Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/185—Saturated compounds having only one carboxyl group and containing keto groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
  • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• BCAT Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
• BCAAs branched-chain amino acids
• BCAT2 Branched-chain amino acids
• BCAT2 a cytosolic form
• BCAT2 a mitochondrial form
• BCAT2 The two isozymes exhibit distinct and non-overlapping distribution. While BCAT2 is considered ubiquitous, BCATl has limited expression and is thought to be found only in embryonic tissues, in adult brain, ovary, and placenta and in c-myc-induced brain tumors and T-cell
• lymphomas but not in c-myc-induced mammary tumors or B-cell lymphomas
• Metastatic colonization is governed by the reciprocal interaction of tumor cells with their host microenvironment, which consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and normal cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or infiltrating inflammatory cells.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• normal cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or infiltrating inflammatory cells.
• the net outcome of this interaction is the production of growth factors, chemokines, and proteases such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which collectively facilitate tissue remodeling to allow for metastatic growth.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• MMPs extracellular matrix metalloproteinases
• CD 147 also known as basigin or extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), is grossly upregulated in cancer, where is thought to promote invasion, metastasis, growth, and survival of malignant cells through a multitude of functions.
• cell surface expressed CD147 a) mediates both heterotypic and homotypic cell-cell interactions among tumor cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells resulting in synthesis and secretion of MMPs and VEGF, which, in turn, promote tumor angiogenesis, and b) supports anchorage-independent growth of cancer cells and renders tumor cells resistant to anoikis by downregulating Bim, a pro-apoptotic protein.
• CD147 is also known to: a) interact with cytoskeletal proteins and participate in the cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell motility, and b) associate with monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and facilitate their trafficking to the plasma membrane.
• MCTs monocarboxylate transporters
• Dysregulation of inflammation is the hallmark of many autoimmune diseases including but not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Autoimmune inflammatory diseases are often characterized by elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin- ⁇ (IL- ⁇ ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon- alpha (IFN-Cc).
• TNF-a tumor necrosis factor-alpha
• IL- ⁇ interleukin- ⁇
• IL-6 interleukin-6
• IL-10 interleukin-10
• IFN-Cc interferon- alpha
• cytokine may also play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases (Postal M, Appenzeller S, The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytokine (2011) 56:537-543).
• RA is a chronic, systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects 0.5-1% of the world's adult population, most commonly women between the ages of 30 to 55 years old. It involves the significant alteration of the synovium and leads to
• Synovium is the thin cell layer which envelopes the cavity of synovial joints and produces synovial fluid for joint lubrication. It is composed of two morphologically distinct cell types: the macrophage- like synoviocytes (MLS) and the fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).
• MLS macrophage- like synoviocytes
• FLS fibroblast-like synoviocytes
• Hyperplasia of synoviocytes results in thickening of the synovial lining and its transformation into panus, a tissue mass that invades into articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Invading FLS degrade cartilage through secretion of MMPs and cathepsins. In addition, activated FLS and T cells release receptor activator of NF-KB ligand (RANKL), the protein responsible for the terminal differentiation of precursor myeloid cells into osteoclasts. In advanced RA, increased osteoclastogenesis leads to bone erosion (Pettit AR et al., RANKL protein is expressed at the pannus-bone interface at sites of articular bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2006) 45: 1068-1076).
• NF-KB ligand NF-KB ligand
• RA non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
• DMARDs non-biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
• biologic DMARDs Quan LD et al., Expert Opin Ther Pat (2008) 18(7):723-738.
• NSAIDs provide immediate relief from pain and stiffness but are unable to halt the clinical progression of the disease.
• Biologic DMARDs such as those aiming at inhibiting TNFcc are injectable and expensive drugs that exhibit long t 1/2 and, thus, not easily eliminated in the case of toxicity.
• Toxic effects associated with the use of DMARDs include life-threatening infections and development of leukemia.
