WO2012132845A1 - 赤外線イメージセンサ及び信号読み出し方法 - Google Patents
赤外線イメージセンサ及び信号読み出し方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- Various aspects and embodiments of the present invention relate to an infrared image sensor and a signal readout method.
- Patent Document 1 a thermal detector that detects infrared rays using a material whose resistance value varies with temperature.
- the detector described in Patent Document 1 is a so-called bolometer-type infrared detector, and is configured by a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged pixels made of thermal resistors that sense incident infrared rays.
- a reference pixel for the pixel is provided for every pixel. By taking the difference between the signal of the pixel and the signal of the reference pixel, the influence of the environmental change surrounding the infrared detector is compensated. .
- the infrared detector described in Patent Document 2 is configured by a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged pixels made of thermal resistors that sense incident infrared rays.
- This infrared detector is provided with a reference pixel for each pixel column, and compensates for a diode temperature rise due to self-heating when a current is passed through the pixel by taking the difference between the pixel signal and the reference pixel signal. That is, self-heating compensation for a plurality of pixels included in the pixel column is performed using one reference pixel.
- the aperture ratio becomes smaller and the sensitivity is lower than that of an infrared image sensor having the same pixel region.
- the infrared image sensor described in Patent Document 2 can maintain sensitivity because one reference pixel is provided for a pixel row, but may not be able to appropriately compensate for self-heating. For example, when reading one line of a pixel row, information is read by energizing the detection pixels only once, but information is read by energizing the reference pixels by the number of pixels. Therefore, the self-heating amount of the reference pixel becomes larger than the self-heating amount of the detection pixel, and the self-heating may not be appropriately compensated.
- an infrared image sensor and a signal reading method that can ensure sensitivity while sufficiently compensating for the amount of self-heating are desired.
- An infrared image sensor is an infrared image sensor that detects infrared rays, and includes a pixel region in which a plurality of pixels are arranged and at least one reference pixel, and one pixel included in the pixel region.
- a circuit and a pixel signal calculation unit that calculates a pixel signal based on the first difference signal and the second difference signal are configured.
- the infrared image sensor In the infrared image sensor according to one aspect of the present invention, at least one reference pixel is arranged in the pixel region. For this reason, the sensitivity of the sensor can be ensured. Further, the first difference signal which is a difference signal between the signal of one pixel included in the pixel region and the signal of the reference pixel by the difference circuit, and the signal of two predetermined pixels among the plurality of pixels included in the pixel region. A second difference signal which is a difference signal is acquired, and a pixel signal is calculated based on the first difference signal and the second difference signal by the pixel signal calculation unit.
- each of the two predetermined pixels is connected in series with one end connected to each other, and the other end is connected to a different potential, and the difference circuit is connected at the connection point of the two predetermined pixels.
- the second difference signal may be acquired based on the difference between the potential and the predetermined potential.
- two predetermined pixels each have one end connected to a different resistor, each connected in series with the resistor, and each other connected to the same potential, and the difference circuit is The second difference signal may be acquired based on the difference in potential at each connection point between the two predetermined pixels and the resistor.
- the pixel region may include at least one pixel column, and the reference pixel may be disposed at one end of the at least one pixel column.
- the reference pixels can be arranged so as not to affect the sensitivity of the infrared image sensor.
- the pixel region may include at least one pixel column, and the reference pixels may be disposed at both ends of the at least one pixel column.
- the influence of self-heating can be further reduced by obtaining and averaging pixel signals based on each of two reference pixels.
- the two predetermined pixels may be adjacent pixels. With this configuration, it is possible to reduce the influence of temperature changes in the usage environment and the influence of characteristic variations at different positions in the element formation surface.
- a signal readout method is a signal in an infrared image sensor including a pixel region including at least one pixel column, and a light receiving unit including two reference pixels arranged at one end of the pixel column.
- a reading method which is a first difference signal that is a difference signal between a signal of one pixel included in a pixel area and a signal of a reference pixel, and two predetermined pixels among a plurality of pixels included in the pixel area.
- a difference signal acquisition step that acquires a second difference signal that is a difference signal of the signal, and a pixel signal calculation step that calculates a pixel signal based on the first difference signal and the second difference signal.
- the pixel signal calculation step includes the first difference signal and the second difference signal obtained starting from the first reference pixel. Based on the two calculated results, the pixel signal is calculated based on the first difference signal and the second difference signal obtained from the second reference pixel as the starting point. It is characterized by calculating a pixel signal.
- two second differential signals are calculated using two reference pixels, and pixel signals based on each of the two reference pixels are obtained and averaged. As a result, the influence of self-heating can be further reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an infrared image sensor according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged plan view of a light receiving unit in FIG. 1. It is a perspective view of the bolometer element in the light-receiving part of FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a difference detection circuit in each row of the light receiving unit in FIG. 1. It is a flowchart explaining the 1st signal reading operation
- movement of the infrared image sensor shown in FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining a second signal reading operation of the infrared image sensor shown in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining the time dependency of the temperature rise amount due to self-heating when the operation shown in FIG. 5 is executed.
- the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment is a so-called bolometer-type infrared image sensor that detects infrared rays using a material whose resistance value changes with temperature, and is preferably used for an infrared imager, a thermography, or the like. It is.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged plan view of a part of the light receiving unit in FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 is a configuration of one pixel of the light receiving unit in FIG. It is a perspective view shown.
- the infrared image sensor 1 is a detector that detects infrared rays by thermal change, and includes a light receiving unit 12 that functions as an infrared receiver.
- the light receiving unit 12 is configured as a two-dimensional infrared sensor array having a pixel region in which a plurality of pixels of m columns ⁇ n rows are arranged.
- An integrating amplifier 21 is connected to each row of the light receiving unit 12.
- Each integrating amplifier 21 is connected to a sample / hold circuit 22 that holds an analog signal output from the integrating amplifier 21.
- a switch circuit 23 and an A / D converter 24 are sequentially connected to the sample / hold circuit 22.
- the switch circuit 23 sequentially selects the output of the sample / hold circuit 22 and outputs it to the A / D converter 24.
- the A / D converter 24 digitally converts the image signal of each row selected by the switch circuit 23 and stores the digital output in a memory (not shown).
- the digital output stored in the memory is subjected to signal processing by a signal processing unit (not shown) to construct an image and sent to an image display circuit or an image arithmetic circuit.
- FIG. 1 shows an example in which signals in all rows are switched by the switch circuit 23 and digitally converted by one A / D converter 24. However, the entire row is divided into several blocks for each block.
- a switch circuit 23 and an A / D converter 24 may be provided. In this case, the high-speed A / D converter 24 is not required. Alternatively, an A / D converter 24 may be provided for each row so that the switch circuit 23 is unnecessary.
- the light receiving unit 12 is formed by two-dimensionally arraying a plurality of pixels (bolometer elements 11) on a substrate 10, and is a so-called surface micromachine.
- the bolometer element 11 constituting the pixel includes ROIC (Read Only IC) pads 16 and 17 formed on the surface of the substrate 10 and electrode plugs 18 formed on the ROIC pads 16 and 17, respectively. , 19 and a bolometer thin film 15 disposed away from the surface of the substrate 10.
- ROIC Read Only IC
- ROIC pads 16 and 17 are conductive rectangular pads, and are electrically connected to a signal processing circuit unit (not shown).
- the electrode plugs 18 and 19 are formed in a substantially cylindrical shape so as to extend in the stacking direction on the ROIC pads 16 and 17, and are electrically connected to the ROIC pads 16 and 17.
- the electrode plugs 18 and 19 are made of a conductive material, and for example, Al is used.
- the bolometer thin film 15 is a thin film disposed substantially in parallel with the substrate 10, and includes a rectangular planar light receiving portion 15a that receives infrared rays, and beam portions 15d and 15e formed at corner portions 15b and 15c of the light receiving portion 15a. have.
- the beam portions 15d and 15e extend along the outer periphery of the light receiving portion 15a starting from the corner portions 15b and 15c, and are formed to face each other.
