WO2012159509A1 - 一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器 - Google Patents

一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器 Download PDF

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WO2012159509A1
WO2012159509A1 PCT/CN2012/073968 CN2012073968W WO2012159509A1 WO 2012159509 A1 WO2012159509 A1 WO 2012159509A1 CN 2012073968 W CN2012073968 W CN 2012073968W WO 2012159509 A1 WO2012159509 A1 WO 2012159509A1
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Prior art keywords
coal
pulverized coal
furnace
burners
burner
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PCT/CN2012/073968
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张建文
陈飞
柳公权
张翔
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上海锅炉厂有限公司
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Priority to ES201390040A priority Critical patent/ES2453392B1/es
Publication of WO2012159509A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012159509A1/zh
Priority to US13/845,001 priority patent/US20140065561A1/en

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F23C5/08—Disposition of burners
    • F23C5/28—Disposition of burners to obtain flames in opposing directions, e.g. impacting flames
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K3/00—Feeding or distributing of lump or pulverulent fuel to combustion apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F23C5/08—Disposition of burners
    • F23C5/24—Disposition of burners to obtain a loop flame
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F23C5/08—Disposition of burners
    • F23C5/32—Disposition of burners to obtain rotating flames, i.e. flames moving helically or spirally
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
    • F23C6/047—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure with fuel supply in stages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D1/00—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D1/00—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
    • F23D1/005—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel burning a mixture of pulverulent fuel delivered as a slurry, i.e. comprising a carrying liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K1/00—Preparation of lump or pulverulent fuel in readiness for delivery to combustion apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K3/00—Feeding or distributing of lump or pulverulent fuel to combustion apparatus
    • F23K3/02—Pneumatic feeding arrangements, i.e. by air blast
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2201/00—Staged combustion
    • F23C2201/10—Furnace staging
    • F23C2201/101—Furnace staging in vertical direction, e.g. alternating lean and rich zones
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2201/00—Staged combustion
    • F23C2201/20—Burner staging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D23/00—Assemblies of two or more burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K2201/00—Pretreatment of solid fuel
    • F23K2201/10—Pulverizing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K2201/00—Pretreatment of solid fuel
    • F23K2201/30—Separating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K2203/00—Feeding arrangements
    • F23K2203/10—Supply line fittings
    • F23K2203/105—Flow splitting devices to feed a plurality of burners
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pulverized coal burning device, in particular to a single fireball four-corner direct current burner burning anthracite.
  • China's proven coal reserves are about 640 billion tons, of which low-volatility anthracite accounts for about 14.6% of total coal reserves. .
  • China's thermal power plant burning anthracite accounts for about 3% of the total coal used for power generation. This number is still increasing.
  • Anthracite has low volatile content, low hydrogen content, high ignition temperature, and slow flame propagation. If the combustion structure is not good, it is prone to low-load combustion instability. When the coal quality deteriorates, the high load of the boiler is easily extinguished. The combustion efficiency is generally lower.
  • anthracite coal at home and abroad generally uses a W flame boiler, a four-corner tangentially fired boiler, and a front and rear wall counter-rotating swirling combustion boiler.
  • W The maximum capacity of the flame boiler is 600MW
  • the four-corner tangentially fired boiler and the front and rear wall counter-rotating combustion boiler have a maximum capacity of 300MW, and there is no 600MW.
  • the design and operation performance of the above-mentioned four-corner tangentially burning anthracite boiler are examples of the design and operation performance of the above-mentioned four-corner tangentially burning anthracite boiler.
  • the wall surface heat load q Hr is reduced, although the section heat load q F
  • the capacity is increased to 800MW to 1300MW.
  • the number of pulverized coal nozzles for a single coal mill is 8 when equipped with 6 medium-speed or double-input double-out coal mills.
  • the total number of pulverized coal nozzles reached 48.
  • the number of single-angle primary pulverized coal nozzles is 12, and the burner is divided into 2 to 3 in the vertical direction.
  • FIG. 1 Take the 1000MW ultra-supercritical tower boiler shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 as an example to illustrate the existing burner rounding arrangement
  • Figure 2 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I of Fig. 2.
  • the burner comprises a boiler body 1 ', which is equipped with six coal mills 3 ', numbered A and B respectively. , C , D , E , F .
  • the furnace 2' of the boiler is surrounded by a four-sided water-cooling wall 9', each of which is provided with a burner group at each corner thereof, and the air powder sprayed through the burner groups at the four corners is in the furnace
  • the center of 2' forms an imaginary cut circle 11'.
  • Each burner group in turn comprises three sets of burners 10' arranged at a distance in the vertical direction.
  • Each set of burners 10' further comprises four primary air pulverized coal nozzles 6' and six secondary air nozzles 8' that cooperate to form two adjacent burner sections.
  • three secondary air nozzles 8' and two primary air pulverized coal nozzles 6' are one burner portion, and the two primary air pulverized coal nozzles 6' are disposed between the three secondary air nozzles 8';
  • Those nozzles form the other burner portion in the same arrangement. That is to say, vertically arranged at each corner of the furnace 2' 18 secondary air nozzles 8' and 12 primary air pulverized coal nozzles 6'.
