanol. After drying under reduced pressure, trypsin treatment was performed at 37 ° C. for 20 hours in the presence of 2% sodium deoxycholate and 5 M urea. Protein was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried under reduced pressure, and then subjected to 2DICAL (2 Dimensional Image Converted Analysis of LCMS).
- 2DICAL is a proteome analysis method that digitally processes the spectrum obtained over time by ultra-low-speed liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and draws it on a plane with two axes: mass-to-charge ratio (m / z) and retention time. The data was calculated as a ratio to the value at 0 hour.
- Microarray MCF-7 cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide, immediately stimulated with 10 nM E2, and RNA was extracted. Cy3-labeled cRNA was synthesized using Low Input Quick Amp Labeling Kit (Agilent Technologies, Loveland, CO, USA) and hybridized with a custom microarray at 65 ° C for 17 hours. After washing the microarray, it was measured with a microarray scanner (Agilent) and digitized with Future Extraction software (Agilent). The data was statistically analyzed with GeneSpring software (Agilent), and the ratio to the value at 0 hour was calculated.
- Low Input Quick Amp Labeling Kit Agilent Technologies, Loveland, CO, USA
- Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy To evaluate the binding between PHB2 / REA and ERAP1-peptide, react 1 nM FITC-tagged ERAP1-peptide, FITC-tagged ERAP1-scramble peptide and 6xHis-tagged recombinant PHB2 / REA protein for 1 hour Then, FITC fluorescence was measured using a FlucDeux apparatus (MBL, Tokyo, Japan), and the ratio of the ERAP1-peptide bound to the PHB2 / REA protein was calculated.
- ERAP1 monoclonal antibody A partial sequence of human ERAP1 (residues 459-572aa) was sensitized to rats (WKY / Izm, 10 weeks old, female), and after 2 weeks, lymphocytes were collected from the iliac lymph nodes, Hybridomas were cultured by cell fusion with SP2 mouse myeloma. The antibody produced and screened by the hybridoma was collected from mouse ascites and purified by cation exchange chromatography (HiTrap SP HP column).
- Cell proliferation assay was performed using Cell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan). The cells were harvested, plated at 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well in a 48-well plate, and maintained in a humidified incubator (37 ° C.). At the indicated time, CCK-8 solution diluted 10-fold was added and incubated for 1 hour, and the number of viable cells was calculated by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm. Student's t test was used to determine the statistical significance of the differences between the statistical analysis test groups and was considered significant with a P value ⁇ 0.05.
- Mutant expression vector construct in which 39S of normal PHB2 / REA is replaced with alanine (Ala), or an expression vector construct in which glutamic acid residues that can be made to be in a state similar to the phosphorylated state are constantly ( S39E) was transiently transfected into HEK293T cells together with each vector of ER ⁇ , ERE-luciferase vector and pRL-TK as an internal standard, followed by E2 treatment to examine ERE reporter activity.
- ER ⁇ activity was suppressed in cells transfected with normal PHB2 / REA (WT), but ER ⁇ activity was inhibited in cells transfected with the S39A mutant construct. (S39A).
- the cells into which the ⁇ PP1 ⁇ construct was introduced showed a clear enhancement of E2-dependent endogenous PHB2 / REA (Ser39) phosphorylation (FIG. 29B).
- a cell membrane-permeable ERAP1 dominant negative peptide (ERAP1 / PP1 ⁇ -Peptide) having a PP1 ⁇ -binding motif was synthesized, and the ERAP1-PP1 ⁇ interaction and endogenous PHB2 / REA (Ser39) were introduced into MCF-7 cells. The effect on phosphorylation was investigated.
- ERAP1 construct 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ⁇ g
- PP1 ⁇ binding region-deleted ERAP1 construct ⁇ PP1 ⁇ : 2.0 ⁇ g
- phosphatase activity was examined after immunoprecipitation using anti-PP1 ⁇ antibody.
- FIG. 30B the effect of estrogen stimulation on PP1 ⁇ activity was examined.
- phosphatase activity was examined after stimulating MCF-7 cells with 10 nM E2, for 6, 12, and 24 hours, enhancement of PP1 ⁇ phosphatase activity was confirmed after 6 hours of E2 treatment (FIG. 30C).
- ERAP1 is a negative regulator that inhibits the phosphatase activity of PP1 ⁇ by binding to PP1 ⁇
- PHB2 / REA binds to ERAP1, a regulatory unit of PP1 ⁇ , and its Ser39
- MCF-7 cells which are ERAP1 highly expressing cell lines
- E2 10 nM E2 for 24 hours
- immunoblot analysis was performed using each anti-phosphorylated antibody.
- ERAP1 was phosphorylated at serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in an E2-dependent manner (FIG. 30D). From the above, it was suggested that ERAP1 is phosphorylated by E2 stimulation, and as a result, the phosphatase activity-inhibiting function of PP1 ⁇ is suppressed, so that the phosphatase activity of PP1 ⁇ is enhanced.
- ERAP1 is similarly an AKAP-like protein. Considered the possibility of functioning. Then, the coupling
- MCF-7 cells in which PKC ⁇ expression was suppressed by siRNA method were treated with E2 and ERAP1-peptide, and then fractionated into cytoplasmic fraction and nuclear fraction, and immunoblot analysis was performed.
- a marked decrease in phosphorylation of Ser39 of PHB2 / REA was observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells treated with E2 and ERAP1-peptide (FIG. 31F). From the above, it was suggested that PKC ⁇ may phosphorylate REA (S39).
- PP1 ⁇ is a target gene of ER ⁇ Since PP1 ⁇ has a function as a catalytic unit of ERAP1, it is hypothesized that PP1 ⁇ is one of ER ⁇ target genes in breast cancer cells as well as ERAP1.
- the following experiment was conducted. Western blot and real-time PCR of PP1 ⁇ protein and mRNA levels after stimulation with E2 for 24 hours in ER-positive cell lines MCF-7, ZR-75-1, T47D and BT-474 It was investigated (FIGS. 32A and B). As a result, E2-dependent enhanced expression of PP1 ⁇ was observed in all cell lines at both the protein level (FIG. 32A) and the mRNA level (FIG. 32B).
- Genomatix software (Genomatix Software, Munchen, Germany) was searched for whether ERE (estrogen responsible element, E2 responsive sequence: AGGTCAnnnTGACCT) was present on the PP1 ⁇ gene (PPP1CA). The ERE sequence was confirmed ( Figure 32C).
- ERE estrogen responsible element, E2 responsive sequence: AGGTCAnnnTGACCT
- Figure 32C The ERE sequence was confirmed ( Figure 32C).
- ChoIP method chromatin immunoprecipitation method using an ER ⁇ antibody. As a result, binding was observed in the region from -726 to -704 and from +1936 to +1959 from the translation start point (Fig. 32D), but binding was not observed in the region from +1851 to +1873. (FIG. 32D).
- the region containing the predicted -726 to -704 is a 5'-ERE construct, and an expression vector construct (5'-ERE and intron2 ERE) construct consisting of a 5'-ERE and a tandem region from +1936 to +1959 Each was prepared and examined for luciferase reporter activity (FIG. 32E). As a result, the cells into which the 5′-ERE construct was introduced exhibited a 3-fold increase compared to the control, and the 5′-ERE and intron2 ERE construct exhibited a 5-fold increase.
- PP1 ⁇ is one of the target genes of ER ⁇ , similar to ERAP1, and is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism that increases its expression when ER ⁇ activation is induced in an E2-dependent manner. was suggested.
- ERAP1-peptide suppresses E2-dependent ER genomic and non-genomic activation pathways in ER positive cells Prove to do.
- ERAP1-peptide suppresses E2-dependent ER genomic and non-genomic activation pathways in ER positive cells Prove to do.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide or ERAP1-scramble-peptide (scrPeptide), and the cells after 1 hour of the treatment were collected and used for experiments.
- ERAP1-pepitde resulted in a significant decrease in many proteins (Fig. 33A) and mRNA (Fig. 33B) compared to changes in expression during administration of E2 or E2 + ERAP1-scramble-peptide.
- Table 1 the expression of many genes not reported so far, including known estrogen responsive genes and ER target genes, was suppressed only 1 hour after the ERAP1-peptide treatment.
- the functions were found to be diverse (Tables 1 and 2). From the above results, it was found that administration of the ERAP1-peptide capable of inducing the suppression function of PHB2 / REA also suppresses the unknown E2 signal pathway in addition to the known E2 signal pathway.
- Table 1 shows the estrogen-dependent genes whose expression was suppressed by the ERAP1-peptide treatment. The top 100 genes that are strongly upregulated by estrogen stimulation and suppressed by the ERAP1-peptide compared to 0 hours were listed.
- Table 2 shows GO analysis of estrogen-dependent genes whose expression was suppressed by the ERAP1-peptide treatment.
- the genes that were strongly upregulated by estrogen stimulation and suppressed by the ERAP1-peptide compared with 0 hours were analyzed by GO. Data were statistically processed by Fisher exact test.
- the Kd value of PHB2 / REA was measured by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. After reacting 10 nM FITC-tagged ERAP1-peptide, FITC-tagged ERAP1-scramble peptide (scrPeptide), and 6xHis-tagged recombinant PHB2 / REA protein for 1 hour, FITC fluorescence was measured. As a result, the Kd value of the PHB2 / REA recombinant protein was 14.4 ⁇ M (FIG. 34B).
- Anti-ERAP1 monoclonal antibody was prepared. First, the specificity of the anti-ERAP1 purified monoclonal antibody was confirmed. Using MCF-7 cells in which the expression of ERAP1 was suppressed by the siRNA method, immunoblot analysis was performed using an anti-ERAP1 purified antibody. As a result, the anti-ERAP1 purified antibody did not recognize a non-specific band, and an ERAP1-specific band was detected (FIG. 35A). Subsequently, it was examined whether or not the anti-ERAP1 purified antibody can be immunoprecipitated.
- Preparation of anti-phosphorylated PHB2 / REA (S39) antibody A polyclonal antibody that specifically recognizes Ser39 of PHB2 / REA was prepared. With the prepared anti-phosphorylated PHB2 / REA (S39) antibody, phosphorylation of Ser39 of PHB2 / REA was detected only when the ERAP treatment was administered after treatment with E2 in ER-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (Fig. 36).
- the stability of ERAP1-peptide and its effect on intracellular E2 were examined. First, MCF-7 cells were treated with E2 and an HA-tagged ERAP1-peptide, and then immunoblot analysis was performed. As a result, it was found that the average was 84% at 24 hours after administration, 56%, 58%, and 54% at 30, 36, and 48 hours, respectively, and the half-life of the ERAP1-peptide was about 30 hours. (FIG. 37A). Next, the effect of the ERAP1-peptide on intracellular E2 concentration was examined.
- Example 1 Involvement of specific amino acids of ERAP1 in binding to PHB2 / REA
- Example 1 it was shown that three amino acids Q165, D169 and Q173 of ERAP1 are important for binding to PHB2 / REA.
- amino acids which amino acid was most important for binding was examined.
- PHB2 / REA construct and ERAP1-WT normal type (1-434aa), Q165, D169 and Q173 alanine mutant (Mutant), Q165 alanine mutant (Q165A), D169 alanine mutant (D169A) ), Q173 alanine mutant (Q173A), Q165 and D169 alanine mutants (Q165A, D169A) were transfected 48 hours after transfection, and immunoprecipitation-immunoblot analysis was performed.
- ERAP1 promotes the enhancement of phosphatase activity of PP1 ⁇ through phosphorylation of serine residues by PKA. It was suggested that dephosphorylation of REA Ser39 was caused.
- ER ⁇ -negative breast cancer cell line by ERAP1-peptide
- ER ⁇ -negative breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3 cells were treated with ERAP1-peptide or ERAP1-scramble peptide (scrPeptide), and the influence on cell proliferation was examined 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment.
- the effect of the ERAP1-peptide in the ER-positive cell line is lower than that of the ERAP1-peptide, but the ERAP1-peptide volume-dependent cell growth-inhibiting effect is observed both 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment. Recognized ( Figure 40). From the above, the growth inhibitory effect of the ERAP1-peptide was also observed in ER-negative and ERAP1-positive breast cancer.
- MCF-7 cells were treated with E2 and ERAP1-peptide, and cells were fractionated into mitochondrial fraction (M), cytoplasmic fraction (C) and nuclear fraction (N) by specific gravity centrifugation, and immunoblot analysis was performed. .
- ERAP1 was highly localized in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial fraction.
- PHB2 / REA was also localized in mitochondria and transferred to the nucleus when the ERAP1-peptide was administered (FIG. 41A).
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- MCF-7 cells MCF-7 cells with suppressed expression of ERAP1, and HCC1395 cells were treated with DHR123 for 15 minutes, then stimulated with 10 ⁇ M ERAP1-peptide and E2 for 24 hours, and analyzed by flow cytometry.
- MCF-7 cells significant suppression of ROS generation was observed in cells transfected with control siRNA by administration of the ERAP1-peptide.
- ERAP1-peptide did not affect the occurrence of ROS.
- observation was performed using ER positive / ERAP1 negative breast cancer cell line (HCC1395 cells) as a positive control, but no significant detection was possible (FIG. 41B). From the above, it was suggested that in the mitochondria of breast cancer cells, ROS production in mitochondria by E2 stimulation is induced via ERAP1 and suppressed by the ERAP1-peptide.
- the ERAP1 peptide provided by the present invention is useful for cancer treatment. More specifically, the peptide of the present invention can be expected to have a therapeutic effect by a new mechanism in an estrogen receptor-positive cancer that expresses the ERAP1 polypeptide. Since the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention targets ERAP1, which is a protein that is specifically highly expressed in estrogen receptor-positive cancer, it is expected to have few side effects. The peptide of the present invention is expected to have a therapeutic effect also in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Further, the ERAP1 peptide of the present invention itself has an action of enhancing the therapeutic effect of a hormonal therapeutic agent or a chemotherapeutic agent in addition to suppressing the growth of cancer cells.
- the present invention also provides a screening method for drug candidates for treating and / or preventing cancer, using inhibition of binding between ERAP1 polypeptide and PP1 ⁇ polypeptide, PKA polypeptide or PKB polypeptide as an indicator. It can contribute to the development of new cancer treatment strategies.