- the light receiving portion 15a and the beam portions 15d and 15e are spatially separated through slits, and are thermally separated.
- the bolometer thin film 15 is made of a material having a large resistivity change due to a temperature change, for example, amorphous silicon.
- the bolometer thin film 15 is supported on the surface of the substrate 10 by connecting one end portions of the beam portions 15 d and 15 e to the electrode plugs 18 and 19. A gap is defined between the substrate 10 and the substrate 10.
- the wires of the beam portions 15d and 15e are electrically connected to the electrode plugs 18 and 19, respectively. Thereby, the wiring is electrically connected to the circuit portion via the electrode plugs 18 and 19 and the ROIC pads 16 and 17.
- a reflective film 20 is laminated in a region facing the bolometer thin film 15 on the surface of the substrate 10 of the bolometer element 11.
- the reflective film 20 is made of a metal having a high reflectance with respect to infrared rays.
- the bolometer element 11 has a configuration (membrane configuration) in which the bolometer thin film 15 is spaced apart from the surface of the substrate 10 and arranged substantially parallel to the substrate 10, and there is a gap between the bolometer thin film 15 and the substrate 10. It is set as the structure isolate
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing in detail a circuit (difference circuit) up to the integrating amplifier 21 in each row of the light receiving unit 12.
- one line portion of the light receiving unit 12 includes m (m: integer) pixel sensors P m , one reference sensor P 0 , and two predetermined pixel sensors P x and P y ( x, y: configured with a switch S m for connecting an integer) and integrating amplifier 21. That is, the reference sensor P 0 are provided, one for each pixel column. Reference sensor P 0 is, for example, located at one end portion of the pixel columns.
- Reference sensor P 0 is a sensor formed in the same environment as the pixel sensors P m, has the same structure as the pixel sensors P m, the point does not have the sensitivity to infrared light , it differs from the pixel sensor P m.
- the reference sensor P 0 has a function of shielding infrared rays, or the pixel sensor P m does not include an infrared absorption film that is usually provided.
- Only the reference sensor P 0 has a switch S 0 connected to one end and a switch S v connected to the other end.
- Reference sensor P 0, the switch S v by the ground potential also to the power supply potential V: is configured to be connected to the (GND potential 0 [V]).
- the predetermined two pixel sensors P x and P y connected by the switch S m are selected so that the distance between the pixel sensors P x and P y is in a range of 500 ⁇ m or less.
- the predetermined two pixel sensors P x and P y may be adjacent to each other. In the first embodiment, in consideration of ease of explanation, it is assumed that the two predetermined pixel sensors P x and P y are adjacent to each other.
- Adjacent pixel sensors P n ⁇ 1 , P n (n: integer) have one end portions alternately connected to the power supply potential V and the ground potential 0 [V]. Connecting two pixel sensors P n-1, P n any adjacent switch S n-1, S n, between the power supply potential V and the ground potential 0 [V], two pixel sensors P n-1 , P n are connected in series. A connection point between the two pixel sensors P n ⁇ 1 and P n is connected to a negative input terminal of the integrating amplifier 21.
- the integrating amplifier 21 is a current detection type integrating amplifier.
- the pixel sensor P 1 and the pixel sensor P 2 are connected to the integration amplifier 21, and the difference between the currents flowing through the pixel sensor P 1 and the pixel sensor P 2 is the integration of the integration amplifier 21. Accumulated in the capacity C.
- the difference signal is configured to be output as integrated with a voltage signal by the integrating amplifier 21.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a first signal acquisition operation of the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- the control process shown in FIG. 5 is repeatedly executed at a predetermined interval from the timing when the power of the infrared image sensor is turned on, for example.
- the control process shown in FIG. 5 is executed by a control unit (not shown) provided in the infrared image sensor.
- the control unit includes an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU.
- the control unit executes initial processing (S10).
- the control unit sets a count value n (n: integer) that defines the processing order to 1.
- the control unit executes difference circuit preprocessing (S12).
- the control unit performs an initial process for obtaining the difference signal V n between the adjacent pixel sensor P n ⁇ 1 and the pixel sensor P n in the negative feedback unit of the integrating amplifier 21. was attached switch S r and oN, the charge stored in the integrating capacitor C is discharged, then the switch S r turned OFF.
- the process of S12 ends, the process proceeds to a differential signal acquisition / storage process (S14).
- the control unit acquires the difference signal V n between the adjacent pixel sensor P n ⁇ 1 and the pixel sensor P n .
- the control unit turns on the switch S n ⁇ 1 and the switch S n , connects the pixel sensor P n ⁇ 1 and the pixel sensor P n in series, and integrates the difference signal with the integrating amplifier 21.
- control unit counts up the count value n.
- process of S16 ends, the process proceeds to a count value determination process (S18).
- the control unit determines whether or not the count value n counted in the process of S18 is larger than the number of pixels m.
- the process shifts again to the difference circuit pre-process (S12).
- the control unit executes the repetitive operation so as to be within the time of one frame, and takes in the difference signals V 1 to V m to the sample / hold circuit 22.
- the differential signals V n between the pixel sensors P n stored in the sample / hold circuit 22 is sent to the A / D converter 24 by the switch circuit 23, converted into a digital signal, will be stored in the memory .
- processing step S20 calculates the absolute value signal using the difference signal V n obtained control unit in the processing of S14. This portion is executed by a pixel signal calculation unit included in the control unit.
- Each difference signal V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ,..., V m is a difference signal from the reference sensor P 0 only in the difference signal V 1 .
- a signal proportional to the amount of infrared light received by the pixel sensor P 1 can be obtained only from the difference signal V 1 (first difference signal).
- the difference signal V 2 and later become infrared amount of the difference signal between the neighboring pixel sensors (second differential signal). Therefore, it is necessary to perform computation in order to acquire the entire image.
- the signals proportional to the amount of infrared light in each pixel sensor are M 1 , M 2 , M 3 ,..., M m , V m can be expressed as follows.
- pixel sensor P 2 may be calculated to V 1 -V 2. Further, after the absolute value signal M 2 is calculated, the absolute value signal M 3 can be calculated by the absolute value signal M 2 + the difference signal V 3 . Thereafter, by sequentially adding and subtracting, the absolute values of all the pixel sensors Pn can be obtained as follows. These calculations are simple additions and subtractions, and it is sufficiently possible to calculate in real time using software or hardware. When the process of S20 ends, the control process shown in FIG. 5 ends.
- the reference sensor P 0 is energized only once during one frame. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the self-heating only the reference sensor P 0 becomes extremely large by being connected to all the pixel sensors and is energized a plurality of times.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a second signal acquisition operation of the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- the control process shown in FIG. 6 is repeatedly executed at a predetermined interval from the timing when the power of the infrared image sensor is turned on, for example.
- the control process shown in FIG. 6 is executed by a control unit (not shown) provided in the infrared image sensor.
- the control unit includes an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU.
- the control unit executes initial processing (S30).
- the process of S30 is the same as the process of S10 of FIG. 5, and the control unit sets the count value n to 1.
- the control unit executes differential circuit preprocessing (S32).
- the process of S32 is the same as the process of S12, and the controller discharges the charge stored in the integration capacitor C.
- S34 a differential signal acquisition / storage process
- Processing step S34 is the same as the processing in S14, the control unit acquires and stores the difference signal V n with the integration time s.
- the process of S34 proceeds to the count process (S36).
- the control unit counts up the count value n.
- the control unit adds 2 to the count value n.
- the process proceeds to a count value determination process (S38).
- the process of S38 is the same as the process of S18, and the control unit determines whether or not the count value n counted in the process of S36 is larger than the number of pixels m.
- the process of S38 when the control unit determines that the count value n is not larger than the number of pixels m, the process proceeds to the difference circuit preprocess again (S32).
- step S34 the (n + 2) th differential signal V is acquired with the integration time s.
- the control unit adds the count value by 2 in the process of S36, and the difference signals V 1 , V 3 , V 5 , and V m ⁇ 1 until the count value n becomes larger than the number of pixels m.