  • the 12 primary pulverized coal nozzles 6' at the 1st corner are numbered A1-1, A1-2 from bottom to top.
  • the primary air pulverized coal nozzles 6' are numbered A4-1, A4-2 to F4-1, and F4-2.
  • the numbering method of the nozzles on other corners is similar.
  • each coal mill 3 ' The outlet is provided with four pulverized coal pipes 5', each pulverized coal pipe 5' passes through a pulverized coal distributor 4' and two primary pulverized coal powders of the same burner portion at the same corner of the furnace 2'
  • the nozzles 6' are correspondingly connected.
  • the number is A's coal mill 3' and furnace 2' at four corners, numbered A1-1 and A1-2, A2-1 and A2-2, A3-1 and A3-2, A4-1 and A4-2
  • the eight primary air pulverized coal nozzles 6' are connected.
  • each of the six coal mills 3' has a pulverized coal pipe 5' connected to the pulverized coal distributor 4' and is divided into two paths, corresponding to 12 primary pulverized coal nozzles connected to each corner of the furnace 2' 6'.
  • the primary pulverized coal powder nozzles of No. A1-1 and A1-2 are connected to one of the pulverized coal pipes 5' of the No. A coal pulverizer 3' and its pulverized coal distributor 4'; No. B1-1 and One of the B1-2 pulverized coal powder nozzles is connected to a pulverized coal pipe 5' of the No.
  • Anthracite boilers use almost all of the above-mentioned intermediate storage and hot air feeding systems.
  • the primary air powder mixing temperature can reach 220 to 250 ° C, and the primary air ratio is 14 to 15%. And can separate the waste gas containing water from the primary air, and send it into the furnace from the upper part of the burner, thereby reducing the heat of the pulverized coal, and adopting the intermediate storage hot air feeding system, which is 50 to 300 MW.
  • the intermediate storage hot air feeding system the domestic steel ball grinding force is about 50t/h, and for the 600MW and above units, each furnace should be arranged 6-8.
  • the Taiwan mill the system itself is more complicated, coupled with the huge pulverized coal bin, making the design and design of the design institute more difficult and occupying a large area. Therefore, after the unit capacity has increased to 600 MW, the system is generally no longer used.
  • the invention provides a single fireball four-corner direct current burner burning anthracite coal.
  • the pulverized coal concentration in the concentrated coal powder area is increased under the premise of satisfying the heat power of the whole boiler.
  • q Hr is higher, so that the combustion temperature in this area can meet the requirements of anthracite ignition and stable combustion, ensure the timely ignition of anthracite powder flow and the boiler does not oil and low load and stable combustion.
  • the technical proposal of the present invention is to provide a single fireball four-corner direct current burner burning anthracite, which comprises:
  • the furnace is surrounded by a four-sided water-cooling wall; the water-cooling walls intersect at two positions to form four angles of the furnace;
  • Each burner group is also vertically arranged with two sets of burners at intervals:
  • the first group of burners is a primary wind / a concentrated pulverized coal burner located at a lower portion of the furnace; the first group of burners sends a concentrated pulverized coal gas stream to a lower portion of the furnace to form a concentrated pulverized coal combustion region at the location of the furnace;
  • the second group of burners is a primary wind / a pulverized coal burner, which is located at an upper portion of the furnace and above the first group of burners; the second group of burners sends a flow of pulverized coal to the upper portion of the furnace, thereby This location of the furnace creates a light coal combustion zone.
  • the first group of burners further includes a plurality of secondary air nozzles and a plurality of primary winds in a vertical direction /
  • the concentrated pulverized coal nozzles are arranged such that each of the primary air/concentrated pulverized coal nozzles is interposed between the secondary air nozzles.
  • the second group of burners further includes a plurality of secondary air nozzles and a plurality of primary winds in a vertical direction /
  • the pulverized coal powder nozzles are arranged such that each of the primary air/light coal powder nozzles is interposed between the secondary air nozzles.
  • the first set of burners comprises seven secondary air nozzles and six primary winds / A concentrated pulverized coal nozzle; the second set of burners includes an additional seven secondary air nozzles and six primary air/light coal powder nozzles.
  • the four-corner direct current burner further includes at least one coal mill
  • each of the coal mills is provided with four pulverized coal pipes; each pulverized coal pipe is connected to a concentrating separator, and the primary air/pulverized coal gas is subjected to concentration separation treatment by the concentrating separator;
  • the two streams of different light and dark output from the same diffuser are respectively delivered to the first group of burners and the second group of burners on the same angle of the furnace;
  • One of the concentrated pulverized coal gas streams is delivered to one of the first set of burners / A concentrated pulverized coal nozzle; another pulverized coal gas stream is delivered to one of the primary air/light coal powder nozzles of the second set of burners.