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Abstract
Description
[1] ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含み、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害するペプチド;
[2] 前記結合部位が配列番号:35に記載のアミノ酸配列における165番目のグルタミン、169番目のアスパラギン酸及び173番目のグルタミンである、[1]に記載のペプチド;
[3] 以下の(a)又は(b)のいずれかに記載のアミノ酸配列を含む[2]に記載のペプチド:
(a)配列番号:31に記載のアミノ酸配列;
(b)配列番号:31に記載のアミノ酸配列において1番目のグルタミン、5番目のアスパラギン酸及び9番目のグルタミン以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列;
[4] 以下の(a)~(d)からなる群より選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む[3]に記載のペプチド:
(a)配列番号:27に記載のアミノ酸配列;
(b)配列番号:27に記載のアミノ酸配列において1番目のグルタミン、5番目のアスパラギン酸及び9番目のグルタミン以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列;
(c)配列番号:30に記載のアミノ酸配列;及び
(d)配列番号:30に記載のアミノ酸配列において5番目のグルタミン、9番目のアスパラギン酸及び13番目のグルタミン以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列;
[5] 50残基以下のアミノ酸残基からなる、[1]~[4]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド;
[6] 細胞膜透過性物質により修飾されている、[1]~[5]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド;
[7] 以下の(i)及び(ii)のいずれか一方又は両方の性質を有する、[1]~[6]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド:
(i)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、PHB2ポリペプチドの核内移行を促進する;及び
(ii)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、核内及び/又は細胞膜に存在するエストロゲン受容体とPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を促進する。
[8] [1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド;
[9] [8]に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含むベクター;
[10] [1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド、および該ペプチドの薬学的に許容される塩からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの成分を含む、医薬組成物;
[11] 癌を治療及び/又は予防するための、[10]に記載の医薬組成物;
[12] 癌がエストロゲン受容体陽性である、[11]に記載の医薬組成物;
[13] 癌が乳癌である、 [12]に記載の医薬組成物;
[14] 癌がタモキシフェン耐性である、[12]又は[13]に記載の医薬組成物;
[15] [1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、ホルモン療法剤の癌治療効果を増強するための医薬組成物;
[16] [1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、エストロゲン受容体陽性細胞におけるエストロゲン受容体の活性化を抑制するための医薬組成物;
[17] [1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを対象に投与する工程を含む、癌を治療及び/又は予防する方法;
[18] ホルモン療法剤を対象に投与する工程をさらに含む、[17]に記載の方法;
[19] 以下の(a)及び(b)工程を含む、対象において、ホルモン療法剤の乳癌治療効果を増強する方法:
(a)ホルモン療法剤を対象に投与する工程;及び
(b)[1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを対象に投与する工程;
[20] [1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドをエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞と接触させる工程を含む、エストロゲン受容体の活性化を抑制する方法。
[21] 乳癌を有する対象の予後を判定する方法であって、以下の(a)~(c)の工程を含む方法:
(a)該対象から採取された生体試料において、ERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程;
(b)工程(a)で検出された発現レベルを対照レベルと比較する工程;及び
(c)工程(b)の比較に基づいて、該対象の予後を判定する工程。
[22] 前記対照レベルが良好な予後対照レベルであり、かつ該対照レベルに対する前記発現レベルの増大が予後不良と判定される、[21]に記載の方法。
[23] 前記発現レベルが、以下の(a)又は(b)いずれか1つの方法によって求められる、[21]又は[22]に記載の方法:
(a)ERAP1ポリペプチドをコードするmRNAを検出すること;
(b)ERAP1ポリペプチドを検出すること。
[24] 癌細胞の増殖を抑制するため、又は癌を治療及び/若しくは予防するための候補物質をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程を含む方法:
(a)試験物質の存在下で、ERAP1ポリペプチド又はその機能的等価物を、PKAポリペプチド、PKBポリペプチド若しくはPP1αポリペプチド、またはそれらの機能的等価物と接触させる工程;
(b)(a)における前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを検出する工程;及び
(c)試験物質の非存在下で検出される結合レベルと比較して、前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを低下させる試験物質を、癌細胞の増殖を抑制するため、又は癌を治療及び/若しくは予防するための候補物質として選択する工程。
[25] 癌がエストロゲン受容体陽性である、[24]に記載の方法。
[26] 癌が乳癌である、[24]又は[25]に記載の方法。
本明細書において説明した方法及び材料と同様の又は同等の任意の方法及び材料が、本発明の態様の実践又は試験に使用され得るが、好ましい方法、装置及び材料をこれから説明する。しかし、本材料及び方法を説明する前に、本発明が本明細書において説明した特定のサイズ、形状、寸法、材料、方法論、プロトコルなどに限定されないことを理解されたい。なぜなら、これらは規定どおりの実験及び最適化に従って変更され得るからである。また、この説明で使用される専門用語は単に特定のバージョン又は態様を説明する目的のためのものであり、添付の特許請求の範囲でのみ限定される本発明の範囲を限定することは意図されていないことも理解されたい。
別段の定義がない限り、本明細書において使用される技術的及び科学的用語は全て、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者によって通常理解されるのと同じ意味を有する。矛盾する場合には、定義を含む本明細書が優先する。
ある物質(例えば、ペプチド、ポリヌクレオチドなど)に関して使用される「単離された」及び「精製された」という用語は、物質が、天然源に含まれ得る少なくとも1つの物質を実質的に含まないことを示す。従って、単離された又は精製されたペプチドは、細胞材料、例えば、それらが得られた細胞または組織源に由来する炭水化物、脂質、もしくは他の混入タンパク質を実質的に含まないか、または化学合成された時には化学的前駆体もしくは他の化学物質を実質的に含まないペプチドを指す。「細胞材料を実質的に含まない」という用語は、そのペプチドが単離された細胞または組換え生成された細胞の細胞成分から分離されたペプチドの調製物を含む。
「アミノ酸」という用語は、天然アミノ酸及び合成アミノ酸、並びに天然アミノ酸と同様に機能するアミノ酸類似体及びアミノ酸模倣体を指すために本明細書中で用いられる。天然アミノ酸は、遺伝暗号でコードされるもの、並びに細胞内での翻訳後に修飾されるもの(例えば、ヒドロキシプロリン、γ-カルボキシグルタミン酸、およびO-ホスホセリン)であり得る。「アミノ酸類似体」という用語は、天然アミノ酸と同じ基本化学構造(水素、カルボキシ基、アミノ基、およびR基と結合したα炭素)を有するが、修飾R基または修飾骨格を有する化合物(例えば、ホモセリン、ノルロイシン、メチオニン、スルホキシド、メチオニンメチルスルホニウム)を指すために本明細書中で用いられる。「アミノ酸模倣体」という用語は、一般的なアミノ酸とは異なる構造を有するが、一般的なアミノ酸と同様に機能する化学的化合物を指すために本明細書中で用いられる。
「ポリヌクレオチド」及び「核酸」という用語は、ヌクレオチドのポリマーを指すために本明細書中で同義に用いられる。これらの用語は、天然の核酸ポリマーまたは非天然の核酸ポリマーの両方を含む。ヌクレオチドは、アミノ酸と同様に、一般的に認められた一文字記号によって言及される。
本発明の文脈において、「予防」という用語は、対象疾患の発生を回避、抑制又は遅延することを意味する。予防は一次的、二次的、および三次的な予防レベルで行うことができる。一次的な予防が疾患の発症を回避するのに対して、二次的および三次的なレベルの予防は、機能を回復すること及び疾患に関連する合併症を低減することにより、疾患の進行及び症状の出現の予防、ならびに既に確立された疾患の悪影響の低減を目的とする活動を包含する。「癌の予防」には、例えば、癌の発症の回避又は遅延、初期的段階からの症状の進行抑制又は遅延、外科手術後の転移の抑制などが含まれる。
本明細書において、細胞又は癌に関して使用される「エストロゲン受容体陽性」という用語は、細胞又は癌を構成する癌細胞が、エストロゲン受容体を発現していることを意味する。エストロゲン受容体陽性か否かはELISA法や免疫組織化学染色法等の公知の方法により確認することができる。また、本明細書において、細胞又は癌に関して使用される「エストロゲン受容体陰性」という用語は、細胞又は癌を構成する癌細胞が、エストロゲン受容体を発現していないことを意味する。
本発明は、ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含み、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害するペプチドを提供する。本発明のペプチドは、本明細書において、「ERAP1ペプチド」とも記載される。
本発明のペプチドは、ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含むことによりPHB2ポリペプチドと結合する能力を有する。その結果、ERAP1ポリペプチドのPHB2ポリペプチドへの結合を競合的に阻害する。本発明におけるERAP1ペプチドは、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチド間の結合を阻害する作用を有する限り、塩であることもできる。例えば、酸(無機酸、有機酸など)又は塩基(アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アミンなど)との塩であることができる。酸との塩としては、例えば、無機酸(例えば、塩酸、リン酸、臭化水素酸、硫酸、酢酸など)との塩、あるいは有機酸(例えば、酢酸、ギ酸、プロピオン酸、フマル酸、マレイン酸、コハク酸、酒石酸、クエン酸、リンゴ酸、蓚酸、安息香酸、メタンスルホン酸、ベンゼンスルホン酸、メグルミン酸など)との塩などが挙げられる。塩基との塩としては、例えば、ナトリウム、カリウム、カルシウム、アンモニウムとの塩などが挙げられる。本発明のペプチドの塩の好ましい例としては、例えば、酢酸塩、塩酸塩、メグルミン酸塩、及びアンモニウム塩などが挙げられる。
(a)配列番号:31に記載のアミノ酸配列/ QMLSDLTLQ;
(b)配列番号:27に記載のアミノ酸配列/ QMLSDLTLQLRQR;及び
(c)配列番号:30に記載のアミノ酸配列/ATLSQMLSDLTLQ。
しかしながら、本発明のペプチドは、これらに限定されず、ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含み、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害する活性を有していれば、ペプチドを構成するアミノ酸配列は特に限定されない。
(a')配列番号:31に記載のアミノ酸配列において1番目のグルタミン/Q、5番目のアスパラギン酸/D及び9番目のグルタミン/Q以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列;
(b')配列番号:27に記載のアミノ酸配列において1番目のグルタミン/Q、5番目のアスパラギン酸/D及び9番目のグルタミン/Q以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列;及び
(c')配列番号:30に記載のアミノ酸配列において5番目のグルタミン/Q、9番目のアスパラギン酸/D及び13番目のグルタミン/Q以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列。
たとえば、(a')に定義されたERAP1ペプチドは、配列番号:31に記載のアミノ酸配列において1番目のグルタミン/Q、5番目のアスパラギン酸/D及び9番目のグルタミン/Q以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列を含み、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害する活性を有するペプチドである。(a')には、たとえば配列番号:35のアミノ酸配列における165-173(配列番号:31)を含む連続するアミノ酸配列において、以下の3つのアミノ酸残基の全てがが保存され、その他の位置においてアミノ酸残基が置換されたアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドであって、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害するペプチドが含まれる。
配列番号:35の165番目のグルタミン/Q、
169番目のアスパラギン酸/D及び
173番目のグルタミン/Q
好ましい態様において、上記3つのアミノ酸以外の位置において許容されるアミノ酸残基の置換は、通常10以下、あるいは8以下、たとえば7以下、好ましくは6以下、より好ましくは5以下、特に好ましくは3以下である。このようなERAP1ペプチドには、たとえば30残基、あるいは20残基、典型的には19残基、好ましくは18残基、より好ましくは17残基以下のアミノ酸で構成されるペプチドが含まれる。
機能的に類似したアミノ酸を示す保存的置換の表は、当技術分野において周知である。保存することが望ましいアミノ酸側鎖の特性の例には、例えば、疎水性アミノ酸(A、I、L、M、F、P、W、Y、V)、親水性アミノ酸(R、D、N、C、E、Q、G、H、K、S、T)、並びに以下の官能基又は特徴を共通して有する側鎖が含まれる:脂肪族側鎖(G、A、V、L、I、P);ヒドロキシル基含有側鎖(S、T、Y);硫黄原子含有側鎖(C、M);カルボン酸およびアミド含有側鎖(D、N、E、Q);塩基含有側鎖(R、K、H);並びに芳香族含有側鎖(H、F、Y、W)。加えて、以下の8群はそれぞれ、相互に保存的置換であるとして当技術分野で認められるアミノ酸を含む:
1)アラニン(A)、グリシン(G);
2)アスパラギン酸(D)、グルタミン酸(E);
3)アスパラギン(N)、グルタミン(Q);
4)アルギニン(R)、リジン(K);
5)イソロイシン(I)、ロイシン(L)、メチオニン(M)、バリン(V);
6)フェニルアラニン(F)、チロシン(Y)、トリプトファン(W);
7)セリン(S)、スレオニン(T);および
8)システイン(C)、メチオニン(M)(例えば、Creighton, Proteins 1984を参照されたい)。
本発明のペプチドは、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害する活性が維持される限り、ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位以外のアミノ酸残基を含み得る。例えば、ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含むERAP1ポリペプチドの断片は、本発明のペプチドとして好適である。したがって、165番目のグルタミン酸から173番目のグルタミン酸までのアミノ酸配列及びその周辺配列を含むERAP1ポリペプチド(配列番号:35)の断片は、本発明のペプチドの好ましい例として挙げられる。
(i)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、PHB2ポリペプチドの核内移行を促進する;及び
(ii)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、核内及び/又は細胞膜に存在するエストロゲン受容体とPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を促進する。
上記(i)及び(ii)のいずれか又は両方の性質を有することにより、本発明のペプチドは、ERAP1発現細胞において、エストロゲン受容体の活性化を抑制し、その結果としてエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞の細胞増殖の抑制を導く。ERAP1ペプチドの前記性質(i)および(ii)は、いずれも、後に述べる実施例に記載された方法に従って評価することができる。
Tat/RKKRRQRRR(配列番号:42)(Frankel et al., (1988) Cell 55,1189-93., Green & Loewenstein (1988) Cell 55, 1179-88.);
Penetratin/RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK(配列番号:57)(Derossi et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10444-50.);
Buforin II/TRSSRAGLQFPVGRVHRLLRK(配列番号:43)(Park et al., (2000) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 8245-50.);
Transportan/GWTLNSAGYLLGKINLKALAALAKKIL(配列番号:44)(Pooga et al., (1998) FASEB J. 12, 67-77.);
MAP (Model Amphipathic Peptide)/KLALKLALKALKAALKLA(配列番号:45)(Oehlke et al., (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1414, 127-39.);
K-FGF/AAVALLPAVLLALLAP(配列番号:46)(Lin et al., (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 14255-8.);
Ku70/VPMLK(配列番号:47)(Sawada et al., (2003) Nature Cell Biol. 5, 352-7.);
Ku70/PMLKE(配列番号:48)(Sawada et al., (2003) Nature Cell Biol. 5, 352-7.);
Prion/MANLGYWLLALFVTMWTDVGLCKKRPKP(配列番号:49)(Lundberg et al., (2002) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299, 85-90.);
pVEC/LLIILRRRIRKQAHAHSK(配列番号:50)(Elmquist et al., (2001) Exp. Cell Res. 269, 237-44.);
Pep-1/KETWWETWWTEWSQPKKKRKV(配列番号:51)(Morris et al., (2001) Nature Biotechnol. 19, 1173-6.);
SynB1/RGGRLSYSRRRFSTSTGR(配列番号:52)(Rousselle et al., (2000) Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 679-86.);
Pep-7/SDLWEMMMVSLACQY(配列番号:53)(Gao et al., (2002) Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10, 4057-65.);及び
HN-1/TSPLNIHNGQKL(配列番号:54);(Hong & Clayman (2000) Cancer Res. 60, 6551-6)。
[R]-[D]
式中、[R]は細胞膜透過性物質を表し、[D]は、「ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含み、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害するペプチド」を表す。上記の一般式において、[R]及び[D]は直接的に連結させてもよく、又はリンカー等を介して間接的に連結させてもよい。間接的に連結させる場合、ペプチド、複数の官能基を有する化合物などをリンカーとして用いることができる。例えば、[R]が細胞膜透過性ペプチドである場合、好ましいリンカーの例として、グリシン残基からなるリンカーが挙げられる。リンカーを構成するグリシン残基の数は特に限定されないが、好ましくは1~10残基であり、より好ましくは2~7残基であり、さらに好ましくは3~5残基である。また、細胞膜透過性物質と、「ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含み、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害するペプチド」とを、微小粒子の表面に結合させることにより、両者を間接的に連結してもよい。[R]は、[D]の任意の位置に連結させることができる。[R]を連結させる位置としては、例えば、 [D]のN末端若しくはC末端、[D]を構成するアミノ酸残基の側鎖が挙げられる。好ましくは、[R]は、[D]のN末端若しくはC末端に、直接的に又はリンカーを介して間接的に連結される。さらに、複数の[R]分子を1つの[D]分子に連結させることもできる。この場合、[R]分子は、[D]分子の複数の異なる位置に導入することができる。あるいは、[D]を互いに連結した複数の[R]で修飾することもできる。