• Bone homeostasis is maintained by two distinct cell populations: the bone- resorbing osteoclasts and the bone-forming osteoblasts.
• Normal bone remodeling is influenced by several factors including the RANKL/RANK pathway.
• RANKL released by osteoblasts, binds to its cognate receptor RANK present on pre-osteoclastic cells such as monocytes/macrophages and induces their differentiation into mature osteoclasts (Silva I, Branco JC, Rank/Rankl/opg: literature review. Acta Rheumatol. Port. (2011) 36(3):209-218).
• RANKL overproduction leads to an imbalance between the amount of bone removed by osteoclasts and bone formed by osteoblasts and results in decreased skeletal integrity and risk of fracture.
• Bone diseases mediated by RANKL include but not limited to osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and periodontal disease, giant cell tumor of the bone, and bone loss associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These pathological conditions are often associated with elevated levels of circulating RANKL.
• the present invention provides methods for the treatment of cancer comprising administering to a subject having cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a BCAT1 inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the BCAT1 inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1):
• R is hydrogen, a linear or a cyclic alkyl group, an alkylene group, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring, an alkoxy, or an alkylamino group and
• X + is a cation including but not limited to Na + , K + , and NH 4 + .
• the cancer is characterized by overexpression of CD147, thus, the invention provides methods for treating cancers overexpressing CD147.
• the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, oral carcinomas and leukemias.
• the invention provides methods for the treatment of an autoimmune inflammatory disease comprising administering to a subject having an autoimmune inflammatory disease a therapeutically effective amount of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the BCATl inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1) as set forth above.
• the autoimmune inflammatory disease is systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel disease.
• the invention provides methods for the treatment of a pathological condition in a subject, comprising administering to a subject having a pathological condition characterized by overexpression of RANKL and bone loss a therapeutically effective amount of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the BCATl inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1) as set forth above.
• the pathological condition is osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontal disease, giant cell tumor of the bone, or bone loss associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• the BCATl inhibitor is 4-methyl-5- oxohexanoic acid (MOHA) or a salt thereof.
• the subject is a human.
• FIG. 1 shows inhibition of BCATl by the sodium salt of 4-methyl-5-oxohexanoic acid (MOHA), a formula (1) compound, where Ri is CH 3 and X is Na.
• MOHA 4-methyl-5-oxohexanoic acid
• FIG. 2 shows down-regulation of the cell surface expression of CD 147 after treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with MOHA.
• Lane 1 surface biotinylated proteins; cells treated with 0 mM MOHA.
• Lane 2 surface biotinylated proteins; cells treated with 25 mM MOHA.
• Lane 3 total proteins; cells treated with 0 mM MOHA.
• Lane 4 total proteins; cells treated with 25 mM MOHA.
• FIG. 3 shows down-regulation of secreted MMP2 from human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) treated with MOHA.
• HDFs human dermal fibroblasts
• FIG. 4 shows inhibition of cell proliferation after treatment of MCF-7, MDA-MB- 231, MDA-MB-435, and HT-29 cancer cells with MOHA.
• FIG. 5 shows inhibition of primary tumor growth in mice bearing 4T1 breast carcinomas following administration of escalating doses of MOHA.
• FIG. 6 shows inhibition of TNFcc secretion from THP-1 -derived macrophages following treatment with MOHA.
• FIG. 7 shows reduction of collagen-induced arthritis in mice treated with MOHA.
• FIG. 8 shows reduction in the mean Arthritic Index (AI) in mice with collagen- induced arthritis (CIA) after treatment with MOHA.
• FIG. 9 shows reduction of various histological parameters associated with advanced arthritis in mice with CIA after treatment with MOHA.
• FIG. 10 shows reduction in the circulating levels of RANKL of mice with CIA following treatment with MOHA
• FIG 11 shows reduction in the levels of secreted RANKL from pre-osteoblastic murine MC3T3 following treatment of the cells with MOHA.
• the present invention provides in a first embodiment methods for the treatment of cancer comprising administering to a subject having cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the BCATl inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1): wherein R is hydrogen, a linear or a cyclic alkyl group, an alkylene group, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring, an alkoxy, or an alkylamino group and X + is a cation including but not limited to Na + , K + , and NH 4 + .
