WO2012150037A1 - Optisch aktives medium zur verwendung als faraday-rotator - Google Patents
Optisch aktives medium zur verwendung als faraday-rotator Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012150037A1 WO2012150037A1 PCT/EP2012/001918 EP2012001918W WO2012150037A1 WO 2012150037 A1 WO2012150037 A1 WO 2012150037A1 EP 2012001918 W EP2012001918 W EP 2012001918W WO 2012150037 A1 WO2012150037 A1 WO 2012150037A1
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/032—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
- G01R33/0322—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect using the Faraday or Voigt effect
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/20—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element
- C01F17/206—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element oxide or hydroxide being the only anion
- C01F17/224—Oxides or hydroxides of lanthanides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/20—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element
- C01F17/206—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element oxide or hydroxide being the only anion
- C01F17/241—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element oxide or hydroxide being the only anion containing two or more rare earth metals, e.g. NdPrO3 or LaNdPrO3
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B13/00—Single-crystal growth by zone-melting; Refining by zone-melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/08—Downward pulling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/16—Oxides
- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
- G02F1/093—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect used as non-reciprocal devices, e.g. optical isolators, circulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/02—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of inorganic substances
- H01B3/10—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of inorganic substances metallic oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/30—Three-dimensional structures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/76—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by a space-group or by other symmetry indications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
Definitions
- Optically active medium for use as a Faraday rotator
- the present invention relates to the composition and preparation of an optically active medium, in particular of terbium oxide (Tb 2 -xSE x O 3 ) and in particular of optically isotropic monocrystalline Tb 2 O 3 with cubic crystal structure.
- the invention further relates to the use of such an optically active medium in a Faraday rotator.
- the Faraday effect describes the rotation of the polarization plane of light in a dielectric medium under the influence of a magnetic field.
- Optical elements that use the Faraday effect to change the polarization plane of light are commonly referred to as Faraday rotators.
- Faraday rotators are used, for example, in optical diodes or so-called optical isolators, wherein a substantially transparent dielectric medium with the highest possible Verdet constant V in a homogeneous magnetic Field is brought. Polarized light incident on this medium undergoes a specific rotation of the polarization plane that is proportional to the length of the medium and the applied magnetic field strength.
- the proportionality constant is the Verdet constant of the material used.
- optical isolator FJ Sansalone, Applied Optics Vol. 10 (1971) pp.2329; D. Manzi, "Terbium Gallium Garnet - Putting A New Spin On Things, in Lasers and Optronics (February 1989) pp. 63; It can be achieved that only light with a defined polarization can pass through the optical isolator, eg optical isolators can be used to suppress back reflections in laser systems become.
- Faraday rotators currently use optically isotropic materials such as terbium gallium garnet (Tb 3 Ga 5 Oi 2, TGG), terbium containing glasses or bismuth iron garnets with variable composition depending on the application.
- Previously known optical isolators are limited by the Verdet constant V of the material used as Faraday rotator.
- H the static magnetic field strength
- d the length of the optically active medium
- V the Verdet constant
- the materials TD2O3 or Tb2 -X SE X 0 3 have a high density of Tb ions. This characteristic can in principle lead to a desired constant comparatively high Verdet and enable the construction of low-cost and compact optical isolators that have the feature that they comprise a Faraday rotator from TD2O3 or Tb2 -x SE x O 3.
- WO 2010/143593 A1 in particular in US 2011/0133111 A1 belonging to the same patent family, describes an oxide having a composition
- Tb x Ri -x (Tb x Ri -x ) 2 O 3 , where x is to satisfy the condition 0.4 ⁇ x 1, 0 and where R is at least one element of one of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, europium, gadolinium, ytterbium, holmium and Lutetium existing group.
- US 2011/0133111 A1 contains contradictory statements with regard to the parameter x, which relates to the degree of admixture of a metal of the rare earths.
- the proportion of the admixture is at least 20%, ie that x should be ⁇ 0.8.
- Compositions of this type having a terbium content of not more than 80% are to be preferred, since the crystal otherwise shows cracks during cooling, which cloud the crystal and make it unusable for use as an optical element.
- Tb 2 Ü 3 is 0.8 mol%, whereby a maximum Verdet constant of a corresponding crystal can be 0.33 min / (Oe cm), or approximately -96 rad / (T m).
- the object of the present invention is to develop a further production process by means of which monocrystalline terbium oxide (Tb 2 O 3 ) can be produced with a previously not attained dilution constant. It is a further object of the present invention to grow terbium oxide crystals which have the lowest possible content of a further rare earth metal. As a result, as compact as possible and highly efficient Faraday rotators or optical isolators can be provided, whose optically active medium is based on terbium oxide.