上記のような方法のいずれかにより、「ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害する活性」が確認されたペプチドは、「ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害する活性」を有するペプチドであると判定される。
(i)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、PHB2ポリペプチドの核内移行を促進する;及び
(ii)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、核内及び/又は細胞膜に存在するエストロゲン受容体とPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を促進する。
(i)Peptide Synthesis, Interscience, New York, 1966;
(ii)The Proteins, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1976;
(iii)ペプチド合成,丸善, 1975;
(iv)ペプチド合成の基礎と実験, 丸善, 1985;
(v)医薬品の開発 続第14巻(ペプチド合成), 広川書店, 1991;
(vi)WO99/67288;及び
(vii)Barany G. & Merrifield R.B., Peptides Vol. 2, 「Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis」, Academic Press, New York, 1980, 100-118。
FLAG(Hopp et al., (1988) BioTechnology 6, 1204-10);
ヒスチジン(His)残基からなる6xHis又は10xHis;
インフルエンザ血球凝集素(HA);
ヒトc-myc断片、VSV-GP断片;p18 HIV断片;
T7タグ; HSVタグ;
Eタグ;SV40T抗原断片;
lckタグ;
α-チューブリン断片;
Bタグ;
プロテインC断片;
GST(グルタチオン-S-トランスフェラーゼ);
HA(インフルエンザ血球凝集素);
免疫グロブリン定常領域;
β-ガラクトシダーゼ;及び;
MBP(マルトース-結合タンパク質)。
本発明はまた、本発明のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレチドも提供する。また、本発明は、該ポリヌクレチドを含むベクター、及び該ベクターを含む宿主細胞も提供する。該ポリヌクレチド、該ベクター、及び該宿主細胞は、本発明のペプチドを製造するために使用することができる。
本発明はまた、本発明のペプチド又は本発明のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む医薬組成物を提供する。
本発明のペプチドは、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害することにより、PHB2ポリペプチドによるエストロゲン受容体の活性化抑制を誘導し、その結果として、エストロゲン受容体陽性細胞における細胞増殖の抑制を導く。したがって、本発明の医薬組成物は、エストロゲン受容体の活性化に起因する細胞増殖性疾患の治療及び/又は予防に有用である。そのような細胞増殖性疾患としては、例えば、癌が挙げられる。
(1)本発明のペプチド、該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド、および該ペプチドの薬学的に許容される塩からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの成分を含む医薬組成物;
(2)癌を治療及び/又は予防するための、(1)に記載の医薬組成物;
(3)癌が乳癌である、(2)に記載の医薬組成物;
(4)癌がエストロゲン受容体陽性である、(1)又は(2)に記載の医薬組成物;
(5)癌がタモキシフェン耐性である、(4)に記載の医薬組成物;
(6)本発明のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、ホルモン療法剤の癌治療効果を増強するための医薬組成物;及び
(7)本発明のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、エストロゲン受容体陽性細胞におけるエストロゲン受容体の活性化を抑制するための医薬組成物。
本発明のペプチドの薬学的に許容される塩としては、薬学的に許容される酸(無機酸、有機酸など)や塩基(アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アミンなど)などとの塩が用いられる。好ましい態様としては、薬学的に許容される酸付加塩が挙げられる。このような塩としては、例えば、無機酸(例えば、塩酸、リン酸、臭化水素酸、硫酸、酢酸など)との塩、あるいは有機酸(例えば、酢酸、ギ酸、プロピオン酸、フマル酸、マレイン酸、コハク酸、酒石酸、クエン酸、リンゴ酸、蓚酸、安息香酸、メタンスルホン酸、ベンゼンスルホン酸、メグルミン酸など)との塩などが挙げられる。本発明のペプチドの薬学的に許容される塩の好ましい例としては、例えば、酢酸塩、塩酸塩、メグルミン酸塩、及びアンモニウム塩などが挙げられる。
本発明の医薬組成物は、好ましくはヒトに投与されるが、他の哺乳動物、例えばマウス、ラット、モルモット、ウサギ、ネコ、イヌ、ヒツジ、ブタ、ウシ、サル、ヒヒ、及びチンパンジーに投与されてもよい。
・本発明のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを対象に投与する工程、及びホルモン療法剤を対象に投与する工程を含む、癌を治療及び/又は予防する方法;及び
・以下の(a)及び(b)工程を含む、対象において、ホルモン療法剤の乳癌治療効果を増強する方法:
(a)ホルモン療法剤を対象に投与する工程;及び
(b)本発明のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを対象に投与する工程。
(a) 本発明のERAP1ペプチド;
(b) 当該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド;および
(c) 該ペプチドの薬学的に許容される塩。
さらに本発明は、上記(a)-(c)からなる群から選択されるいずれかの成分と薬学的に許容される担体を含む、ホルモン療法剤および化学療法剤のいずれか、または両方の治療効果を増強するための医薬組成物を提供する。合わせて本発明は、上記(a)-(c)からなる群から選択されるいずれかの成分と薬学的に許容される担体を配合する工程を含む、ホルモン療法剤および化学療法剤のいずれか、または両方の治療効果を増強するための医薬組成物の製造方法を提供する。本発明において、治療効果の増強が期待される疾患は、エストロゲン受容体陽性であって、ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現している癌である。このような癌には、ヒト乳癌が含まれる。
(i) ホルモン療法剤および化学療法剤のいずれか、または両方、および
(ii) 次の(a)-(c)からなる群から選択されるいずれかの成分を含む、エストロゲン受容体陽性であって、ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現している癌の治療用キットは、本発明のキットに含まれる:
(a) 本発明のERAP1ペプチド;
(b) 当該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド;および
(c) 該ペプチドの薬学的に許容される塩。
製造物品は、本発明の任意の医薬組成物の容器をラベルと共に含んでもよい。適切な容器には、ボトル、バイアル、及び試験管が含まれる。容器は、ガラス又はプラスチックなどの種々の材料から形成されてもよい。容器のラベルは、医薬組成物が疾患の1つ又は複数の状態を治療及び/又は予防するのに用いられることを示さなければならない。ラベルはまた投与などの指示を示してもよい。
(i) ホルモン療法剤および化学療法剤のいずれか、または両方、および
(ii) 次の(a)-(c)からなる群から選択されるいずれかの成分;
(a) 本発明のERAP1ペプチド;
(b) 当該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド;および
(c) 該ペプチドの薬学的に許容される塩。
本発明の好ましい態様において、治療の対象とすることができる癌には、ヒト乳癌が含まれる。
錠剤は、任意で、1種又は複数種の製剤成分と共に圧縮または成型することによって作られてもよい。圧縮錠は、散剤又は顆粒などの自由に流動することができる形をした活性成分を、任意で、結合剤、潤滑剤、不活性希釈剤、潤滑剤、界面活性剤、又は分散剤と混合して、適切な機械の中で圧縮することによって調製してもよい。湿製錠は、不活性液体希釈剤で湿らせた粉末化合物の混合物を適切な機械の中で成型することによって作ることができる。錠剤は、当技術分野において周知の方法に従ってコーティングすることができる。経口液体調製物は、例えば、水性若しくは油性の懸濁液、溶液、エマルジョン、シロップ、又はエリキシル剤の形をとってもよく、或いは、使用前に水又は他の適切なビヒクルと再構成するための乾燥品として提供されてもよい。このような液体調製物は、懸濁剤、乳化剤、非水性ビヒクル(食用油を含んでもよい)、および防腐剤などの従来の添加物を含んでもよい。
本発明の製剤は、上述した成分に加えて、当該の製剤の種類を考慮して当技術分野において従来的な他の物質を含み得ることが理解されるべきである。例えば、経口投与に適した製剤は香味剤を含み得る。
活性成分が本発明のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドである場合、本発明の医薬組成物は、該ポリヌクレオチドを挿入した遺伝子治療用のベクターを活性成分として含むことができる。この場合、ベクターを細胞内に導入するために、本発明の医薬組成物は適切なトランスフェクション増強剤を含み得る。
本明細書の実施例に示されるように、ERAP1ポリペプチドの発現は、乳癌の無再発生存期間と有意に相関している(実施例7)。したがって、本発明はまた、ERAP1ポリペプチドの発現を指標とした、癌を有する患者の予後を判定する方法も提供する。
具体的には、本発明は、以下の[1]~[8]の方法を提供する:
[1] 癌を有する患者の予後を判定する方法であって、以下の(A)、または(B)に記載の(a)~(c)の工程を含む方法:
(A)
(a)該対象から採取された生体試料において、ERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程;
(b)工程(a)で検出された発現レベルを対照レベルと比較する工程;
(c)工程(b)の比較に基づいて、該対象の予後を判定する工程;
(B)
(a)対象由来の生体試料を単離、または採取する工程;
(b) ERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルを検出、測定、または決定するために該対象由来の生体試料をERAP1ポリヌクレオチドにハイブリダイズするオリゴヌクレオチド、またはERAP1ポリペプチドに結合する抗体に接触させる工程;
(c) 該接触に基づいてERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルを検出、測定、または決定する工程;
(d)工程(c)で検出された発現レベルを対照レベルと比較する工程;
(e)工程(d)の比較に基づいて、該対象の予後を判定する工程;
[2] 前記対照レベルが良好な予後対照レベルであり、かつ該対照レベルに対する前記発現レベルの増大が予後不良と判定される、[1]に記載の方法;
[3] 前記発現レベルが、以下の(a)又は(b)いずれか1つの方法によって求められる、[1]又は[2]に記載の方法:
(a)ERAP1ポリペプチドをコードするmRNAを検出すること;
(b)ERAP1ポリペプチドを検出すること;
[4] 前記発現レベルが、免疫組織化学染色によって求められる、[3]に記載の方法;
[5] 前記生体試料が癌の切除標本である、[1]~[4]のいずれか1つに記載の方法;
[6] 癌がエストロゲン受容体陽性である、[1]~[5]のいずれか1つに記載の方法;
[7] 癌が乳癌である、[6]に記載の方法;及び
[8] 判定される予後が術後再発である、[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
本明細書において、「予後」という用語は、疾患の見込み転帰、疾患からの回復の可能性、及び疾患の再発可能性に関する予測を表す。したがって、良好ではない、又は不良である予後は、治療後の生存期間若しくは生存率の低下、又は治療後の再発率の上昇若しくは再発までの期間の短縮によって規定される。反対に、良好な予後は、治療後の生存期間若しくは生存率の上昇、又は治療後の再発率の低下若しくは再発までの期間の延長によって規定される。
対照レベルは、任意の種類の治療の前に、予後が既知の癌患者又は患者群からこれまでに採取及び保存された試料を使用することによって、試験生体試料と同時に求めることができる。
本発明の方法では、患者由来の生体試料におけるERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルと良好な予後対照レベルとが類似していた場合、該患者の予後は良好であると判定される。一方、患者由来の生体試料におけるERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルが良好な予後対照レベルに対して増大していた場合、該患者の予後は良好ではない又は不良であると判定される。また、患者由来の生体試料におけるERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルが不良な予後対照レベルに対して低減していた場合、該患者の予後は良好であると判定される。一方、患者由来の生体試料におけるERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルが不良な予後対照レベルと類似していた場合、該患者の予後は良好ではない又は不良であると判定される。良好な予後対照サンプルの好ましい例としては、例えば、治療後に良好な予後を示した患者由来の乳癌細胞が挙げられる。あるいは、不良な予後対照サンプルの好ましい例としては、治療後に不良な予後を示した患者由来の乳癌細胞が挙げられる。
生体試料におけるERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルは、対照レベルと1.0倍以上、1.5倍以上、2.0倍以上、5.0倍以上、10.0倍以上、又はそれ以上異なる場合に変化(即ち増大又は低減)していると考えられ得る。
また、本発明の方法は、患者の予後を判定する他の試験結果に加えて、中間結果も与え得る。かかる中間結果は、医者、看護師又は他の療法士が患者の予後を判定、判断又は推測するのを補助することができる。予後を判定するために、本発明によって得られる中間結果と組み合わせて考慮することができる付加的情報としては、患者の臨床症状及び身体状態が挙げられる。
言い換えれば、ERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルは、エストロゲン受容体陽性の癌 (例えば、例えば、乳癌、子宮体癌、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、肺癌(特に非小細胞肺癌))に罹患している対象の予後を評価、予測、または判定するのに有用な予後マーカーである。したがって本発明はまた、エストロゲン受容体陽性の癌に罹患している対象の予後を評価、予測、または判定するために予後マーカーを検出するための方法も提供し、該方法は、
a)対象由来の生物学的試料中のERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルを検出または測定する段階、および
b)段階a)において検出または測定された発現レベルを該対象の予後と関連付ける段階
を含む。
詳細には、本発明によると、対照レベルに対する発現レベルの上昇は、予後不良(低い生存率)の可能性または疑いを示す。
本発明の方法の別の態様として、本発明はさらに、癌を有する患者の予後を判定するためのマーカーとして、癌を有する患者から採取された生体試料において、ERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する方法を提供する。検出されたERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルが、良好な予後対照レベルと比較して増大していることは、該患者の予後が良好ではない、又は不良であることを示す。
また、本発明の方法の別の態様として、本発明はさらに、癌を有する患者の予後を判定するための試薬を製造における、ERAP1遺伝子のmRNAに相補的な核酸又はERAP1ポリペプチドに特異的に結合する抗体の使用を提供する。
また、本発明の方法の別の態様として、本発明はさらに、癌を有する患者の予後を判定するためのERAP1遺伝子のmRNAに相補的な核酸又はERAP1ポリペプチドに特異的に結合する抗体を提供する。
本発明は、癌の予後を評価または判定するためのキットを提供する。具体的には、本キットは、以下の群より選択され得る、患者由来の生体試料中のERAP1遺伝子の発現を検出するための少なくとも1つの試薬を含む。本発明の癌は、好ましくはエストロゲン受容体陽性の癌であり、より好ましくは乳癌である。
(a) ERAP1遺伝子のmRNAを検出するための試薬
(b) ERAP1タンパク質を検出するための試薬
本発明のプローブまたはプライマーは、典型的には、実質的に精製されたオリゴヌクレオチドを含む。オリゴヌクレオチドは、典型的には、ERAP1配列を含む核酸の少なくとも約2000、1000、500、400、350、300、250、200、150、100、50、もしくは25の連続したセンス鎖ヌクレオチド配列、もしくはERAP1配列を含む核酸のアンチセンス鎖ヌクレオチド配列、またはこれらの配列の天然変異体とストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズするヌクレオチド配列の領域を含む。詳細には、例えば、好ましい態様において、5~50の長さを有するオリゴヌクレオチドを、検出すべき遺伝子を増幅するためのプライマーとして用いることができる。あるいは、ハイブリダイゼーションに基づいた検出手法において、数百(例えば、約100~200)塩基長~数キロ(例えば、約1000~2000)塩基長を有するポリヌクレオチドをプローブとして用いることもできる(例えば、ノーザンブロッティングアッセイまたはDNAマイクロアレイ解析)。
好ましい態様において、良好な予後を示す対照サンプルは癌治療後の経過が良好である癌患者由来の臨床癌組織とすることができる。癌は、エストロゲン受容体陽性の癌であることが好ましい。エストロゲン受容体陽性の癌としては、例えば乳癌、子宮体癌、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、肺癌(特に非小細胞肺癌)などが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。あるいは本発明の良好な予後を示す対照サンプルは、カットオフ値よりも低いERAP1 mRNAまたはタンパク質量を含むサンプルであることが好ましい。本発明においてカットオフ値とは、予後良好な範囲と予後不良な範囲を区別する値を言う。カットオフ値は例えば、受信者操作特性(ROC)曲線を用いて決定することができる。本発明のERAP1標準サンプルは、カットオフ値に対応する量のERAP1 mRNAまたはポリペプチドを含むことができる。
一方、不良な予後を示す対照サンプルは癌治療後の経過が良くない癌患者由来の臨床癌組織とすることができる。本発明の不良な予後を示す対照サンプルは、カットオフ値よりも大きいERAP1 mRNAまたはタンパク質量を含むサンプルであることが好ましい。
本発明はまた、癌を治療及び/又は予防するための候補物質をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。
試験物質ライブラリの構築は、求められる特性を有することが既知である化合物の分子構造、並びに/又はERAP1ポリペプチド、及びPP1αポリペプチド、PKAポリペプチド若しくはPKBポリペプチドの分子構造の知識により容易になる。好適な試験物質を予備スクリーニングするためのアプローチの1つとして、試験物質とその標的との間の相互作用のコンピュータモデリングを利用することができる。
試験物質のコンビナトリアルライブラリは、既知の阻害剤に存在しているコア構造の知識を含む、合理的薬物設計プログラムの一部として作製され得る。このアプローチにより、ハイスループットスクリーニングを容易にする適度のサイズにライブラリを維持することが可能になる。あるいは、ライブラリを構成する分子ファミリーの全順列を単純に合成することにより、単純な、特に短い、重合体分子ライブラリを構築することもできる。この後者のアプローチの一例は、6アミノ酸長の全ペプチドのライブラリである。そのようなペプチドライブラリは、6アミノ酸配列のあらゆる順列を含み得る。この種類のライブラリは、線形コンビナトリアルケミカルライブラリと称される。
もう1つのアプローチは、ライブラリを作製するために組換えバクテリオファージを使用する。「ファージ法」(Scott & Smith, Science 1990, 249: 386-90;Cwirla et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990, 87: 6378-82;Devlin et al., Science 1990, 249: 404-6)を使用すれば、極めて大きなライブラリを構築することができる(例えば、106~108個の化学物質)。第2のアプローチは、主として化学的な方法を使用し、Geysenの方法(Geysen et al., Molecular Immunology 1986, 23: 709-15;Geysen et al., J Immunologic Method 1987, 102: 259-74);およびFodorらの方法(Science 1991, 251: 767-73)がその例である。Furkaら(14th International Congress of Biochemistry 1988, Volume #5, Abstract FR: 013; Furka, Int J Peptide Protein Res 1991, 37: 487-93)、Houghten(米国特許第4,631,211号)、及びRutterら(米国特許第5,010,175号)は、アゴニスト又はアンタゴニストとして試験され得るペプチドの混合物を作製する方法を記載している。