• the cancer is characterized by overexpression of CD 147, thus, the invention provides methods for treating cancers overexpressing CD 147.
• a cancer characterized by overexpression of CD 147 is a cancer selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, oral carcinomas and leukemias.
• the invention provides in a second embodiment methods for the treatment of an autoimmune inflammatory disease comprising administering to a subject having an autoimmune inflammatory disease a therapeutically effective amount of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the BCATl inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1) as set forth above.
• the autoimmune inflammatory disease is systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel disease.
• the invention provides in a third embodiment methods for the treatment of a pathological condition in a subject, comprising administering to a subject having a pathological condition characterized by overexpression of RANKL and bone loss a therapeutically effective amount of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the BCATl inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1) as set forth above.
• the pathological condition is osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontal disease, giant cell tumor of the bone, or bone loss associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• the present invention also includes the use of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer in a subject.
• the BCATl inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1) as set forth herein.
• the cancer is characterized by overexpression of CD147.
• the cancer is a cancer selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, oral carcinomas and leukemias.
• the present invention further includes the use of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating an autoimmune inflammatory disease in a subject.
• the BCATl inhibitor is a compound selected from the group of compounds encompassed by formula (1) as set forth herein.
• the autoimmune inflammatory disease is systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel disease.
• the present invention yet further includes the use of a BCATl inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating a pathological condition in a subject, wherein the pathological condition is characterized by overexpression of RANKL and bone loss.
• the pathological condition is osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontal disease, giant cell tumor of the bone, or bone loss associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• cancer relates to any uncontrolled cell growth characterized by overexpression of CD147. Specific examples include but not limited to breast, prostate, lung, brain, ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, kidney, skin, liver, head and neck, gastrointestinal, oral carcinomas and leukemias.
• inhibitor refers to a substrate that blocks or suppresses the activity of an enzyme and it includes reversible, irreversible, competitive, and noncompetitive inhibitors.
• alkyl means a monovalent hydrocarbon radical.
• alkylene means a divalent hydrocarbon radical
• alkoxy means a -OR radical, where R is an alkyl as defined above.
• alkylamino means a -NHR radical, where R is an alkyl as defined above.
• treat As used herein, the terms “treat”, “treating” and “treatment” have their ordinary and customary meanings, and include one or more of, ameliorating a symptom of a disease, blocking or ameliorating a recurrence of a symptom of a disease, decreasing in severity and/or frequency a symptom of a disease. Treatment means ameliorating, blocking, reducing, decreasing or inhibiting by about 1% to about 100% versus a subject to which the treatment has not been administered.
• the ameliorating, blocking, reducing, decreasing or inhibiting is about 100%, about 99%, about 98%, about 97%, about 96%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about 5% or about 1%.
• the treatment may begin prior to, concurrent with, or after the onset of clinical symptoms of the disease.
• the subject may have a disease or merely be susceptible to the disease.
• the results of the treatment may be permanent or may continue for a period of days (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days), weeks (such as 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks) or months (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more months).
• subject is intended to mean an animal, such birds or mammals, including humans and animals of veterinary or agricultural importance, such as dogs, cats, horses, sheep, goats, and cattle.
• a kit comprising one or more of the BCAT1 inhibitors of formula (1) of the present invention, along with printed instructions for the use of the inhibitors in the various methods described herein, is also within the purview of the present invention. //. Suitable Methods for Practicing the Invention
• a cell proliferation assay typically involves the routine culturing of a cell line to near confluency in the appropriate media. Subsequently, the cells are trypsinized and plated on a 96-well plate at 2,000 or 5,000 cell per well. The cells are cultured for 48 to 96 hours in the presence or absence of the inhibitor. Cell proliferation is then determined using spectrophotometry (MTT assay, BrdU assay) or fluorimetry (Cyquant assay).