- optically active medium has the following composition: Tb 2 x Se x 03 to 0 x ⁇ 0.5, where SE is a rare earth metal: Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu is.
- SE is a rare earth metal: Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu is.
- the optically active medium consists to almost 100% of Tb203 without appreciable admixture of a rare earth metal.
- the minimum amount of Tb 2 O 3 within the optically active medium is greater than 75 mol% with less than 25 mol% of one of the specified rare earth metals SE.
- the invention thus relates to a novel material which can be used as Faraday rotator by its crystal symmetry, its high Verdet constant and its high transparency in the range of 250 to over 2500 nm, in particular in the range between 390 nm and 1500 nm.
- the chemical composition of the novel material is Tb 2 O 3 (terbium oxide or
- Tb 2 03 has a higher volume density of Tb ions by a factor of two and thus a significantly higher Verdet constant.
- x ⁇ 0.4 preferably x ⁇ 0.3, more preferably x ⁇ 0.2, more preferably x ⁇ 0.1, or x is substantially equal to zero, which corresponds to monocrystalline terbium oxide.
- compositions of Tb 2-x SE x O 3 are provided in which the Tb 2 O 3 content is at least 80 mol%, preferably at least 85 mol%, more preferably at least 90 mol%, 95 mol%, preferably 99 mol% or even 100 mol%.
- the optically active medium at a wavelength ⁇ 1, 06 ⁇ a Verdet constant V> 96 rad / (T * m), preferably V> 105 rad / (T * m), more preferably V> 1 10 rad / (T * m), V> 1 15 rad / (T * m), V> 122 rad / (T * m) or V> 128 rad / (T * m).
- rad / (T * m) V> 180 rad / (T * m), preferably V> 220 rad / (T * m), V> 260 rad / (T * m), more preferably V> 300 rad / ( T * m), V> 340 rad / (T * m), V> 400 rad / (T * m) or V> 440 rad / (T * m).
- Verdet constant of an optically active medium to smaller wavelengths increases so high Verdet constants in the visible or infrared spectral range by 1 ⁇ at a suitable optical transmission characteristics of the material is not yet known.
- Such high Verdet constants prove to be particularly advantageous especially for optical components, such as Faraday rotators or optical isolators, since even with comparatively short optical path lengths and associated, comparatively compact optically active media already significant rotations of the polarization plane of the incident light can be achieved ,
- the optically active medium has a cubic crystal structure.
- the optically active medium may in this case be present as mixed crystal Tb2-xSE x 0 3 as well as pure Tb 2 0 3 with a substantially cubic crystal structure.
- the optically active medium is present as a single crystal consisting of Tb203 Vor.
- the optically active medium is produced by means of a flux or high-temperature solvent process.
- the crystallization temperature of a material used for the growth of terbium provided with a high-temperature solvent material approach can be changed in such an advantageous manner such that the crystal structure is not subject to a crack-forming phase transition upon cooling.
- the growth temperature of the material mixture can be reduced by means of the solvent or flux such that the terbium oxide crystals crystallizing out of the high-temperature solution already have a cubic crystal structure and do not undergo any further crack-forming phase transition when cooled to about room temperature.
- a Faraday rotator with a previously described optically active medium is further provided.
- the Faraday rotator is characterized in particular by its optically active medium, in particular pure terbium oxide grown as a single crystal from a high temperature solution.
- the Faraday rotator according to a further embodiment that its optically active medium is produced as a single crystal by a flux or high-temperature solvent method.
- an optical isolator which has at least three components: a polarizer for the incident light beam, a Faraday rotator and a polarizer (analyzer) for the outgoing light beam.
- the polarizer polarizes the incident light beam according to the polarization degree of the polarizer. After leaving the polarizer, the beam enters the Faraday rotator. Within the rotator, the polarization of the beam is rotated + 45 ° by the Faraday effect. The analyzer is arranged so that the + 45 ° rotated beam can pass through the analyzer unchanged.
- the quality of the optical isolator can be described by the so-called extinction coefficient.
- the presently provided optical isolator has a Extinction coefficient, hence an extinction ⁇ -30dB, preferably ⁇ -40 dB, more preferably ⁇ -50 dB.
- a method for the preparation of a previously described optically active medium is provided.
- the starting materials required for the formation of the optically active medium are provided. These are then mixed together. Further, before, during or after the mixing of the starting materials, a solvent or a solvent mixture is added to the starting materials. Depending on the solvent used, this may be in liquid or solid, or powdery or granular form and mixed accordingly with the starting materials.
