WO2012109308A2 - Système et procédé de traitement de gaz avec des agents réducteurs générés à l'aide du reformage à la vapeur de carburant diesel - Google Patents

Système et procédé de traitement de gaz avec des agents réducteurs générés à l'aide du reformage à la vapeur de carburant diesel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012109308A2
WO2012109308A2 PCT/US2012/024249 US2012024249W WO2012109308A2 WO 2012109308 A2 WO2012109308 A2 WO 2012109308A2 US 2012024249 W US2012024249 W US 2012024249W WO 2012109308 A2 WO2012109308 A2 WO 2012109308A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gas
diesel fuel
discharge chambers
heat exchanger
reactor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2012/024249
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2012109308A3 (fr
Inventor
Muhammad Arif Malik
Karl H. Schoenbach
Richard Heller
Original Assignee
Old Dominion University Research Foundation
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Old Dominion University Research Foundation filed Critical Old Dominion University Research Foundation
Priority to JP2013553509A priority Critical patent/JP2014515798A/ja
Priority to EP12745346.2A priority patent/EP2673480A2/fr
Publication of WO2012109308A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012109308A2/fr
Priority to US13/960,463 priority patent/US20130318947A1/en
Publication of WO2012109308A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012109308A3/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F01N3/2073—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR] with means for generating a reducing substance from the exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/36—Arrangements for supply of additional fuel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/20—Reductants
    • B01D2251/208—Hydrocarbons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/01—Engine exhaust gases
    • B01D2258/012—Diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/80—Employing electric, magnetic, electromagnetic or wave energy, or particle radiation
    • B01D2259/818—Employing electrical discharges or the generation of a plasma
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/04—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric, e.g. electrostatic, device other than a heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/28—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a plasma reactor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to systems for treating gases including pollutants. More specifically, the invention relates to systems and methods for treating gases including pollutants using reducing agents generated via steam reforming of diesel fuel with a corona discharge plasma reactor.
  • Diesel exhaust contains pollutants like CO, hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and soot particles that need to be removed before it can be safely released into the environment.
  • NO nitrogen monoxide
  • the remaining nitrogen oxides are typically composed of nitrogen dioxide (N0 2 ) that can be destroyed by hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (H-SCR) or by urea selective catalytic reduction U-SCR.
  • H-SCR hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction
  • U-SCR urea selective catalytic reduction
  • DPF diesel particulate filters
  • a method for treatment of a heated exhaust gas including hydrocarbons includes providing a first gas including a gaseous mixture of vaporized diesel fuel and steam and treating the first gas using at least one corona discharge including a combination of streamers to transform the first gas into a second gas including volatile partially oxidized hydrocarbons (PO-HC) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ), the combination of streamers including primarily surface streamers.
  • the method also includes extracting at least a portion of vaporized diesel fuel and steam from the second gas to form a third gas and directing a combination of the third gas and the exhaust gas into a nitrogen oxides (NOx) reduction reactor.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the method can also include heating the discharge chambers using the heated exhaust gas.
  • the step of providing can include directing a liquid mixture of liquid diesel fuel and water into a heat exchanger and applying the heated exhaust gas to the heat exchanger to vaporize the liquid mixture and produce the first gas.
  • the step of treating can include providing one or more discharge chambers defined by a plurality of dielectric sections, each of the discharge chambers including at one or more sets of first and second electrodes for producing electric fields in the discharge chambers, the plurality of dielectric sections and the sets of first and second electrodes arranged to define a volume in each of the discharge chambers that inhibits the formation of volume- streamers, and the discharge chambers being configured to prevent pulsed electric fields generated in adjacent ones of the discharge chambers from substantially interacting.
  • the step of treating can also include directing the first gas into the discharge chambers, generating the corona discharge in the discharge chambers using a pulsed electric field generated by each of the sets of the first and second electrodes in the discharge chambers, and releasing the second gas from the discharge chambers.