上記のように、本発明は、ERAP1ポリペプチドと、PP1αポリペプチド、PKAポリペプチド又はPKBポリペプチドとの間の結合阻害を指標として、癌細胞の増殖を抑制するための候補物質、又は癌を治療及び/若しくは予防するための候補物質をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。本発明のスクリーニング方法により同定された候補物質を適用し得る癌は、ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現している癌であり、より好ましくは、エストロゲン受容体陽性の癌である。そのような癌の例としては、例えば、乳癌が挙げられる。また、本発明のスクリーニング方法により同定された候補物質により、特に癌細胞のエストロゲン依存性の細胞増殖を効果的に抑制し得る。
(a)試験物質の存在下で、ERAP1ポリペプチド又はその機能的等価物を、PP1αポリペプチド、PKAポリペプチド若しくはPKBポリペプチド、又はそれらの機能的等価物と接触させる工程;
(b)(a)における前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを検出する工程;及び
(c)試験物質の非存在下で検出される結合レベルと比較して、前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを低下させる試験物質を選択する工程。
(a)試験物質の存在下で、ERAP1ポリペプチド又はその機能的等価物を、PP1αポリペプチド、PKAポリペプチド若しくはPKBポリペプチド、又はそれらの機能的等価物と接触させる工程;
(b)(a)における前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを検出する工程;及び
(c)(b)において検出された前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを、試験物質の非存在下で検出されるものと比較する工程;及び
(d)(c)における比較によって求められた試験物質による前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルの低下率を、試験物質の癌細胞に対する細胞増殖抑制効果又は癌に対する治療若しくは予防効果と相関させる工程。
(a)試験物質の存在下で、ERAP1ポリペプチド又はその機能的等価物を、PP1αポリペプチド、PKAポリペプチド若しくはPKBポリペプチド、又はそれらの機能的等価物と接触させる工程;
(b)(a)における前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを検出する工程;
(c)試験物質の非存在下で検出される結合レベルと比較して、前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを低下させる試験物質を選択する工程;
(d)(c)で選択した試験物質について、癌細胞に対する増殖抑制効果を確認する工程;及び
(e)(d)において癌細胞に対する増殖抑制効果が確認された試験物質を、癌細胞の増殖を抑制するための物質として、又は癌を治療及び/若しくは予防するための候補物質として選択する工程。
[実施例1]エストロゲン依存性乳癌に対する効果
1. 材料と方法
細胞株及び臨床試料
ヒト乳癌細胞株(MCF-7, ZR-75-1, HCC1500, BT-474, YMB-1 and T47D)及びCOS-7は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA)から購入した。KPL-1及びKPL-3Cは、物質移動合意書の下で、紅林淳一博士(川崎医科大学, 岡山, 日本)から提供された。HBC4及びHBC5は、物質移動合意書(Material Transfer Agreement)の下で、矢守隆夫博士(公益財団法人がん研究会がん化学療法センター分子薬理部)から提供された。全ての細胞株は、それぞれの寄託者の推奨する条件下で培養された。
MCF-7細胞を、10%FBS(Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan)、1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution(Invitrogen)、0.1mM NEAA(Invitrogen)、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム及び10μg/mlインスリン(Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)で強化されたMEM(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA)に懸濁し、48ウェルプレート(2 × 104 cells/200 μl)、24ウェルプレート(1 × 105 cells/1 ml)、6ウェルプレート(5 × 105 cells/2 ml)又は 10 cm dish (2 × 106 cells/10 ml)に播種した。細胞は、5%二酸化炭素を含む加湿の大気において、37℃で維持された。播種した次の日に、培地を、FBS、antibiotic/antimycotic solution, NEAA, ピルビン酸ナトリウム及びインスリンで強化したフェノールレッドフリーのDMEM/F12(Invitrogen)に交換した。24時間後に、細胞を10nM 17βエストラジオール(E2, Sigma)で処理した。阻害試験では、ERAP-1ペプチドは、E2刺激の直前に添加した。
細胞を、0.1% protease inhibitor cocktail III(Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA)を含む溶解バッファー(50 mM Tris-HCl: pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% NP-40, and 0.5% CHAPS)で溶解した。細胞溶解物を電気泳動し、ニトロセルロースメンブレンにブロットし、4% BlockAce solution(Dainippon Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan)で1時間ブロッキングした。メンブレンを、以下の抗体の存在下で1時間インキュベートした:
抗ERAP1抗体(Kim JW, et al. Cancer Sci. 2009; 100:1468-78.);
抗PHB2抗体(abcam, Cambridge, UK);
抗NcoR抗体(abcam, Cambridge, UK);
抗リン酸化ERα抗体(Tyr537)(abcam, Cambridge, UK);
抗ERα(AER314)抗体(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA);
抗 SRC-1(128E7)抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗Shc抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗α/β-tubulin抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗Akt抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗リン酸化Akt抗体(Ser473)(587F11)(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗p44/42 Map Kinase抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗リン酸化p44/42 Map Kinase抗体(Thr202/Tyr204)(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗リン酸化ERα抗体(Ser104/106)(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗HDAC1 (H-11)抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗IGF-1Rβ抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗PI3-kinase p85α(U13)抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗Ub (P4D1)抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗lamin B1抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗リン酸化ERα抗体(Ser118)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗リン酸化ERα抗体(Ser167)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗リン酸化ERα抗体(Ser305)抗体(Millipore,Billerica, MA, USA);
抗β-actin (AC-15)抗体(Sigma);
抗FLAG-tag M2抗体 (Sigma);
抗 HA-tag抗体 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany);又は
抗リン酸化チロシン抗体(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA)。
次いで、HRP-結合二次抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)の存在下で1時間インキュベートした後、メンブレンを、enhanced chemiluminescence system(GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK)で展開した。ブロットは、Image Reader LAS-3000 mini(Fujifim, Tokyo, Japan)を用いてスキャンした。
「ウェスタンブロット解析」の項で述べたように、細胞を0.1% NP-40溶解バッファーで溶解した。normal IgG及びrec-Protein G Sepharose 4B(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA)を用いて、4℃で3時間、細胞溶解物をプレクリーンした。遠心分離後、上清を抗ERAP1抗体、抗PHB2抗体及び抗ERα抗体の存在下で、4℃で6時間、インキュベートした。その後、rec-Protein G Sepharose 4Bの存在下で、4℃で1時間、インキュベートすることにより、抗原-抗体複合体を沈降させた。免疫沈降されたタンパク質複合体を溶解バッファーで3回洗浄し、SDS-PAGEにより分離した。その後、以前述べた方法により、ウェスタンブロット解析を行った(Kim JW, et al. Cancer Sci. 2009; 100:1468-78.)。
ERAP1におけるPHB2結合領域を決定するために、ERAP1タンパク質の部分ペプチド(ERAP11-434, ERAP1435-2177, ERAP11468-2177,ERAP11-250, ERAP11-100)に対応する5つの異なるコンストラクトをN-terminal Flag-tagged pCAGGS vectorの適切なサイトにクローニングした。FuGENE6トランスフェクション試薬(Roche)を使用して、COS-7細胞にFLAG-ERAP1及びHA-PHB2のそれぞれのプラスミドをトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションから48時間後、上記のように0.1% NP-40溶解バッファーで、細胞を溶解した。4℃で3時間、細胞溶解物をプレクリーンし、その後、4℃で6時間、抗Flag M2アガロース(Sigma)の存在下で、細胞溶解物をインキュベートした。その後、免疫沈降されたタンパク質又は細胞溶解物を電気泳動し、ニトロセルロースメンブレンにブロットした。メンブレンは、抗FLAG-tag M2抗体又は抗HA-tag抗体の存在下で、インキュベートした。
ERAP1とPHB2との相互作用に重要と予測されたERAP1の1-434アミノ酸残基(配列番号:33)からなる発現ベクターコンストラクト(ERAP11-434)を用いて、ERAP1とPHB2との相互作用に及ぼす影響、及びE2刺激によるERE活性に及ぼす影響を検討した。結合阻害試験では、FuGENE6トランスフェクション試薬(Roche)によりCOS-7細胞にFlag-ERAP1をHA-PHB2とともにトランスフェクトし、48時間後に0.1% NP-40溶解バッファーで細胞を溶解した。4℃で3時間、細胞溶解物をプレクリーンし、その後、4℃で6時間、抗HA抗体の存在下で細胞溶解物をインキュベートした。その後、免疫沈降されたタンパク質又は細胞溶解物を電気泳動し、ニトロセルロースメンブレンにブロットした。メンブレンは、抗FLAG-tag M2抗体又は抗HA-tag抗体の存在下で、インキュベートした。また、ERE活性阻害試験では、FuGENE6トランスフェクション試薬によりCOS-7細胞にERAP11-434、ERAP1、PHB2、ERα、ERE-ルシフェラーゼベクターの各プラスミドをトランスフェクトすると同時に、E2で48時間刺激した。細胞をハーベストし、Promega dual luciferase reporter assay(Tokyo, Japan)を用いて、ルシフェラーゼ及びRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性を評価した。トランスフェクション効率を考慮して、全てのデータをRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性により標準化した。
ERAP1のPHB2結合ドメインに由来する13アミノ酸からなるペプチド(codon 165-177:QMLSDLTLQLRQR(配列番号:27))のアミノ末端に、細胞膜透過性の11個のアルギニンからなるポリアルギニン配列(11R)を共有結合的に結合した。ERAP1-scramble peptide(DRQLQLSTLQRML(配列番号:28))及びERAP1-mutant peptide(AMLSALTLALRQR(配列番号:29))をコントロールとして合成した。ERAP1-PHB2複合体形成の阻害における11R結合ERAP1-peptideの影響を試験するために、10nM E2存在下で、MCF-7細胞を10μM ERAP1ペプチドで処理した。24時間後、0.1% NP-40溶解バッファーで細胞を溶解し、「免疫沈降」の項で述べたように、抗ERAP1抗体及び抗PHB2抗体の存在下で、細胞溶解物をインキュベートした。その後、免疫沈降されたタンパク質又は細胞溶解物を電気泳動し、ニトロセルロースメンブレンにブロットした。最後に、抗ERAP1抗体又は抗PHB2抗体を用いてウェスタンブロット解析を行い、内在性のERAP1又はPHB2タンパク質をそれぞれ検出した。
MCF-7細胞を5 ×104 cells/wellで8ウェルチャンバー(Laboratory-Tek II Chamber Slide System, Nalgen Nunc International, Naperville, IL, USA)に播種し、エストロゲンフリーの条件下で、24時間培養した。E2及び/又はERAP1-peptideへの曝露から24時間後、4%パラホルムアルデヒドで4℃で30分間処理することにより細胞を固定し、0.1% Triton X-100で2分間処理することにより、細胞を透過性にした。その後、3%BSAで細胞を被覆して非特異的ハイブリダイゼーションをブロックし、抗PHB2抗体の存在下で、さらに1時間、細胞をインキュベートした。PBSで洗浄後、Alexa 594結合抗ウサギ抗体(Molecular Probe, Eugene, OR, USA)の存在下で1時間インキュベートすることにより、細胞を染色した。核は、4,6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride(DAPI, Vectashield, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA)でカウンター染色した。蛍光像はオリンパスIX71顕微鏡(Tokyo,Japan)の下で得た。
PHB2の局在性を評価するために、上記のようにMCF-7細胞を処理し、MCF7細胞の核及び細胞質抽出物を使用してrec-protein G sepharose存在下での抗ERAP1抗体、抗PHB抗体及び抗ERα抗体を用いた免疫沈降を行った。核及び細胞質抽出物は、NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagent(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて製造業者の使用説明書に従って調整した。細胞質画分及び核画分のタンパク質含量は、クマシーブリリアントブルー染色で評価した。
EREレポーターアッセイのために、製造業者の使用説明書に従って、MCF-7細胞をEREレポーター(SABiosciences, Frederick, MD, USA)でトランスフェクトした。AP-1レポーターアッセイのために、AP-1レポーター(PGL2-basic vectorにサブクローン化された2つのタンデムAP-1サイトを含むマウスIL-11プロモーター)、c-fos、c-Jun及び 内部標準としてpRL-TKをMCF-7細胞にトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションから16時間後、培地をアッセイ培地(Opti-MEM、10% FBS、0.1 mM NEAA、1 mM Sodium pyruvate及び10 μg/ml インスリン)に交換した。トランスフェクションから24時間後、細胞をE2及び/又はERAP1-peptideで24時間処理した。細胞をハーベストし、Promega dual luciferase reporter assay(Tokyo, Japan)を用いて、ルシフェラーゼ及びRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性を評価した。トランスフェクション効率を考慮して、全てのデータをRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性により標準化した。
HDACアッセイは、製造業者の使用説明書に従って、HDAC Fluorescent Activity Assay/Drug Discovery Kit(Enzo Life Sciences, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA)を用いて行った。6ウェルプレートにおいて、MCF-7細胞をE2及び/又はERAP1ペプチドで24時間処理した。その後、細胞抽出物を抗PHB2抗体を用いて免疫沈降し、免疫沈降された細胞抽出物を基質の存在下で、30℃で30分間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、反応を停止させ、マイクロプレートフルオロメーター(Infinite M200, Tecan, Mannedorf, Switzerland)により蛍光を解析した。
半定量的逆転写PCRにより、ERαの下方制御(down-regulation)を評価した。ERAP1ペプチドの存在下又は非存在下でE2処理された細胞から、RNeasy Mini purification kit(Qiagen)を用いて全RNAを抽出し、Superscript II reverse transcriptase(Invitrogen)、oligo dT primer (Invitrogen)及び25 mM dNTP Mixture(Invitrogen)を用いてcDNAに逆転写した。ERα及びβ-アクチンのmRNAをGeneAmp PCR system(Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA)により測定した。プライマーは以下の通りである:
ERα:5'-GCAGGGAGAGGAGTTTGTGTG-3'(配列番号:1)及び
5'-TGGGAGAGGATGAGGAGGAG-3'(配列番号:2);
β-アクチン:5'-GAGGTGATAGCATTGCTTTCG-3'(配列番号:3)及び
5'-CAAGTCAGTGTACAGGTAAGC-3'(配列番号:4)。
リアルタイムPCRにより、ERαの標的遺伝子(pS2、cyclin D1、c-myc、SP-1、E2F1及びPgR)、ERAP1及びPHB2の発現を評価した。また、ネガティブコントロールとして、ERαの標的としては報告のないPHB2の発現量も測定した。内部標準コントロールとして、β2-MGを用いた。全RNAの抽出及びその後のcDNA合成は、上記のように行った。製造業者の使用説明書に従って、SYBR(登録商標) Premix Ex Taq(Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan)を用いた500 Real Time PCR System(Applied Biosystems)でのリアルタイムPCRにより、cDNAを解析した。各サンプルは、β2-MGのmRNA含量で標準化した。増幅のために使用したプライマーは以下の通りである:
pS2:5'-GGCCTCCTTAGGCAAATGTT-3'(配列番号:5)及び
5'-CCTCCTCTCTGCTCCAAAGG-3'(配列番号:6);
cyclin D1: 5'-CAGAAGTGCGAGGAGGAGGT-3'(配列番号:7)及び
5'-CGGATGGAGTTGTCGGTGT-3'(配列番号:8);
c-myc: 5'-CGTCTCCACACATCAGCACA-3'(配列番号:9)及び
5'-GCTCCGTTTTAGCTCGTTCC-3'(配列番号:10);
SP-1:5'-TGCTGCTCAACTCTCCTCCA-3'(配列番号:11)及び
5'-GCATCTGGGCTGTTTTCTCC-3'(配列番号:12);
E2F1: 5'-TACCCCAACTCCCTCTACCC-3'(配列番号:13)及び
5'-CCCACTCACCTCTCCCATCT-3'(配列番号:14);
PgR: 5'-CCCCGAGTTAGGAGACGAGA-3'(配列番号:15)及び
5'-GCAGAGGGAGGAGAAAGTGG-3'(配列番号:16);
ERAP1:5'-CTTGACAAGGCCTTTGGAGT-3'(配列番号:17)及び
5'-CAATATGCTTTTCCCGCTTT-3'(配列番号:18);
PHB2:5'-GGATCTGCTTCTCCAGTTTT-3'(配列番号:19)及び
5'-ACTGAGAAATCACGCACTGT-3'(配列番号:20);
β2-MG: 5'-AACTTAGAGGTGGGGAGCAG-3'(配列番号:21)及び
5'-CACAACCATGCCTTACTTTATC-3'(配列番号:22)。
Cell-Counting Kit-8(CCK-8, Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan)を用いて細胞増殖アッセイを行った。細胞をハーベストし、2 × 104 cells/wellで48ウェルプレートにプレートし、加湿化されたインキュベーターで37℃で維持した。指示された時点で、1:10で希釈されたCCK-8溶液を添加して1時間インキュベートし、450nmの吸光度を測定して各ウェルにおける生存細胞の数を計算した。