- the control unit executes the repetitive operation so as to be within the time of 1 ⁇ 2 frame, and takes in the acquired difference signal V into the sample / hold circuit 22.
- the control unit integrates the difference signal with respect to a time T obtained by dividing one frame time by m + 2 obtained by adding 2 to the number of pixels m. Set s equal or shorter.
- the control unit connects the reference sensor P 0 and pixel sensor P m shown in FIG. At this time, the control unit connects the switch Sv to the power supply V side.
- the process of S44 is performed to equalize the number of energizations of the sensors arranged at both ends of the pixel column, and is an operation only for the purpose of energization. Details will be described below.
- each pixel sensor P m is energized twice within one line. For example, the pixel sensor P 1 is energized when acquiring the difference signal V 1 and when acquiring the difference signal V 2 .
- the control unit waits until the 1 ⁇ 2 frame time is reached. This is because the acquisition of each difference signal may be completed in a short time, but the second half (even-numbered) difference signal is acquired after the self-generated heat is dissipated. By this process, the start of the signal acquisition process in the latter half can be delayed until the lapse of 1/2 frame, and the element that has generated heat due to the signal acquisition in the first half (odd number) can be sufficiently radiated.
- the waiting time may be 0 hours.
- the total signal acquisition time for the first half and the second half may be set to 1 ⁇ 2 frame time, respectively. Or, by arranging the dummy sensor P d, it may be carried out independently dummy energization of P 0 and P m.
- the control unit sets the count value n to 2. That is, it is set to start from an even number. Since you have set the integration time s as described above, obtaining the dummy energization of the odd-numbered differential signal is terminated in the first half frame time of 1 frame time, a signal acquisition of the differential signal V 2 it can be started from the signal acquisition difference signal V 1 to a time which is delayed 1 ⁇ 2 frame time.
- the process shifts again to the differential circuit pre-process (S32).
- the control unit obtains a difference signal V 2 in the processing of S34, adds 2 to the count value n in the processing of S36, the processing of S38, the counted number of the count value n is the pixel in the processing of S36 m It is judged whether it is larger than.
- the process of S38 when the control unit determines that the count value n is not larger than the number of pixels m, the process proceeds to the difference circuit preprocess again (S32). Then, the control unit acquires the (n + 2) th differential signal V in the process of S34.
- the control unit adds the count value by 2 in the process of S36, and performs the difference as the difference signals V 2 , V 4 , V 6 , and V m until the count value n becomes larger than the number of pixels m. Only the even-numbered subscripts of the signal V are acquired sequentially.
- the process proceeds to an even number determination process (S40). In the process of S40, if the control unit determines that the count value n is not an even number, the process proceeds to the absolute value signal calculation process (S42).
- the reference sensor P 0 is energized twice during one frame. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the self-heating of only the reference sensor P 0 from being connected to all the pixel sensors and energizing a plurality of times, and to reduce the energization frequency of the reference sensor P 0 and the energization frequency of the pixel sensor. Can be equal.
- the even-numbered differential signal V is acquired after the odd-numbered differential signal V is acquired.
- FIGS. 7 shows the time dependence of the temperature rise amount for each pixel sensor at the time of sequential signal acquisition shown in FIG. 5, and FIG. 8 shows the temperature rise time for each pixel sensor at the time of even-odd order signal acquisition shown in FIG. Shows dependency.
- FIG. 7 if the difference signal is acquired in the order of V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ..., The pixel sensor on one side is energized at the time of the previous signal acquisition.
- the temperature rise represented by the above equation 1 is added to the signal as an offset.
- the energy collected on a detector with a pixel size of 50 [um] is about several tens [nW] for infrared rays emitted from a human body 36 [° C.]. It is.
- the resistance of the detector is 100 [k ⁇ ] and 2 [V] is applied to both ends, the electric power Ph is expressed by the following equation (5).
- 1 order of magnitude will not be ignored with respect to energy contributing P s to the heating.
- the applied voltage or resistance can be changed within the design range.
- the infrared image sensor by energizing the odd-numbered and even-numbered groups, continuous energization is avoided and heat dissipation time is ensured. Yes.
- the signal integration time s is set equal to or shorter than the time T obtained by dividing one frame time by the number of pixels +2.
- the odd-numbered differential signals V m obtained dummy energization acquisition of the difference signal V 0
- the signal acquisition difference signal V 2 it can be started from the signal acquisition V 1 at the time which is delayed 1 ⁇ 2 frame time.
- the pixel sensor P 1 starts energization for the signal acquisition difference signal V 1 with the reference sensor P 0 before the delay time T d time
- the energization is completed before T d ⁇ s time, and the temperature rise due to the self-heating of the pixel sensor P 1 is radiated for T d ⁇ s time with a time constant ⁇ .
- the amount of heat that has not been completely dissipated can be calculated from Equation 7 and remains as an offset of about 20%.
- the difference between the pixel sensor P 1 and the pixel sensor P 2 is acquired, and therefore the remaining self-heating of the pixel sensor P 2 must be taken into consideration. Since the pixel sensor P 3 starts energization for obtaining the difference signal V 3 after s time after the energization of the first pixel sensor P 1 , and becomes energized after 2 ⁇ s time, the difference signal V 2 For the acquisition start time, the self-heating is dissipated for T d ⁇ 2 ⁇ s hours. This heat dissipation time differs from the pixel sensor P 1 by time s.
- the delay time Td is about 16 [msec], and s is 0.1 [msec]. ] because it is less, the difference is very small, it may be considered that almost 20% self-heating residual of pixel sensor P 2. Further, when the difference signal V 2 is acquired, the difference between the pixel sensor P 1 and the pixel sensor P 2 is calculated, so that the remaining self-heating can be canceled except for the difference of s time. In the conventional method of comparing all the pixel sensors P m and the reference sensor P 0 , reducing the signal acquisition interval T even if the integration time s is shortened means that the self-heating of the reference sensor P 0 is dissipated.
- the integration time s and the signal acquisition interval T can be made the same. If the integration time s and the signal acquisition interval T are the same, the remaining self-heating of the two sensors can be brought closer.
- FIG. 8 shows this self-heating canceling mechanism.
- Equation 7 The offset of the amount of self-heating after turning off the current is given by Equation 7, but when t d in Equation 7 passes T d ⁇ s, it is energized again to acquire the difference signal V 2 and is integrated during the integration time s.
- the amount of the signal is the signal offset.
- the magnitude of the offset is given by Equation 8.
- the pixel sensor P 2 that is energized at the same time when the differential signal V 2 is acquired is energized before T d ⁇ s time, and is energized OFF before T d ⁇ 2 ⁇ s time.
- the magnitude of the offset in this case is given by Equation 9.
- the offset amount integrated by integration over s time is a value obtained by multiplying Equation 11 by time s.
- the second term in parentheses [] shown in Equation 4 is deleted, but the term shown in Equation 11 is newly added.
- the offset is eventually given by:
- the method of the first embodiment (that is, the method using the difference signal between the reference sensor P 0 and the pixel sensor P 1 and the difference signal between the pixel sensors P m ) and the difference between all the pixel sensors P m and the reference sensor P 0. Contrast with the method of acquiring signals.
- the term in parentheses [] for the offset given by Equation 10 is compared with the second term in parentheses [] in Equation 12 and Equation 4 given by other methods.
- the term in the brackets [] for the offset given by Equation 10 is smaller than the offset given by Equation 12.
- the integration time s is 100 [usec].
- the offset is Exp ( ⁇ T d / ⁇ )*(s/ ⁇ ) ⁇ 0.22*0.1 [ ms ] / 10 [ ms ] to 0.0022. Therefore, with respect to * 0.5 * P h of formula 4 (s / tau), it becomes 0.002 * P h * (s / ⁇ ) becomes, 1/250 offset.
- the offset can be suppressed to 1 [nW] or less. This is not so large as to compress the dynamic range of the integrating amplifier 21, but is an amount that can be sufficiently acquired in advance as a calibration value and removed.
- the integration time s is set to 100 [usec], and the maximum time interval T necessary for signal acquisition of each pixel is set to 100 [usec].
