WO2012169623A1 - 炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法 - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms, including a step of culturing cells transformed with a mutant phytoene desaturase gene in a medium.
- Carotenoids are compounds that are usually classified into tetraterpenes consisting of an isoprene skeleton having 30 or 40 carbon atoms. Various modifications such as cyclization are imparted after formation of a linear skeleton having 30 or 40 carbon atoms, which is fundamental in nature. The structural diversity of carotenoids is due to the diversity of such modifications. In addition, carotenoids are known to vary greatly in physiological activity due to structural differences based on the variety of modifications.
- Non-Patent Documents 1- 8, Patent Document 1 carotenoids having various structures are obtained by synthesis based on a so-called combinatorial biosynthesis technique.
- Combinatorial biosynthesis is a technique in which a microorganism is produced by modifying a biosynthetic pathway of a microorganism using a genetic engineering technique.
- Non-patent Document 9 Modification enzymes that give carotenoids with various structures have a “locally specific” property of acting only by recognizing only part of the substrate, and based on such properties of the modified substrate, Combinatorial biosynthesis has been carried out (Non-patent Document 9).
- Non-Patent Documents 7, 8, 11 and Patent Document 1 various non-natural carotenoids are produced by a method of constructing a metabolic pathway using an enzyme activity that has not been found in the natural world created using protein engineering. Biosynthesis is realized.
- carotenoids have a skeleton having 30 and 40 carbon atoms.
- the former is derived from 4,4′-diapophytoene synthesized by head-to-head condensation of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate (C 15 PP).
- the latter is derived from phytoene (a carotenoid skeleton compound having 40 carbon atoms) synthesized by head-to-head condensation of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate (C 20 PP) molecules.
- the former is the key to the biosynthetic pathway of more than a dozen types of carotenoids known to exist in nature, and the latter is the key to the biosynthetic pathway of more than 700 types of carotenoids.
- Non-patent Document 2 A carotenoid having a skeleton having 50 carbon atoms is synthesized by attaching an isoprene unit to a carotenoid having 40 carbon atoms by “addition” and increasing the total carbon number to 45 or 50 (Non-patent Document 10).
- Synthetic pathways for skeletons with 40 or more carbon atoms such as skeletons with 50 or 60 carbon atoms, are synthesized from geranyl farnesyl diphosphate (C 25 PP), hexaprenyl diphosphate (C 30 PP), etc. .
- carotenoids with a skeleton of 40 or more carbon atoms are expected to have many possibilities such as physiological functions and pigment functions that are different from conventional ones, there is no detailed report on the synthetic pathway in nature. There are few reports of biosynthetic pathways.
- Umeno the inventor of the present case, modified a carotenoid synthase (CrtM) having 30 carbon atoms derived from Staphylococcus aureus ( Staphylococcus aureus ) to replace geranyl farnesyl diphosphate (C 25 PP).
- An enzyme with the function of synthesizing a carotenoid skeleton compound with 50 carbon atoms by molecular condensation was developed.
- Umeno co-expressed the enzyme together with an appropriate precursor synthase in Escherichia coli to produce 16,16'-diisopentenyl phytoene, which is a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms. Success for the first time (Non-Patent Document 7).
- Non-patent Document 7 carotenoids having a skeleton with carbon numbers other than 50, such as 30, 30 and 40, were also synthesized. Even if wild-type phytoene desaturase is added to this pathway, about 75% of the 50-carbon carotenoid skeleton compounds remain unsaturated, resulting in poor synthesis efficiency. (Non-patent document 8).
- Carotenoids with 50 carbon atoms have a larger skeleton than carotenoids with 40 carbon atoms, and therefore have the advantage of being a substance with a large conjugated double bond size that can be accommodated. If a carotenoid skeletal compound with 50 carbon atoms can be synthesized and desaturated, as in the natural pathway for the synthesis of carotenoids with 40 carbon atoms, various structures and physiological activities can be obtained by combining with various modifying enzymes. It is thought that a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms can be produced.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing various carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms by efficiently desaturating carotenoid skeleton compounds having 50 carbon atoms.
- a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms is obtained by a mutant phytoene desaturase in which a mutation is introduced into phytoene desaturase (phytoene desaturase: CrtI).
- a mutation is introduced into phytoene desaturase
- carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms can be efficiently and simply synthesized by culturing cells into which the mutant phytoene desaturase gene has been introduced. completed.
- the present invention relates to the following.
- a method for producing a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms Mutant phytoene desaturase gene has been introduced to encode a mutant phytoene desaturase with enhanced activity to desaturate carotenoid skeletal compounds having 50 carbon atoms
- a method for producing a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms comprising culturing cells transformed with a mutant phytoene desaturase gene in a medium, and obtaining a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms from the cultured product. 2.
- the mutant phytoene desaturase gene is introduced with a mutation that encodes a mutant phytoene desaturase with enhanced activity to desaturate a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms,
- the mutant phytoene desaturase gene is introduced with a mutation that encodes a mutant phytoene desaturase with enhanced activity to desaturate a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms, 3.
- Mutant phytoene desaturase gene is introduced with a mutation that encodes mutant phytoene desaturase with enhanced activity to desaturate carotenoid skeleton compounds with 50 carbon atoms. 4.
- the cell according to any one of 1 to 6 above is further transformed with a gene encoding an enzyme that synthesizes geranyl farnesyl diphosphate from farnesyl diphosphate and / or geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
- the cyclization described in the preceding item 8 is ⁇ -cyclization, and the cell according to the preceding item 8 further includes an enzyme for hydroxylating the ⁇ ring and / or a ⁇ ring in a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms at the terminal.
- the cell according to any one of 1 to 7 above is further transformed with a gene encoding an enzyme that oxidizes a C50 desaturated carotenoid obtained by desaturating a C50 carotenoid skeleton compound.
- a gene encoding an enzyme that oxidizes a C50 desaturated carotenoid obtained by desaturating a C50 carotenoid skeleton compound 8.
- a mutant phytoene desaturase gene, wherein a mutation encoding a mutant phytoene desaturase having enhanced activity to desaturate a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms has been introduced.
- a mutation that encodes a mutant phytoene desaturase having enhanced activity of desaturating a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms is asparagine at position 304, phenylalanine at position 339 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 12.
- Desaturase gene is obtained by substitution of an amino acid corresponding to one or more amino acids selected from 338th isoleucine, 395th aspartic acid, and 228th isoleucine.
- mutant phytoene desaturase gene The mutation of the mutant phytoene desaturase gene according to item 11 or 12, wherein at least the amino acid corresponding to the 304th asparagine in SEQ ID NO: 1 is substituted with proline or serine, Mutant phytoene desaturase gene. 14 14. A mutant phytoene desaturase encoded by the mutant phytoene desaturase gene according to any one of 11 to 13 above. 15. A carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms is produced by desaturating a carotenoid skeletal compound having 50 carbon atoms, which is transformed with the mutant phytoene desaturase gene according to any one of 11 to 13 above Possible cells.
- a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms can be efficiently desaturated, and carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms having various structures can be produced.
- desaturated carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms can be delivered to downstream modifying enzymes, and various carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms can be produced.
- Carotenoids have a variety of structures as a result of various modifications such as oxygenation of a carotenoid skeleton compound having 40 carbon atoms (30 carbon atoms in certain bacteria) that does not contain oxygen or the like.
- the most important caroten in nature is ⁇ -carotene having a ⁇ ring, and various enzymes that modify the ⁇ ring exist in nature.
- a 50-carbon carotenoid having a ⁇ ring can be synthesized.
- various carotenoids can be produced by using enzymes that modify various ⁇ rings.
- the carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms produced by the production method of the present invention has an improved antioxidant function compared to conventional carotenoids, and has been extended to a range where the color gamut as a pigment has not been reported so far. It is expected that there is a possibility that it has the property of being difficult to be decomposed and metabolized.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a map of plasmids used in Examples 1 to 6 and Reference Examples 1 and 2.