  • Each of the concentrated pulverized coal gas streams comprises 80% of pulverized coal separated from the primary air/pulverized coal gas stream and 50% a wind
  • Each of the light pulverized coal gas streams comprises 20% of pulverized coal and 50% remaining from the primary air/pulverized coal gas stream a wind
  • Peripheral wind is disposed around each nozzle of the four-corner direct current burner; the secondary air is set to bias wind.
  • the distance between the uppermost primary air/light coal powder nozzle and the lowermost primary air/concentrated coal powder nozzle is from the first group of burners and the second group at each angle of the furnace The spacing of the burners is controlled.
  • the single fireball four-corner DC burner burning anthracite of the present invention has the advantages of:
  • a combustion zone of light coal powder and concentrated coal powder is formed in the upper and lower portions of the furnace by using a medium-speed grinding or double-inlet double-out direct-blowing system with a pulverized coal separation device.
  • the light coal powder nozzle is sent into the furnace, although the mixing temperature of the primary air powder is lower than the mixing temperature of the primary air powder using the intermediate storage hot air feeding system, but this design can be known by theoretical calculation, and the intermediate storage system is adopted.
  • the heat of the (concentrated) pulverized coal gas stream is basically the same, thereby ensuring stable ignition of the concentrated pulverized coal gas stream.
  • the present invention has a total of 4 primary air/concentrated pulverized coal nozzles and a layer of 4 by using a pulverized coal gas flow at the outlet of each coal mill. Only the primary air/pulverized coal nozzle corresponding connection arrangement can increase the pulverized coal concentration in the concentrated pulverized coal area under the premise of satisfying the thermal power of the whole boiler. At this time, the lower part of the combustion area wall heat load q Hr Higher, so that the combustion temperature in this area can meet the requirements of anthracite ignition and stable combustion, ensure the timely ignition of the anthracite powder flow and the boiler does not oil and low load stable combustion.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 are a plan view and an elevation view, respectively, of a conventional burner, wherein FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 in the I-I direction, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. a cross-sectional view in the II-II direction;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the working principle of a medium speed grinding or double inlet and double outlet direct blowing type pulverizing system with a pulverized coal concentration separation device used in the present invention
  • FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 are respectively a plan view and an elevation view of a single fireball four-corner direct current burner for burning anthracite according to the present invention, and showing a separation arrangement form of pulverized coal in the burner;
  • FIG. 4 is FIG. A cross-sectional view in the II direction
  • Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view in Fig. 4 in the II-II direction.
  • the single fireball four-corner DC burner burning anthracite coal is adopted.
  • the main principle is to add a pulverized coal separation unit on each pulverized coal pipe 50 at the exit of coal mill 30 40, will be a wind /
  • the pulverized coal is separated by concentration and separation, and is divided into 80% pulverized coal and 50% primary air concentrating pulverized coal gas stream, and the remaining 20% pulverized coal and 50% One wind's 'light' pulverized air flow, the two pulverized coal streams pass through the burner's 'primary wind/concentrated pulverized coal' nozzle 60 and 'primary wind' /
  • the pulverized coal powder 'nozzle 70 is fed into the corresponding rich combustion zone 21 and the light combustion zone 22 in the furnace 20 for tissue combustion.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 5 in the I-I direction
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 4 in the II-II direction.
  • the four-corner DC burner comprises a boiler body 1 equipped with six coal mills 3, numbered A, B, C, respectively. , D , E , F .
  • the furnace 2 of the boiler is surrounded by four sides of the water wall 9, and a burner group is arranged at each angle of the furnace 2, and the pulverized coal gas jetted through the burner groups at the four angles is in the furnace 2
  • the center forms an imaginary cut circle 11.
  • the angle formed by the intersection of the adjacent two water-cooling walls 9 is the angle of the lower left corner shown in FIG. 4, which is called the 1st angle, and the other angles are sequentially referred to as clockwise. From the 2nd corner to the 4th corner.
  • Each burner group is arranged in a vertical direction with two sets of burners spaced apart.
  • the first group of burners is called 'primary wind' / A concentrated pulverized coal 'burner, located in the lower portion of the furnace, further comprising seven secondary air nozzles 8 and six primary/rich pulverized coal nozzles interposed between the secondary air nozzles 8 .
  • the second group of burners is referred to as a 'primary/pale pulverized coal' burner, which is located above the first group of burners and further comprises seven additional secondary air nozzles 8 and interspersed with the secondary winds Nozzle 8 Between six primary wind / light coal powder nozzles 7 .
  • the first primary/rich pulverized coal nozzle 6 will be numbered A1-1 in the first group of burners located in the lower part of the 1st corner.
  • B1-1, C1-1, D1-1, E1-1, F1-1; will be located in the second group of burners at the upper part of the 1st corner, and the six primary/pale pulverized coal nozzles 7 will be numbered A1-2.
  • each group 'primary wind / Nozzles for concentrated pulverized coal 'and 'primary wind / pulverized coal powder' are numbered in a similar manner.