- the integration time s is preferably longer in order to improve the S / N ratio. However, if there is a certain margin between other noise and the signal, the integration time s can be shortened. In this case, in the other methods given by Expression 4 and Expression 12, the self-heating offset decreases in proportion to the length of the integration time s. On the other hand, in the method according to the present embodiment, as shown in Expression 10, the offset is reduced in proportion to the square of the integration time s.
- the infrared image sensor by using the difference signal between the pixels, it is not necessary to compare all the pixels included in the pixel region with one reference pixel.
- the difference between the heat generation amount and the self-heat generation amount of the detection pixel can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible to ensure sensitivity while sufficiently compensating for the amount of self-heating.
- hardware compensation for temperature change due to self-heating can be realized without lowering the aperture ratio, and a low-cost and small-sized infrared camera can be realized.
- the reference pixel since the reference pixel is arranged at one end of at least one pixel row, the reference pixel can be arranged so as not to affect the sensitivity of the infrared image sensor.
- the infrared image sensor since the difference signal between adjacent pixels is used, the influence of the temperature change in the usage environment and the influence of the characteristic variation at different positions in the element formation surface. Can be reduced.
- Infrared image sensor according to the second embodiment is intended to be substantially the same structure as the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment, the pixel sensor P m + 1 are arranged as a reference sensor adjacent to the pixel sensor P m, further dummy reference sensor P d is adjacent pixel sensors P 0, or that it is located next to the pixel sensor P m + 1 are different.
- description of the same parts as those of the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment will be omitted, and description will be made focusing on the differences.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram showing in detail a circuit (difference circuit) up to the integrating amplifier 21 in each row of the light receiving unit 12.
- one line portion of the light receiving unit 12 includes m + 1 (m: integer) pixel sensors P m + 1 , one reference sensor P 0 , one dummy reference sensor P d, and predetermined 2
- Two pixel sensors P x and P y (x, y: integer) are provided with switches S d and S m + 1 for connecting to the integrating amplifier 21.
- the reference sensor P d only, the switch S to the end switch S v to the other end portion d is connected to different points are connected, the other portions are the same.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a second signal acquisition operation of the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- the control process shown in FIG. 6 is repeatedly executed at a predetermined interval from the timing when the power of the infrared image sensor is turned on, for example.
- the control process shown in FIG. 6 is executed by a control unit (not shown) provided in the infrared image sensor.
- the control unit includes an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU.
- control unit executes an initial process (S50).
- the process of S50 is the same as the process of S10 of FIG. 5, and the control unit sets the count value n to 1. Thereafter, the process proceeds to differential circuit preprocessing (S56).
- the process of S56 is the same as the process of S12, and the control unit discharges the charge stored in the integration capacitor C.
- the process proceeds to differential signal acquisition / storage processing (S58).
- Processing step S58 is the same as the processing in S14, the control unit acquires and stores the difference signal V n with the integration time s.
- the process of S58 ends, the process proceeds to a count process (S60).
- the control unit counts up the count value n.
- the control unit adds 2 to the count value n.
- the process proceeds to a count value determination process (S62).
- the process of S62 is the same as the process of S18, and the control unit determines whether or not the count value n counted in the process of S60 is larger than the number of pixels m.
- the process proceeds to the difference circuit pre-process (S56). Thereafter, the control unit obtains the (n + 2) th difference signal V with the integration time s in the process of S58. In this way, the control unit adds the count value by 2 in the process of S60, and the difference signals V 1 , V 3 , V 5 , and V m ⁇ 1 are added until the count value n becomes larger than the number of pixels m. Only the odd-numbered subscripts of the difference signal V are sequentially acquired. The control unit executes the repetitive operation so as to be within the time of 1 ⁇ 2 frame, and takes in the acquired difference signal V into the sample / hold circuit 22.
- the process of S62 when the control unit determines that the count value n is larger than the number of pixels m, the process proceeds to an even number determination process (S64). In the process of S64, if the control unit determines that the count value n is not an even number, the process proceeds to a dummy energization process (S66). In the process of S66, the control unit connects the dummy reference sensor Pd and the pixel sensor Pm + 1 shown in FIG. At this time, the control unit connects the switch Sv to the GND side.
- the process of S66 is performed in order to make the number of energizations of the pixel sensor Pm + 1 equal to the number of energizations of other sensors, and is an operation only for the purpose of energization.
- the process of S66 proceeds to a process of waiting until 1/2 frame elapses (S67).
- S67 1/2 frame elapses
- the start of the latter half of the signal acquisition process can be delayed until the lapse of 1 ⁇ 2 frame, and the element that has generated heat by the first half of the signal acquisition can be sufficiently dissipated.
- the process proceeds to a count reset process (S68).
- the control unit sets the count value n to 2. That is, the control unit is set to start from an even number.
- the process of S68 ends, the process proceeds to a dummy energization process (S69).
- the control unit connects the reference sensor P d and the reference sensor P 0 of the dummy shown in Figure 9. At this time, the control unit connects the switch Sv to the power supply V side. Processing of S69 is for performing energization times of the reference sensor P 0 to equal the current number of other sensors, the operation of only the current purposes.
- the process of S69 ends, the process proceeds to a differential circuit pre-process (S56).
- the control unit obtains a difference signal V 2 in the processing of S58, adds 2 to the count value n in the processing of S60, the processing of S62, the counted number of the count value n is the pixel in the processing of S60 m It is judged whether it is larger than.
- the process of S60 when the control unit determines that the count value n is not larger than the number of pixels m, the process shifts again to the difference circuit pre-process (S56).
- step S58 the (n + 2) th differential signal V is acquired.
- the control unit adds the count value by 2 in the process of S60, and performs the difference like the difference signals V 2 , V 4 , V 6 , and V m until the count value n becomes larger than the number of pixels m. Only the even-numbered subscripts of the signal V are acquired sequentially. On the other hand, if the control unit determines that the count value n is greater than m in the process of S62, an even number determination process is performed (S64).
- the difference from the first embodiment will be described.
- the pixel sensor P m connected to the pixel sensor P m + 1 is a reference sensor, obtains the difference signal V m + 1 of the pixel sensor P m and the pixel sensor P m + 1.
- the pixel sensor P m is energized twice when the difference signal V m is acquired and when the difference signal V m + 1 is acquired.
- odd-numbered signal acquisition and even-numbered signal acquisition are performed in the first half and the second half.
- S50 By executing the processing of ⁇ S68, energization of the reference sensor P 0 according to the signal acquisition is performed in the first half, the energization of the reference sensor P m + 1 is performed in the second half of the last. In order to energize all sensors at equal intervals, dummy energization to the reference sensor P m + 1 is performed at the end of the first half, and dummy energization to the reference sensor P 0 is performed at the beginning of the second half. A dummy reference sensor Pd is used for this energization.
- the process proceeds to an even number determination process (S64). In the process of S64, if the control unit determines that the count value n is not an even number, the process proceeds to an absolute value signal calculation process (S70).
- the offset of the mth pixel has an offset of 320 times dM.
- dM 1/250 with respect to the offset given by Equation 4, but the mth pixel offset obtained by multiplying this by 320. Is clearly greater than the offset given by Equation 4.
- this does not mean that the method of the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment is bad. This is because the offset detected by the integrating amplifier 21 is only dM, which is two or more digits smaller than the offset given by Equation 4. For this reason, the dynamic range of the integrating amplifier 21 and the A / D converter 24 is not compressed.
- the offset multiplied by m is merely a calculation result on a computer, and can be easily subtracted as a calibration value. Further, as described in the first embodiment, since dM is reduced by the square of the integration time s, it is possible to make the offset sufficiently small by slightly shortening the integration time s.
- the self-heating cancellation method according to the present embodiment that is executed in the process of S70 will be described.
- the pixel sensor P m + 1 that functions as a reference sensor is added in addition to the m-th to obtain the difference signal V between the pixel sensor P m and the pixel sensor P m + 1.
- the difference signal obtained at this time V m + 1 is also an absolute value signal (first difference signal) similar to the difference signal V 1 .