細胞を冷70%エタノールで固定し、20μg/mlヨウ化プロピジウム(Sigma)及び1mg/ml リボヌクレアーゼA(Sigma)で細胞を染色し、FACSCalibur(BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA)により解析した。CellQuest software (BD)を用いて細胞周期を評価した。
KPL-3C細胞懸濁液(1 × 107 cells/mouse)を等量のMatrigel(BD)と混合し、6週齢メスBALB/cヌードマウス(CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan)の乳房脂肪体に注射した。マウスは、12時間明期/12時間暗期のサイクルで、無菌の隔離施設で飼育し、げっ歯類飼料と水を自由給餌した。腫瘍は、50~80mm3(1/2×(幅×長さ2)として算出)のサイズに達するまで、1週間にわたって発育させた。その後、マウスを9つの処理群(5個体/群):無処理群、6μg/day のE2処理群、E2+0.28mg/day のERAP1-peptide処理群、E2+0.7mg/day のERAP1-peptide処理群、E2+1.4mg/day のERAP1-peptide処理群、E2+0.28mg/dayのscramble peptide処理群、E2+0.7mg/dayのscramble peptide処理群、E2+1.4mg/dayのscramble peptide処理群、E2+83μg/dayのタモキシフェン処理群に、無作為に分けた。マウスは、頚部皮膚への6μg/dayのE2溶液(100μl 2.2x10-4M)で毎日処理した。ERAP1-peptide又はscramble peptideは、0.28、0.7、又は1.4mg/day(14、35、70mg/kg)での腹腔内注射により、毎日マウスに投与した。タモキシフェンもまた、4mg/kgの用量で、毎日マウスに腹腔内投与した。腫瘍体積は、ノギスを用いて、2週間にわたって測定した。試験終了時に動物を殺し、さらなるERαの標的遺伝子発現解析のために腫瘍を摘出して液体窒素で凍結した。in vivoデータは、腫瘍体積平均値±平均値の標準誤差として示した。試験終了時のP値をスチューデントのt検定を用いて算出した。全ての試験を徳島大学の動物施設の指針に従って行った。
EZ-ChIP(Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA)を用いて、製造業者の使用説明書に従い、ChIP解析を行った。MCF-7細胞をE2及び/又はERAP1-peptideで24時間処理し、その後、37%ホルムアルテヒドで固定し、溶解バッファーに再懸濁して、Microson XL-2000(Misonix, Farmingdale, NY, USA)で、10秒x10で超音波破砕した。上清をプロテインGアガロースビーズでプレクリアし、1% インプットを回収した。抗ERα抗体、抗PHB2抗体、抗HDAC1抗体、抗NCoR抗体、抗SRC-1抗体及びコントロールとして通常マウスIgGを用いて、免疫沈降(各1 x106 cells)を行った(一晩、4℃)。DNA-タンパク質複合体をプロテインGアガロースビーズでプルダウンし(1時間、4℃)、洗浄した。免疫沈降物をElutionバッファーに再懸濁し、架橋を解除するために、65℃で5時間、インキュベートし、付属の精製カラムを用いて精製した。DNA断片は25から28サイクルのPCRによって検出した。ERAP1ゲノムのERE領域に対するプライマーには、
5'-GGGGTACCTTATATCACTAGTCGACA-3'(配列番号:23)及び
5'-CCGCTCGAGAGAACTAGAGCAGACAA-3'(配列番号:24)を用いた。
統計解析
試験群間の差異の統計的有意性を決定するためにスチューデントのt検定を使用した。P値 <0.05で有意とみなした。
ERAP1とPHB2の相互作用部位についてPSIVERを用いて予測した。PSIVER(Protein-protein interaction SItes prediction serVER)は配列の特徴(部位特異的スコア行列及び予測される溶媒接触表面積)のみを用いて他のタンパク質に結合する残基を予測するための計算法である。当該計算法では、カーネル密度推定を備えた単純ベイズ分類器(Naive Bayes classifier)を使用し、インターネット上に予測サーバーを公開している。本発明では、デフォルトの閾値である0.390を使用した。
ヒトPHB2の部分配列(残基77-244)を、ヘキサヒスチジンタグ、チオレドキシン(TrxA)及びTEVプロテアーゼ切断部位(TEV部位)とアミノ末端でインフレームとなるように、pTAT6発現ベクター(Dr. Marko Hyvonen, University of Cambridge. によるギフト:Peranen J, et al., (1996). Anal Biochem. 236, 371-373.を参照)のNcoI及びXhoIサイトにクローニングした。組換えタンパク質は、大腸菌 BL21 star(DE3)株(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)で発現させ、Hi-Trap Kit(GE Healthcare)を用いて精製した。最後に、高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)でsuperdex 200 gel filtration column(GE Healthcare)を用いて、供給業者のプロトコールに従い、組換えタンパク質を精製した。
ERAP1-PHB2/REA結合阻害ペプチドの同定
本発明者らは、ERAP1とPHB2/REAの相互作用を標的とした阻害剤の開発を目指すことを目的に以下の実験を行った。まずERAP1におけるPHB2/REAとの結合領域の決定を試みた。ERAP1タンパク質全長をカバーするように3つの発現ベクターコンストラクト(ERAP11-434 :1-434アミノ酸、ERAP1435-2177 :435-2177アミノ酸、ERAP11468-2177 :1468-2177アミノ酸)を作製し(図1A)、これらを用いて免疫沈降-ウェスタンブロット法により結合領域を調べた。その結果、ERAP1の1-434アミノ酸残基の領域を介してPHB2/REAとの特異的な結合が確認された(図1B)。このPHB2/REAとの結合が確認されたERAP11-434において、結合領域のさらなる絞り込みを行った。発現ベクターコンストラクト(ERAP11-250 :1-250アミノ酸、ERAP11-100 :1-100アミノ酸)をさらに作製し(図1C)、これらを用いて同様に免疫沈降-ウェスタンブロット法により結合領域を調べた。その結果、ERAP1の101-250アミノ酸残基の領域を介してPHB2/REAとの特異的な結合が確認された(図1D)。
PHB2/REAは、これまでに、細胞質から核内移行することでERの転写活性を抑制する機能を有すること(Montano MM, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96: 6947-52.)、ミトコンドリア内膜に局在してミトコンドリアの形態維持、ミトコンドリアの生合成、アポトーシス制御の機能を有すること(Kasashima K, et al., J Biol Chem. 2006; 281: 36401-10.; Artal-Sanz M and Tavernarakis N. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009 ;20:394-401.)、姉妹染色分体接着(sister-chromatid cohesin)の制御 に関連すること(Artal-Sanz M and Tavernarakis N. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009 ;20:394-401.; Tanaka H, et al., Current Biology. 2007; 17: 1356-61.)が報告されており、多機能タンパク質であると考えられる。そのため、その細胞内局在は依然議論されている。以上のことから、乳癌細胞における内在性PHB2/REAの局在、及びE2刺激又はERAP1-peptide投与によるPHB2/REAの局在の変化について検討した。E2処理、未処理又はERAP1-peptide処理の各条件における、乳癌細胞MCF-7のミトコンドリア、細胞質及び核画分をそれぞれ採取し、内在性PHB2/REAの局在をウェスタン法にて調べた。その結果、内在性PHB2/REAは、細胞質及びミトコンドリアの両方に局在が認められ、またE2処理後も局在の変化は認められなかった。一方、E2とERAP1-peptideを同時に投与すると、細胞質から核内へのPHB2/REAの顕著な移行が認められた。またERAP1-peptideの添加によってE2依存的にミトコンドリア内のPHB2/REAの若干のタンパク量の減少が認められ、ミトコンドリアから細胞質又は核内へのPHB2/REAの移行が示唆された(図3A)。
近年、エストロゲン依存性のERαの下方制御がERαの転写活性化に必須であることが報告されている(Nawaz Z, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96: 1858-62.; Lonard DM, et al., Mol Cell. 2000; 5: 939-48.;Reid G, et al., Mol Cell. 2003; 11: 695-707.; Tateishi Y, et al., EMBO J. 2004; 23: 4813-23.)。これはERαがユビキチン-プロテアソーム系によって分解されることによるもので、転写活性化後のERαのエストロゲン応答性配列(ERE)上での結合と解離のサイクルにおいて重要な制御機構であることがわかっている(Tai H, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000; 267: 311-6.; Nawaz Z, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96: 1858-62.; Lonard DM, et al., Mol Cell. 2000; 5: 939-48.; Reid G, et al., Mol Cell. 2003; 11: 695-707.)。そこで、ERAP1-peptideのユビキチン-プロテアソーム系によるERαの分解機構への影響を調べた。既報通り、MCF-7細胞においてエストロゲンを投与すると、1-3時間後において、ERαのタンパク質レベルでの減少が認められた。
ERα、ERAP1ともに陽性であるMCF7細胞を用いて、ERAP1-peptideによる細胞増殖への影響を検討した。ERAP1-peptideの投与により、24時間まで容量依存的にE2依存性の細胞増殖抑制を認めた (図6A)。一方、ERAP1-scramble peptide又はERAP1-mutant peptideの投与では、細胞増殖抑制効果は認められなかった(図6B)。なお、MCF-7細胞における24時間での細胞増殖抑制効果のIC50は、2.18μMであった。KPL-3C細胞においても同様の結果を得た(図7A)。また24時間毎にERAP1-peptideを4日間連続で投与した試験により、5μM及び10μMの濃度のERAP1-peptideで完全にE2依存性乳癌細胞増殖が抑制されることがわかった(図7B)。しかしながら、ERα、ERAP1ともに陰性である正常上皮細胞株であるMCF-10A細胞では、ERAP1-peptideは全く細胞増殖には影響しなかった(図6C)。続いて、ERα、ERAP1ともに陽性である他の乳癌細胞株7種類(ZR-75-1, HCC1500, BT474, YMB-1, Y47D, KPL-1, HBC4)について、同様に10μM ERAP1-peptideの細胞増殖への影響を調べたところ、全ての細胞において顕著なE2依存性増殖の抑制効果を示した(図7C)。
ERαは細胞膜(又は細胞膜直下)に局在することが知られており、E2刺激により膜型増殖因子受容体であるIGF-1Rβ(Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptorβ)、HER2やEGFRと相互作用することで急速に細胞内シグナルカスケードを活性化して細胞増殖を促進するという、いわゆる「非ゲノム的ER活性化経路」が報告されている(Osborne CK, Schiff R. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23:1616-22.; Yager JD, Davidson NE. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354:270-82.; Johnston SR. Clin Cancer Res. 2010; 16:1979-87.)。これまでの結果は、ERAP1-peptide投与が顕著なPHB2/REAの核移行を導き、その結果「ゲノム的活性化経路」を抑制することを示している。しかしながら、ERAP1-peptide添加後、大部分のPHB2/REAはERAP1と解離して核移行するものの、一部は、エストロゲンにより活性化された細胞膜ERαと結合することで細胞質にそのまま残存すると思われた(図3A, 3B,図4B)。以上のことにより、ERAP1-peptideによる非ゲノム的活性化経路(MAPK又はAKT経路)への影響を調べた。
近年、ERαの翻訳後修飾、特にリン酸化が細胞増殖における種々のシグナル伝達経路に重要な調節因子であると考えられている(Lannigan DA. Steroids. 2002; 68: 1-9.; Barone I, et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2010; 16:2702-08.;Murphy LC, et al., Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2011; 18: R1-14.)。E2依存的にERαは多くの部位にてリン酸化されることがこれまでに報告されているが、特に6つのアミノ残残基のリン酸化 (Ser104, Ser 106, Ser118, Ser167, Ser357, Tyr537)がERαの転写活性及びE2との結合に重要であることがわかっている(Lannigan DA. Steroids. 2002; 68: 1-9.; Barone I, et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2010; 16:2702-08.;Murphy LC, et al., Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2011; 18: R1-14.)。そこで、MCF-7細胞において、ERAP1-peptideによるE2添加後のERαリン酸化への影響を調べた。E2添加3時間後から24時間後まで継続して、ERαの6つの部位(Ser104, Ser106, Ser118, Ser167, Ser357, Tyr537)の全てにおいて、リン酸化の増強が確認されたが、ERAP1-peptideを投与するとこれら全てのリン酸化がE2非投与と同程度まで抑制された(図10F)。しかしながら、ERAP1-scramble peptideでは抑制効果は認められなかった(図10F)。
次に、ERAP1-peptideによるin vivo抗腫瘍効果について検討した。ER陽性乳癌であるKPL-3C細胞をヌードマウスの乳腺へ同所性移植し、腫瘍が約70mm3に到達したときにE2を皮下投与するとともにERAP1-peptide、ERAP1-scramble peptide又はタモキシフェン(TAM)をそれぞれ腹腔内投与し、抗腫瘍効果を調べた。その結果、ERAP1-peptideを投与したマウスの腫瘍は全ての投与量において、E2非投与マウスと同程度まで、またTAMと同程度の抗腫瘍効果を認めた(図11A, 11B, 11C)。また体重の変化は認められなかった(図11D)。それに対して、ERAP1-scramble peptideを投与したマウスでは、どの投与量においても有意な腫瘍抑制効果は認められなかった(図11B, 11C, 図12)。
これまでに本発明者らは、E2刺激によりERAP1が発現亢進することを見いだしている(Kim JW, et al., Cancer Sci. 2009; 100:1468-78.)。このことから、ERAP1がERαの標的遺伝子の1つであるという仮説を立てて、以下の実験を行った。MCF-7細胞において、E2投与後のERAP1のmRNAレベルでの発現を定量的RT-PCR法にて調べた。その結果、E2投与後24時間まで時間依存的に発現の亢進が認められた(図13A)。次に、抗E2剤であるタモキシフェン(TAM)処理時のERAP1の発現も定量的RT-PCR法及びウェスタン法にて調べた。その結果、mRNAレベル及びタンパク質レベルのどちらにおいても、TAMの濃度依存的にERAP1の発現の抑制が認められた(図13B)。以上のことから、ERAP1は、ERα陽性乳癌細胞において、E2依存的な発現制御を受けていることがわかった。
1. 材料と方法
タモキシフェン耐性MCF-7細胞
タモキシフェン耐性MCF-7細胞株は、物質移動合意書(Material Transfer Agreement)の下で、井上聡博士(埼玉医大ゲノム医学研究センター)から提供されたものを以下の実験に供試した。タモキシフェン耐性MCF-7細胞の培養条件は、寄託者の推奨する条件下で行った。タモキシフェン耐性MCF-7細胞は、10%FBS(Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan)、1% ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan)、1 μM タモキシフェン(Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)で強化されたDMEM(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA)で培養した。
細胞増殖アッセイはCell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8、同仁堂社製)を用いて評価した。まず、フェノール・レッドを含有したDMEM/F12培地にてタモキシフェン耐性MCF-7細胞を48-ウェルプレートに2 × 104個/ウェルずつ播種して24時間CO2インキュベーターに放置後、10%FBS、1% ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン、1μM タモキシフェンを含有したフェノール・レッドを含まないDMEM/F12培地に交換し、さらに24時間前培養した。上清を除去後、各濃度のERAP1-peptideを180 μlを添加し、引き続き100 nM E2を20μl添加して(終濃度10 nM)、24時間反応させた。反応液を除去後、10倍希釈したCCK-8溶液を各ウェルに125μlずつ添加し、CO2インキュベーター内で1時間の呈色反応を行ったあと、各ウェルから100μlを96ウェルプレートに移して、マイクロプレートリーダーで450 nmの吸光度を測定した。
MCF-7細胞及びタモキシフェン耐性MCF-7細胞をフェノール・レッドを含有したDMEM/F12培地にて24-ウェルプレートに1 × 105個/ウェルずつ播種して24時間CO2インキュベーターに放置後、10%FBS、1% ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン、1μMタモキシフェンを含有し、フェノール・レッドは含まないDMEM/F12培地に交換し、さらに24時間前培養した。上清を除去後、100μM ERAP1-peptideを180μlを添加し(終濃度10μM)、引き続き100 nM E2を20μl添加して(終濃度10 nM)、24時間反応させた。反応液を除去後、SDS-sample bufferを100μl添加して細胞を溶解した。95℃で5分間の煮沸処理後、ポリアクリルアミド電気泳動に供した。AktとMAPKのリン酸化は抗リン酸化Akt(Ser473)(587F11)と抗リン酸化p44/42 MAP Kinase(Thr202/Tyr204)抗体にて、またERαのリン酸化は、抗リン酸化ERα(Ser104/106)、抗リン酸化ERα(Ser118)、抗リン酸化ERα(Ser167)、抗リン酸化ERα(Ser305)、抗リン酸化ERα(Tyr537)抗体で検出した。
タモキシフェン耐性MCF7-細胞(Tam-R MCF-7)におけるERAP1-peptideによる細胞増殖への影響を検討した。ERAP1-peptideの投与24時間後において、E2及びタモキシフェン存在下で、ERAP1-peptideの容量依存的に顕著な細胞増殖抑制を認めた(図14A)。次に、これまでタモキシフェン抵抗性の原因の1つとして考えられている「タモキシフェンの非ゲノム的経路の活性化(Akt,MAPKリン酸化)」および「タモキシフェンによるERαのリン酸化」によるERαの活性化への影響について検討した。Tam-R MCF-7細胞に、タモキシフェン単独処理又はタモキシフェンとE2とを併用処理すると、それぞれAkt,MAPKのリン酸化の亢進が認められた(図14B上図)。それに対して、それぞれの条件においてERAP1-peptide処理をしたところ、MCF-7野生株(MCF-7WT)においてと同様に、顕著なAkt,MAPKのリン酸化の減弱が認められた。さらに、ERαの全てのリン酸化も減弱させることがわかった(図14B下図)。以上より、ERAP1-peptideは、タモキシフェン抵抗性乳癌においても、その原因の1つである非ゲノム的経路の活性化及びERαリン酸化を阻害することにより、細胞増殖抑制を導くことができることが示唆された。
1. 材料と方法
E2非依存性の細胞増殖に及ぼすERAP1-peptideの効果の検討
48-ウェルプレートにMCF-7細胞又はZR-75-1細胞を2 × 104個/ウェルずつ、KPL-3C 細胞を1 × 104個/ウェルずつ播種して24時間CO2インキュベーターに放置後、MCF-7細胞は10%FBS(Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan)、1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution(Invitrogen)、0.1mM NEAA48(Invitrogen)、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム及び10μg/mlインスリン(Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)を含有したフェノール・レッドを含まないDMEM/F12培地に、ZR-75-1細胞とKPL-3C細胞は10%FBSと1% antibiotic/antimycotic solutionを含有したフェノール・レッドを含まないRPMI培地に交換し、さらに24時間前培養した。上清を除去後、各濃度のERAP1-peptideを200μl又はポジティブコントロールとしてタモキシフェンをそれぞれ添加して24時間反応させた。反応液を除去後、10倍希釈したCCK-8溶液を各ウェルに125μlずつ添加し、CO2インキュベーター内で1時間の呈色反応を行ったあと、各ウェルから100μlを96穴プレートに移して、マイクロプレートリーダーで450 nmの吸光度を測定した。