- the mixture formed in this manner from the starting materials and the solvent or solvent mixture is heated in a sufficiently temperature-stable container to form a liquid high-temperature solution.
- the high-temperature solution is in this case heated to a temperature at which preferably cubic and / or monocrystalline Tb 2 0 3 can be grown directly from the solution. With and after reaching the crystal growth temperature, the desired Tb 2-X SE X O 3 crystal is then grown from the liquid high temperature solution.
- the heated high-temperature solution is comparable to a melt, from which crystals can be grown, but with the difference that the high-temperature solution is still in liquid or flowable form below the actual melting point of the crystal.
- the addition of the solvent or a high-temperature solvent to the starting materials intended for crystal formation causes a targeted modification, in particular a reduction in the crystallization temperature of Tb2-xSE x 0 3 .
- the crystallization temperature of the high-temperature solution is preferably shifted below the phase transition temperature to the cubic phase which is stable even at room temperature.
- the lowering of the crystallization temperature also has the advantageous effect that the solution does not have to be heated above 2000 ° C. and that the entire growth process can take place in a technically more easily handled temperature range.
- SE La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu
- LU2O3 crystallizes from the melt at about 2400 ° C cubic in the
- Bixbyit Geneva-Coupled Device
- Yb 2 0 3 , Tm 2 0 3 and He 2 0 3 also crystallize at about 2400 ° C, but at hexagonal symmetry at high temperatures first and reach the cubic bixbyite on cooling only below a phase transition in the range 2300 - 2100 ° C. Symmetry. Ho 2 O 3 , Dy 2 0 3 , Tb 2 0 3 and Gd 2 0 3 also show a hexagonal high-temperature phase below about 2400 ° C.
- the latter changes at about 2150 (for Ho 2 0 3 ), at about 2100 (for Dy 2 0 3 ), at about 2070 (for Tb 2 0 3 ), at about 2070 (for Gd 2 0 3 ) , first in a monoclinic phase, and later at about 2100 (for Ho 2 0 3 ), at about 1850 (for Dy 2 0 3 ), at about 1550 (for Tb 2 0 3 ), at ca. 1200 (for Gd 2 0 3 ) last into the cubic bixbyite phase.
- With even lighter rare earths (Eu, Sm, Pm, Nd, Pr, Ce, La), additional phases with different symmetries are formed at high temperatures, and the cubic symmetry is only reached, if at all, at ever lower temperatures.
- Tb 2 0 3 Important for the preparation and use of Tb 2 0 3 is the fact that the cubic phase necessary for this invention can be stable below about 1550 ° C.
- Tb 2 0 3 or Tb 2-X SE X 0 3 crystals used in particular so-called flux - eg borates, tungstates, Molybdate or lead oxides, alone or in various combinations - dissolved as a high temperature solvent (at a growth temperature typically between 700 ° C to 1400 ° C) in the terbium oxide (with or without SE addition) in the correct ratio and from this solution after seeding with a vaccine.
- crystal a Tb 2 0 3 or Tb 2-X SE X 03 crystal is slowly pulled upwards.
- the high temperature solution is slowly cooled to allow growth of the crystal.
- Terbiumionen adjust so that Tb 2 0 3 compared to the merchandise
- Terbium oxide with the nominal composition Tb 4 0 7 which contains trivalent and tetravalent Terbiumionen in different mixing ratios, is stabilized. This can be realized, for example, using a reducing atmosphere at temperatures in the range 1200-1700 ° C (GJ McCarthy, Journal of Applied Crystallography 4 (1971) 399).
- the solvents used are borates, tungstates, molybdate, lead oxides, vanadates, alkali metal halides or alkali carbonates, and mixtures formed therefrom. It is possible to use individual of the abovementioned solvents both alone and in combination with other solvents specified here as high-temperature solvent or high-temperature solvent mixture.
- the terbium oxide contained in the high-temperature solutions can be directly and directly grown as a cubic Tb 2 0 3 single crystal.
- Initial experiments have shown that Tb 2 0 3 single crystals at a temperature of about 1,250X in cubic structure to breed.
- the growth of the crystal from the solution is preferably carried out by means of a seed, typically in the form of a small Tb20 3 -Kristalls. Its orientation is preferably selected so that, for example, the crystallographic axis ⁇ 001> is predetermined as the direction of growth. Other crystallographic axes, such as ⁇ 110>, and ⁇ 1 1 1> and others are also conceivable.