- the absolute value signal M is obtained while adding and subtracting V 2 , V 3 , V 4 ... Sequentially from the difference signal V 1 .
- the absolute value signal of each pixel sensor can be obtained even by adding and subtracting from the m side toward the first pixel.
- the absolute value calculated from the smaller subscript and the calculated absolute value from the larger subscript are arranged as follows.
- the two sets of data are used to calculate a weighted average. For example, as an average value M1 ′ ′′, when M1 ′ and M1 ′′ are weighted by m: 1 and averaged, the result is as follows. Thus, in the equation, the offset due to self-heating can be completely eliminated.
- the reference sensor P 0 and the pixel sensor P m + 1 are energized twice during one frame. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the self-heating of only the reference sensor P 0 and the pixel sensor P m + 1 by being connected to all the pixel sensors and energized a plurality of times, and the reference sensor P 0 and the pixel sensor P m + 1. And the number of energizations of the pixel sensor can be made equal.
- the even-numbered differential signal V is acquired after the odd-numbered differential signal V is acquired.
- the energization interval of the reference sensor P 0 is shifted from the 1 ⁇ 2 frame time. All the other sensors are energized every 1/2 frame, but only the reference sensor P 0 is energized when the difference signal V 1 is acquired and when the difference signal V 0 is acquired. For this reason, when the integration time s is shortened, the signal acquisition time in the first half is shortened, the energization timings of the difference signal V 1 and the difference signal V 0 approach, and as a result, the energization time interval of only the reference sensor P 0 is not constant.
- a dummy reference sensor Pd is provided, and dummy energization is performed at the end of the first half and at the beginning of the second half, so even if the integration time s is shortened, all sensors are equally spaced. Can be energized.
- the same effects as those of the first embodiment can be obtained, and hardware compensation for a change in ambient temperature or a change in temperature due to self-heating can be achieved without reducing the aperture ratio. Therefore, it is possible to realize a small-sized infrared camera at a low cost.
- the pixel signals based on the two reference pixels are obtained and averaged. The influence of self-heating can be further reduced.
- the infrared image sensor according to the third embodiment is configured in substantially the same manner as the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment, and a reference sensor P a (reference sensor P 0 of the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment). that the reference sensor P b adjacent to the support) is arranged in the dummy reference sensor P d is next to the reference sensor P b, or that it is located next to the pixel sensors P m, and, adjacent pixels One end of each is not alternately connected to the power sources V and GND, but is alternately connected to the power sources V and GND two pixels at a time.
- description of the same parts as those of the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment will be omitted, and description will be made focusing on the differences.
- FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing in detail a circuit (difference circuit) up to the integrating amplifier 21 in each row of the light receiving unit 12.
- one line portion of the light receiving unit 12 includes m (m: integer) pixel sensors P m , two reference sensors P a , reference sensors P b , and one dummy reference sensor P.
- d (not shown) and two predetermined pixel sensors P x , P y (x, y: integer, a, b) are provided with switches S a , S b , S m for connecting to the integrating amplifier 21.
- the reference sensor P a , the reference sensor P b, and the pixel sensor P m are configured such that two adjacent pixels are set as one set, and the connection destinations of the end portions of the pixels are different for each set.
- one set is formed with reference sensors P a , P b , pixel sensors P 1 , P 2 , pixel sensors P 3 , P 4 , pixel sensors P 5 , P 6 ...
- GND are alternately connected. That is, two pixels are alternately connected to the power sources V and GND. Other parts are the same as those of the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment. Similar to the infrared image sensor according to the second embodiment, if there is room in the current supply capability of integrating amplifier 21, a dummy reference sensor P d may required by energizing shorted switch S r .
- FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing the signal acquisition operation of the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- the control process shown in FIG. 12 is repeatedly executed at a predetermined interval from the timing when the power of the infrared image sensor is turned on, for example.
- the control process shown in FIG. 12 is executed by a control unit (not shown) provided in the infrared image sensor.
- the control unit includes an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU.
- the control unit executes an initial process (S80).
- the process of S80 is substantially the same as the process of S10 of FIG. 5, and the control unit sets k to 1 and sets the count value n to k. k defines the number of executions of the repetitive process and the top pixel sensor number of the repetitive process.
- the control unit proceeds to a count value determination process (S82).
- the control unit determines whether or not the count value n is 4. If it is determined in the process of S82 that the count value n is not 4, the process proceeds to a count value determination process (S86). In the process of S86, the control unit determines whether or not the count value n is 3. When the control unit determines that the count value n is not 3 in the process of S86, the process proceeds to the differential circuit pre-process (S90).
- the process of S90 is the same as the process of S12, and the control unit discharges the charge stored in the integration capacitor C.
- the process proceeds to a differential signal acquisition / storage process (S92).
- Processing of S92 is substantially the same as the processing in S14, the control unit acquires and stores the difference signal V n with the integration time s. In the case of obtaining a differential signal V 1 was to get connected to the pixel sensor P 1 pixel sensor P a.
- Control unit when obtaining the difference signal V 2 is obtained by connecting the pixel sensors P b and the pixel sensor P 2.
- the control unit acquires the pixel sensor P n ⁇ 2 by connecting it to the pixel sensor P n . In this way, the control unit obtains a differential signal by connecting every other pixel, not adjacent pixels.
- the process of S92 ends, the process proceeds to a count process (S94).
- control unit counts up the count value n.
- control unit adds 4 to the count value n.
- routine proceeds to count value determination processing (S96).
- the process of S96 is the same as the process of S18, and the control unit determines whether or not the count value n counted in the process of S94 is larger than m ⁇ 3 obtained by subtracting 3 from the number of pixels m.
- the process proceeds to the count value determination process again (S82). If the control unit determines that the count value n is not 4 in the process of S82, the process proceeds to S86. If the control unit determines that the count value n is not 3 in the process of S86, the difference is detected. The process proceeds to circuit preprocessing (S90).
- control unit obtains the (n + 4) th differential signal V with the integration time s in the process of S92. In this way, the control unit adds the count values by 4 in the process of S94, and the difference signals V 1 , V 5 , V 9 , and V m ⁇ 3 until the count value n becomes larger than m ⁇ 3 . Only a predetermined difference signal V is sequentially acquired.
- the process of S96 when the control unit determines that the count value n is larger than m ⁇ 3, the process proceeds to the repetition count determination process (S98).
- the control unit determines whether or not the number of repetitions k is smaller than 3.
- the process proceeds to the dummy energization process (S100).
- the control unit connects the image sensor P m + k ⁇ 2 shown in FIG. 11 and a dummy reference sensor P d (not shown).
- the process of S100 is performed to make the number of energizations of the image sensor P m + k ⁇ 2 equal to the number of energizations of other sensors, and is an operation only for the purpose of energization.
- the process of S100 ends, the process proceeds to a process of waiting until 1 ⁇ 4 frame elapses (S101). By this processing, the element that has generated heat by the signal acquisition so far can be sufficiently dissipated. Thereafter, the process proceeds to a count-up process of the number of repetitions k (S102).
- the control unit counts up the number of repetitions k and initializes the count value n.
- the control unit adds 1 to the number of repetitions k and sets the count value n to k.
- the process proceeds to a count value determination process (S104).
- the control unit determines whether or not the number of repetitions k is greater than 4. In the process of S104, when the control unit determines that the number of repetitions k is not greater than 4, the process proceeds to the count value determination process again (S82). In the process of S82, when the control unit determines that the count value n is 4, the process proceeds to a dummy energization process (S84).
- the control unit connects the reference sensor P b and the dummy reference sensor P d (not shown) shown in FIG. 11. Processing of S84 is for performing energization times of the reference sensor P b to equal the current number of other sensors, the operation of only the current purposes.
- the process of S84 ends, the process proceeds to the count value determination process of S86, and when the control unit determines that the count value n is not 3, the process proceeds to the difference circuit pre-process (S90). Thereafter, the control unit obtains the n + 4th difference signal V in the process of S92 with the integration time s, adds the count value by 4 in the process of S94, and whether the count value is larger than m ⁇ 3 in the process of S96.