- (A) is pAC-fds Y81A , V157A-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S .
- pACmod vector with lac promoter / operator ( lacPO ) -crtM F26A , W38A, F233S and lac promoter / operator ( lacPO ) -fds Y81A, It was prepared by inserting V157A .
- B is pUC-pBAD-crtI * . It was prepared by removing the lac promoter / operator from the pUC18Nm vector, inserting the araC gene / araBAD promoter sequence (derived from the pBADHisA vector), and inserting the mutant crtI ( crtI * ) downstream of the promoter.
- C is pUC-pBAD-crtI * -crtY.
- lacPO downstream fds Y81A of pUC18Nm vector was generated by inserting the V157A gene.
- G is pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S .
- H is pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S- idi. It was prepared by inserting lacPO - idi upstream of the ClaI site of pAC-crt MF26A, W38A, F233S .
- FDS Y81A shown V157A and CrtM F26A, W38A, when coexpressed with Idi in the metabolism pathway constructed by F233S, the synthesis of C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound (Example 1).
- “No idi ” and “With idi ” are compounds having C 35 carotenoid skeleton obtained from HPLC analysis of acetone extract (35) and compounds having C 40 carotenoid skeleton (40).
- Example 2 which is the figure shown about the screening of the mutant
- A) is an outline of the operation of the screening experiment system, and (b) shows the principle of screening. It is a figure showing (a) the actual color of an acetone extract, and (b) the absorption spectrum of an acetone extract about 6 of 8 colonies obtained by screening (Example 3).
- CrtEBI is a control and is Escherichia coli transformed with a plasmid pAC-EBI containing crtE , crtB and crtI derived from Pantoea ananatis .
- WT (or CrtIwt) is transformed with wild-type crtI , mut1, mut2, mut8, mut4, and mut6 are CrtI-m1, CrtI-m2, CrtI-m8, CrtI-m4, and CrtI-m6 colonies, respectively. Results are shown. These transformed E. coli synthesize lycopene.
- CrtI * indicates that a mutant crtI derived from CrtI-m2 was introduced into E. coli.
- A), (b), (c), (d), and (e) are respectively E.
- E. coli transformed with pUC-pBAD-CrtI E. coli transformed with pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2, pUC-pBAD
- the results are for E. coli transformed with -CrtI N304P , E. coli transformed with pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-CrtY, and E. coli transformed with pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY.
- (I) is a pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY- CrtW BD -CrtZ BD.
- (J) is pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-CrtY-CrtW BD .
- (K) is pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-CrtY-CrtZ BD .
- (L) is pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S- fds Y81A, V157A- idi. C50 produced by transforming various plasmids containing CrtW and / or CrtZ derived from Brevundimonas sp.
- -Zeanthanthin, C50-canthaxanthin, and C50-astaxanthin are diagrams showing the results of HPLC analysis (Example 8).
- (A), (b), and (c) are pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S- fds Y81A, V157A , pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-CrtY-CrtZ BD , pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2, respectively.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a map of plasmids used in Example 11.
- the plasmid contains CrtW and / or CrtZ derived from Brevundimonas sp. Strain SD-212, CrtG derived from Brevundimonas sp.
- Strain SD-212, or CrtX derived from Pantoea ananatis is pUC-pBAD- CrtIN304P- CrtY-CrtG-CrtZ BD .
- N is a pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY- CrtG-CrtW BD -CrtZ BD.
- O is pUC-pBAD- CrtIN304P- CrtY-CrtX-CrtZ BD .
- P is a pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY- CrtX-CrtW BD -CrtZ BD.
- Example 11 which is a figure explaining that a more various carotenoid can be produced by further expressing CrtG in a carotenoid biosynthetic pathway.
- CrtG With further expression of CrtG, C 50 -astaxanthin to C 50 -2-hydroxyastaxanthin and C 50 -2,3,2 ', 3'-tetrahydroxy- ⁇ , ⁇ -carotene-4,4'-dione Is produced.
- C 50 - from zeaxanthin C 50 - Caro xanthine (Caloxanthin) and C 50 - Nosuto xanthine (Nostoxanthin) is produced.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining that various carotenoids can be produced by further expressing CrtX in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway (Example 11). Further expression of CrtX produces C 50 -astaxanthin- ⁇ -D-glucoside and C 50 -astaxanthin- ⁇ -D-diglucoside from C 50 -astaxanthin.
- Example 11 which is a figure which shows the result of having measured the absorption spectrum of the carotenoid extract obtained by the additional expression of CrtG or CrtX to the Escherichia coli strain which synthesize
- Example 11 which shows the result of having analyzed the carotenoid produced by the additional expression of CrtG or CrtX to the E. coli strain which synthesize
- (b) shows that C50-caroxanthin (C50-Caloxanthin, peak 3) and C50-nostoxanthin (C50-Nostoxanthin, peak 2) were produced by additional expression of CrtG.
- C shows that C50-zeaxanthin- ⁇ -D-diglucoside (C50-Zeaxanthin- ⁇ -D-diglucoside, peak 5) was produced by additional expression of CrtX. It is a figure which shows the map of the plasmid used in Example 12.
- (Q) is pAC-hexPS.
- (R) is pAC-FDS I78G, Y81A- idi.
- (S) is, pUC-CrtM F26A, W38A, a F233S.
- the C 55 carotenoid and C 60 carotenoid is a diagram showing the result of biosynthesis (Example 12).
- CrtM F26A , W38A, F233S and hexPS were co-expressed, C 60 carotenoid was specifically synthesized.
- Carotenoids are biosynthesized from mevalonic acid or pyruvic acid in nature.
- IPP isopentenyl diphosphate
- DMAPP dimethylallyl diphosphate
- C 10 PP geranyl diphosphate
- PP farnesyl diphosphate
- C 20 PP geranylgeranyl diphosphate
- phytoene is synthesized by condensing two molecules of C 20 PP by phytoene synthase (CrtB), which becomes a carotenoid precursor (carotenoid skeleton compound).
- Phytoene, zeto-carotene, neurosporene, lycopene, tetradehydrolycopene, and the like are synthesized by sequentially unsaturated phytoene.
- Various carotenoids such as violaxanthin are synthesized.
- Carotenoids composed only of carbon and hydrogen are classified as carotenes, and those containing oxygen in addition to carbon and hydrogen are classified as xanthophylls.
- the present invention makes it possible to produce a carotenoid having a carbon number of 50 by modifying a biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids existing in nature.
- a cell transformed with a mutant phytoene desaturase gene is used as a medium.
- a method for producing a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms which comprises obtaining the carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms from the culture after culturing.
- “50 carbon atoms” may be simply represented as “C 50 ”, and the same applies to 35, 40, 45, 55, 60 carbon atoms, and the like.
- C50 carotenoid is distinguished from “C50 carotenoid skeleton compound” which is desaturated by mutant phytoene desaturase, and C50 carotenoid skeleton compound is unsaturated.
- the carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms may be subjected to any modification, for example, having a ⁇ ring or ⁇ ring at the terminal, or having a functional group containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen such as a hydroxyl group or a keto group. Also included.
- a carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms is sufficient if the number of carbon atoms derived from the skeletal compound is 50. For example, by adding a functional group containing carbon such as a methyl group or an acetyl group by modification, the total number of carbon atoms is 50 or more. Also included are.
- a “C50 carotenoid skeleton compound” is a precursor of a C50 carotenoid and can be desaturated by a mutant phytoene desaturase.
- n described after the common name of a compound represents the number of conjugated double bonds.
- C50 desaturated carotenoid a substance which has been desaturated by a mutant phytoene desaturase but which has not undergone subsequent modification.
- the unsaturated carotenoid having 50 carbon atoms is a straight-chain compound and has no functional groups other than those derived from a skeletal compound.
- Unsaturated carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms are included in carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms.