  • the step of extracting can include directing the second gas into a heat exchanger and cooling the second gas in the heat exchanger to condense water and liquid diesel fuel from the second gas.
  • the step of providing can include forming at least a portion of the first gas using the condensed water and the condensed liquid diesel fuel.
  • an exhaust system in a second embodiment of the invention, can include a nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal reactor, an inlet portion configured for receiving a heated exhaust gas including hydrocarbons and directing the heated exhaust gas into the catalytic reactor, and a reformer system heated by the heater exhaust gas.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the reformer system can include a gas treatment device for treating a first gas including a mixture of vaporized diesel fuel and steam using at least one corona discharge including a combination of streamers to transform the first gas into a second gas including volatile partially oxidized hydrocarbons (PO- HC) and hydrogen (H 2 ), the combination of streamers including primarily surface streamers and a recycling system for extracting at least a portion of vaporized diesel fuel and steam from the second gas to form a third gas and directing the third gas into the inlet portion.
  • the heat exchanger is disposed in the inlet portion.
  • the NOx removal reactor includes at least one of a hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (H-SCR) reactor and a NOx adsorbent.
  • the reformer system can include a first heat exchanger for receiving a liquid mixture of liquid diesel fuel and water and generating the first gas, where the first heat exchanger is configured for generating the first gas by vaporizing the liquid mixture using the heated exhaust gas.
  • the system can also include a water source for providing the water to the first heat exchanger and a fuel source for providing the liquid diesel fuel to the first heat exchanger.
  • the recycling system can include a second heat exchanger coupled to an outlet of the plasma reactor and configured for producing the third gas by condensing water and liquid diesel fuel from the second gas, a recycle supply line for directing the condensed water and the condensed liquid diesel fuel from the second heat exchanger to the first heat exchanger, and a reactant supply line for directing the third gas from the second heat exchanger to the inlet portion.
  • the gas treatment device can include one or more discharge chambers defined by a plurality of dielectric sections, each of the discharge chambers including at one or more sets of first and second electrodes for producing electric fields in the discharge chambers, where the plurality of dielectric sections and the sets of first and second electrodes are arranged to define a volume in each of the discharge chambers that inhibits the formation of volume- streamers, and where the discharge chambers being configured to prevent pulsed electric fields generated in adjacent ones of the discharge chambers from substantially interacting.
  • a heating the discharge chambers can be provided using the heated exhaust gas.
  • the discharge chambers can be disposed in the inlet portion.
  • a diesel fuel powered system in third embodiment, includes a diesel fuel engine including an exhaust outlet for releasing exhaust gas, a hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (H-SCR) reactor, an inlet portion configured for directing the exhaust gas from the exhaust outlet to the H-SCR reactor, and a gas treatment device at least partially disposed in the inlet portion, the gas treatment device configured for treating a first gas including a mixture of vaporized diesel fuel and steam using at least one corona discharge including a combination of streamers to transform the first gas into a second gas including volatile partially oxidized hydrocarbons (PO-HC) and hydrogen (H 2 ), the combination of streamers including primarily surface streamers.
  • H-SCR hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction
  • the system also includes a first heat exchanger at least partially disposed in the inlet portion and configured for generating the first gas from water and liquid diesel fuel using a heat of the exhaust outlet and a recycling system coupled to the plasma reactor to receive the second gas, the recycling system configured for extracting liquid diesel fuel and water from the second gas to form a third gas, directing the third gas into the inlet portion, and directing the extracted liquid diesel fuel and the extracted water into the first heat exchanger.
  • the first heat exchanger can be disposed in the inlet portion.
  • the system can also include a water source for providing the water to the first heat exchanger and a fuel source for providing the liquid diesel fuel to the first heat exchanger and the diesel fuel engine.
  • the recycling system can include a second heat exchanger coupled to an outlet of the plasma reactor and configured for producing the third gas by condensing water and liquid diesel fuel from the second gas, a recycle supply line for directing the condensed water and the condensed liquid diesel fuel from the second heat exchanger to the first heat exchanger, and a reactant supply line for directing the third gas from the second heat exchanger to the inlet portion.