- control unit adds the count value by 4, and until the count value n becomes larger than m ⁇ 3, a predetermined difference like the difference signals V 2 , V 6 , V 10 , and V m ⁇ 2 is obtained. Only the signal V is acquired sequentially.
- the process of S96 when the control unit determines that the count value n is larger than m ⁇ 3, the process proceeds to the repetition count determination process of S98, and the control unit determines that the repetition count k is smaller than 3. In this case, the process shifts to the dummy energization process of S100 and shifts to the count-up process of the number of repetitions k (S102). In the process of S102, the control unit adds 1 to the number of repetitions k and substitutes k for the count value n. In the process of S104, when the control unit determines that the number of repetitions k is not greater than 4, the process proceeds to the count value determination process again (S82).
- the control unit connects the reference sensor P a and the dummy reference sensor P d (not shown) shown in FIG. 11. Processing of S88, which performs energization times of the reference sensor P a to equal the current number of other sensors, the operation of only the current purposes.
- the process proceeds to differential circuit preprocessing (S90). Thereafter, the control unit obtains the n + 4th difference signal V in the process of S92 with the integration time s, adds the count value by 4 in the process of S94, and whether the count value is larger than m ⁇ 3 in the process of S96. Determine whether or not.
- control unit adds the count value by 4, and until the count value n becomes larger than m ⁇ 3, a predetermined difference is obtained like the difference signals V 3 , V 7 , V 11 , and V m ⁇ 1. Only the signal V is acquired sequentially.
- the process of S96 when the control unit determines that the count value n is larger than m ⁇ 3, the process proceeds to the repetition count determination process of S98, and the control unit determines that the repetition count k is not less than 3. If so, the process proceeds to a count-up process of the number of repetitions k (S102). In the process of S102, the control unit adds 1 to the number of repetitions k and sets the count value to k. In the process of S104, when the control unit determines that the number of repetitions k is not greater than 4, the process proceeds to the count value determination process again (S82). In the process of S82, if the control unit determines that the count value n is not 4, the process proceeds to the count value determination process.
- control unit determines that the count value n is not 3, the process proceeds to the difference circuit pre-processing. Transition (S90). Thereafter, the control unit obtains the (n + 4) th differential signal V with the integration time s in the process of S92. As described above, the control unit adds the count value by 4 in the process of S94, and performs predetermined processing such as the difference signals V 4 , V 8 , V 12 , and V m until the count value n becomes larger than m ⁇ 3. Are obtained sequentially.
- the process of S96 when the control unit determines that the count value n is larger than m ⁇ 3, the process proceeds to the repetition count determination process (S98).
- the control unit determines whether or not the number of repetitions k is smaller than 3.
- the process of S98 when the control unit determines that the number of repetitions k is not smaller than 3, the process proceeds to a count-up process for the number of repetitions k (S102).
- the control unit counts up the number of repetitions k and initializes the count value n.
- the control unit adds 1 to the number of repetitions k and sets the count value n to k.
- the process proceeds to a count value determination process (S104).
- control unit determines whether or not the number of repetitions k is greater than 4. In the process of S104, when the control unit determines that the number of repetitions k is greater than 4, the process proceeds to an absolute value signal calculation process (S106).
- the control unit obtains a difference signal V 1 is the absolute value signal (first differential signal) between the reference sensor P a and the pixel sensor P 1.
- the control unit obtains a difference signal V 5 connects the pixel sensor P 3 and the pixel sensor P 5.
- the control unit obtains a difference signal V 9 connects the pixel sensor P 7 and the pixel sensor P 9.
- the control unit repeatedly obtains the differential signal V m ⁇ 3 in this way.
- the control unit acquires a difference signal V 2 that is an absolute value signal (first difference signal) between the reference sensor P b and the pixel sensor P 2 .
- control unit connects the pixel sensor P 4 and the pixel sensor P 6 to connect the difference signal V 6 , connects the pixel sensor P 8 and the pixel sensor P 10 to the difference signal V 10 , and so on. Acquire up to V m ⁇ 2 . Thereafter, the control unit connects the pixel sensor P 1 and the pixel sensor P 3 to connect the difference signal V 3 , connects the pixel sensor P 5 and the pixel sensor P 7 to the difference signal V 7 , and so on. Get up to m-1 .
- control unit so that the pixel sensor P 2 and the pixel sensor P 4 and by connecting the differential signal V 4, the pixel sensor P 6 and the pixel sensor P 8 and by connecting the differential signal V 8, the difference signal Acquire up to V m . Thereby, all the pixel information of one line is acquired.
- the energization interval and the energization frequency in the reference sensors P a and P b and the pixel sensors P m ⁇ 1 and P m are the same as those of other pixels, so that the control unit after obtaining the differential signal V m-3 in the pixel sensor P m-1 dummy energization dummy energization of the difference signal V m-2 after obtaining the pixel sensor P m, dummy differential signal V 3 acquired prior to the reference sensor P a energizing performs dummy energization of the reference sensor P b the difference signal V 4 acquired before.
- the difference signal between adjacent pixels on one line (row) is acquired and the image is reconstructed has been described.
- the pixel size is often set to 20 to 50 [um].
- 20 [um] is adopted, the distance between the pixels is 40 [um] at most even if a difference is taken between every other pixel. For this reason, it can be considered that the environment of the semiconductor process is almost the same. Therefore, as in the first and second embodiments, the difference signal between the pixels can be acquired in a state that is hardly affected by variations in the semiconductor process. It becomes possible to make it almost zero.
- the signal reading method of the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment can be extended as follows.
- the relationship between the row and the column may be exchanged and a difference signal between adjacent pixels in the column may be used. Further, the difference is not necessarily required between adjacent pixels.
- the advantage of this method is that the number of pixels is equivalently reduced, so that the post-computation offset shown in the first embodiment can be halved.
- every other pixel is connected, but if only one line is divided into two, a reference sensor is arranged at both ends as in the second embodiment, and the right half and The left half may be acquired independently.
- various variations can be created by changing the connection within the range where the characteristics of the sensor can be regarded as the same. If the characteristics can be regarded as the same, it is possible to connect two sensors every other and divide one line into three or four to obtain independent pixel information.
- Another example is a method in which two lines are divided into a left half and a right half and connected to one integrating amplifier 21 with two lines. The left half of the top line, continue to connect the sensors adjacent to each other like the second embodiment, the last pixel sensor P m / 2 of the left half, the pixel sensor P m / 2 down the line Connect.
- the same effects as those of the first and second embodiments can be obtained, and the hardware compensation for the temperature change due to the ambient temperature change and self-heating can be achieved.
- This makes it possible to realize a small-sized infrared camera at a low cost.
- the thermal image sensor is used for terahertz imaging, the signal level is nearly 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of a normal thermal image sensor, so that a signal detection means having a high S / N ratio is required.
- the infrared image sensor according to the fourth embodiment is configured in substantially the same manner as the infrared image sensor according to the third embodiment, and is different in that a plurality of integrating amplifiers 21 are provided for a pixel column.
- a plurality of integrating amplifiers 21 are provided for a pixel column.
- the infrared image sensor provided with a plurality of integrating amplifiers 21 for the pixel row takes two forms, for example.
- a plurality of integrating amplifiers are provided to improve the S / N ratio. With one amplifier per line, the integration time s cannot be longer than the time T obtained by dividing one frame time by the number of pixels per line.
- the integration time s cannot be longer than the time T obtained by dividing one frame time by the number of pixels per line.
- the prior art cannot be a practical means for improving S / N.
- the offset at the time of signal detection can be reduced by two orders of magnitude or more compared to the conventional technique. For this reason, improving the S / N ratio by increasing the number of amplifiers is an effective means.
- the offset of the integrating amplifier 21 itself is also canceled. For this reason, even when a plurality of integrating amplifiers 21 are provided, the differential signal acquired by different amplifiers is not calculated for calculating the absolute value signal, but the calculation using the differential signal is output from one amplifier. You may do it alone.