• a BCAT1 inhibitor to suppress cancer growth is evaluated in vivo using a spontaneous metastatic tumor model.
• a certain number of cells from a pro-metastatic cell line e.g., MDA-MB-231 are injected subcutaneously in athymic nude mice.
• the tumor cells are allowed to grow and treatment is initiated when the tumors become palpable.
• the average tumor volume of control (untreated) mice reaches ⁇ 1000 mm , tumors are surgically removed under anesthesia and the wounds are closed. Treatment continues for a few more weeks.
• the animals are sacrificed and the target organs are removed and examined for the presence of metastases.
• RA pathology is associated with the sustained activation of synovial cells to produce pro-inflammatory proteins.
• Anti-rheumatic agents are tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins from macrophages and fibroblasts in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus such as LPS.
• secretory proteins are detected in the conditioned media of the cells via an immunological assay such as ELISA or Western immunoblotting.
• CIA is a well known animal inflammation model of RA.
• joint arthritis is induced in rats or mice through immunization with heterologous type II collagen in adjuvant and clinically manifested by the presence of erythema and edema in the extremities of the animals.
• anti-rheumatic agents are administered at the onset of arthritis or upon clinical manifestation. During the experiment, the animals are scored for the presence of arthritis.
• compositions described previously may be administered by the topical, oral, rectal or parenteral (intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular) route. They may also be incorporated into biodegradable polymers for sustained release implanted at the disease site.
• the dosage of the compositions depends on the condition treated, the activity of the drug used, the route of administration, and other clinical factors such as severity of the disease and weight of the patient.
• the compositions are formulated in ways suitable for the specific route of administration.
• Formulations suitable for oral administration include capsules, cachets or tablets containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, powder or granules, solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
• Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles, and mouthwashes.
• Formulations suitable for topical administration to the skin include ointments, creams, gels, pastes, and transdermal patches.
• Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base, while vaginal administrations maybe presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, and sprays comprising the active ingredient in an appropriate carrier.
• Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and nonaqueous sterile injection solutions presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers. It should be also understood that, in addition to the ingredients mentioned above, formulations of this invention might include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question.
• the BCAT1 inhibitors may be administered alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• formulations comprising one or more BCAT1 inhibitors are administered to a subject in an amount which is effective for treating the specific disease or condition.
• formulations comprising one or more BCAT1 inhibitors are administered to a subject in an amount of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg body weight.
• Acceptable ranges also include: from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to about 4 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg.
• Specific dosages of BCAT1 inhibitors in formulations include: 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, 0.7 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg, 0.9 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 1.1 mg/kg, 1.2 mg/kg, 1.3 mg/kg, 1.4 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 1.6 mg/kg, 1.7 mg/kg, 1.8 mg/kg, 1.9 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 2.1 mg/kg, 2.2 mg/kg, 2.3 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 2.6 mg/kg, 2.7 mg/kg, 2.8 mg/kg, 2.9 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 3.1 mg/kg, 3.2 mg/kg, 3.3 mg/kg, 3.4 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 3.6 mg/kg, 3.7 mg/kg, 3.8 mg/kg, 3.9 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 4.1 mg/kg,
• BCAT1 inhibitor in formulations administered to a subject will vary between wide limits, depending upon the location, source, identity, extent and severity of the disease or condition, the age and condition of the individual to be treated, etc. A physician will ultimately determine appropriate dosages to be used. Administration frequencies of formulations comprising one or more BCAT1 inhibitors will also vary depending on factors that include the disease or condition being treated and the modes of administration. Each formulation may be independently administered 4, 3, 2 times or once daily, every other day, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, every sixth day, once weekly, every eight days, every nine days, every ten days, bi-weekly, monthly and bi-monthly.