- the term “compound having a carotenoid skeleton having 50 carbon atoms” is used as a concept including all of carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms, carotenoid skeleton compounds having 50 carbon atoms, and unsaturated carotenoids having 50 carbon atoms. There is also a case.
- a mutant phytoene desaturase that catalyzes a reaction that desaturates a carotenoid skeleton compound having 50 carbon atoms is a mutant in which wild type phytoene desaturase (CrtI) is introduced.
- Phytoene desaturase (CrtI) is an enzyme that desaturates phytoene having 40 carbon atoms. In nature, phytoene containing three conjugated double bonds is desaturated to introduce double bonds sequentially. And catalyzing the reaction of synthesizing lycopene containing 11 conjugated double bonds.
- the mutant phytoene desaturase in the present invention has an activity of desaturating a C 50 carotenoid skeletal compound as compared to the wild-type phytoene desaturase by introducing a mutation.
- the mutant phytoene desaturase in the present invention may be derived from any organism including plants, bacteria, etc., as long as the activity of desaturating the C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound is enhanced by mutation. Good.
- the mutant phytoene desaturase is preferably derived from a microorganism, more preferably a bacterium belonging to the genus Pantoea (formerly Erwinia ), more preferably Pantoea ananatis ; It is derived from Erwinia uredovora and rice brown rot.
- the amino acid sequence of wild-type phytoene desaturase (CrtI) derived from Pantoea ananatis is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 in the sequence listing.
- the mutant phytoene desaturase gene ( crtI * ) encodes a mutant phytoene desaturase.
- Any mutation in the mutant phytoene desaturase gene may be used as long as the object of the present invention is achieved.
- the mutation is any one or more amino acids selected from the 304th asparagine, the 339th phenylalanine, the 338th isoleucine, the 395th aspartic acid, and the 228th isoleucine in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. More preferably, at least the amino acid corresponding to the 304th asparagine in SEQ ID NO: 1 is substituted with proline or serine.
- amino acid corresponding to at least the 304th asparagine in SEQ ID NO: 1 is substituted with proline.
- the “amino acid corresponding to the Xth amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 1” specifies that the amino acid to be mutated is the Xth counted from the N-terminus in SEQ ID NO: 1, In the case of a phytoene desaturase having an amino acid sequence different from the amino acid sequence shown in No. 1, it is not X-th, but is expressed as a different numerical value.
- a mutant phytoene desaturase gene a mutation causing a desired amino acid substitution is introduced into the phytoene desaturase gene derived from Pantoea ananatis (base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 in the sequence listing).
- the base sequence is exemplified.
- a mutant phytoene desaturase gene is exemplified by a gene having the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 in which the 911st adenine (A) is replaced by guanine (G) in the base sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
- the substitution of the 911th base results in the substitution of the 304th asparagine of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 with serine.
- SEQ ID NO: 2 contains G1131A and A1476T non-synonymous mutations.
- a nucleotide sequence in which the nucleotide sequence AAC at positions 910 to 912 in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 is replaced with CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG, more preferably CCT is used.
- Examples of the gene possessed base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 28 in the Sequence Listing
- Such substitution of bases results in substitution of the 304th asparagine with proline in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27 in the Sequence Listing).
- SEQ ID NO: 28 contains non-synonymous mutations of G1131A and A1476T.
- the mutant phytoene desaturase gene can be prepared by preparing a mutant gene library, screening a gene encoding an enzyme having a desired function from the library, and determining the nucleotide sequence. Screening can be performed, for example, by the method described in the Examples. Once the nucleotide sequence is determined, the mutant phytoene desaturase gene can be obtained by chemical synthesis, PCR using the cloned probe as a template, site-directed mutagenesis, and the like.
- the present invention includes a step of culturing a cell transformed with a mutant phytoene desaturase gene in a medium, but the cell may originally have another carotenoid biosynthesis gene, A carotenoid biosynthesis gene may be transformed.
- Other carotenoid biosynthesis genes are those associated with the upstream or downstream of the reaction of the reaction which desaturate C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound.
- the upstream reaction corresponds to a pathway for supplying a C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound
- the downstream reaction corresponds to a pathway for further modifying the C 50 unsaturated carotenoid.
- IPP, DMAPP, C 10 PP, C 15 PP, and C 20 PP can be originally synthesized in many cells, particularly all microorganisms.
- the cell in the present invention synthesizes a carotenoid backbone compound of C 50 by bicondensing C 25 PP, a gene encoding an enzyme that synthesizes C 25 PP from C 15 PP and / or C 20 PP. It has been transformed with at least one of the genes encoding the enzyme.
- the gene encoding the enzyme that synthesizes C 25 PP from C 15 PP and / or C 20 PP may be any gene as long as it has a desired function.
- Examples of such a gene include a mutant gene of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS) derived from Geobacillus stearothermophilus , a moderately thermophilic bacterium of the genus Geobacillus (Ohnuma, S. et al., J Biol Chem 271,30748-30754 (1996), Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-258989).
- FDS farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- the gene encoding an enzyme that synthesizes a C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound by bimolecular condensation of C 25 PP may be any gene as long as it has a desired function.
- the mutant gene is exemplified of Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) derived from Jiapofitoen synthase (CrtM) .
- the C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound can be produced with high efficiency, which is preferable.
- the cell of the present invention may be transformed with a gene ( idi ) encoding an enzyme that isomerizes IPP to DMAPP (for example, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (Idi)). .
- C 50 desaturated carotenoids are considered to correspond to lycopene and tetradehydrolycopene in nature, and it is expected that C 50 desaturated carotenoids can be modified by various enzymes related to lycopene modification.
- the cell in the present invention contains a gene encoding an enzyme that cyclizes the terminal end of a C 50 desaturated carotenoid and / or a gene encoding an enzyme that oxidizes the oxygenated C 50 desaturated carotenoid. May be.
- the cell in the present invention has a gene encoding an enzyme that cyclizes (especially ⁇ -cyclization) the end of the C 50 desaturated carotenoid
- the cell hydroxylates the cyclic portion (particularly ⁇ -ring) It may be transformed with a gene encoding an enzyme and / or a gene encoding an enzyme that ketolates a cyclic portion (particularly the ⁇ ring).
- the ⁇ ring is synonymous with the ⁇ -ionone ring.
- the gene encoding the enzyme that cyclizes the terminal of the C 50 desaturated carotenoid may be any gene as long as it has a desired function.
- examples of such genes include a gene ( crtY ) encoding lycopene cyclase (CrtY) that synthesizes ⁇ -carotene from lycopene derived from Pantoea ananatis (Misawa N. et al., J Bacteriol 172, 6704- 6712 (1990)).
- the gene encoding the enzyme that hydroxylates the ⁇ ring and / or the gene encoding the enzyme that kets the ⁇ ring is any gene as long as it has the desired function It may be.
- marine bacterium Paracoccus (Paracoccus) genus N81106 strain (formerly Agrobacterium A uranium tier Kum (Agrobacterium aurantiacum)) derived from, or marine bacterium Brevundimonas (Brevundimonas) from the genus SD-212 strain
- beta- Ionone ring-3-hydroxylase (CrtZ) gene ( crtZ )
- ⁇ -ionone ring-4-ketolase ⁇ -ionone ring-4-oxygenase
- the gene encoding the enzyme that oxidizes the C 50 desaturated carotenoid may be any gene as long as it has a desired function.
- An example of such a gene is a spheroidene monooxygenase (CrtA) gene ( crtA ) derived from Rhodobacter sphearoides (SEQ ID NO: 7).
- Spheroidene monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation reaction in which an oxygen atom is inserted into spheroidene and converted to spheroidenone.
- the cells of the present invention may be transformed with genes encoding various enzymes related to C 50 desaturated carotenoid modification pathways other than those described above, depending on the type of carotenoid to be produced.