- the first configuration according to the present embodiment uses two integrating amplifiers 21 in the third embodiment described above.
- the difference signal set relative to the differential signal V m sets and files Reference sensor P b with respect to the reference sensor P a is obtained independently a configuration of amplifying them with different integration amplifier 21 .
- the integration time s can be twice as long as that of a single amplifier.
- two reference sensors may be added to the right end of the pixel column of the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment as in the second embodiment which is an improved version of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 13 shows a second configuration according to this embodiment.
- the second configuration aims to improve resolution by providing a plurality of integrating amplifiers 21.
- FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram showing in detail a circuit (difference circuit) up to the integrating amplifier in each row of the light receiving unit 12.
- the difference circuit of the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment is different from the difference circuit of the infrared image sensor according to the third embodiment in that it includes integration amplifiers 21a and 21b.
- integrating amplifier 21b for differential detection of the pixel sensor P 0 and pixel sensors P 1 to obtain the absolute value signal, and has an integrating amplifier 21a of the differential signal acquired between pixels.
- the integrating amplifier 21b has a gain different from that of the integrating amplifier 21a.
- a high resolution A / D converter 24 may also be used. In a normal thermal image, what has a rapid temperature change between adjacent pixels is not in the real world, so that a large dynamic range is not required for detecting a difference signal between pixels. For this reason, increasing the signal intensity by increasing the gain is advantageous both in terms of S / N ratio and resolution.
- the absolute value signal needs to have a wide dynamic range and a high resolution of the A / D converter 24.
- the absolute value signal and the difference signal are acquired by the single integrating amplifier 21 and the A / D converter 24. Therefore, the dynamic range is determined by the required specification for acquiring the absolute value signal, and the A / D The conversion time for D conversion is determined by the number of pixels.
- the A / D converter 24 has a low resolution when the conversion time is shortened, and conversely, a high resolution when the conversion time is slow. For this reason, in the present embodiment, the integrating amplifier 21a and the A / D converter 24 that are separately prepared for obtaining the absolute value signal are connected.
- the A / D converter 24 on the absolute value signal acquisition side can allocate a time longer than the difference signal acquisition time between pixels as the conversion time, the resolution becomes high.
- a large dynamic range is not required for the differential signal, a low-resolution and high-speed A / D converter 24 may be used.
- the integration time s may be the same so that the amount of self-heating is not different from that of other pixels.
- the pixel sensor P m + 1 that functions as a reference element can be added as in the second embodiment to cancel the self-heating offset.
- differential signal detection between the pixel sensor P m + 1 and the pixel sensor P m is connected to the integration amplifier 21b side having a wide dynamic range.
- the same effects as those of the first to third embodiments can be obtained, and the hardware compensation for the temperature change due to the ambient temperature change and self-heating can be achieved. This makes it possible to realize a small-sized infrared camera at a low cost.
- the infrared image sensor according to the fifth embodiment is configured in substantially the same manner as the infrared image sensors according to the first to fourth embodiments, and only the configuration of the amplifier unit is different. In the following, the description of the same parts as those of the infrared image sensors according to the first to fourth embodiments will be omitted, and the description will focus on the differences.
- the current detection type integration amplifier is used as an example and the method of connecting adjacent sensors is described as an example.
- the differential signal can be obtained with other configurations.
- FIG. 14 An example of an infrared image sensor according to the fifth embodiment is shown in FIG.
- a current detection type integration amplifier 21 is used as in the infrared image sensor according to the first embodiment, but the input of the integration amplifier 21 is different. That is, the adjacent pixel sensors are not connected to each other, the even-numbered pixel sensor P 2n including the reference sensor P 0 is a positive input of the integrating amplifier 21, and the odd-numbered pixel sensor P 2n + 1 is a negative of the integrating amplifier 21.
- a switch Sm is arranged so that it can be connected to the input, and all ends of all pixel sensors are connected to the same voltage V. Further, the resistor R ⁇ is connected to the minus line of the integrating amplifier 21, and the resistor R + is connected to the plus line. Resistors R ⁇ and R + have the same resistance value. The resistors R ⁇ and R + do not have to have the same structure as the pixel sensor, and are configured so as not to generate self-heating by strengthening the thermal connection with the circuit board. The resistors R ⁇ and R + may be resistors made of ordinary metal having a small temperature characteristic.
- the switch S 0 of the first reference sensor P 0 ON, the switch S 1 of the pixel sensors P 1 also to ON.
- the positive input of the integrating amplifier 21 the potential obtained by dividing a voltage V min applied to the reference sensor P 0 by a resistor R +. Due to the imaginary short-circuit mechanism of the integrating amplifier 21, the potential of the positive input appears as the potential of the negative input. Therefore, the same current as the resistor R + flows through the resistor R ⁇ connected to the negative input.
- the resistance value is the same as that of the reference sensor P 0.
- the flowing current is also the same, and the output of the integrating amplifier 21 is 0 (actually, plus The same voltage as the input appears). If, if the signal is incident on the pixel sensors P 1, since that is a different resistance value from the reference sensor P 0, when not conduct different currents from the reference sensor P 0, the potential at the negative input the same Since it is not possible, different currents will flow.
- the current flowing through the resistor R- are the same as the resistor R +, i.e., the same as the current flowing through the reference sensor P 0, the difference current between the reference sensor P 0 and pixel sensors P 1 as a result flows into the integrating capacitor C.
- the above operation is exactly the same even when applied to the first embodiment. Therefore, even when the amplifier configuration according to this embodiment is applied, the infrared image sensors according to the first to fourth embodiments can be constructed.
- the resistors R ⁇ and R + are made of a material that improves heat conduction with the substrate and has a small characteristic change due to a temperature change. The problem does not occur. Therefore, it is not necessary to prepare resistors R ⁇ and R + for each pixel.
- the voltage V applied to the pixel sensor can be freely selected.
- the voltage that can be applied to the integrating amplifier 21 is limited.
- 5 [V] is the upper limit value.
- the difference signal V m is set to the median value of the power supply voltage, that is, 2.5 [V]. It may be. Therefore, the voltage applied to the pixel sensor is determined to be 5 [V].
- the resistance value of the pixel sensor can be designed, determining the power supply voltage is one restriction on the design.
- the values of the resistors R ⁇ and R + can be set freely, there is a degree of freedom in the voltage applied to the pixel sensor.
- the resistance value of the pixel sensor is 100 [k ⁇ ]
- the operation center of the integrating amplifier 21 is 2.5 when the applied voltage is 5 [V]. [V].
- the resistances R ⁇ and R + are 50 [k ⁇ ]
- the applied voltage can be increased to 7.5 [V] while maintaining the operation center 2.5 [V].
- the applied voltage is increased, the signal current increases, so that the S / N ratio can be improved.
- FIG. 15 Another example of the infrared image sensor according to this embodiment is shown in FIG.
- the infrared image sensor according to the present embodiment has a voltage detection type amplifier configuration.
- the arrangement of the pixel sensors is the same as that in FIG. 14, and therefore, only the reference sensor P 0 and the pixel sensor P 1 are described, and other descriptions are omitted in consideration of easy understanding.
- one end of the reference sensor P 0 is connected to the voltage V. Further, the reference sensor P 0 is connected in series via the current source I s + and the switch S 0 . This connection point is connected to the positive input of the amplifier A +.
- one end of the pixel sensor P 1 is connected to the voltage V. The pixel sensor P 1 is connected in series via the current source I s ⁇ and the switch S 1 . This connection point is connected to the positive input of the amplifier A ⁇ .
- the current sources I s ⁇ and I s + are both current sources that allow the same constant current to flow.
- the amplifiers A ⁇ and A + are buffer amplifiers.
- Amplifier A s is an amplifier A-, calculates the difference A + of the voltage, a circuit for integrating.
- the current sources I s ⁇ and I s + are current sources that allow the same constant current to flow
- the positive inputs of the amplifier A ⁇ and the amplifier A + are different due to the difference in resistance between the reference sensor P 0 and the pixel sensor P 1 .
- Different potentials are applied. This difference potential corresponds to a difference signal.