- a preferred breeding method is to immerse the seed into the solution at a temperature near the equilibrium temperature of the solution of composition xTb 2 O 3 + (1-x) solvent (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1). Repeated dipping allows the temperature to be adjusted so that the seedling is in equilibrium with the solution.
- the equilibrium here is that state in which no weight change of the seed can be measured.
- the solution is slowly cooled (typically 0.005 to 1.0 ° C / hour).
- the saturation of the solution can be additionally influenced by a slow and as controlled as possible evaporation of the solvent.
- the seedling vaccine and the seed growing on this seedling are then slowly withdrawn from the solution.
- Typical speeds here are in the range of 0.005 to 2.5 mm / h.
- the seedling and / or the containers or crucibles receiving the high-temperature solution can be supplied at up to 70 revolutions per minute about their vertical axis or longitudinal axis. twisted each other. The direction of rotation can always be the same. It can also be changed during the breeding process.
- the seed can be excited to vibrate, in particular to vibrate vertically, in the range of 0 to 200 Hz with amplitudes up to 1 mm.
- stirring mechanisms and corresponding stirring devices can be used.
- a crystal drawn from the high temperature solution When a crystal drawn from the high temperature solution has reached its intended final weight, it can be completely withdrawn from the high temperature solution and slowly cooled to room temperature within the crystal growing furnace above the high temperature solution or in a special external furnace. Cooling rates may be between 1 ° C to 100 ° C per hour, preferably 10 ° C to 60 ° C per hour.
- Solution breeding with a seedling introduced into the solution from above is also known as "Top-Seeded Solution Growth" or TSSG (see V. Belruss, J. Kalnajs, A.
- TSSG was first developed for materials such as BaTiO 3 (from a TiO 2 solution) and KNbO 3 (from a K 2 O solution) where the solvent consists of an excess of one component of the crystal
- Tb 2 O 3 the high temperature solvent
- TSSG can be used for the crystal growth provided here essentially optically isotropic monocrystalline cubic Tb 2 O 3 crystals are grown.
- Tb 2 0 3 or Tb 2-X SE X 0 3 is the zone melting method in which polycrystalline pressed rod material is first grown at 1200 ° C.
- 1500 ° C is sintered and then brought by moving a melted area through the rod to crystal formation.
- Tb 2 Ü 3 or Tb 2-x SEx0 3 Another method for the preparation of suitable material for Faraday rotators from Tb 2 Ü 3 or Tb 2-x SEx0 3 is the synthesis of transparent solids from Tb 2 0 3 or Tb 2-X SE X 0 3 by a ceramic process.
- Tb 2 0 3 or Tb 2-x SE x 0 3 particles are prepared in powder form and then formed by shaping, compacting and sintering to form a highly transparent polycrystalline body for the application as a Faraday rotator has comparable properties as the crystals produced by the aforementioned method.
- Tb 2 0 3 or Tb 2-X SE X 0 3 Another method for the preparation of Tb 2 0 3 or Tb 2-X SE X 0 3 is the so-called "Micro-Pulling Down" method (D. Sangla, J. Didierjean, N. Aubry, D. Perrodin, F. Balembois, K. Lebbou, A. Brenier, P. Georges, J. Fourmigue, and O.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an enlarged detail of the diagram of FIG. 1,
- Fig. 3 is a flowchart of the process for the preparation of Tb 2 0 3 and
- the phase diagram shown schematically in Fig. 1 shows transition temperatures of various rare earth oxides, wherein the ion radius in nm on the abscissa axis and the temperature are plotted on the ordinate axis.
- Terbium (Tb) has approximately an ionic radius of 0.092 nm and is characterized by a vertical line T in the phase diagram.
- the areas indicated in the phase diagram with the letters A, B, C, X, H designate different phase ranges of the corresponding crystals.
- Within the region A the crystal structure is hexagonal, within B it is monoclinic, within C it is cubic.
- Region H has a hexagonal crystal structure called high-temperature hexagonal, while region X characterizes a high-temperature cubic phase.
- phase diagram shown in Fig. 1 and further explanations thereof are on Foex, M., Traverse, J.P., Rev. Int. High Temp. Refract.
- FIG. 2 An enlarged, merely schematic section of the phase diagram according to FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2. marked with a vertical solid line labeled T.
- T1 the temperature range
- a Tb2Ü3 melt is typically still above its crystallization temperature.
- Tb203 crystallize a variety of rare earth oxides, including Tb203.
- the crystallization temperatures are shown in the diagram of FIG. 2 with round dots.
- terbium oxide can also be present in a monoclinic phase in the lower region of the temperature range T2, before it passes into a cubic phase at about 1550 ° C., which it also has at room temperature. That phase transition to the temperature range T3 is shown in the diagram of FIG. 2 with angular points.