MCF-7細胞を10 μM ERAP1-peptide単独処理、10 nM E2単独での刺激、及びERAP1 peptideとE2の共刺激をそれぞれ行い、その24時間後、各処理の細胞から細胞質画分を単離した。normal IgG及びrec-Protein G Sepharose 4B(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA)を用いて、4℃で3時間、その細胞質画分をプレクリーンして、遠心分離後、上清を抗ERα抗体の存在下で、4℃で6時間、インキュベートした。その後、rec-Protein G Sepharose 4Bを添加して4℃で1時間インキュベートすることにより、抗原-抗体複合体を沈降させた。免疫沈降されたタンパク質複合体を溶解バッファーで3回洗浄し、SDS-PAGEにより分離した。その後のウェスタンブロットによる各全タンパク質の検出には、抗IGF-1Rβ、抗ERα、抗Shc、抗PHB2抗体を用い、各タンパク質のチロシンリン酸化の検出には、抗リン酸化チロシン抗体を用いた。
E2非存在下におけるERAP1-peptide処理による細胞増殖への影響をMTTアッセイにて調べた。すなわち、MCF-7細胞を各濃度(1,3, 5, 10μM )のERAP1-peptideまたはポジティブコントロールとしてTAMにて24時間処理した。その結果、ERAP1-peptide容量依存的に細胞増殖抑制効果を認めた(図15A)。
1. 材料と方法
乳癌細胞におけるERAP1のノックダウン
siRNA法によりERAP1をノックダウンしたときのタモキシフェン の阻害効果をMTTアッセイにより評価した。si-ERAP1, si-control(si-EGFP)の配列および実験方法は、Kimら(Cancer Science, 2009, 100; 1468-78)の報告に準じた。48-ウェルプレートに2×104個/ウェルずつ播種したMCF-7細胞を1μM E2で刺激し、24時間後にsi-ERAP1又は si-controlで処理し、その24時間後に10μM タモキシフェン処理して、96時間後にMTTアッセイにより生細胞数を評価した。
また、siRNA法によりERAP1をノックダウンしたときのタモキシフェン の阻害効果をERE-ルシフェラーゼアッセイにより評価した。96-ウェルプレートに2×104個/ウェルずつ播種したMCF-7細胞にERE-ルシフェラーゼレポーターを一過性にトランスフェクトしたあと、1μM E2で刺激し、24時間後にsi-ERAP1又は si-controlで処理し、その24時間後に10μM タモキシフェン処理して、96時間後にEREルシフェラーゼ活性を測定した。
KPL-3細胞をBALB/cヌードマウスの乳房脂肪体内の皮下に移植した。E2の非存在下で腫瘍が約50-80mm3の体積に達したとき、治療試験(5個体/群)を開始した(day 0)。KPL-3C腫瘍異種移植片担持マウスに、ERAP1-peptide単独(3.5, 7, 14 mg/kg)、scramble peptide単独(14 mg/kg)、タモキシフェン単独(4 mg/kg)又はERAP1-peptide(14 mg/kg)とタモキシフェン(4 mg/kg)との併用を腹腔内注射により毎日投与した。
MCF-7細胞を10μM ERAP1-peptide及び/又は10nM タモキシフェンで処理し、その後直ちに10nM E2で24時間刺激した。固定化後、ヨウ化プロピジウムで細胞を染色し、フローサイトメトリーにより解析した。
ERAP1のノックダウンがタモキシフェンによる乳癌細胞増殖抑制効果に及ぼす影響
siRNA法によりMCF-7細胞においてERAP1を発現抑制した際のタモキシフェンの阻害効果について検討した。Si-controlをトランスフェクトした細胞においてタモキシフェン処理したものよりも、siERAP1をトランスフェクトした細胞においてタモキシフェン処理したものの方がより細胞増殖抑制が確認された(図17A)。また、その際のEREレポーター活性を調べたところ、同様にsiERAP1をトランスフェクトした細胞においてタモキシフェン処理した方がよりレポーター活性の抑制が確認された(図17B)。以上より、ERAP1の発現抑制及びタモキシフェンとの併用により相乗的な細胞増殖抑制効果を導くことができることが示唆された。
KPL-3細胞BALB/cヌードマウスの乳腺への同所性移植モデルを用いて、ERAP1-peptideとタモキシフェンとの併用による抗腫瘍効果について検討した。エストロゲン依存性乳癌の増殖はERAP1-peptideの単独投与によって容量依存的な(3.5, 7, 14 mg/kg)抗腫瘍効果が認められたが、scramble-peptide単独(14 mg/kg)では認められかった(図18)。ERAP1-peptide(14 mg/kg)とタモキシフェン(4 mg/kg)とを併用することで、さらに顕著な抗腫瘍効果が認められた(図18)。どの投与法においても体重変化は認められなかった。以上より、ERAP1-peptideは、ERのエストロゲンシグナルを阻害することで、in vivoにおいても顕著な抗腫瘍効果を発揮し、その効果はタモキシフェンと併用することでさらに高くなることがわかった。
ERAP1-peptideとタモキシフェンの併用による細胞周期における影響をFACS解析により調べた。MCF-7細胞を10μM ERAP1-peptide単独又は10nM タモキシフェン単独にて処理すると、G1期にて停止した細胞の増加が確認されたが、10μM ERAP1-peptide及び10nMタモキシフェンを併用すると、subG1期の細胞が顕著に増加して、細胞死が認められた(図19)。以上より、ERAP1-peptideは作用機序の異なるタモキシフェンと併用することで、in vitro, in vivoの両方において抗腫瘍効果を顕著に促進することがわかった。
1. 材料と方法
上記実施例で用いたERAP1-peptideとは異なる配列を有するペプチドにおいても同様の効果が得られるか否かを確認するために、PHB2/REAとの結合部位と予測された3アミノ酸残基を含み、ERAP1-peptideとは配列の異なるERAP1-peptide-2(161-173アミノ酸残基:ATLSQMLSDLTLQ(配列番号:30))を作成した(図20下図)。細胞増殖アッセイはCell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8、Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan)を用いて評価した。まず、MCF-7細胞を10%FBSと1% antibiotic/antimycotic solutionを含有したフェノール・レッドを含まないDMEM/F12培地で48-ウェルプレートに2 × 104個/ウェルずつ播種してCO2インキュベーターに放置後、各濃度のERAP1-peptide(165-177アミノ酸残基)又はERAP1-peptide-2(pep-1:161-173アミノ酸残基)を180μl添加し、引き続き100 nM E2を20μl添加して(終濃度10 nM)、24時間反応させた。反応液を除去後、10倍希釈したCCK-8溶液を各ウェルに125μlずつ添加し、CO2インキュベーター内で1時間の呈色反応を行ったあと、各ウェルから100μlを96穴プレートに移して、マイクロプレートリーダーで450 nmの吸光度を測定した。
ERAP1-peptideと同様ERAP1-peptide-2の投与においても、24時間まで容量依存的にE2依存性の細胞増殖抑制を認めた(図20上図)。このことから、ERAP1-peptide-2においても上記実施例で解析を行ってきたERAP1-peptideと同様の機構により、乳癌細胞の細胞増殖抑制を引き起こすことが示唆された。また、ERAP1-peptideとERAP1-peptide-2との重複配列である165-173アミノ酸残基の配列(QMLSDLTLQ(配列番号:31))が乳癌細胞の細胞増殖抑制に関与することが示唆された。
1. 材料と方法
核/細胞質分画
PHB2の局在性を評価するために、ERα陽性・ERAP1陰性乳癌細胞株であるHCC1395細胞をERAP1-peptide及び/又はE2処理し、HCC1395細胞の細胞質及び核抽出物をNE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagent(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて調製した。
HCC1395細胞の増殖アッセイはCell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8、Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan)を用いて評価した。まず、HCC1395細胞を10%FBSと1% antibiotic/antimycotic solutionを含有したフェノール・レッドを含まないRPMI培地で48-ウェルプレートに2 × 104個/ウェルずつ播種してCO2インキュベーターに放置後、各濃度のERAP1-peptideを180μl添加し、引き続き100 nM E2を20μl添加して(終濃度10 nM)、96時間反応させた。反応液を除去後、10倍希釈したCCK-8溶液を各ウェルに125μlずつ添加し、CO2インキュベーター内で1時間の呈色反応を行ったあと、各ウェルから100μlを96穴プレートに移して、マイクロプレートリーダーで450 nmの吸光度を測定した。
MCF-7細胞およびHCC1395細胞を5μM ERAP1-peptideで処理し、その後直ちに1μM E2で24時間刺激した後、各処理の細胞から核画分を単離した。Normal IgG及びrec-Protein G Sepharose 4B(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA)を用いて、4℃で3時間、その核画分をプレクリーンして、遠心分離後、上清を抗ERα抗体の存在下で、4℃で6時間、インキュベートした。その後、rec-Protein G Sepharose 4Bを添加して4℃で1時間インキュベートすることにより、抗原-抗体複合体を沈降させた。免疫沈降されたタンパク質複合体を溶解バッファーで3回洗浄し、SDS-PAGEにより分離した。その後のウェスタンブロットによる各全タンパク質の検出には、抗ERα抗体及び抗PHB2抗体を用い、PHB2のリン酸の検出には、抗リン酸化チロシン抗体、抗リン酸化セリン抗体、及び抗リン酸化スレオニン抗体を用いた。
PHB2の39位のセリン残基をアラニンおよびグルタミン酸に変異させた発現ベクターコンストラクトを用いて、E2刺激がERE活性に及ぼす影響を検討した。FuGENE6トランスフェクション試薬によりCOS-7細胞にPHB2(又はPHB2変異ベクター)、ERα、ERE-ルシフェラーゼベクター、内部標準としてpRL-TKの各プラスミドをトランスフェクトして、6時間後に1μM E2で48時間刺激した。細胞をハーベストし、Promega dual luciferase reporter assay(Tokyo, Japan)を用いて、ルシフェラーゼ及びRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性を評価した。トランスフェクション効率を考慮して、全てのデータをRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性により標準化した。
これまでの結果から、ERAP1は、ERαの標的遺伝子の1つとして、E2依存的にERαの活性化が誘導されるとその発現が亢進される、正のフィードバック機構により制御されている可能性が示された。さらに、ERAP1-peptideは、ERα陽性乳癌細胞におけるERAP1からのPHB2/REAの解離を誘導し、その結果、ERAP1の正のフィードバック機構を阻害し、あらゆるERα活性化機構を阻害して、細胞増殖抑制効果を導くことが確認された。しかしながら、ERAP1陰性であるER陽性乳癌細胞も存在し、そのような細胞におけるER標的遺伝子の発現亢進の機序はわかっていない。また、REA/PHB2は、上述の通り、ERに直接結合することで、その活性化を抑制する機能を有していることから、ERAP1陰性でER陽性の乳癌細胞におけるPHB2/REAのER抑制因子としての役割は不明である。そこで、ERAP1陰性ER陽性乳癌細胞株HCC1395細胞を用いて、PHB2の核内移行について、まず検討した(図21)。
1. 材料と方法
乳癌細胞株におけるERAP1の発現解析
ヒトER陽性乳癌細胞株(KPL-3L、BT-474、ZR-75-1、YMB-1、T47D、HBC4、KPL-1)及び乳腺上皮細胞(MCF-10A)の細胞溶解物を、抗ERAP1抗体、抗PHB2抗体、抗ERα抗体を用いてイムノブロットした。
103例のパラフィン包埋乳癌切除標本に対するERAP1及びPHB2/REAの発現を、抗ERAP1抗体(75倍希釈、7時間、4℃)及び抗PHB2抗体(300倍希釈、12時間、4℃)を用いた免疫組織染色により評価した。免疫染色による癌部の染色性の判定は、癌組織がまったく染色されない症例を陰性、並びに細胞質が淡く染色される症例を弱陽性, 癌組織がほぼ均一に強く染色される症例を強陽性とした。この免疫組織染色の結果は、病理医によって確認され、各症例の染色の強度については、3人の研究者が独立して評価した。ERAP1発現と各々の症例の無再発生存期間との相関関係は、Statview J-5.0を用いたKaplan-Meier法にて無再発生存曲線を作成し、Logrank検定により評価した。
乳癌細胞株におけるERAP1の発現
ヒトER陽性乳癌細胞株のERAP1、PHB2、ERαの発現を検討した。ER陽性乳癌においては、HCC1395を除く細胞株全てでERAP1に発現を確認した(図23及びCancer Science, 2009;100:1468-78)。
乳癌切除標本において免疫組織染色により、ERAP1の発現を評価した。評価した103症例中、癌組織がまったく染色されない陰性(Negative)は24症例(23%)、細胞質が淡く染色される弱陽性(Weak)は59症例(57%)、癌組織がほぼ均一に強く染色される強陽性(Strong)は20症例(19%)であった(図24A上図)。さらに、各々の症例をWeak(陰性症例と弱陽性症例)とStrong(強陽性)に分類して、ERAP1発現と無再発生存期間との相関関係をKaplan-Meier法にて作成した無再発生存曲線により評価した。その結果、ERAP1の発現と無再発生存期間とは有意な相関が認められた(図24A下図)。
また、PHB2の発現も同様に免疫組織染色により評価したところ、調査した乳癌切除標本のほぼ全例で、強陽性(Strong)であった(図24B)。
1. 材料と方法
細胞株
ヒト乳癌細胞株(MCF-7、ZR-75-1、BT-474、T47D、HCC1395)はAmerican Type Culture Collection(ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA)から購入した。KPL-3Cは、物質移動合意書の下で、紅林淳一博士(川崎医科大学, 岡山, 日本)から提供された。HEK293Tは理化学研究所(茨城,日本)から購入した。全ての細胞株は、それぞれの寄託者の推奨する条件下で培養された。
MCF-7細胞を10% FBS(Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan)、1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution(Invitrogen)、0.1 mM NEAA(Invitrogen)、1 mMピルビン酸ナトリウムおよび10μg/mlインスリン(Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)で強化されたMEM(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA)に懸濁し、24ウェルプレート(1 × 105 cells/1 ml)、6ウェルプレート(5 × 105 cells/2 ml)又は 10 cm dish (2 × 106 cells/10 ml)に播種した。細胞は、5%二酸化炭素を含む加湿の大気において、37℃で維持された。播種した次の日に、培地を、FBS、antibiotic/antimycotic solution, NEAA, ピルビン酸ナトリウムおよびインスリンで強化したフェノールレッドフリーのDMEM/F12(Invitrogen)に交換した。24時間後に、細胞を10 nM 17βエストラジオール(E2, Sigma)で処理した。阻害試験では、ERAP1-peptideはE2刺激の直前に添加した。
ルシフェラーゼレポーターアッセイ
HEK293T細胞に市販のEREレポーター(SABiosciences, Frederick, MD, USA)およびPP1α遺伝子のEREレポーター(5'上流のEREモチーフと5'上流とイントロン2のEREモチーフからなるタンデム配列)と内部標準としてpRL-TKをトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションから16時間後、培地をアッセイ培地(Opti-MEM、10% FBS)に交換した。トランスフェクションから24時間後、細胞を10 nM E2で24時間処理し、細胞をハーベストしてPromega dual luciferase reporter assay(Tokyo, Japan)によりルシフェラーゼおよびRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性を評価した。トランスフェクション効率を考慮して、全てのデータをRenilla-ルシフェラーゼ活性により標準化した。
細胞を、0.1% protease inhibitor cocktail III(Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA)を含む溶解緩衝液(50 mM Tris-HCl: pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% NP-40, 0.5% CHAPS)で溶解した。細胞溶解物を電気泳動し、ニトロセルロースメンブレンにブロットし、4% BlockAce solution(Dainippon Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan)で1時間ブロッキングした。メンブレンを、以下の抗体の存在下で1時間インキュベートした:
抗β-actin (AC-15)抗体(Sigma);
抗ERAP1精製抗体(抗hA7322 (His13))(Sigma);
抗FLAG-tag M2抗体 (Sigma);
抗 HA-tag抗体 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany);
抗PHB2/REA抗体(Abcam, Cambridge, UK);
抗ERα(AER314)抗体(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA);
抗α/β-tubulin抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗Akt(PKB)抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗リン酸化Akt抗体(Ser473)(587F11)(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗p44/42 Map Kinase抗体(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗リン酸化p44/42 Map Kinase抗体(Thr202/Tyr204)(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗PP2A A subunit抗体(81G5)(Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA );
抗Lamin B抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);
抗PKA IIα reg抗体(C-20) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA);又は
抗PP1抗体(FL-18)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) 。
抗リン酸化PHB2/REA精製抗体(Ser39)(Scrum,Tokyo,Japan);
抗リン酸化チロシン抗体(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA);
抗リン酸化セリン抗体(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA);又は
抗リン酸化スレオニン抗体(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA)。
「ウェスタンブロット解析」の項で述べたように、細胞を0.1% NP-40溶解緩衝液で溶解した。Normal IgGおよびrec-Protein G Sepharose 4B(Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA)を用いて、4℃で3時間、細胞溶解物をプレクリーンした。遠心分離後、上清を抗ERAP1精製抗体、抗PHB2/REA抗体、抗ERα抗体および抗FLAG-tag M2抗体の存在下で、4℃で6時間、インキュベートした。その後、rec-Protein G Sepharose 4Bの存在下で、4℃で1時間、インキュベートすることにより、抗原-抗体複合体を沈降させた。免疫沈降されたタンパク質複合体を溶解緩衝液で3回洗浄し、SDS-PAGEにより分離した。その後、ウェスタンブロット解析を行った。
PHB2/REAの局在性とリン酸化を評価するために、MCF-7細胞の核および細胞質抽出物を使用してrec-protein G sepharose存在下で抗PHB2/REA抗体を用いた免疫沈降を行った。核および細胞質抽出物は、NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagent(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて調製した。