  • each pulverized coal pipe 5 There are four pulverized coal pipes 5 at the exit of each coal mill 3, and each pulverized coal pipe 5 passes through a concentration separator 4, respectively A primary air/concentrated pulverized coal nozzle 6 and a primary air/light coal powder nozzle 7 at the same angle of the furnace 2 are connected.
  • the output of the coal mill 3, number A passes through four concentration separators 4
  • two four-way pulverized coal gas streams having different shades were obtained.
  • the four-way concentrated pulverized coal gas flow is respectively in the first burner at the lower part of the furnace 2, and is numbered A1-1, A2-1, A3-1, A4-1
  • Four primary air / concentrated pulverized coal nozzles 6 corresponding connections, these four primary air / concentrated pulverized coal nozzles 6 It should be on the same level as the lower part of the four corners of the furnace 2.
  • the other four roads of pulverized coal gas flow are respectively in the second burner in the upper part of the furnace 2, and are numbered A1-2, A2-2, A3-2, A4-2.
  • the pulverized coal concentration in the concentrated pulverized coal area can be increased to make the wall heat load of the lower burner area q Hr is higher, the combustion temperature in this area can meet the requirements of anthracite ignition and stable combustion, ensure the timely ignition of anthracite powder flow and the boiler does not put oil and low load and stable combustion.
  • the spacing is set such that the spacing between the uppermost primary/fresh pulverized coal nozzle and the lowermost primary/concentrated pulverized coal nozzle is controlled to within the desired range, thereby allowing the boiler to be oxynitride The emissions are reduced.
  • the present invention also provides a peripheral wind for the periphery of each pulverized coal nozzle at the four corners of the furnace 2, and the secondary air is provided with a biased wind to form a combustion form of the 'wind powder', thereby preventing the primary pulverized coal powder.
  • the phenomenon of sticking to the wall is beneficial to prevent the slagging and high temperature corrosion of the furnace, and the adaptability to the change of coal type is also good.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)

Abstract

一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，包括置于炉膛（2）四个角上的四个燃烧器组，其喷射的煤粉气流在炉膛（2）中心形成假想切圆（11）；每个燃烧器组竖直、有间隔地布置有两组燃烧器；还包括至少一台磨煤机（3），每台磨煤机（3）出口设置的四根煤粉管道（5），对应连接至四个浓淡分离器（4）；将分离出的四路浓煤粉气流送至炉膛（2）四个夹角下部位于同一水平面的四个一次风/浓煤粉喷嘴（6）；将分离出的四路淡煤粉气流送至炉膛（2）四个夹角上部位于同一水平面的四个一次风/淡煤粉喷嘴（7）。该单火球四角直流燃烧器在满足整台锅炉热功率的前提下，增加了浓煤粉区域的煤粉浓度，使下部燃烧器区域壁面热负荷qHr较高，从而使该区域燃烧温度能够达到无烟煤着火稳燃的要求，保证无烟煤粉气流的及时着火及锅炉不投油低负荷稳燃。