- ⁇ -ionone ring-2-hydroxylase (CrtG) gene derived from Brevundimonas sp. Strain SD-212 (referred to as “CrtV” in International Publication WO2005 / 049643) (Nishida, Y. et al. al, Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 4286-4296, 2005), producing C 50 carotenoids by hydroxylating the 2 and 2 'positions of the ⁇ ring, which makes organic synthesis difficult by transforming the cells. Is also possible.
- cells capable of producing a C 50 carotenoid can be produced by selecting an appropriate expression vector and introducing and expressing a known foreign gene (for example, Sambrook, J., Russel, DW, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Edition, CSHL Press, 2001).
- a gene to be introduced into a cell by transformation is prepared by a conventional method such as a PCR method, the gene is incorporated into an expression vector suitable for the host by a conventional method, a target vector is selected, and the host cell is transformed by the conventional method using the vector. Obtained by conversion.
- these plural genes may be incorporated into the same expression vector for transformation, or may be incorporated into different expression vectors for cotransformation.
- the host cell is not limited, but microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and yeast are preferable in consideration of shortening of the culture time and ease of cloning.
- Escherichia coli and yeast are preferable.
- Suitable Escherichia coli is a terpene precursor in addition to a cloning strain such as Escherichia coli XL1-Blue (hereinafter simply referred to as “E. coli XL1-Blue”), an expression strain such as HB101 and BL21.
- Gene knockout strains such as JW1750 ⁇ gdhA (glutamate dehydrogenase deficient), JW0110 ⁇ aceE (pyruvate dehydrogenase deficient) (Baba, T. et al .; Mol Syst Biol 2, 2006 0008 (2006)), etc.
- Suitable yeasts include standard germinating yeast, INVSc1 (invitrogen), YPH499 (stratagene) and the like.
- the expression vector into which the gene is incorporated is not particularly limited and may be a commonly used vector.
- examples include those derived from pUC18, pACYC184, etc., when the host is Bacillus subtilis, pUB110, pE194, pC194, pHY300PLK DNA, etc., and when the host is yeast, pRS303 , YEp213, TOp2609 and the like.
- Whether or not the target gene has been introduced into the host cell can be confirmed by a conventional method, for example, PCR method, Southern hybridization method, Northern hybridization method and the like.
- the method for producing a C 50 carotenoid of the present invention includes a step of culturing a cell, which is a transformant obtained as described above, in a medium.
- the medium may be any medium as long as it contains a substance that can serve as a source of the C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound, and may be a medium containing components that are generally used for cell culture.
- a carbon source that can be a supply source of IPP and DMAPP may be contained in the medium. Examples of such a carbon source include various saccharides such as glucose.
- the temperature during the cultivation is not particularly limited, but is preferably 18 to 30 ° C, more preferably 20 to 30 ° C.
- the culture time is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 12 to 72 hours, more preferably 24 to 48 hours, from the expression of the gene introduced by transformation.
- Recovery of C 50 carotenoid from the culture after culturing can be performed according to a method commonly used for obtaining a product such as carotenoid from cells such as microorganisms.
- Carotenoids may be obtained from the cells by separating only the cells from the culture.
- the present invention is transformed with a mutant phytoene desaturase gene, a mutant phytoene desaturase encoded by the mutant phytoene desaturase gene, and a mutant phytoene desaturase gene. Further, cells capable of producing a C 50 carotenoid by desaturating a C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound are also targeted.
- the present invention can also be used for highly efficient synthesis of such desaturation C 55 carotenoids and unsaturated C 60 carotenoid.
- FDS I78G a double mutant of FDS
- FDS farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- I78G glycine
- 81st tyrosine is replaced with alanine (Y81A) Y81A)
- Y81A alanine
- fds Y81A, V157A is a mutant of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS) derived from Geobacillus stearothermophilus.
- FDS farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- the present inventors further shifted the size specificity to the substrate by further introducing a mutation into the mutant gene fds Y81A using the terpene synthase gene screening method described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-258989. Fds Y81A and V157A encoding mutant enzyme were prepared.
- C 50 carotenoid skeletal compound (16,16'-diisopentenyl phytoene) by bimolecular condensation of C 25 PP, the mutant genes crtM F26A , W38A, 233S are used.
- crtM Staphylococcus aureus-derived diapophytoene synthase
- CrtM Staphylococcus aureus-derived diapophytoene synthase
- the present inventors introduced a mutation in the crtM gene in order to produce an enzyme with improved size selectivity for the substrate (Umeno et al., J Bacteriol 184, 6690-6699 (2002), Umeno et al., Nucleic Acids Res 31, e91 (2003)). It was found that when C 25 PP was given to a CrtM double mutant having mutations F26A and W38A, a C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound was slightly synthesized (Non-patent Document 7).
- F26A the triple mutant of CrtM introduced with F233S mutation in addition to W38A is very efficient synthesis of C 50 carotenoid skeleton compounds from C 25 PP bimolecular, slightly given a C 30 PP C
- 60 carotenoid skeletal compounds (Maiko Furubayashi, Yasutomo Ginger, Junichi Saito, Tasuke Umeno, Active Evolution of Non-Natural Carotenoid Synthetic Pathways, Japan Society for Agricultural Chemistry, Kanto Branch, 2010 Annual Meeting, October 9, 2010: Tasuke Umeno, Maiko Furubayashi, Yasutomo Ginger, Akihito Hambami, Jun Yi, Jun Jun Sugawara, Creating and nurturing non-natural biosynthetic pathways, “Creating Cells” Workshop 3.0, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, November 12, 2010 The international chemical congress of Pacific basin societies, Hawaii, USA, December 17, 2010: Furubayashi M, Saito K, Umeno D, In-laboratory genetic
- pAC-crt MF26A, W38A, and F233S are lac promoter / operator ( lacPO ) -crtM F26A , W38A at the BamHI site of the pACmod vector (Claudia Schmidt-Dannert et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 18: 750-753 (2000)). Then, it was prepared by inserting F233S .
- pUC-fds Y81A, V157A is pUC18Nm vector (Umeno D. et al, J Bacteriol 184, 6690-6699 (2002)) fds Y81A the lacPO downstream, it was generated by inserting the V157A gene.
- the transformed E. coli was cultured by the method described in Non-Patent Document 7.
- Example 1 Improved fds Y81A for synthesis of C 50 carotenoid framework compound And V157A, crtM F26A, W38A, in addition to the F233S, genes encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (Idi) (from the E. coli genome) was expressed in E. coli XL1-Blue, was cultured E. coli.
- fds Y81A Transformation of E. coli XL1-Blue with V157A and crtM F26A , W38A, F233S was carried out by a conventional method using plasmids pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S- idi (FIG.
- FIG. 2 (f): SEQ ID NO: 9 was prepared.
- pAC-crt MF26A, W38A, and F233S - idi were prepared by inserting lacPO - idi upstream of the ClaI site of pAC-crt MF26A, W38A, and F233S .
- pUC-fds Y81A and V157A were produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. Culture of transformed Escherichia coli and analysis of the produced carotenoid were performed in the same manner as in Reference Example 1.
- the inventors of the present invention attempted to link crtI downstream of the araBAD promoter that can suppress leaky expression (low level expression that occurs without induction) and to express it in E. coli XL1-Blue.
- the carotenoid biosynthetic genes upstream of crtI are steadily expressed with lacP , and after reaching a sufficient density / number of bacteria, the expression of crtI is induced to desaturate the C 50 carotenoid skeletal compound and dye Attempted to form.
- the plasmid used was pUC-pBAD-crtI (in which crtI was introduced into the crtI variant part of FIG. 2 (b)).
- the lac promoter / operator ( lacPO ) of the pUC18Nm vector (Umeno D. et al, J Bacteriol 184, 6690-6699 (2002)) was removed, and the araC gene / araBAD promoter sequence derived from the pBADHisA vector (invitrogen) was inserted.
- CrtI was inserted into the XhoI-ApaI site downstream of the promoter.
- crtI is a gene encoding a wild-type phytoene desaturase derived from Pantoea ananatis (Misawa N. et al., J Bacteriol 172, 6704-6712 (1990)).