MCF-7細胞を5 ×104 cells/wellで8ウェルチャンバー(Laboratory-Tek II Chamber Slide System, Nalgen Nunc International, Naperville, IL, USA)に播種し、エストロゲンフリーの条件下で、24時間培養した。MCF-7細胞をERAP1-peptideおよびλ-ホスファターゼと10 nM E2に曝露してから24時間後、4%パラホルムアルデヒドで4℃、30分間処理することにより細胞を固定し、0.1% Triton X-100で2分間処理することで細胞を透過性にした。その後、3% BSAで細胞を被覆して非特異的ハイブリダイゼーションをブロックし、抗PHB2/REA抗体および抗リン酸化PHB2/REA抗体(Ser39)の存在下で、さらに1時間、細胞をインキュベートした。PBSで洗浄後、Alexa 594およびAlexa 488結合抗ウサギ抗体(Molecular Probe, Eugene, OR, USA)の存在下で1時間インキュベートすることにより、細胞を染色した。核は、4,6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride(DAPI, Vectashield, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA)でカウンター染色した。蛍光像はオリンパスIX71顕微鏡(Tokyo,Japan)の下で得た。
KPL-3C細胞懸濁液(1 × 107 cells/mouse)を等量のMatrigel(BD)と混合し、6週齢メスBALB/cヌードマウス(CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan)の乳房脂肪体に注射した。マウスは、12時間明期/12時間暗期のサイクルで、無菌の隔離施設で飼育し、げっ歯類飼料と水を自由給餌した。腫瘍は、50~80 mm3(1/2×(幅×長さ2)として算出)のサイズに達するまで1週間にわたって発育させた。その後、マウスを9つの処理群(5個体/群):無処理群、6μg/day のE2処理群、E2 + 0.28 mg/day のERAP1-peptide処理群、E2 + 0.7 mg/day のERAP1-peptide処理群、E2 + 1.4 mg/day のERAP1-peptide処理群、E2 + 0.28 mg/dayのERAP1-scramble peptide処理群、E2 + 0.7 mg/dayのERAP1-scramble peptide処理群、E2 + 1.4 mg/dayのERAP1-scramble peptide処理群、E2 + 83 μg/dayのタモキシフェン処理群に無作為に分けた。マウスは、頚部皮膚への6μg/dayのE2溶液(100μl:2.2x10-4 M)で毎日処理した。ERAP1-peptide又はERAP1-scramble peptideは、0.28、0.7、又は1.4 mg/day(14、35、70 mg/kg)での腹腔内注射により、毎日マウスに投与した。タモキシフェンもまた4 mg/kgの用量で、毎日マウスに腹腔内投与した。腫瘍体積は、ノギスを用いて2週間にわたって測定した。試験終了時に動物を安楽死させ、PHB2/REAのセリン・リン酸化を評価するために腫瘍を摘出し、液体窒素下で粉砕してウェスタンブロットに供した。全ての試験を徳島大学の動物施設の指針に従って行った。
PP1αのホスファターゼ活性は、Protein Phosphatase Assay Kit(AnaSpec, Fremont, CA, USA)を用いて測定した。MCF-7細胞をE2およびERAP1-peptideで24時間処理した後、細胞溶解液を抗PP1α抗体で免疫沈降し、免疫沈降された細胞抽出物を基質(p-Nitrophenyl phosphate)と室温で60分間インキュベートした後、反応を停止させ、405 nmの吸光度を測定した。PP1α活性(μmole/min)は、1分間当たり1μmoleの基質を触媒する酵素量として定義した。
リアルタイムPCRによりPP1αの発現を評価した。E2処理された細胞からRNeasy Mini purification kit(Qiagen)を用いて全RNAを抽出し、Superscript II reverse transcriptase(Invitrogen)、oligo dT primer (Invitrogen)および25 mM dNTP Mixture(Invitrogen)を用いてcDNAに逆転写した。SYBR(登録商標) Premix Ex Taq(Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan)を用いた500 Real Time PCR System(Applied Biosystems)でのリアルタイムPCRによりcDNAを解析した。各サンプルは、β2-MGのmRNA含量で標準化した。増幅のために使用したプライマーは以下の通りである;PP1α:5'-ACTATGTGGACAGGGGCAAG-3' (配列番号:58)と5'-CAGGCAGTTGAAGCAGTCAG-3' (配列番号:59)、β2-MG:5'-AACTTAGAGGTGGGGAGCAG-3' (配列番号:21)と5'-CACAACCATGCCTTACTTTATC-3' (配列番号:22)。
EZ-ChIP(Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA)を用いてChIP解析を行った。MCF-7細胞を10 nM E2で24時間処理後、37%ホルムアルテヒドで固定し、溶解緩衝液に再懸濁して、Microson XL-2000(Misonix, Farmingdale, NY, USA)により10秒x10で超音波破砕した。上清をプロテインGアガロースビーズでプレクリアし、1% インプットを回収した。抗ERα抗体およびマウスIgGを用いて免疫沈降(各1 x106 cells)を行い(一晩、4℃)、DNA-タンパク質複合体をプロテインGアガロースビーズでプルダウンした(1時間、4℃)。洗浄後、免疫沈降物を溶出緩衝液に再懸濁し、架橋を解除するために65℃で5時間、インキュベートし、付属の精製カラムを用いて精製した。DNA断片は28サイクルのPCRによって検出した。PP1αゲノムのERE領域に対するプライマーは、-726/-704:5'-TCAAAAGCTAATTATGGGGC-3' (配列番号:60) と5'-TCAAGCGATTCTCCTGCCTCA-3' (配列番号:61)、+1851/+1873:5'-GAGATCCGCGGTCTGTGCCTG-3' (配列番号:62)と5'-CAGGACTGCGCTCAAGGGAGG-3' (配列番号:63)、+1936/+1959:5'-CACTGGACCCCACAGAGTTCC-3' (配列番号:64)と5'-TAGTTGCTCTCGGGAGGGAAA-3' (配列番号:65)を用いた。
MCF-7細胞を10μM ERAP1-peptideおよびERAP1-scramble peptideで処理し、直ちに10 nM E2で刺激した後、メタノールで固定した。減圧乾燥後、2% デオキシコール酸ナトリウムと5 M 尿素の存在下で37℃、20時間トリプシン処理した。酢酸エチルでタンパク質を抽出して、減圧乾燥後、2DICAL(2 Dimentional Image Converted Analysis of LCMS)に供した。2DICALは超低速の液体クロマトグラフィーと質量分析で経時的に得られるスペクトラムをデジタル処理し、質量電荷比(m/z)、保持時間の2軸を持つ平面に描出するプロテオーム解析法である。データは0時間での値に対する比率を算出した。
MCF-7細胞を10μM ERAP1-peptideで処理し、直ちに10 nM E2で刺激した後、RNAを抽出した。Low Input Quick Amp Labeling Kit(Agilent Technologies, Loveland, CO, USA)によりCy3ラベル化cRNAを合成してカスタム・マイクロアレイと65℃で17時間ハイブリダイゼーションした。マイクロアレイを洗浄後、マイクロアレイスキャナ(Agilent)で計測し、Future Extractionソフトウェア(Agilent)により数値化した。データはGeneSpringソフトウェア(Agilent)により統計解析し、0時間での値に対する比率を算出した。
PHB2/REAとERAP1-peptideの結合を評価するため、アミンカップリングにより6xHisタグ化組換えPHB2/REAタンパク質をセンサーチップ(CM5)に固定化した後、ビアコア3000(GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan)にセットし、各濃度のHAタグ化ERAP1-peptideをインジェクションした。解離速度定数はBIAevaluationソフトウェア(GE Healthcare)により算出した。
PHB2/REAとERAP1-peptideの結合を評価するため、10 nMのFITCタグ化ERAP1-peptideおよびFITCタグ化ERAP1-scramble peptideと6xHisタグ化組換えPHB2/REAタンパク質を1時間反応させた後、FlucDeux装置(MBL, Tokyo, Japan)を用いてFITC蛍光を測定し、PHB2/REAタンパク質に結合したERAP1-peptideの割合を算出した。
ヒトERAP1の部分配列(残基459-572aa)をラット(WKY/Izm、10週齢、雌)に感作させ、2週間後に腸骨リンパ節からリンパ球を回収し、SP2マウスのミエローマと細胞融合してハイブリドーマを培養した。ハイブリドーマによって産生・スクリーニングされた抗体をマウス腹水から回収し、陽イオン交換クロマトグラフィー(HiTrap SP HPカラム)により精製した。
ヒトPHB2/REAのSer39特異的抗リン酸化抗体を調製するため、ペプチド抗原(C+(PEG Spacer)+YGVRE pS VFTVE)を合成し、KLHにコンジュゲーションして、2週間毎に5回ウサギに感作した。2か月後、全採血して抗血清を調製して、リン酸化アフィニティーで抗リン酸化PHB2/REA(S39)抗体を精製した。
Cell-Counting Kit-8(CCK-8, Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan)を用いて細胞増殖アッセイを行った。細胞をハーベストし、2 × 104 cells/wellで48ウェルプレートにプレートし、加湿化されたインキュベーター(37℃)で維持した。指示された時点で、10倍希釈したCCK-8溶液を添加して1時間インキュベートし、450nmの吸光度を測定して生存細胞の数を計算した。
統計解析
試験群間の差異の統計的有意性を決定するためにスチューデントのt検定を使用し、P値 < 0.05で有意とみなした。
PHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化によるERα転写活性の抑制
PHB2/REAのERαの活性の抑制には、その39番目のセリン残基(Ser39)のリン酸化が重要であること(図22)を、上述の作製した抗PHB2/REA-Ser39特異的ポリクローナルリン酸化抗体を用いて、検証を行った。正常型PHB2/REA の39Sをアラニン(Ala)に置換した変異型発現ベクターコンストラクト(S39A)、又は恒常的にリン酸化状態と類似した状態にすることができるグルタミン酸残基に置換した発現ベクターコンストラクト(S39E)を、ERα、ERE-ルシフェラーゼベクターおよび内部標準としてのpRL-TK の各ベクターと共にHEK293T細胞に一過性にトランスフェクトし、その後E2処理を行って、EREレポーター活性を調べた。その結果、図22と同様に、正常型のPHB2/REAを導入した細胞では、ERαの活性は抑制されていたが(WT)、S39Aの変異コンストラクトを導入した細胞では、ERαの活性抑制は認められなかった(S39A)。また、S39Eコンストラクトでも、ERαの活性抑制が認められた(図25A)。 続いて、抗PHB2/REA-Ser39リン酸化抗体を用いて、PHB2/REA のリン酸化状態を調べた。その結果、正常型のPHB2/REAを導入した細胞でのみPHB2/REA のSer39のリン酸化が認められたが、他のコンストラクトを導入した細胞では認められなかった(図25B)。また、PHB2/REAのSer39リン酸化とE2依存的非ゲノム的ER活性化経路の抑制について調べたところ、正常型のPHB2/REAを導入した細胞でのみ,E2依存的にAkt, MAPK(T201/Y204)のリン酸化の減弱が認められたが、他のコンストラクトを導入した細胞では認められなかった(図25C)。以上の結果から、PHB2/REAのE2依存的ゲノム的および非ゲノム的ER活性化経路の抑制活性には、そのSer39リン酸化が重要であることが明らかとなった。
次に、MCF-7細胞をE2およびERAP1-peptideで処理後、細胞質画分と核画分の画分を回収し、それらにおけるPHB2/REAのリン酸化状態を調べた。その結果、ERAP1-peptideにより核に移行したPHB2/REAはSer39のリン酸化を認め、さらに細胞質に残存したPHB2/REAにおいても同様にSer39のリン酸化が確認された(図26A)。続いて、ERAP1-peptide処理により遊離した内在性PHB2/REAのセリン残基のリン酸化の継時的な変化を調べた。その結果、ERAP1-peptide 投与後1時間から24時間まで持続してE2依存的PHB2/REAのSerリン酸化が認められた(図26B)。さらに、免疫細胞染色によりリン酸化された内在性PHB2/REAの局在についても調べたところ、 MCF-7細胞にてERAP1-peptide投与後、速やかに内在性PHB2/REAの核内移行が認められ、Ser39のリン酸化が認められた(図26C)。また、細胞質PHB2/REAにおいても、同様にERAP1-peptide 投与により抗Ser39リン酸化抗体にて検出された。この蛍光シグナルは、λホスファターゼ処理より消失したことから、ERAP1-peptideによりERAP1から解離された核および細胞質に局在するPHB2/REAはリン酸化されていることがわかった。続いて、ERAP1特異的siRNAによりERAP1をknockdownした際のPHB2/REAのリン酸化について調べた。その結果、ERAP1の発現抑制により、核および細胞質においてPHB2/REAのSer39にてリン酸化が認められ(図26D)、その際のERα標的遺伝子であるCCND1、TFF1およびc-MycのE2依存性の発現亢進が有意に抑制されていることがわかった(図26E)。以上より、ERAP1から解放されたPHB2/REAは核および細胞質においてそのSer39がリン酸化されることが明らかとなった。
ERAP1-peptideを投与したマウスの腫瘍を用いて、それらにおけるPHB2/REAのSer39リン酸状態を調べた。その結果、ERAP1-peptideを投与した腫瘍ではPHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化が確認されたのに対して、ERAP1-scramble peptideを投与した腫瘍ではE2のみを投与した腫瘍と同様に、PHB2/REAのリン酸化は認められなかった(図27A)。以上から、in vivoにおいても腫瘍抑制にはPHB2/REAのSer39リン酸が重要であることがわかった。
タモキシフェン耐性乳癌におけるERAP1-peptideのin vivo抗腫瘍効果の検討
続いて、タモキシフェン耐性乳癌細胞株(Tam-R MCF-7)のBALB/cヌードマウスの乳腺への同所性移植モデルを用いて、ERAP1-peptideによる抗腫瘍効果についても検討を行った。E2依存性乳癌の増殖はERAP1-peptideの投与(3.5, 7, 14 mg/kg)によって抗腫瘍効果が認められたが、ERAP1-scramble-peptide(14 mg/kg)では認められなかった(図27B)。以上より、ERAP1-peptideは、タモキシフェン耐性乳癌においてもin vivoにて顕著な抗腫瘍効果を発揮することがわかった。
脱リン酸化酵素であるPP1α(protein phosphatase 1α)の結合タンパク質の探索研究からin vitro GST-pull downアッセイ法にてPP1αはKIAA1244(ERAP1の別名)の部分長と結合することおよびERAP1の1228-1232アミノ酸残基にPP1αの結合モチーフ(KAVSF)が保存されていることが報告されていた(Chem. Biol., 16, 365, 2009)。このことから、まず乳癌細胞MCF-7における内在性PP1αとERAP1の相互作用を検証した。その結果、E2の有無にかかわらず、内在性ERAP1と内在性PP1αの結合が確認され、さらにPHB2/REAの結合も認められた(図28A)。次に、PP1α結合モチーフを欠損したERAP1コンストラクト (FLAG-ERAP1-ΔPP1α) を作製し、PP1αとの結合を検討した。その結果、WT-ERAP1コンストラクトと内在性PP1αとの結合は確認されたが、1228-1232aa(KAVSF)を欠失させたERAP1コンストラクト(ΔPP1α)では、結合が認められなかった(図28B)。次に、MCF-7細胞において、siRNAを用いた内在性PP1αの発現抑制によるERAP1、PHB2/REA、ERαそれぞれの相互作用に与える影響を調べた。その結果、興味深いことに、PP1α発現抑制したMCF-7細胞の細胞質画分において、ERAP1とERαの結合が認められたが、ERAP1-peptide処理した時に、ERαとPHB2/REAの結合が確認された(図28C)。一方、核画分においては、これまでの報告通り、ERAP1-peptide処理した時にのみ、ERαとPHB2/REAの結合が確認された(図28C)。続いて、siRNAによるERAP1の発現抑制の際における相互作用についても検討した結果、PHB2/REAとPP1αの相互作用は確認できなかった(図28D)。以上のことから、ERAP1はPP1αとPHB2/REAそれぞれと直接結合するが、PHB2/REAはERAP1を介してPP1αと間接的に結合することがわかった。
次に、PP1αの発現抑制におけるPHB2/REA(S39)のリン酸化への影響を調べた。その結果、 コントロールであるsiEGFP処理をした細胞に比して、siPP1α処理をした細胞ではE2依存的なPHB2/REAの(Ser39)のリン酸化の顕著な亢進を認めた(図29A)。次に、PP1α結合領域を欠失したERAP1コンストラクト(ΔPP1α)の発現によるPHB2/REA(Ser39)のリン酸化への影響も検討した。WT-ERAP1コンストラクトを導入した細胞に比べて、ΔPP1αコンストラクトを導入した細胞では、明らかなE2依存性の内在性PHB2/REA(Ser39)のリン酸化の亢進を認めた (図29B)。続いて、PP1α結合モチーフを有する細胞膜透過性ERAP1ドミナントネガティブペプチド(ERAP1/PP1α-Peptide)を合成し、MCF-7細胞に導入した際のERAP1-PP1α相互作用および内在性PHB2/REA(Ser39)のリン酸化に与える影響を調べた。その結果、細胞膜透過性ERAP1ドミナントネガティブペプチド投与により、E2依存的にERAP1-PP1αの結合の阻害が確認され、さらに、このドミナントネガティブペプチドを導入した際に、顕著な内在性PHB2/REA(Ser39)のリン酸化を認めた(図29C)。以上の結果から、ERAP1とPP1αの結合阻害は、E2依存的な内在性PHB2/REA(S39)のリン酸化を誘導することが明らかとなった。
次に、ERAP1とPP1αのホスファターゼ活性の関係について検討した。MCF-7細胞において、siRNA法によりERAP1またはPP1αの発現をそれぞれ抑制した際の、ホスファターゼ活性を調べたところ、ERAP1発現の抑制された細胞において顕著なホスファターゼ活性の上昇が確認された(図30A)。続いて、このERAP1によるPP1αのホスファターゼ活性阻害効果を検証するために、ERAP1の過剰発現がPP1αホスファターゼ活性に及ぼす影響を調べた。ERAP1コンストラクト(0.5、1.0、2.0μg)およびPP1α結合領域欠失ERAP1コンストラクト(ΔPP1α:2.0μg)をHEK293T細胞にトランスフェクトし、抗PP1α抗体を用いて免疫沈降後にホスファターゼ活性を調べた。その結果、ERAP1の発現量の増加に伴い、PP1α活性の低下が確認された(図30B)。次に、エストロゲン刺激によるPP1α活性への影響を検討した。MCF-7細胞を10 nM E2で6、12、24時間刺激した後にホスファターゼ活性を調べたところ、E2処理6時間にはPP1αホスファターゼ活性の亢進が確認された(図30C)。
以上の結果から、1)ERAP1はPP1αと結合することで、PP1αのホスファターゼ活性を抑制するnegative regulatorであること、2)PHB2/REA はPP1αの調節ユニットであるERAP1と結合することで、そのSer39のリン酸化が脱リン酸化されることが明らかとなった。しかしながら、これらの結果は相反することから、この疑問点を解決するために、本発明者らはE2刺激によって、ERAP1のPP1αのホスファターゼ活性阻害活性が阻害されるのではないかと仮説をたて、まずE2刺激によるERAP1のリン酸化に着目した。ERAP1高発現細胞株であるMCF-7細胞において、10 nM E2で24時間刺激後に、各抗リン酸化抗体を用いてイムノブロット解析を行った。その結果、ERAP1はE2依存的にセリン、スレオニン、チロシン残基においてリン酸化されることがわかった(図30D)。以上のことから、E2刺激によってERAP1はリン酸化され、その結果PP1αのホスファターゼ活性抑制機能が抑えられることにより、PP1αのホスファターゼ活性が亢進するという可能性が示唆された。
続いて、ERAP1をリン酸化するキナーゼについて検討した。ERAP1のファミー分子であるBIG1,BIG2はPKAおよびprotein phosphataseと複合体を形成することで、AKAPタンパク質の1つとして機能することが報告されていたこと(Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):1627-32. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2683-8. Genes to Cells 11, 949-959, 2006; Journal of Biological chemistry 283, 25364-25371; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 27;104(9):3201-6; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 14;106(15):6158-63)から、ERAP1も同様にAKAP様タンパク質として機能する可能性を考えた。そこで、ERAP1とPKAとの結合を検討した。MCF-7細胞を10 nM E2で24時間刺激した後、抗ERAP1抗体による免疫沈降によって結合を調べたところ、内在性ERAP1と内在性PKAとの結合が認められた(図30E)。また、多くのAKAPタンパク質において結合が同定されているPKBについても同様に検討したところ、内在性ERAP1と内在性PKBの結合も確認された(図30E)。次に、siRNA法によりPKA、PKBをそれぞれ発現抑制した際のPP1αホスファターゼ活性に与える影響を調べたところ、E2依存性のホスファターゼ活性の亢進の有意な抑制が確認された(図31A)。 続いて、ERAP1とPHB2/REAのリン酸化状態を検討した。コントロールであるsiEGFPをトランスフェクトした細胞では、E2処理によりERAP1のセリン、スレオニン残基のリン酸化が認められ、さらにERAP1-peptide処理した細胞では、PHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化が認められた。一方、PKAを発現抑制した細胞では、ERAP1のセリン残基のリン酸化の消失がERAP1-peptide処理の有無に関係なく認められ、さらにE2処理後のPHB2/REAのser39のリン酸化も確認された(図31B)。また、PKBを発現抑制した細胞においては、ERAP1のセリン残基のリン酸化に関しては変化が認められなかったが、スレオニン残基に関してリン酸化の顕著な減少が認められた。一方、E2処理によりPHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化が回復を示したが、ERAP1のセリン、スレオニン残基のリン酸化にはほとんど影響がなかった(図31B)。次に、PKA阻害剤であるH-89化合物によるPKA活性阻害がERAP1とPHB2/REAのリン酸化に与える影響についても検討した。MCF-7細胞をH-89で処理後にERAP1とPHB2/REAのリン酸化を調べた結果、ERAP1のセリンおよびチロシン残基のリン酸化は、0.5μMで顕著な減少象を認め、またスレオニン残基のリン酸化についても容量依存的に減少認めた(図31C)。それに対して、PHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化についてはH-89未処理の細胞では、ERAP1-peptide処理した時のみ認められたが、E2刺激ありのH-89処理した細胞では顕著な回復が認められた(図31C)。非常に興味深いことに、ERAP1-peptide投与したことにより、ERAP1とPHB2/REAの結合が阻害された場合においては、Ser39リン酸化のH-89容量依存的な減少が認められ、特に、20μM H-89処理した細胞では、そのリン酸化の完全な消失が認められた(図31C)。この結果は、H-89の非特異的なリン酸化阻害の可能性を示している。