Description

一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器 技术领域
本发明涉及一种煤粉燃烧装置，特别涉及一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器。
背景技术
我国已探明的煤炭储量约为 6400 亿吨，其中低挥发份无烟煤约占煤炭总储量的 14.6% 。我国火电厂燃用无烟煤约占发电用煤总量的 3% ，这一数字还在增加。无烟煤的挥发份含量低，含氢量低，着火温度高，火焰传播速度较慢，如燃烧组织得不好，易发生低负荷燃烧不稳定，煤质变差时锅炉高负荷容易熄火的情况，燃烧效率一般也较低。
目前国内外燃用无烟煤一般采用 W 火焰锅炉，四角切向燃烧锅炉，以及前后墙对冲旋流燃烧锅炉。 W 火焰锅炉最大容量为 600MW 等级，四角切向燃烧锅炉以及前后墙对冲旋流燃烧锅炉最大容量为 300MW 等级，还未有 600MW 及以上等级四角切向燃烧无烟煤锅炉的设计和运行业绩。
我国电站锅炉制造厂家从 70 年代初开始设计、制造专烧无烟煤的锅炉。随着机组容量发展到 600MW ～ 1300MW 等级，锅炉的炉膛热力参数较 125MW 、 300MW 等级的无烟煤锅炉有较大变化。首先是炉膛容积热负荷 q v 降低，煤粉在炉膛内停留时间延长，有利于无烟煤的燃尽。但同时燃烧器区域壁面热负荷 q Hr 降低，虽然断面热负荷 q F 有所升高，但是总的燃烧器区域水冷壁的吸热量是增加的，导致燃烧器区域的温度水平下降，对无烟煤的及时、稳定着火不利。特别是容量增加到 800MW ～ 1300MW 等级后，由于受到单个煤粉喷嘴热功率的限制，单台磨煤机对应的煤粉喷嘴的数量相对于 300MW ～ 600MW 锅炉需要增加 50% 到 100% ，由 4 个增加到 6 个或 8 个。因此，例如对 1000MW 超超临界锅炉来说，在配备 6 台中速磨或双进双出磨煤机情况下，单台磨煤机对应的煤粉喷嘴的数量为 8 个，总的煤粉喷嘴的数量达到 48 个。在采用直流燃烧器四角切圆布置的情况下，单角一次风煤粉喷嘴的数量为 12 个，再加上燃烧器在垂直方向上分为 2 到 3 组，这样导致燃烧器最上和最下 2 个一次风煤粉喷嘴的间距较大，燃烧器区域壁面热负荷 q Hr 较低，该区域燃烧温度较低，不利于无烟煤粉气流的及时、稳定着火及锅炉不投油低负荷稳燃。
以图 1 和图 2 所示的 1000MW 超超临界塔式锅炉为例，来说明现有燃烧器切圆布置方式，图 2 为图 1 的II - II剖视图，图 1 为图 2 的I-I剖视图。该种燃烧器包含一个锅炉本体 1 '，为其配置了六台磨煤机 3 '，分别编号为 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 、 E 、 F 。锅炉的炉膛2'由四面水冷壁9'围成，该炉膛2'的每个角上各自布置有一个燃烧器组，经由这四个角上的燃烧器组喷射出的风粉在炉膛 2 '的中心形成一个假想切圆11'。
每个燃烧器组又包含沿垂直方向、间隔一定距离布置的三组燃烧器10'。每组燃烧器10'进一步包含四个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'和六个二次风喷嘴8'，该些喷嘴相互配合，构成了相邻的两个燃烧器部分。其中三个二次风喷嘴8'和两个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'为一个燃烧器部分，这两个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'布置在这三个二次风喷嘴8'之间；另外的那些喷嘴以相同的布置方式构成了另一个燃烧器部分。即是说，在炉膛2'的每个角上竖直布置有 18 个二次风喷嘴8'和 12 个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'。例如，将位于 1 号角的 12 个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'，自下而上编号为 A1-1 ， A1-2 ， B1-1 ， B1-2 ， C1-1 ， C1-2 ， D1-1 ， D1-2 ， E1-1 ， E1-2 ， F1-1 ， F1-2 ；将 4 号角上 12 个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'编号为 A4-1 ， A4-2 到 F4-1 ， F4-2 。其他角上喷嘴的编号方法与之类似。
另外，每台磨煤机 3 '的出口设置有四根煤粉管道5'，每根煤粉管道5'通过一个煤粉分配器4'与炉膛2'的同一个角上、同一个燃烧器部分的两个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'对应连接。例如，编号为 A 的磨煤机 3 '与炉膛2'四个角上，编号为 A1-1 及 A1-2 ， A2-1 及 A2-2 ， A3-1 及 A3-2 ， A4-1 及 A4-2 的八个所述一次风煤粉喷嘴6'连接。也就是说，六台磨煤机3'各自有一条煤粉管道5'连接煤粉分配器4'后分为两路，对应连接至炉膛2'每个角上的12个一次风煤粉喷嘴6'。例如在1号角上，编号A1-1及A1-2的一次风煤粉喷嘴连接A号磨煤机3'的其中一条煤粉管道5'及其煤粉分配器4'；编号B1-1及B1-2的其中一次风煤粉喷嘴连接B号磨煤机3'的一条煤粉管道5'及其煤粉分配器4'，其他喷嘴与磨煤机的配对连接与之类似。然而，这种布置方式使得喷嘴的间距较大，造成燃烧器区域壁面热负荷 q Hr 较低，不能适应无烟煤燃烧的要求。