- FIG. 4A shows an outline of the operation of this embodiment
- FIG. 4B shows the principle of screening.
- the ligation product was transformed into Escherichia coli XL10-Gold (Stragatene), and a part of the ligation product was spread on LB (Luria Bertani) solid medium.
- the remaining transformant, E. coli was added to 10 mL LB liquid medium and cultured overnight at 37 ° C., and then a plasmid was extracted from 2 mL, and this was designated as “mutant crtI plasmid library”. Further, the number of transformed cells (library size) was calculated from the number of colonies formed in the solid medium and found to be 10 5 cfu / transformation.
- Escherichia coli XL1-Blue having plasmids pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S- fds Y81A, V157A (indicated as “pAC-C 50 ” in FIG. 4B: SEQ ID NO: 11) was transformed with the plasmid library thus obtained.
- LB solid medium (containing 50 ⁇ g / mL carbenicillin, 30 ⁇ g / mL chloramphenicol) mounted with a nitrocellulose filter. After culturing at 37 ° C. for 24 hours until colonies formed, the mixture was further allowed to stand at room temperature for 48 hours.
- E. coli XL1-Blue was transformed with pUC-pBAD-crtI containing wild type crtI .
- the colony showed skin color.
- 8 colonies exhibiting a particularly intense reddish purple were visually detected.
- Each colony was named CrtI-m1, m2, ..., m8. 4 as shown in (b),
- CrtI-m2 and CrtI-m8 were found to have the same mutation (N304S) in which the 304th asparagine (N) was substituted with serine (S).
- CrtI-m1 and CrtI-m4 have a mutation (F339S, F339L) in which the 339th phenylalanine (F) is substituted with serine (S) or leucine (L).
- CrtI-m6 and CrtI -m7 had a mutation (I338V) in which the 338th isoleucine (I) was replaced by valine (V).
- Example 3 of the variant CrtI by colony obtained in Synthesis Example 2 desaturation C 50 carotenoid, CrtI-m1, m2, m4 dye formation has been enhanced as compared with the wild-type CrtI, For m6 and m8, the desaturation ability of the C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound was confirmed.
- Escherichia coli XL1-Blue carrying pAC- crtM F26A, W38A , F233S- fds Y81A, V157A was transformed with plasmids pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m1, m2, m4, m6, m8, respectively , and a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane
- the mixture was sprayed on an LB agar medium on which the medium was placed and cultured at 37 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the plasmid pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m1, m2, m4, m6, m8 has various mutant genes mut1, mut2, mut4, mut6, mut8 in the crtI * part of pUC-pBAD-crtI * -crtY in FIG.
- the nucleotide sequence of the plasmid with mut2 inserted is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the NC membrane was placed on the LB agar medium containing 0.2% arabinose and cultured at room temperature with the colonies on board. Colonies were inoculated into 2 mL LB medium (containing 50 ⁇ g / mL carbenicillin, 30 ⁇ g / mL chloramphenicol) and cultured overnight at 37 ° C. 300 ⁇ L of the culture solution was inoculated into 30 ⁇ mL TB medium (containing 50 ⁇ g / mL carbenicillin and 30 ⁇ g / mL chloramphenicol) and subjected to shaking culture at 30 ° C. and 200 ⁇ rpm. After shaking culture for 24 hours, 20% arabinose was added to the culture solution to a final concentration of 0.2%, and shaking culture (30 ° C) was further performed for 48 hours.
- the culture was measured for OD 600 and the cells were collected by centrifugation.
- the pellet obtained by collecting the cells was washed with physiological saline, and the fat-soluble fraction was extracted with 10 mL acetone. 300 ⁇ L was collected from the extract, and the absorption spectrum was measured using Spectra Max 384 (Molecular Device).
- FIG. 5 (a) is a photograph showing the actual color of each acetone extract.
- E. coli expressing mut2, mut8, mut1, mut4, and mut6 the absorbance at around 500-600 nm of the acetone extract increased compared to E. coli expressing wild-type crtI (WT) (FIG. 5 (b)). )).
- WT wild-type crtI
- CrtI-m2 and CrtI-m8 having mutant CrtI with N304S showed strong color and absorbance.
- the rightmost peak (shoulder) is at about 540 nm, which contains a large amount of 6-step unsaturated products (15 conjugated double bonds). Indicates that Most C 50 of were often synthesis of the unsaturated carotenoids were in the case of introducing CrtI-m @ 2 or CrtI-m8.
- Mass spectrometry of the fractions obtained by HPLC was performed in a field desorption mode using an M-2500 type Hitachi double-focusing mass spectrometer (Hitachi) (Takaichi (1993) Org. Mass Spectrom. 28: 785-788)).
- the plasmid pUC-pBAD-crtI / CrtI-m2-crtY was used for transformation of the crtY gene.
- the plasmid was prepared by inserting the SpeI site after the ApaI site of pUC-pBAD-crtI / CrtI-m2 and inserting the crtY gene into the ApaI / SpeI site.
- the crtY gene is a gene encoding lycopene cyclase derived from Pantoea ananatis (Misawa N. et al., J Bacteriol 172, 6704-6712 (1990)).
- the notation of CrtI-m2 in the plasmid means that the mutant gene crtI N304S derived from CrtI-m2 has been inserted.
- the nucleotide sequence of pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-crtY is shown in SEQ ID NO: 13.
- pUC-CrtI-m2-CrtY was transformed into E. coli XL1-Blue having pAC- crtM F26A, W38A , F233S- fds Y81A, V157A .
- crtY was transformed with wild type crtI instead of crtI-m2.
- Escherichia coli was spread on an LB agar medium on which a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane was placed and cultured at 37 ° C. for 24 hours. After the colony was formed, the NC membrane was transferred to an LB agar medium containing 0.2% arabinose in the state of the colony, and cultured at room temperature to observe the colony color.
- NC nitrocellulose
- FIG. 7 shows a photograph of the transformed E. coli cultured for 0 to 48 hours.
- Escherichia coli (“CrtI 2 Y” in FIG. 7) transformed with a plasmid having crtY downstream of the mutant crtI derived from CrtI-m2 showed a very dark red color.
- C 50 - ⁇ -carotene A sample corresponding to peak 7 in FIG. 6 was fractionated by HPLC and subjected to mass spectrometry. HPLC elution time C 50 - was slower than lycopene. It is known that C 40 carotenoids show similar behavior. The absorption spectrum almost coincided with the chemically synthesized product (Khachik and Beecher (1985) J. Chromatogr. 346: 237-246) (FIG. 9 (c)). The absorption spectrum was similar to that with the characteristics of bicyclic carotenoids. The mass number obtained by mass spectrometry was 668, which was consistent with the estimated structure (Compound No. 7 in FIG. 1).
- Example 5 further extends the route for synthesizing a cyclic C 50 carotenoids was confirmed by extended Example 4 according to a further modification of the annular C 50 carotenoid pathway, was synthesized oxo carotenoids.
- the plasmid pUC-pBAD-crtI-crtWZY containing crtW , crtZ and crtY (FIG. 2 (d): SEQ ID NO: 14) was used.
- the plasmid was obtained by amplifying crtW , crtZ , crtY (SEQ ID NO: 6) of Paracoccus sp. N81106 from the plasmid pAK32 (Misawa N. et al., J Bacteriol 177, 6575-6584 (1995)).
- pUC-pBAD-crtI-crtWZY and pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-crtWZY were prepared.
- the prepared plasmid was introduced into E. coli (XL1-Blue) together with pAC- crtM F26A, W38A , F233S- fds Y81A, V157A , and E. coli was cultured, and the colony color was observed.
- Example 7 Acquisition of mutant crtI having high ability to desaturate C 50 carotenoid skeleton compound
- CrtI-m2 had the highest desaturation efficiency of the C50 skeleton. Therefore, focusing on the amino acid substitution N304S of CrtI-m2, site-specific total substitution of the 304th amino acid was performed to search for mutants with higher desaturation efficiency.