  • the gas treatment device can include one or more discharge chambers defined by a plurality of dielectric sections, each of the discharge chambers including at one or more sets of first and second electrodes for producing electric fields in the discharge chambers, where the plurality of dielectric sections and the sets of first and second electrodes are arranged to define a volume in each of the discharge chambers that inhibits the formation of volume- streamers, and where the discharge chambers being configured to prevent pulsed electric fields generated in adjacent ones of the discharge chambers from substantially interacting.
  • the discharge chambers can be disposed in the inlet portion.
  • an exhaust system in a fourth embodiment of the invention, includes a nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal reactor, an inlet portion configured for receiving a heated exhaust gas including hydrocarbons and directing the heated exhaust gas into the catalytic reactor, and a reformer system heated by the heater exhaust gas in the inlet portion, the reformer system including a plasma reactor for treating a first gas including a mixture of vaporized diesel fuel and steam using at least one corona discharge including volume streamer and surface streamers to transform the first gas into a second gas including volatile partially oxidized hydrocarbons (PO-HC) and hydrogen (H 2 ), and a recycling system for extracting at least a portion of vaporized diesel fuel and steam from the second gas to form a third gas and for directing the third gas into the inlet portion.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the plasma reactor includes a plurality of dielectric sections defining two or more discharge chambers for treating the first gas, first and second electrodes disposed in each of the discharge chambers, and electrically conductive shield portions positioned between adjacent ones of the discharge chambers. Further, the plurality of dielectric sections and the first and second electrodes are arranged so that a greater portion of overall energy density within the discharge chambers is due to the surface- streamers. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIGs. 1A and IB show top and side views, respectively, of a surface- streamer based plasma reactor that is useful for describing the various embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a partial cross-section diagram of a first exemplary configuration for a gas treatment device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIGs. 3A and 3B are partially exploded and assembled view, respectively, of one exemplary configuration for a gas treatment device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a partial cross-section diagram of another exemplary configuration for a gas treatment device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic of an exemplary diesel fuel powered system configured in accordance with an embodiment
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a system including a gas treatment device, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, and supporting electrical circuitry.
  • FIG. 7 is a detailed block diagram of a computing device which can be implemented as a control system.
  • hydrocarbons but these hydrocarbons are generally long chain hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds that are not effective reducing agents in H-SCR processes.
  • a solution is to reform the diesel fuel to obtain Hydrogen (H 2 ) and partially oxidized hydrocarbons (PO-HC), which are effective reducing agents for the H-SCR process.
  • Plasma i.e., a partially ionized gas
  • the plasma can be thermal where ions as well as neutral particles are close to thermal equilibrium or it can be non-thermal where electrons are selectively heated while the heavier ions and neutral particles remain close to room temperature.
  • high voltage pulse of short rise time and short duration are applied between the electrodes in pulsed corona discharges. Electrons, being light weight, accelerate to high energy state while the heavier ions do not have sufficient time to accelerate to high energy states during the voltage pulse. The high energy electrons ultimately collide with ambient gas molecule and cause dissociation, excitation or ionization.
  • the various embodiments provide new exhaust systems and methods utilizing steam reforming based on high-efficiency, compact surface -plasma reactors using pulsed corona discharges.
  • Such reactors generally consume significantly less energy as compared to conventional volume-plasma reactors for conversions of the hydrocarbons.
  • a plasma reactor configuration is provided in the exhaust system that includes a stacked arrangement of multiple discharge chambers that can be operated in parallel.
  • the compact size of these surface -plasma reactors is advantageous, particularly for applications in vehicles. The operation and configuration of such a plasma reactor is described below with respect to FIGs. 1-4.
  • FIGs. 1A and IB show top and side views, respectively, of a plasma reactor 100, configured for encouraging primarily surface-streamers, which is useful for describing the invention.