国内已经成功投运的大量 50MW 、 125MW 和 300MW 无烟煤锅炉，几乎全部采用上述的中间仓储制热风送粉系统，该系统一次风粉混合温度可高达 220 ～ 250 ° C ，一次风比率 14 ～ 15% ，并能够将含有水份的乏气从一次风中分离出来，从燃烧器上部送入炉膛，从而减少煤粉着火热，采用中间仓储制热风送粉系统，是在 50 ～ 300MW 锅炉上成功燃用无烟煤的关键。但是对于中间仓储制热风送粉系统，由于国产钢球磨出力最大约为 50t/h ，对 600MW 及以上机组，每台炉要布置 6 ～ 8 台磨，该系统本身较为复杂，再加上庞大的煤粉仓，使得设计院设计布置较为困难，占地也较大。因此在机组容量增大到 600MW 后，一般就不再采用该系统。
 技术解决方案
本发明的内容是提供一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，通过改变煤粉浓淡的分离布置形式，在满足整台锅炉热功率的前提下，增加了浓煤粉区域的煤粉浓度，使下部燃烧器区域壁面热负荷 q Hr 较高，从而使该区域燃烧温度能够达到无烟煤着火稳燃的要求，保证无烟煤粉气流的及时着火及锅炉不投油低负荷稳燃。
为了达到上述目的，本发明的技术方案是提供一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其包含：
一个锅炉本体，其炉膛由四面水冷壁围成；所述水冷壁两两相交的位置形成位所述炉膛的四个夹角；
四个燃烧器组，对应布置在所述炉膛的四个夹角上；经由所述四个夹角上的燃烧器组喷射出的煤粉气流，在该炉膛的中心形成一个假想切圆；
每个燃烧器组还在垂直方向上，有间隔地布置有两组燃烧器：
第一组燃烧器是一次风 / 浓煤粉燃烧器，其处在所述炉膛的下部；所述第一组燃烧器向炉膛内的下部发送浓煤粉气流，从而在炉膛的该位置形成一个浓煤粉燃烧区域；
第二组燃烧器是一次风 / 淡煤粉燃烧器，其处在所述炉膛的上部，且位于所述第一组燃烧器的上方；所述第二组燃烧器向所述炉膛内的上部发送淡煤粉气流，从而在所述炉膛的该位置形成一个淡煤粉燃烧区域。
所述第一组燃烧器在垂直方向上，进一步包含有多个二次风喷嘴和多个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴，使各个所述一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴对应穿插布置在该些二次风喷嘴之间。
所述第二组燃烧器在垂直方向上，进一步包含有多个二次风喷嘴和多个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴，使各个所述一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴对应穿插布置在该些二次风喷嘴之间。
优选的，所述第一组燃烧器包含七个二次风喷嘴和六个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴；所述第二组燃烧器包含另外七个二次风喷嘴和六个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴。
所述四角直流燃烧器，还包含有至少一台磨煤机；
每台所述磨煤机的出口设置有四根煤粉管道；每根煤粉管道连接至一个浓淡分离器，由所述浓淡分离器对一次风/煤粉气流进行浓淡分离处理；
同一个所述浓淡分离器输出的浓淡不同的两路气流，分别被输送到所述炉膛同一个夹角上的第一组燃烧器和第二组燃烧器上；
其中一路浓煤粉气流被输送至所述第一组燃烧器的其中一个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴；另一路淡煤粉气流被输送至所述第二组燃烧器的其中一个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴。
从同一个所述磨煤机输出，并由四个浓淡分离器分别分离形成的四路浓煤粉气流，对应输送至所述炉膛四个夹角上位于同一水平面的四个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴；
分离形成的四路淡煤粉气流，对应输出至所述炉膛四个夹角上位于同一水平面的四个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴。
每一路所述浓煤粉气流，包含从所述一次风/煤粉气流中分离出的 80% 的煤粉和 50% 的一次风；
每一路所述淡煤粉气流，包含从所述一次风/煤粉气流中剩余的2 0% 的煤粉和 50% 的一次风；
所述四角直流燃烧器的各个喷嘴周围设置有周界风；二次风设置为偏置风。
在所述炉膛的垂直方向上，最上面的一次风/淡煤粉喷嘴与最下面的一次风/浓煤粉喷嘴的间距，由所述炉膛各个夹角上第一组燃烧器和第二组燃烧器的间距来控制。
与现有技术相比，本发明 所述 燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其优点在于：
1、本发明 通过采用'带煤粉浓淡分离装置的中速磨或双进双出直吹式制粉系统'，分别在炉膛内的上部和下部形成了淡煤粉和浓煤粉的燃烧区域。因而，使得其中一次风 / 浓煤粉的风粉比和一次风比率，均要优于现有技术中使用中间仓储制热风送粉系统时的相应参数。同时，将含有一半水份的 50% 一次风分离出来，从燃烧器上部的一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴送入炉膛，虽然一次风粉的混合温度，要比采用中间仓储制热风送粉系统的一次风粉的混合温度低，但是这样的设计，通过理论计算可知，与采用中间仓储制热风送粉系统相比，（浓）煤粉气流的着火热是基本一样的，从而保证了浓煤粉气流的稳定着火。
2、本发明通过使每台磨煤机出口的煤粉气流，与一层共 4 只一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴，以及一层共 4 只淡一次风 / 煤粉喷嘴对应连接的布置方式，可以在满足整台锅炉热功率的前提下，增加浓煤粉区域的煤粉浓度，此时下部的燃烧区域壁面热负荷 q Hr 较高，使该区域燃烧温度能达到无烟煤着火稳燃的要求，保证无烟煤粉气流的及时着火及锅炉不投油低负荷稳燃。
3、燃烧器最上面的一次风/淡煤粉喷嘴和最下面的一次风/浓煤粉喷嘴的间距控制在理想的范围内的时候，可以在同样满足最上面的一次风淡煤粉喷嘴到炉膛出口屏底间距和无烟煤燃烧效率的前提下，使得锅炉氮氧化物的排放量减少。