- a library was prepared by PCR and subsequent cloning using a primer in which the 304th amino acid was randomized (NNK codon).
- the obtained plasmid library was screened by the same method as described in Example 2.
- a colony showing a red color than CrtI wild type was searched for, and a plasmid of CrtI mutant was isolated.
- These CrtI mutants were screened again, those that were replaced with glycine (G), serine (S), asparagine (N), proline (P), alanine (A) gave particularly red colonies,
- the P substitution (codon: CCT) gave the most red colonies.
- the amino acid sequence of CrtI having a P-substitution product is shown in SEQ ID NO: 27 of the sequence listing, and the base sequence encoding the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 28.
- Colonies were inoculated into 2 mL LB medium (containing 50 ⁇ g / mL carbenicillin and 30 ⁇ g / mL chrolamphenicol) and cultured at 37 ° C. overnight. 300 ⁇ L of the culture solution was inoculated into 30 mL TB medium (containing 50 ⁇ g / mL carbenicillin and 30 ⁇ g / mL chrolamphenicol), and subjected to shaking culture at 30 ° C. and 200 rpm. After shaking culture for 36 hours, 20% arabinose was added to the culture solution to a final concentration of 0.2%, and shaking culture (30 ° C.) was further performed for 36 hours. HPLC analysis was performed by the method shown in Example 3.
- Example 8 Examination of use of CrtW and CrtZ derived from Brevundimonas sp. Strain SD-212 In Example 5, in addition to C50- ⁇ -carotene, CrtW and CrtZ derived from Paracoccus sp. Aimed at production of astaxanthin. Although a polar peak was observed, most of C50- ⁇ -carotene remained unmodified by CrtW or CrtZ. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize C50-astaxanthin and its intermediates, C50-zeaxanthin and C50-canthaxanthin, using more efficient CrtW and CrtZ.
- pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtW BD -CrtZ BD was prepared.
- PUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-CrtY-CrtW BD and pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-CrtY-CrtZ BD were also prepared.
- Example 9 Increase of C50-astaxanthin by co-expression of idi
- Example 8 using pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S- fds Y81A, V157A and pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtW BD -CrtZ BD C50-astaxanthin was synthesized in E. coli by the method described, and the amount of synthesis was determined from the HPLC peak area.
- pAC- c rtM F26A, W38A, F233S -fds Y81A create a V157A -idi, E. coli with pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY- CrtW BD -CrtZ BD (XL1-Blue)
- the amount of carotenoid synthesis was determined by the same method.
- the plasmid map of pAC-crtM F26A , W38A, F233S- fds Y81A, V157A- idi is shown in (l) of FIG. 11, and the nucleotide sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 19.
- Example 10 The compound in the peak of C50- ⁇ -carotene obtained in Example 4 (peak 7 in Fig. 6), and the C50-zeaxanthin, C50-canthaxanthin, C50- identified in Example 8 The compounds in the astaxanthin peak (peaks 1, 2 and 3 in FIG. 12) were identified.
- the maximum absorption wavelength of the compound in the peak of C50- ⁇ -carotene (peak 7 in Fig. 6) is 467 (shoulder), 501, and 534 nm in methanol, and the peak shifts to a lower wavelength side than C50-lycopene. Therefore, it is a carotenoid with a ring structure (Takaichi, S. & Shimada, K. Methods Enzymol. 213, 374-385 (1992)). Cyclization is also evident from the increased elution time in reverse phase HPLC. The molecular mass was 668, identical to the value calculated for C50- ⁇ -carotene.
- the compound in the C50-zeaxanthin peak (peak 1 in FIG. 12) has a molecular mass of 700, and its HPLC elution profile and absorption spectrum are as shown in panel (a) of FIG. 12.
- the polarity of the elution peak Considering the shift to the side, it was determined that it was C50-zeaxanthin.
- the compound in the peak of C50-canthaxanthin (peak 2 in FIG. 12) has a molecular mass of 696, and its HPLC elution profile and absorption spectrum are as shown in panel (b) of FIG. Considering the shift to the polar side, it was determined that it was C50-canthaxanthin.
- Example 11 Production of carotenoids of various structures by additional expression of CrtG and CrtX crtG gene derived from Brevundimonas sp. Strain SD-212 (Nishida, Y. et al, Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 4286-4296, 2005) And further diversification of the synthesized carotenoid structure by further expressing the crtX gene from Pantoea ananatis.
- the crtX gene is a gene encoding zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase.
- pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtG-CrtZ BD and pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtG-CrtW BD -CrtZ BD were prepared using the crtG gene derived from the Brevandimonas sp. Strain SD-212. did.
- C 50 -2-hydroxycanthaxanthin (Hydroxycanthaxanthin) and C 50 -2,2′-dihydroxycanthaxanthin (Dihidroxycanthaxanthin) in which the 2nd and 2 ′ positions of canthaxanthin are hydroxylated can be synthesized (FIG. 16). .
- pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtX-CrtZ BD and pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtX-CrtW BD -CrtZ BD were prepared using the crtX gene derived from Pantoea ananatis.
- pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY- CrtX-CrtZ shows BD and pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY- CrtX-CrtW BD -CrtZ BD plasmid maps in the respective Figure 15 (o) and (p), the nucleotide sequence Are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 23, respectively.
- pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtG-CrtZ BD is co-expressed with pAC- CrtM F26A, W38A , F233S -FDS Y81A, V157A in Escherichia coli (XL1-Blue) and sprayed on LB solid medium Then, when a colony was formed, a reddish purple colony was formed (FIG. 18).
- the colonies were inoculated into a 2 mL mL LB liquid medium and cultured for 16 hours, and then this was inoculated in a 1/100 volume amount into a 30 mL TB liquid medium.
- L-arabinose was added to a final concentration of 0.2% (v / v), and further cultured for 36 hours.
- 2 mL was collected and collected from the culture solution, washed with physiological saline, and then 1 mL of acetone was added to extract the carotenoid fraction.
- the cell pellet and acetone extract are shown in FIG.
- the absorption spectrum of each extract is shown in FIG.
- pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtX-CrtZ BD or pUC-pBAD-CrtI N304P -CrtY-CrtG-CrtZ BD and pAC-CrtM F26A , W38A, F233S -FDS Y81A, V157A were transferred to E. coli (XL1-Blue ). This cell colony was inoculated into a 2 mL LB liquid medium and cultured for 16 hours, and then this was inoculated into a 30 mL TB liquid medium in an amount of 1/100.
- L-arabinose was added to a final concentration of 0.2% (v / v) and further cultured for 36 hours.
- the culture solution was collected by centrifugation and washed with physiological saline.
- 10 mL of acetone was added to extract the carotenoid fraction.
- 1 mL chloroform and 35 mL 10% NaCl were added to extract the carotenoid fraction in the chloroform phase. All chloroform extracts were collected and MgSO 4 was added to remove water.
- pAC-hexPS, pAC-FDS I78G, Y81A- idi, and pUC-CrtM F26A , W38A, F233S were prepared.
- the plasmid maps of pAC-hexPS, pAC-FDS I78G, Y81A- idi, and pUC-CrtM F26A , W38A, F233S are shown in FIG. 20 (q), (r), and (s), respectively.
- the numbers 24, 25, and 26 are shown.
- pAC-FDS I78G, Y81A- idi or pAC-hexPS was transformed into E. coli (XL1-Blue) together with pUC-CrtM F26A , W38A or pUC-CrtM F26A, W38A, F233S, respectively .
- Cell culture and analysis of the produced carotenoid were performed in the same manner as in Reference Example 1.
- the production method of the present invention can synthesize unsaturated C 50 carotenoids with high efficiency, and can synthesize various C 50 carotenoids.
- C 50 carotenoids have hardly been confirmed in nature, and it can be said that there are no examples of synthesis.