- the amplifiers A ⁇ and A + are simply buffer amplifiers, the voltage applied to the positive input of each amplifier is output.
- Amplifier A s is an amplifier A-, since the circuit for integrating by calculating the difference between the A + voltage, to output the resulting difference signal of the reference sensor P 0 and pixel sensor P 1 is obtained. Thereafter, the same signal as that of the infrared image sensors of the first to fourth embodiments can be obtained by acquiring the difference signal of each pixel by switching the switch. In other words, the above configuration can be applied to the first to fourth embodiments.
- the same effects as those of the first to fifth embodiments can be obtained, and the hardware compensation of the temperature change due to the ambient temperature change and self-heating can be achieved. This makes it possible to realize a small-sized infrared camera at a low cost.
- the infrared image sensor according to the present invention is not limited to the infrared image sensor according to each embodiment, and the infrared image sensor according to each embodiment may be modified or applied to another.
- the amplifier configuration described in the above embodiment is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and may have any configuration as long as a differential signal of two sensors can be extracted.
- the pixel sensor is not limited to a bolometer, and may be a thermal detector such as a thermopile.
- the signal acquisition of the reference sensor P 0 and the pixel sensor P 1 has been described first, but this order is not essential.
- the case where the absolute value signal V 1 is acquired first has been described.
- the processing is performed separately for the even number and the odd number, and the even number is acquired in the first half and the absolute value in the second half. You may make it acquire a value signal.
- the time difference from the absolute value signal becomes ⁇ 1/2 frame time and becomes shorter.
- an example has been described comprising at least one reference sensor P 0 with respect to one pixel column, for example, there if provided with at least one reference sensor P 0 for a plurality of pixel columns May be. That is, it is only necessary to provide at least one reference sensor P 0 for a pixel region composed of a plurality of pixel columns.
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Abstract
Description
第1実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサは、温度によって抵抗値が変化する材料を用いて赤外線を検出する、いわゆるボロメータ型の赤外線イメージセンサであって、赤外イメージャやサーモグラフィー等に好適に用いられるものである。最初に、本実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサの構成を説明する。図1は、本実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサの構成概要図、図2は、図1の受光部の一部を拡大した平面図、図3は、図1の受光部の1画素の構成を示す斜視図である。
第2実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサは、第1実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサとほぼ同様に構成されるものであり、画素センサPmに隣接するリファレンスセンサとして画素センサPm+1が配置され、さらに、ダミーのリファレンスセンサPdが画素センサP0の隣り、あるいは、画素センサPm+1の隣に配置されている点が相違する。以下では、第1実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサと同一の部分は説明を省略し、相違点を中心に説明する。
第3実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサは、第1実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサとほぼ同様に構成されるものであり、リファレンスセンサPa(第1実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサのリファレンスセンサP0に対応)に隣接するリファレンスセンサPbが配置される点、ダミーのリファレンスセンサPdがリファレンスセンサPbの隣り、あるいは、画素センサPmの隣に配置されている点、及び、隣り合う画素の片端が電源VとGNDに交互に接続されているのではなく、2つの画素ずつ電源VとGNDに交互に接続されている点が相違する。以下では、第1実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサと同一の部分は説明を省略し、相違点を中心に説明する。
第4実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサは、第3実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサとほぼ同様に構成されるものであり、画素列に対して積分アンプ21を複数備える点が相違する。以下では、第1,3実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサと同一の部分は説明を省略し、相違点を中心に説明する。
第5実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサは、第1~第4実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサとほぼ同様に構成されるものであり、アンプ部の構成のみが相違する。以下では、第1~4実施形態に係る赤外線イメージセンサと同一の部分は説明を省略し、相違点を中心に説明する。
Claims (7)
- 赤外線を検出する赤外線イメージセンサであって、
複数の画素を配列した画素領域及び少なくとも一つのリファレンス画素を有する受光部と、
前記画素領域に含まれる1つの画素の信号と前記リファレンス画素の信号との差分信号である第1差分信号、及び前記画素領域に含まれる複数の画素のうち所定の2つの画素の信号の差分信号である第2差分信号を取得する差分回路と、
前記第1差分信号及び前記第2差分信号に基づいて前記画素の信号を算出する画素信号算出部と、
を備えることを特徴する赤外線イメージセンサ。 - 前記所定の2つの画素は、それぞれの一端が互いに接続されて直列に接続され、かつそれぞれの他端が異なる電位に接続され、
前記差分回路は、前記所定の2つの画素の接続点における電位と所定の電位との差分に基づいて前記第2差分信号を取得する請求項1に記載の赤外線イメージセンサ。 - 前記所定の2つの画素は、それぞれの一端が異なる抵抗と接続されてそれぞれが抵抗と直列に接続され、かつそれぞれの他端が同一の電位に接続され、
前記差分回路は、前記所定の2つの画素と抵抗とのそれぞれの接続点における電位の差分に基づいて前記第2差分信号を取得する請求項1に記載の赤外線イメージセンサ。 - 前記画素領域は、少なくとも一つの画素列からなり、
前記リファレンス画素は、少なくとも一つの前記画素列の一端に配置されている請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載の赤外線イメージセンサ。 - 前記画素領域は、少なくとも一つの画素列からなり、
前記リファレンス画素は、少なくとも一つの前記画素列の両端に配置されている請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載の赤外線イメージセンサ。 - 前記所定の2つの画素は、隣接する画素である請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載の赤外線イメージセンサ。
- 少なくとも一つの画素列からなる画素領域、及び、前記画素列の一端に配置されたリファレンス画素を2つ有する受光部を備える赤外線イメージセンサにおける信号読み出し方法であって、
前記画素領域に含まれる1つの画素の信号と前記リファレンス画素の信号との差分信号である第1差分信号、及び前記画素領域に含まれる複数の画素のうち所定の2つの画素の信号の差分信号である第2差分信号を取得する差分信号取得ステップと、
前記第1差分信号及び前記第2差分信号に基づいて前記画素の信号を算出する画素信号算出ステップと、
を備え、
前記差分信号取得ステップは、第1の前記リファレンス画素を起点として隣接する画素を辿るように前記第1差分信号及び前記第2差分信号を取得するとともに、第2の前記リファレンス画素を起点として隣接する画素を辿るように前記第1差分信号及び前記第2差分信号を取得し、
画素信号算出ステップは、第1の前記リファレンス画素を起点として得られた前記第1差分信号及び前記第2差分信号に基づいて前記画素の信号を算出するとともに、第2の前記リファレンス画素を起点として得られた前記第1差分信号及び前記第2差分信号に基づいて前記画素の信号を算出し、算出された2つの結果に基づいて前記画素の信号を算出すること、
を特徴とする信号読み出し方法。
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- 2012-03-09 EP EP12763552.2A patent/EP2690416B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2012-03-09 KR KR1020137027615A patent/KR101932784B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2012-03-09 WO PCT/JP2012/056190 patent/WO2012132845A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2012-03-09 CN CN201280015262.4A patent/CN103459994B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20160019059A (ko) * | 2013-06-11 | 2016-02-18 | 하마마츠 포토닉스 가부시키가이샤 | 고체 촬상 장치 |
KR102333891B1 (ko) | 2013-06-11 | 2021-12-02 | 하마마츠 포토닉스 가부시키가이샤 | 고체 촬상 장치 |
US11438541B2 (en) | 2017-10-31 | 2022-09-06 | Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation | Imaging device with first temperature detection element and second temperature detection element for temperature reference |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20140027642A1 (en) | 2014-01-30 |
KR20140016946A (ko) | 2014-02-10 |
EP2690416B1 (en) | 2020-05-20 |
EP2690416A4 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
KR101932784B1 (ko) | 2018-12-27 |
JP5749534B2 (ja) | 2015-07-15 |
EP2690416A1 (en) | 2014-01-29 |
CN103459994A (zh) | 2013-12-18 |
JP2012202832A (ja) | 2012-10-22 |
CN103459994B (zh) | 2016-11-09 |
US9253418B2 (en) | 2016-02-02 |
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