• FIG. 1 shows that MOHA inhibits the enzymatic activity of BCAT1 at concentrations >100 nM.
• MDA-MB-231 cells were plated onto 35 mm culture dishes and allowed to grow to -80% confluency. They were then treated with 25 mM of MOHA for 24 hrs. At the end of the experiment, cells were subjected to surface biotinylation using EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-Biotin (Pierce, Thermo Scientific) according to manufacturer's instructions. Following cell lysis, biotinylated proteins were immunoprecipitated from equal (-0.4 mg) amounts of cell lysates using Immobilized Neutravidin Biotin Binding Protein (Pierce, Thermo Scientific) and eluted in loading buffer under reducing conditions by heating at 75°C for 10 min.
• FIG. 2 shows that treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with MOHA results in downregulation of the cell surface expression of CD 147.
• MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, or HT-29 cancer cells were plated onto a 96-well plate at a cell density of 2,000 cells per well. The cells were allowed to adhere overnight before they were treated with various concentrations of MOHA. They were then allowed to proliferate for 72 hrs. Cell numbers were determined at the end of the assay using a Cyquant proliferation kit (Invitrogen).
• FIG. 4 indicates that MOHA inhibits cell growth of tumor cells with an IC 50 value between 5 and 10 mM.
• mice received vehicle (PBS), while treated mice received daily i.p. injections of MOHA at the indicated doses. Treatment was terminated 12 days after tumor cell inoculation and the study ended two days after the last treatment with MOHA.
• FIG. 5 shows that, at the end of the study, mice receiving MOHA experienced a -50% reduction in their primary tumor growth.
• Macrophages derived from human monocytic THP-1 cells (7.5xl0 4 cells/well of a 96-well plate) after stimulation with 200 nM PMA for 96 hrs, were activated with 1 ⁇ g/mL LPS for 6 hrs in serum-free media in the absence and presence of various concentrations of MOHA. Conditioned media were then collected, normalized per cell number and analyzed for the presence of TNFcc using an ELISA kit from
• FIG. 6 shows suppression of TNFcc secretion following treatment of THP-1- derived macrophages with MOHA.
• FIG. 7 shows inhibition of MMP9 secretion from unstimulated and CypA- stimulated THP-l-derived macrophages after treatment with the cells with 10 mM MOHA.
• FIG. 8 shows substantial inhibition of the symptomatic manifestation of arthritis in mice with collagen-induced arthritis CIA after treatment with MOHA.
• FIG. 9 shows substantial inhibition of all histological parameters examined following treatment of CIA- bearing mice with MOHA. The effect of MOHA on bone resorption is the most pronounced indicating that MOHA is particularly effective in reducing bone erosion.
• FIG. 10 shows a reduction in the levels of circulating RANKL following treatment of CIA-bearing mice with MOHA.
• MC3T3 pre-osteoblastic cells were plated onto a 96 well-plate at a cell density of 7.5x10 4 cells/well and allowed to adhere overnight. They were then stimulated with 1 ⁇ g/mL LPS and treated with various concentrations of MOHA for 24 hrs.
• FIG. 11 shows inhibition of RANKL secretion following treatment of LPS-stimulated MC3T3 cells with MOHA.

Landscapes

• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Immunology (AREA)
• Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
• Rheumatology (AREA)
• Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Dermatology (AREA)
• Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
• Transplantation (AREA)
• Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Neurology (AREA)
• Neurosurgery (AREA)
• Endocrinology (AREA)
• Reproductive Health (AREA)
• Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
• Oncology (AREA)
• Pulmonology (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
• Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

Priority Applications (4)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Related Child Applications (2)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=47357689

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (4)

Cited By (3)

Families Citing this family (2)

Citations (2)

Family Cites Families (5)

• 2012
  • 2012-06-12 JP JP2014515915A patent/JP6053768B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2012-06-12 US US14/125,687 patent/US9422224B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2012-06-12 WO PCT/US2012/042046 patent/WO2012173987A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2012-06-12 EP EP12800655.8A patent/EP2717869B1/en not_active Not-in-force
• 2016
  • 2016-11-25 JP JP2016228528A patent/JP6243996B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related

Patent Citations (2)

Non-Patent Citations (9)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events