- the temperature of the liquid state of matter can be advantageously determined from the starting materials and the solvent provided for the crystal growth be reduced so that the crystallization of a monocrystalline cubic Tb 2 0 3 crystal below a phase transition temperature, ie in the temperature range T3 can take place.
- the starting materials are determined or calculated according to the composition of the crystal and the high-temperature solution to be formed in the correct quantitative and / or weight ratio.
- the starting materials are then mixed in a subsequent step 102 with a suitable high temperature solvent, for example Li 6 Tb (B03) 3.
- a suitable high temperature solvent for example Li 6 Tb (B03) 3.
- the mixture of the starting materials and the solvent or solvent mixture obtainable in this manner is heated to a required temperature in the subsequent step 104 to form a high-temperature liquid solution.
- the temperature in particular a saturation or. Crystal growth temperature to which the high temperature solution is heated is preferably below 1600 ° C. It is in particular below the phase transition temperature of terbium oxide in the cubic phase. After reaching the predetermined melting or saturation temperature can in step 106 a
- Terbium oxide (Tb 2 -xSE x 0 3 ) crystal are grown in the manner previously described.
- the high-temperature solution cooled controlled or kept in the range of a crystallization or equilibrium temperature.
- the crystal can be grown by means of a seed crystal, for example in the form of a small Tb 2 0 3 crystal, which is immersed in the high-temperature solution at a predetermined orientation and slowly withdrawn from it.
- a seed crystal for example in the form of a small Tb 2 0 3 crystal
- Other cultivation methods are also conceivable here, for example by immersing a crystallization seed crystal below the surface of the solution and cooling it in a controlled manner on a crucible bottom which surrounds the solution.
- the Laue diagram reproduced in Fig. 4 shows a crystallographic examination of a terbium oxide crystal grown by the flux or high temperature solvent method. From the illustrated symmetry and arrangement of the X-ray reflections it is clear that the crystal has a cubic crystal structure.
- Polycrystalline solids are then produced by mechanical processing optical components in the required dimensions, optically polished at the provided for the light entry and exit sides and placed in a suitable holder in a magnetic field generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets. Due to the high Verdet constant of Tb 2 O 3 or Tb 2 -x SE x O 3, a smaller sample length or a smaller magnetic field modulus is required for a certain desired rotation of the polarization plane of the incident radiation. For the production of optical isolators, this results in substantial advantages in terms of the size and compactness of the insulator and in the production costs.
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WO (1) | WO2012150037A1 (de) |
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WO2015011416A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-24 | 2015-01-29 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Procede de preparation de sesquioxydes cubiques monocristallins et applications |
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US7166162B2 (en) | 2002-09-27 | 2007-01-23 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Terbium type paramagnetic garnet single crystal and magneto-optical device |
WO2010143593A1 (ja) | 2009-06-09 | 2010-12-16 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 酸化物及び磁気光学デバイス |
WO2012046755A1 (ja) * | 2010-10-06 | 2012-04-12 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 磁気光学材料、ファラデー回転子、及び光アイソレータ |
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DE102009043002A1 (de) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-04-07 | Schott Ag | Verwendung eines Fluoridflussmittels zur Kristallisation von Seltenerd-Aluminium-Granat aus einer Schmelze zur Herstellung optischer Elemente für die Mikrolithographie sowie von Szintillatoren |
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2011
- 2011-05-05 DE DE102011100537A patent/DE102011100537A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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2012
- 2012-05-04 WO PCT/EP2012/001918 patent/WO2012150037A1/de active Application Filing
- 2012-05-04 DE DE112012001983.0T patent/DE112012001983A5/de not_active Withdrawn
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WO2010143593A1 (ja) | 2009-06-09 | 2010-12-16 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 酸化物及び磁気光学デバイス |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015011416A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-24 | 2015-01-29 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Procede de preparation de sesquioxydes cubiques monocristallins et applications |
FR3008995A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-24 | 2015-01-30 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede de preparation de sesquioxydes cubiques monocristallins et applications |
CN105408530A (zh) * | 2013-07-24 | 2016-03-16 | 科学研究国家中心 | 单晶立方倍半氧化物的制备方法和用途 |
US9945049B2 (en) | 2013-07-24 | 2018-04-17 | Centre National De La Recherche Scintifiqi | Method for preparing single-crystal cubic sesquioxides and uses |
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DE102011100537A1 (de) | 2012-11-08 |
DE112012001983A5 (de) | 2014-02-20 |
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