  • the reactor 100 is an enclosure defining a discharge volume or chamber 102.
  • the discharge chamber 102 is defined by a collection of surfaces.
  • the discharge chamber is defined by opposing upper and lower dielectric portions or surfaces 104, opposing dielectric end portions 106, and lateral or side portions 108.
  • the reactor 100 can also include an inlet a 114 and an outlet 116 for directing gas in and out, respectively, of the discharge chamber 102.
  • the reactor 100 is shown as including a single inlet 114 and a single outlet 116 positioned at end portions 106.
  • the number and placement of inlets and outlets can vary for reactor 100.
  • the discharge chamber 102 further includes electrodes 110 and 112 for producing plasma in the discharge chamber 102 using a short high voltage pulse, such as pulses less than 1, 10, or 100 microseconds. Use of a short pulse prevents arcing.
  • the reactor 100 includes an anode electrode 110.
  • an anode electrode 110 is shown as a wire inserted across discharge chamber 102. Electrode 110 may also be a threaded rod, sharp edge, or any other localizing configuration of electrode capable of producing streamers, as is known to those in the field and may be appropriate for the application.
  • Reactor 100 also includes one or more cathode electrodes 112.
  • the second electrode is shown as a solid electrical conductor disposed on an inner surface of lateral side portions 108.
  • lateral side portions 108 and electrodes 112 can be integrally formed.
  • the cathode electrodes 112 can also be in the form of a wire mesh, a plate, a wire, or other conductive electrode configuration known in the art.
  • the lateral side portions 108 and the electrodes 112 can be configured to permit the flow of gas into and out of gas discharge chamber 102 through cathode electrodes 112.
  • cathode electrodes 112 For example, by positioning from gas inlet 114 into reactor 100 along lateral side portions 108 and sizing or configuring cathode electrodes 112 to allow gases to flow through cathode electrodes 112 and into discharge chamber 102. After treatment, the gas exits through another of cathode electrodes 112 and side portion 108 by gas outlet 116.
  • reactor 100 shows a substantially wire-to-plate arrangement of electrodes 110 and 112.
  • the anode electrode 110 in this case a wire, is located at equal distance to the two cathode electrodes 112.
  • the various embodiments of the invention are not limited to this exemplary configuration for a reactor.
  • a position of anode electrode 110 can vary and need not be exactly equidistant between electrodes 112.
  • electrode 110 can be disposed on or near a first of dielectric portions 104.
  • the various embodiments are not limited in this regard and the position of electrode 110 with respect to dielectric portions 104 can vary.
  • the electrode 110 can be either placed on or near either of dielectric portions 104, equidistant between the two surface 104, or any position in between, as long as the distance of the wire to the sheets is small enough such that surface streamers are primarily generated in the reactor 100.
  • the various embodiments are not limited to wire-to-plate configurations.
  • the anode and cathode electrodes can be arranged in a wire-to-wire configuration, a point-to- wire configuration, or a point-to-plate configuration, to name a few.
  • the roles of the electrodes in the various embodiments can be reversed. That is, electrode 110 and electrode 112 can be switched to provide a cathode and an anode, respectively.
  • reactor 100 in one exemplary configuration of reactor 100, it can be constructed using sheets or films consisting of glass, ceramic, or other high temperature resistant dielectric materials, as dielectric surfaces 104, a stainless steel wire of 150 micro-meter diameter as anode electrode 110, aluminum strips of 6 mm thickness as cathode electrodes 112. End portions 106 can also be formed using glass, ceramic, or other high temperature resistant dielectric materials.
  • An example of a suitable high temperature dielectric material is MACOR®, developed and sold by Corning Incorporated of New York, New York.
  • the various embodiments are not limited to the exemplary materials described above.
  • the electrodes 110 and 112 can be fabricated from any electrically conducting or semi-conducting materials.
  • metals, such as stainless steel, copper, silver, tungsten, or alloys thereof would provide superior performance.
  • Table 1 Dimensions of discharge spaces of three reactors employed.