- Carotenoids are known to have physiological activities such as antioxidant activity, but C 50 carotenoids exhibit new effects that have never been seen before, and their activities are significantly enhanced compared to conventional carotenoids. It is expected that For example, C 50 carotenoid is expected to have high antioxidant activity, use as a new seed for physiologically active substances such as antitumor activity, and use as a functional dye molecule.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention can also be used for highly efficient synthesis of such desaturation C 55 carotenoids and unsaturated C 60 carotenoid. Furthermore, the production method of the present invention can be applied to conventional methods such as cells (Klein-Marcuschamer D et al .: Trends Biotechnol 25,417-424 (2007), Kirby J et al .: Nat Prod Rep 25, 656-661 (2008)) with enhanced isoprenoid synthesis pathway. Combined with technology, it is considered that the types of carotenoids that can be synthesized are dramatically increased.
Abstract
Description
1.炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法であって、
変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするよう変異が導入されたものであり、
変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子により形質転換された細胞を培地で培養し、培養後の培養物から炭素数50のカロテノイドを得ることを手段とする炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
2.変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたものであり、該変異は、配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列において304番目のアスパラギン、339番目のフェニルアラニン、338番目のイソロイシン、395番目のアスパラギン酸、228番目のイソロイシンから選択されるいずれか1以上のアミノ酸に相当するアミノ酸の置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、前項1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
3.変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたものであり、該変異は、少なくとも、配列番号1における304番目のアスパラギンに相当するアミノ酸のプロリンまたはセリンへの置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、前項1または2に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
4.変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたものであり、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、パントエア・アナナチス(Pantoea ananatis)由来のフィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子に変異を導入したことを特徴とする、前項1~3のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
5.前記細胞が、大腸菌または酵母である、前項1~4のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
6.変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子により形質転換された細胞がさらに、ゲラニルファルネシル二リン酸を二分子縮合することにより炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を合成する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、前項1~5のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
7.前項1~6のいずれか1に記載の細胞がさらに、ファルネシル二リン酸および/またはゲラニルゲラニル二リン酸からゲラニルファルネシル二リン酸を合成する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、前項1~6のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
8.前項1~7のいずれか1に記載の細胞がさらに、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化して得られた炭素数50の不飽和化カロテノイドの末端を環化する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、前項1~7のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
9.前項8に記載の環化がβ環化であり、前項8に記載の細胞がさらに、末端にβ環を有する炭素数50のカロテノイドにおいて、β環をヒドロキシル化する酵素および/またはβ環をケト化する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、前項8に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
10.前項1~7のいずれか1に記載の細胞がさらに、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化して得られた炭素数50の不飽和化カロテノイドを酸化する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、前項1~7のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
11.炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたことを特徴とする、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子。
12.炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が、配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列において304番目のアスパラギン、339番目のフェニルアラニン、338番目のイソロイシン、395番目のアスパラギン酸、228番目のイソロイシンから選択されるいずれか1以上のアミノ酸に相当するアミノ酸の置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、前項11に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子。
13.前項11または12に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子の変異が少なくとも、配列番号1における304番目のアスパラギンに相当するアミノ酸のプロリンまたはセリンへの置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子。
14.前項11~13のいずれか1に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子によりコードされていることを特徴とする、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素。
15.前項11~13のいずれか1に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化して炭素数50のカロテノイドを製造し得る細胞。
(1)C50カロテノイド原料であるC25PPの供給
大腸菌(E. coli)内で効率よくC25PPを合成するために、変異型遺伝子のfds Y81A, V157A を用いた。fds Y81A, V157A は、ゲオバチラス・ステアロサーモフィルス由来のファルネシル二リン酸合成酵素(FDS)の変異体である。変異Y81AはOhnuma, S. et al., J Biol Chem 271,30748-30754 (1996)に由来している。また本発明者らは、特願2010-258989に記載のテルペン合成酵素遺伝子のスクリーニング方法を用いて、変異型遺伝子fdsY81Aにさらに変異を導入することにより、基質に対するサイズ特異性をさらにシフトさせた変異型酵素をコードするfds Y81A,V157A を作製した。
C25PPの二分子縮合によるC50カロテノイド骨格化合物(16,16'-ジイソペンテニルフィトエン)の合成には、変異型遺伝子のcrtM F26A,W38A,233S を用いた。スタフィロコッカス・アウレウス由来のジアポフィトエン合成酵素(CrtM)は本来、C15PPを二分子縮合させC30骨格のカロテノイドを合成する酵素である。本発明者らは、基質に対するサイズ選択性の向上した酵素を作製するために、crtM遺伝子に変異を導入した(Umeno et al.,J Bacteriol 184, 6690-6699 (2002)、Umeno et al.,Nucleic Acids Res 31, e91 (2003))。F26A、W38Aの変異をもつCrtMの二重変異体にC25PPを与えると、わずかにC50カロテノイド骨格化合物を合成することがわかった(非特許文献7)。
fds Y81A, V157A と、crtM F26A,W38A,F233S に加えて、イソペンテニル二リン酸イソメラーゼ(Idi)をコードする遺伝子(大腸菌ゲノム由来)を大腸菌XL1-Blueにて発現させ、大腸菌を培養した。fds Y81A, V157A とcrtM F26A,W38A,F233S による大腸菌XL1-Blueの形質転換は、常法によりプラスミドpAC-crtMF26A,W38A,F233S-idi(図2(h):配列番号10)およびpUC-fdsY81A,V157A(図2(f):配列番号9)を作製して行った。pAC-crtMF26A,W38A,F233S-idiはpAC-crtMF26A,W38A,F233SのClaIサイト上流にlacPO-idiを挿入することによって作製した。pUC-fdsY81A,V157Aは参考例1と同様にして作製した。形質転換した大腸菌の培養、製造されたカロテノイドについての解析は参考例1と同様にして行った。
本発明者らは、CrtI(配列番号2(G1131A、A1476Tのノンシノニマス変異の入ったもの)の塩基配列を有する遺伝子がコードするフィトエン不飽和化酵素)によってC50カロテノイド骨格化合物をもつカロテノイドが不飽和化することを見出した(非特許文献9)。しかしその生産量は極めて少なく、C50カロテノイド骨格化合物のうち25%が不飽和化されるに留まっていることがわかった(非特許文献8)。
一方、本発明者らは、lacプロモータ(lacP)などを用いた野生型CrtIの定常発現が細胞増殖を著しく阻害すること、また細胞の色素形成を著しく不安定化することを見出した。しかしながらC50カロテノイド骨格化合物の合成/蓄積までの経路を持つ細胞(例えば、参考例1や実施例1にて得られた細胞)では、明らかな細胞毒性は認められなかった。
フィトエン不飽和化酵素(CrtI)の進化工学に基づき、より効率よくC50カロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する変異型crtIの取得を目指した。図4(a)に本実施例の操作の概略を示し、図4(b)にスクリーニングの原理を示す。
実施例2にて得られたコロニーのうち、野生型CrtIに比べて色素形成が増強されていたCrtI-m1, m2, m4, m6, m8について、C50カロテノイド骨格化合物の不飽和化能を確認した。
リコペンからβ-カロテノイドを合成するリコペンシクラーゼをコードするcrtY遺伝子を用いて、不飽和化C50カロテノイドであるC50-リコペン(n=15)の環化を行った。
crtY遺伝子の形質転換には、プラスミドpUC-pBAD-crtI/CrtI-m2-crtYを用いた。当該プラスミドは、pUC-pBAD-crtI/CrtI-m2のApaIサイトの後ろにSpeIサイトを挿入し、ApaI/SpeIサイトにcrtY遺伝子を挿入することにより作製した。crtY遺伝子は、パントエア・アナナチス由来のリコペン環化酵素をコードする遺伝子である(Misawa N. et al., J Bacteriol 172, 6704-6712 (1990))。なおプラスミド中のCrtI-m2の表記は、CrtI-m2に由来する変異型遺伝子crtIN304Sを挿入していることを意味する。pUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-crtYの塩基配列を配列番号13に示す。