次に、PHB2/REAをリン酸化するキナーゼの同定を試みた。上述の結果から、40nMオカダ酸処理によりPHB2/REAのリン酸化の消失が確認されたこと、および、オカダ酸はPKC活性を阻害することが報告されていたこと、さらに、PHB2/REAのSer39近傍の配列がPKA、PKCαに関しても高度に保存されていたこと、PKCαが乳癌で高発現していることから、PHB2/REAをリン酸化するキナーゼとして、PKCαを候補として以下の実験を行った。siRNA法によりPKCαを発現抑制したMCF-7細胞をE2およびERAP1-peptideで処理後に、細胞質画分と核画分に分画してイムノブロット解析を行った。その結果、E2およびERAP1-peptide処理した細胞の核内および細胞質において、PHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化の顕著な減少が認められた(図31F)。以上より、PKCαがREA(S39)をリン酸化する可能性が示唆された。以上の結果より、PKAはERAP1のセリン残基をリン酸化し、その結果、PP1αのホスファターゼ活性を亢進することによって、PP1α-ERAP1複合体に結合するPHB2/REAのSer39が脱リン酸化されることが示唆された。
PP1αがERAP1の触媒ユニットとしての機能をもつことから、乳癌細胞において、ERAP1と同様にPP1αもERα標的遺伝子の1つではないかとの仮説をたてて、以下の実験を行った。ER陽性細胞株であるMCF-7細胞、ZR-75-1 細胞、T47D細胞およびBT-474細胞において、E2にて24時間刺激後のPP1αのタンパク質レベルおよびmRNAレベル発現をウェスタンブロットおよびリアルタイムPCRにより調べた(図32A, B)。その結果、タンパク質レベル(図32A)およびmRNAレベル(図32B)共に、すべての細胞株おいてE2依存的なPP1αの発現亢進を認めた。次に、PP1α遺伝子(PPP1CA)上にERE(estrogen responsible element、E2応答性配列:AGGTCAnnnTGACCT)が存在するかをGenomatixソフトウェア(Genomatix Software, Munchen, Germany)によって検索したところ、3箇所にて保存されたERE配列を確認した(図32C)。次に、ERαがこの予測ERE配列に直接結合するかどうかをERα抗体を用いたクロマチン免疫沈降法(ChIP法)にて調べた。その結果、翻訳開始点から-726から-704を含む領域と+1936から+1959を含む領域にて結合が認められた(図32D)が、+1851から+1873の領域では結合は認められなかった(図32D)。この予測された-726から-704を含む領域を5'-EREコンストラクトと、5'-EREと+1936から+1959の領域のタンデムからなる発現ベクターコンストラクト(5'-ERE and intron2 ERE)コンストラクトをそれぞれ作製し、ルシフェラーゼレポーター活性調べた(図32E)。その結果、5'-EREコンストラクトを導入した細胞では、コントロールに比して3倍の亢進を認め、さらに5'-ERE and intron2 EREコンストラクトでは5倍の亢進を認めた。以上より、PP1αはERAP1と同様に、ERαの標的遺伝子の1つであり、E2依存的にERαの活性化が誘導されるとその発現が亢進される、正のフィードバック機構により制御されていることが示唆された。
これまでの結果から、ERAP1-peptideは、ER陽性細胞においてE2依存性のERゲノム的活性化経路と非ゲノム的活性化経路を抑制することを証明した。しかし、これまでは既知のER活性化経路への影響に関してのみを着目していたが、ゲノムワイドにどのような遺伝子、タンパク質の発現に影響するかは不明であった。そこで、E2およびERAP1-peptide投与後のMCF-7細胞において、mRNAおよびタンパク質の発現をマイクロアレイ・プロテオーム解析にて調べた。MCF-7細胞をERAP1-peptideまたはERAP1-scramble-peptide(scrPeptide)で処理し、当該処理1時間後の細胞を回収し、実験に供試した。その結果、興味深いことに、ERAP1-pepitde投与により、E2またはE2+ ERAP1-scramble-peptide投与時の発現変動に比較して、多くのタンパク質(図33A)およびmRNA(図33B)の有意な減少がゲノムワイドに認められた。さらに、表1に示すとおり、ERAP1-peptide処理後わずか1時間で、既知のエストロゲン応答遺伝子やER標的遺伝子をはじめ、これまでに報告ない多くの遺伝子の発現が抑制されており、これらの遺伝子の機能は多岐に渡っていることがわかった(表1および表2)。以上の結果から、PHB2/REAの抑制機能を誘導できるERAP1-peptide投与は、既知のE2シグナル経路に加えて、未知のE2シグナル経路も抑制することがわかった。
実施例1において、PHB2/REAにERAP1-peptideが特異的に結合することを証明したが、本実施例では、両者の相互作用について生化学的な指標としてKd(解離速度定数)値を求めた。はじめに、ビアコアによりERAP1-peptideとPHB2/REAの結合を調べた。6xHisタグ化組換えPHB2/REAタンパク質をセンサーチップに固定化した後、図34Aに示した濃度のHAタグ化ERAP1- peptide を反応させ、センサーグラムのカーブからKd値を算出した。その結果、ERAP1-peptideのKd値は、18.9μMであった(図34A)。次に、蛍光相互相関分光法において、PHB2/REAのKd値を測定した。10 nMのFITCタグ化ERAP1-peptideおよびFITCタグ化ERAP1-scramble peptide(scrPeptide)、6xHisタグ化組換えPHB2/REAタンパク質を1時間反応後、FITC蛍光を測定した。その結果、PHB2/REAリコンビナントタンパク質のKd値は14.4μMであった(図34B)。
抗ERAP1モノクローナル抗体の作製を行った。まず、抗ERAP1精製モノクローナル抗体の特異性の確認を行った。siRNA法によりERAP1の発現を抑制したMCF-7細胞を用いて、抗ERAP1精製抗体を用いてイムノブロット解析を行った。その結果、抗ERAP1精製抗体は非特異的なバンドを認めず、ERAP1特異的なバンドを検出した(図35A)。続いて、抗ERAP1精製抗体が免疫沈降が可能かどうかを調べた。MCF-7細胞(M)およびT47D細胞(T)の溶解物を抗ERAP1精製抗体で免疫沈降したところ、結合蛋白質であるPHB2/REAの共沈を認めた(図35B)。以上より、今回樹立した抗ERAP1モノクローナル抗体はERAP1を特異的に認識し、免疫沈降可能であることがわかった。
PHB2/REAのSer39を特異的に認識するポリクローナル抗体の作製を行った。作製した抗リン酸化PHB2/REA(S39)抗体により、ER陽性乳癌細胞株MCF-7にて、E2処理後、ERAP1-peptide投与した時にのみ、PHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化を検出した(図36)。以上の結果より、PHB2/REAはERAP1と結合している際には、そのSer39のリン酸化は脱リン酸化されており、ERAP1-peptideによりその結合が阻害され、ERAP1から遊離するとPHB2/REAはSer39にてリン酸化されることが示唆された。
ERAP1-peptideの安定性と細胞内E2に及ぼす影響を検討した。はじめに、MCF-7細胞を E2とHAタグ化ERAP1-peptide で処理後、イムノブロット解析を行った。その結果、投与後24時間では平均84%であり、30、36、48時間では、それぞれ56%、58%、54%であり、概ねERAP1-peptideの半減期は30時間程度であることがわかった(図37A)。次に、ERAP1-peptideが細胞内E2濃度に及ぼす影響を検討した。MCF-7細胞を10 nM E2と10μM ERAP1-peptide で処理後、経時的に細胞溶解物を回収し、細胞内E2濃度を測定した。その結果、投与後6時間にて約10nMと最大値を示し、48時間後ではその約80%であった(図37B)。
実施例1では、ERAP1のQ165、D169およびQ173の3つアミノ酸がPHB2/REAとの結合に重要であることを示したが、これら3つのアミノ酸のうち、どのアミノ酸が最も結合に重要であるかを検討した。COS-7細胞にPHB2/REAコンストラクトとERAP1-WT正常型(1-434aa)、Q165、D169およびQ173のアラニン変異体(Mutant)、Q165のアラニン変異体(Q165A)、D169のアラニン変異体(D169A)、Q173のアラニン変異体(Q173A)、Q165およびD169のアラニン変異体(Q165A, D169A)のいずれかをトランスフェクト後48時間にて、細胞を回収し、免疫沈降-イムノブロット解析を行った。その結果、D169変異体コンストラクトを用いた実験が最もPHB2/REAとの結合阻害が認められ(抗FLAG抗体によるIPにて22%、抗HA抗体IPにて0%)、またQ165変異体コンストラクトを用いた時が次に結合阻害が認められた(抗FLAG抗体によるIPにて60%、抗HA抗体IPにて24%)(図38A)。続いて、この結果を検証するために、Q165およびD169のアラニン変異体(Q165A, D169A)を用いて、同様の実験を行ったところ、すべてのアミノ酸をAlaに変異したコンストラクトを使用した場合と比べて、同等程度の結合阻害が確認された(Mutant:Q165A,D169A=2%:12%)(図38B)。以上より、これら3アミノ酸のうち、PHB2/REAとの結合に重要なアミノ酸の順位は、D169>Q165>Q173であり、D169とQ165でこの結合の90%を占めることがわかった。
次に、上述のMCF-7細胞と同様に、ERα陽性乳癌細胞株KPL-3CにおけるERAP1とPHB2/REAのリン酸化状態についても検討した。はじめに、siRNAによりERAP1またはPP1α発現を抑制したKPL-3C細胞をE2で24時間刺激後に、抗ERAP1抗体または抗PHB2/REA抗体を用いてERAP1、PHB2/REAを免疫沈降し、イムノブロット解析を行った。コントロールsiRNAをトランスフェクトした細胞では、E2処理によりERAP1のセリン、スレオニン残基のリン酸化、およびPHB2/REAのSer39の脱リン酸化が認められたのに対して、PP1αを発現抑制した細胞では、ERAP1のセリン、スレオニン残基のリン酸化には影響がなかったが、E2処理後のPHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化の回復が確認された(図39A)。次に、siRNAにてPKAを発現抑制したKPL-3C細胞においては、ERAP1のセリン残基のリン酸化の消失が認められたが、PHB2/REAのSer39のセリン残基のリン酸化の回復が認められた(図39B)。一方、PKBを発現抑制した時には、ERAP1のセリン残基、スレオニン残基のリン酸化には影響が認められなかったが、PHB2/REAのSer39のリン酸化の回復は、PKAの発現抑制と同様に認められた(図39B)。続いて、KPL-3C細胞において、siRNAによるPP1α、PKA、PKBまたはERAP1の発現抑制がPP1αのホスファターゼ活性に与える影響についても検討した。その結果、ERAP1の発現を抑制するとE2の有無にかかわらず、PP1αのホスファターゼ活性の亢進が確認された。一方、PP1α、PKAおよびPKBのそれぞれを発現抑制することでPP1αのホスファターゼ活性の減弱が認められた。以上の結果より、ER陽性乳癌細胞株KPL-3CにおいてもMCF-7細胞と同様に、ERAP1は、PKAによるセリン残基リン酸化を通じて、PP1αのホスファターゼ活性の亢進を促進し、その結果、PHB2/REAのSer39の脱リン酸化が引き起こされることが示唆された。
ERα陰性乳癌細胞株におけるERAP1-peptideの増殖抑制効果について検討を行った。ERα陰性乳癌細胞株SK-BR-3細胞をERAP1-peptideまたはERAP1-scramble peptide(scrPeptide)で処理し、処理後24時間および48時間において、細胞増殖に与える影響を調べた。その結果、ER陽性細胞株でのERAP1-peptideの抑制効果に比較して、効果の程度は低いが、処理後、24時間および48時間後ともに、ERAP1-peptide容量依存的な細胞増殖抑制効果が認められた(図40)。以上より、ER陰性、ERAP1陽性乳癌においてもERAP1-peptideによる増殖抑制効果が認められた。
ER陽性乳癌細胞株MCF-7細胞にて、ERAP1の局在の検討を行った。実施例1 において、乳癌細胞における内在性ERAP1は、主に細胞質に局在することが示されたが、ミトコンドリアへの局在も認められた。また、ERAP1の結合タンパク質であるPHB2/REAもミトコンドリアに局在することが認められることから、ERAP1のミトコンドリアでの機能について着目した。まずは、ERAP1およびPHB2/REAの局在について検討した。MCF-7細胞をE2およびERAP1-peptideで処理し、比重遠心により細胞をミトコンドリア画分(M)、細胞質画分(C)および核画分(N)に分画し、イムノブロット解析を行った。その結果、ERAP1は、細胞質とミトコンドリア分画にて、高い局在を認めた。一方、PHB2/REAも同様にミトコンドリアに局在し、ERAP1-peptideを投与すると核へ移行することがわかった(図41A)。続いて、ERAP1とPHB2/REAのミトコンドリアにおける役割を考える上で、ERAP1を介したミトコンドリア内ROS(reactive oxygen species)産生について検討した。MCF-7細胞、ERAP1を発現抑制したMCF-7細、およびHCC1395細胞をDHR123で15分間処理後、10μM ERAP1-peptideおよび E2で24時間刺激し、フローサイトメトリーにより解析した。その結果、MCF-7細胞において、コントロールsiRNAをトランスフェクトした細胞ではERAP1-peptide投与によって、顕著なROSの発生抑制が観察された。しかし、ERAP1を発現抑制した細胞では、ERAP1-peptideを投与してもROSの発生には影響を認めなかった。また、ER陽性・ERAP1陰性乳癌細胞株(HCC1395細胞)をポジティブコントロールとして観察を行ったが、全く有意な検出はできなかった(図41B)。 以上のことから、乳癌細胞のミトコンドリアにおいてE2刺激によるミトコンドリア内ROS産生はERAP1を介して誘導され、またERAP1-peptideによって抑制されることが示唆された。
Claims (26)
- ERAP1ポリペプチドにおけるPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合部位を含み、ERAP1ポリペプチドとPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を阻害するペプチド。
- 前記結合部位が配列番号:35に記載のアミノ酸配列における165番目のグルタミン、169番目のアスパラギン酸及び173番目のグルタミンである、請求項1に記載のペプチド。
- 以下の(a)又は(b)のいずれかに記載のアミノ酸配列を含む請求項2に記載のペプチド:
(a)配列番号:31に記載のアミノ酸配列;
(b)配列番号:31に記載のアミノ酸配列において1番目のグルタミン、5番目のアスパラギン酸及び9番目のグルタミン以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列。 - 以下の(a)~(d)からなる群より選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む請求項3に記載のペプチド:
(a)配列番号:27に記載のアミノ酸配列;
(b)配列番号:27に記載のアミノ酸配列において1番目のグルタミン、5番目のアスパラギン酸及び9番目のグルタミン以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列;
(c)配列番号:30に記載のアミノ酸配列;及び
(d)配列番号:30に記載のアミノ酸配列において5番目のグルタミン、9番目のアスパラギン酸及び13番目のグルタミン以外の1個、2個又は数個のアミノ酸残基が他のアミノ酸残基に置換されているアミノ酸配列。 - 50残基以下のアミノ酸残基からなる、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド。
- 細胞膜透過性物質により修飾されている、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド。
- 以下の(i)及び(ii)のいずれか一方又は両方の性質を有する、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド:
(i)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、PHB2ポリペプチドの核内移行を促進する;及び
(ii)ERAP1ポリペプチドを発現しているエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞において、核内及び/又は細胞膜に存在するエストロゲン受容体とPHB2ポリペプチドとの結合を促進する。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項8に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含むベクター。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、医薬組成物。
- 癌を治療及び/又は予防するための、請求項10に記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌がエストロゲン受容体陽性である、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が乳癌である、請求項11又は12に記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌がタモキシフェン耐性である、請求項12又は13に記載の医薬組成物。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、ホルモン療法剤の癌治療効果を増強するための医薬組成物。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、エストロゲン受容体陽性細胞におけるエストロゲン受容体の活性化を抑制するための医薬組成物。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを対象に投与する工程を含む、癌を治療及び/又は予防する方法。
- ホルモン療法剤を対象に投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 以下の(a)及び(b)工程を含む、対象において、ホルモン療法剤の乳癌治療効果を増強する方法:
(a)ホルモン療法剤を対象に投与する工程;及び
(b)請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを対象に投与する工程。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又は該ペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドをエストロゲン受容体陽性細胞と接触させる工程を含む、エストロゲン受容体の活性化を抑制する方法。
- 乳癌を有する対象の予後を判定する方法であって、以下の(a)~(c)の工程を含む方法:
(a)該対象から採取された生体試料において、ERAP1遺伝子の発現レベルを検出する工程;
(b)工程(a)で検出された発現レベルを対照レベルと比較する工程;及び
(c)工程(b)の比較に基づいて、該対象の予後を判定する工程。 - 前記対照レベルが良好な予後対照レベルであり、かつ該対照レベルに対する前記発現レベルの増大が予後不良と判定される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記発現レベルが、以下の(a)又は(b)いずれか1つの方法によって求められる、請求項21又は22に記載の方法:
(a)ERAP1ポリペプチドをコードするmRNAを検出すること;
(b)ERAP1ポリペプチドを検出すること。 - 癌細胞の増殖を抑制するため、又は癌を治療及び/若しくは予防するための候補物質をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程を含む方法:
(a)試験物質の存在下で、ERAP1ポリペプチド又はその機能的等価物を、PKAポリペプチド、PKBポリペプチド若しくはPP1αポリペプチド、またはそれらの機能的等価物と接触させる工程;
(b)(a)における前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを検出する工程;及び
(c)試験物質の非存在下で検出される結合レベルと比較して、前記ポリペプチド間の結合レベルを低下させる試験物質を、癌細胞の増殖を抑制するため、又は癌を治療及び/若しくは予防するための候補物質として選択する工程。 - 癌がエストロゲン受容体陽性である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 癌が乳癌である、請求項24又は25に記載の方法。
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WO2019017384A1 (ja) | 2017-07-19 | 2019-01-24 | 国立大学法人徳島大学 | ペプチド誘導体及びそれを含む医薬組成物 |
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EP2738255A1 (en) | 2014-06-04 |
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