4、四组燃烧器布置在锅炉四面水冷壁的四个夹角上，在各个煤粉喷嘴的四周设置周界风，二次风设置偏置风，形成'风包粉'的燃烧形式，因此，不容易发生一次风煤粉贴墙的现象，有利于防止炉膛结渣和高温腐蚀，对煤种变化的适应性也较好。
 附图说明
图 1 、图2分别是现有燃烧器的平面图和立面图，其中，图1是图 2 在I-I向的剖视图，图2是图 1 在II-II向的剖视图；
图 3 是本发明中使用的带煤粉浓淡分离装置的中速磨或双进双出直吹式制粉系统的工作原理示意图；
图4、图5分别是本发明所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器的平面图和立面图，并示出了该燃烧器中煤粉浓淡的分离布置形式；图4是图5在I-I向的剖视图，图5是图4在II-II向的剖视图。
 本发明的实施方式
以下结合附图说明本发明的具体实施方式。
参见图3所示，本发明所述 燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，采用了 '带煤粉浓淡分离装置的中速磨或双进双出直吹式制粉系统'，其主要原理是在磨煤机30出口的每根煤粉管道50上，增加一个煤粉浓淡分离装置40，将一次风 / 煤粉进行浓淡分离，分成一路 80% 煤粉和 50% 一次风的'浓'煤粉气流，和一路剩余的 20% 煤粉和 50% 一次风的'淡'煤粉气流，这两股煤粉气流分别通过燃烧器的'一次风 / 浓煤粉'喷嘴60和'一次风 / 淡煤粉'喷嘴70，送入炉膛20内相应的浓燃烧区域21和淡燃烧区域22组织燃烧。
以下将结合图4、图5，说明 本发明所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器的 具体结构及其中 各个浓淡煤粉的分离布置形式 ， 其中图4是图5在I-I向的剖视图，图5是图4在II-II向的剖视图。
所述四角直流燃烧器包含 一个锅炉本体 1 ，为其配置有六台磨煤机 3 ，分别编号为 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 、 E 、 F 。该锅炉的炉膛2由四面水冷壁9围成，在炉膛2的每个夹角上各自布置有一个燃烧器组，经由这四个夹角上的燃烧器组喷射出的煤粉气流在炉膛 2 的中心形成一个假想切圆11。为了方便描述，下文中将相邻两个水冷壁9侧边相交形成的夹角中，位于图4所示左下角的那个夹角称为1号角，以顺时针排序将其他夹角依次称为2号角到4号角。
每个燃烧器组在垂直方向上，有间隔地布置有两组燃烧器。第一组燃烧器 称为'一次风 / 浓煤粉'燃烧器，其位于炉膛下部，并进一步包含有七个二次风喷嘴 8 ，以及穿插布置在该些二次风喷嘴 8 之间的六个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴 6 。第二组燃烧器称为'一次风 / 淡煤粉'燃烧器，其位于第一组燃烧器的上方，并进一步包含有另外七个二次风喷嘴 8 ，以及穿插布置在该些二次风喷嘴 8 之间的六个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴 7 。
为了方便描述，将位于1号角下部的第一组燃烧器中，六个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴 6 编号为 A1-1 ， B1-1 ， C1-1 ， D1-1 ， E1-1 ， F1-1 ；将位于1号角上部的第二组燃烧器中，六个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴 7 编号为 A1-2 ， B1-2 ， C1-2 ， D1-2 ， E1-2 ， F1-2 。而将4号角上第一组燃烧器中的六个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴 6 ，编号为 A 4 -1 ~ F 4 -1 ；将4号角上第二组燃烧器中的六个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴 7 ，编号为 A 4 -2 ~ F 4 -2 。对炉膛2的其他夹角上，各组'一次风 / 浓煤粉'和'一次风 / 淡煤粉'的喷嘴，以类似方式进行编号。
每台磨煤机 3 的出口设置有四根煤粉管道 5 ，每根煤粉管道 5 通过一个浓淡分离器 4 后，分别与 炉膛2的 同一个夹角上的一个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴 6 及一个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴 7 对应连接。
举例来说，编号为 A 的磨煤机3的输出，经过四个浓淡分离器 4 处理后，得到两种浓淡不同的各四路煤粉气流。其中四路浓煤粉气流，分别在炉膛2下部的第一燃烧器中，与编号为 A1-1 ， A2-1 ， A3-1 ， A4-1 的四个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴 6 对应连接，这四个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴 6 应当是位于炉膛2四个夹角下部的同一水平面上。另外四路淡煤粉气流，分别在炉膛2上部的第二燃烧器中，与编号为 A1-2 ， A2-2 ， A3-2 ， A4-2 的一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴 7 对应连接，这四个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴 7 应当是位于炉膛2四个夹角上部的同一水平面上。其他编号的磨煤机3输出的煤粉气流，与各个喷嘴的连接关系，与之类似；在 附图中省略了相关的 煤粉管道、浓淡分离器及其与喷嘴的 连接线 。