実施例4にて確認した環状C50カロテノイドを合成する経路をさらに拡張することにより、オキソカロテノイドを合成した。
ロドバクター・スフェロイデス由来のCrtAのアミノ酸配列をもとに、大腸菌用にコドンを最適化してcrtAを全合成した(配列番号7、DNA2.0社に委託)。合成した遺伝子を用いて、プラスミドpUC-pBAD-crtI-crtAおよびpUC-pBAD-CrtI-m2-crtAを作製した(図2(e):配列番号15)。
実施例5と同様の手法により、作製したプラスミドを大腸菌に形質転換し、大腸菌を培養し、コロニーの色を観察し、アセトン抽出液のスペクトルを解析した。
実施例3および4において実現したC50-リコペンやC50-β-カロテンの生合成経路は、未だC50骨格(C50-カロテン(n=3))が残存しているという点で効率に改良の余地を認めた。そこで、よりC50骨格を不飽和化するようなCrtIの変異体の取得を目指した。実施例2で得られたCrtI変異体のうち、CrtI-m2がもっともC50骨格の不飽和化効率が高かった。そこで、CrtI-m2のもつアミノ酸置換N304Sに着目し、304番目のアミノ酸の部位特異的総置換を行い、より不飽和化効率の高い変異体を探索した。
実施例5においては、C50-β-カロテンに加えてパラコッカス属N81106株由来のCrtWおよびCrtZを用いてC50-アスタキサンチンの生産を目指した。極性のピークはみられたが、C50-β-カロテンの多くはCrtWまたはCrtZによって修飾されずに残存した。そこでより効率の良いCrtWおよびCrtZを用いてC50-アスタキサンチン、およびその中間体のC50-ゼアキサンチンおよびC50-カンタキサンチンを合成することを目指した。
pAC-crtMF26A,W38A,F233S-fdsY81A,V157AおよびpUC-pBAD-CrtIN304P-CrtY-CrtWBD-CrtZBDを用いて実施例8に記載の方法で大腸菌にC50-アスタキサンチンを合成させ、そのHPLCピーク面積から合成量を求めた。
ブレバンディモナス属SD-212株由来のcrtG遺伝子(Nishida,Y. et al, Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 4286-4296, 2005)およびパントエア・アナナチス由来のcrtX遺伝子をさらに発現させることにより、合成されるカロテノイド構造のさらなる多様化を検討した。crtX遺伝子はゼアキサンチングルコシルトランスフェラーゼをコードする遺伝子である。
FDSにI78GおよびY81Aの変異が入った変異体(FDSI78G,Y81A)は、C25PPおよびC25PPに更にC5ユニットが足されたプレニル二リン酸(C30PPやC35PPなど)を合成する(Ohnuma S et al., JBiol Chem 273, 26705-26713,1998)。また、ミクロコッカス・ルテウス(Micrococcus luteus)由来のC30PP合成酵素(HexPS)はC30PPを合成する(Shimizu N et al, J Bacteriol 180,1578-1581, 1998)。これらFDSI78G,Y81AまたはHexPSをCrtM変異体と共発現させることにより、C50骨格よりも大きいカロテノイド骨格の生合成を目指した。
Claims (15)
- 炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法であって、
変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするよう変異が導入されたものであり、
変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子により形質転換された細胞を培地で培養し、培養後の培養物から炭素数50のカロテノイドを得ることを手段とする炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。 - 変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたものであり、該変異は、配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列において304番目のアスパラギン、339番目のフェニルアラニン、338番目のイソロイシン、395番目のアスパラギン酸、228番目のイソロイシンから選択されるいずれか1以上のアミノ酸に相当するアミノ酸の置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたものであり、該変異は、少なくとも、配列番号1における304番目のアスパラギンに相当するアミノ酸のプロリンまたはセリンへの置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたものであり、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子が、パントエア・アナナチス(Pantoea ananatis)由来のフィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子に変異を導入したことを特徴とする、請求項1~3のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 前記細胞が、大腸菌または酵母である、請求項1~4のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子により形質転換された細胞がさらに、ゲラニルファルネシル二リン酸を二分子縮合することにより炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を合成する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、請求項1~5のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか1に記載の細胞がさらに、ファルネシル二リン酸および/またはゲラニルゲラニル二リン酸からゲラニルファルネシル二リン酸を合成する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、請求項1~6のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1に記載の細胞がさらに、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化して得られた炭素数50の不飽和化カロテノイドの末端を環化する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 請求項8に記載の環化がβ環化であり、請求項8に記載の細胞がさらに、末端にβ環を有する炭素数50のカロテノイドにおいて、β環をヒドロキシル化する酵素および/またはβ環をケト化する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1に記載の細胞がさらに、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化して得られた炭素数50の不飽和化カロテノイドを酸化する酵素をコードする遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1に記載の炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法。
- 炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が導入されたことを特徴とする、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子。
- 炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化する活性の増強した変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素をコードするような変異が、配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列において304番目のアスパラギン、339番目のフェニルアラニン、338番目のイソロイシン、395番目のアスパラギン酸、228番目のイソロイシンから選択されるいずれか1以上のアミノ酸に相当するアミノ酸の置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子。
- 請求項11または12に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子の変異が少なくとも、配列番号1における304番目のアスパラギンに相当するアミノ酸のプロリンまたはセリンへの置換をもたらすものであることを特徴とする、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子。
- 請求項11~13のいずれか1に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子によりコードされていることを特徴とする、変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素。
- 請求項11~13のいずれか1に記載の変異型フィトエン不飽和化酵素遺伝子により形質転換されていることを特徴とする、炭素数50のカロテノイド骨格化合物を不飽和化して炭素数50のカロテノイドを製造し得る細胞。
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US14/124,256 US9562220B2 (en) | 2011-06-10 | 2012-06-08 | Method for producing carotenoids each having 50 carbon atoms |
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JP2016098364A (ja) * | 2014-11-26 | 2016-05-30 | 長谷川香料株式会社 | β−カロテン結晶の水分散性組成物 |
JP2016098365A (ja) * | 2014-11-26 | 2016-05-30 | 長谷川香料株式会社 | リコペン結晶の水分散性組成物 |
WO2018030507A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-10 | 2018-02-15 | 味の素株式会社 | L-アミノ酸の製造法 |
WO2021151891A1 (en) * | 2020-01-27 | 2021-08-05 | Deinove | Novel phytoene desaturase variants to produce neurosporene and/or zeta-carotene |
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WO2012169623A1 (ja) | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-13 | 国立大学法人 千葉大学 | 炭素数50のカロテノイドの製造方法 |
WO2016205308A1 (en) * | 2015-06-15 | 2016-12-22 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Pigment-based micronutrient biosensors |
WO2020162959A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 | 2020-08-13 | The General Hospital Corporation | Carotenoids for treating or preventing nausea |
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Cited By (5)
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JP2016098364A (ja) * | 2014-11-26 | 2016-05-30 | 長谷川香料株式会社 | β−カロテン結晶の水分散性組成物 |
JP2016098365A (ja) * | 2014-11-26 | 2016-05-30 | 長谷川香料株式会社 | リコペン結晶の水分散性組成物 |
WO2018030507A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-10 | 2018-02-15 | 味の素株式会社 | L-アミノ酸の製造法 |
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WO2021151891A1 (en) * | 2020-01-27 | 2021-08-05 | Deinove | Novel phytoene desaturase variants to produce neurosporene and/or zeta-carotene |
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US9562220B2 (en) | 2017-02-07 |
JPWO2012169623A1 (ja) | 2015-02-23 |
JP2017012161A (ja) | 2017-01-19 |
JP6164710B2 (ja) | 2017-07-19 |
JP5987176B2 (ja) | 2016-09-07 |
US9963731B2 (en) | 2018-05-08 |
US20170191103A1 (en) | 2017-07-06 |
US20140170700A1 (en) | 2014-06-19 |
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