经由上述的分离布置，使得各个磨煤机3的输出中，所有分离出的浓煤粉气流都被发送至整个炉膛2内的下半部分，从而在该位置形成了一个浓煤粉燃烧区；而分离出的淡煤粉气流会被发送至炉膛2内的上半部分，并在该位置形成了一个淡煤粉燃烧区，符合图3所示的系统原理。因此，能够在满足整台锅炉热功率的前提下，增加浓煤粉区域的煤粉浓度，使下部燃烧器区域壁面热负荷 q Hr 较高，该区域燃烧温度能达到无烟煤着火稳燃的要求，保证无烟煤粉气流的及时着火及锅炉不投油低负荷稳燃。
优选的，在同时满足最上面一个一次风煤粉喷嘴到炉膛2出口屏底之间的间距，以及烟煤燃烧效率的前提下，可以对各个夹角上第一组和第二组燃烧器之间的间距进行设定，使得最上面的一个一次风/淡煤粉喷嘴和最下面的一个一次风/浓煤粉喷嘴的间距，被控制在理想的范围内，从而可以使锅炉的氮氧化物的排放量减少。
另外，本发明还在炉膛2的四个夹角上，通过为各个煤粉喷嘴的四周设置周界风，二次风设置偏置风，形成'风包粉'的燃烧形式，从而防止一次风煤粉贴墙的现象发生，有利于防止炉膛结渣和高温腐蚀，对煤种变化的适应性也较好。
尽管本发明的内容已经通过上述优选实施例作了详细介绍，但应当认识到上述的描述不应被认为是对本发明的限制。在本领域技术人员阅读了上述内容后，对于本发明的多种修改和替代都将是显而易见的。因此，本发明的保护范围应由所附的权利要求来限定。

Claims (1)

1. 一种燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，包含：
一个锅炉本体（ 1 ），其炉膛（2）由四面水冷壁（9）围成；所述水冷壁（9）两两相交的位置形成为所述炉膛（2）的四个夹角；
四个燃烧器组，对应布置在所述炉膛（2）的四个夹角上；经由所述四个夹角上的燃烧器组喷射出的煤粉气流，在该炉膛（ 2 ）的中心形成一个假想切圆（11）；
每个燃烧器组还在垂直方向上，有间隔地布置有两组燃烧器：
第一组燃烧器是一次风 / 浓煤粉燃烧器，其处在所述炉膛（2）的下部；所述第一组燃烧器向炉膛（2）内的下部发送浓煤粉气流，从而在炉膛（2）的该位置形成一个浓煤粉燃烧区域；
第二组燃烧器是一次风 / 淡煤粉燃烧器，其处在所述炉膛（2）的上部，且位于所述第一组燃烧器的上方；所述第二组燃烧器向所述炉膛（2）内的上部发送淡煤粉气流，从而在所述炉膛（2）的该位置形成一个淡煤粉燃烧区域。
2. 如权利要求1所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，
所述第一组燃烧器在垂直方向上，进一步包含有多个二次风喷嘴（ 8 ）和多个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴（ 6 ），使各个所述一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴（ 6 ）对应穿插布置在所述二次风喷嘴（ 8 ）之间。
3. 如权利要求2所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，
所述第二组燃烧器在垂直方向上，进一步包含有多个二次风喷嘴（ 8 ）和多个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴（7），使各个所述一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴（7）对应穿插布置在所述二次风喷嘴（ 8 ）之间。
4. 如权利要求3所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，
所述第一组燃烧器包含七个二次风喷嘴（ 8 ）和六个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴（ 6 ）；所述第二组燃烧器包含另外七个二次风喷嘴（ 8 ）和六个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴（ 7 ）。
5. 如权利要求3或4所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，
所述四角直流燃烧器，还包含有至少一台磨煤机（ 3 ）；
每台所述磨煤机（ 3 ）的出口设置有四根煤粉管道（ 5 ）；每根煤粉管道（ 5 ）连接至一个浓淡分离器（ 4 ），由所述浓淡分离器（ 4 ）对一次风/煤粉气流进行浓淡分离处理；
同一个所述浓淡分离器（4）输出的煤粉浓淡不同的两路气流，分别被输送到所述炉膛（2）同一个夹角上的第一组燃烧器和第二组燃烧器上；
其中一路浓煤粉气流被输送至所述第一组燃烧器的其中一个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴（ 6 ）；另一路淡煤粉气流被输送至所述第二组燃烧器的其中一个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴（7）。
6. 如权利要求5所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，
从同一个所述磨煤机（ 3 ）输出，并由四个浓淡分离器（ 4 ）各自分离形成的四路浓煤粉气流，对应输送至所述炉膛（2）四个夹角上位于同一水平面的四个一次风 / 浓煤粉喷嘴（ 6 ）；
分离形成的四路淡煤粉气流，对应输出至所述炉膛（2）四个夹角上位于同一水平面的四个一次风 / 淡煤粉喷嘴（7）。
7. 如权利要求6所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，
每一路所述浓煤粉气流，包含从所述一次风/煤粉气流中分离出的 80% 的煤粉和 50% 的一次风；
每一路所述淡煤粉气流，包含从所述一次风/煤粉气流中剩余的2 0% 的煤粉和 50% 的一次风；
所述四角直流燃烧器的各个喷嘴周围设置有周界风；二次风设置为偏置风。
8. 如权利要求1所述燃用无烟煤的单火球四角直流燃烧器，其特征在于，
在所述炉膛（2）的垂直方向上，最上面的一次风/淡煤粉喷嘴（7）与最下面的一次风/浓煤粉喷嘴（6）的间距，由所述炉膛（2）各个夹角上第一组燃烧器和第二组燃烧器的间距来控制。
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