  • Reactor 4 is a conventional coaxial reactor (not shown) with the discharge gap defined by the diameter of the cylinder and operating in a volume-streamer mode.
  • Reactors 1, 2, and 3 are reactors configured in accordance with FIGs. 1A and IB and operating in surface- streamer mode. The dimensions and achievable energy per pulse for Reactor 4 is shown for purposes of comparison.
  • the ends of the first electrodes 110 within the discharge chamber 102 can be insulated to eliminate surface-streamer at the end portions 106.
  • a 2.5 cm part each end of the electrodes can be used to insulate electrodes 110 and 112 to eliminate surface-streamers at the end fittings. Accordingly, the effective length of the electrodes would be 5 cm less than that listed above.
  • the configuration of the discharge chamber, the gas, and the electrodes will vary the effective length at which the formation of streamers is effectively constrained so that surface- streamers play a primary role in energy density.
  • spacing between the dielectric surfaces 104 may be used to reduce the dimensions of discharge chamber 102 so as to constrain the formation of volume-streamers, given the electrode configuration described above.
  • a distance of 10 mm between dielectric surfaces 104 was shown to be effective to significantly reduce or eliminate the formation of volume- streamers. Smaller distances are preferable in that they increase the role of surface-streamers with a corresponding increase in energy density.
  • the design of a plasma reactor with a discharge chamber, in which surface-streamers are predominant, is described in U.S. Patent No. 7,298,092 to Malik et al., issued November 20, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
  • the plasma reactors described above can generate a sufficient volume of surface-streamers to provide effective treatment, combining several of these reactors into a small space can be difficult.
  • two of the reactors shown in FIGs. 1A and IB are placed directly on top of each other or constructed using a common one of dielectric portions 104 and operated in parallel using a common power supply, plasma will typically be observed in one chamber only. This is believed to be due to positive surface charge that the surface plasma leaves on the dielectric surface in contact with the plasma. This charge on one side of the dielectric induces an opposite charge on the other side, which appears to change or interact with the electric field distribution in the adjacent discharge chamber. As a result, this interaction results in an electric field distribution which is not favorable to plasma formation.
  • the exhaust system is configured to include a reforming system to include adjacent surface-plasma reactors with shield portions to prevent the inducement of opposite charges in one reactor due to surface plasma discharge in an adjacent chamber.
  • a reforming system for an exhaust system can be formed by scaling up a surface-plasma reactor by operating multiple reactors in parallel or series and positioned adjacent to each other, by separating them with a shield portion held at a reference voltage.
  • FIG. 2 is a partial cross-section diagram of a first exemplary configuration for a gas treatment device 200 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a stacked arrangement of two of reactor 100 (reactors 100A and 100B), where the cross section shown in FIG. 2 is a portion of the cross-section along cutline 2— 2 in FIG. 1 for each of reactors 100A and 100B. That is, each of reactors 100A and 100B is configured substantially similar to reactor 100 in FIG. 1.
  • the partial cross-section of device 200 shows the top and bottom dielectric portions 104A and 104B for each of reactor 100A and 100B, respectively.
  • the decoupling between reactors 100A and 100B is provided by introducing an electrically conductive shield portion 202 between the reactors 100A and 100B.
  • the shield portion 202 is disposed between the contacting ones of dielectric portions 104A and 104B.
  • this shield portion 202 can decouple the two reactors 100A and 100B by providing a conducting medium which prevents the induction of charges on the dielectric which is part of the neighboring reactor.
  • the shield portion 202 is connected to a reference voltage that is the same or lower than that of the electrodes in each of reactor 100A and 100B.
  • the shield portion 202 can be coupled to ground.
  • the electric field generated in first of discharge chambers 102A is effectively blocked from entering a second of discharge chambers 102B.
  • the electric charge induced on the dielectric surface is transported by the conductive shield. Accordingly, the lack of induced charges results in the ability to generate plasma in both adjoining discharge chambers 102A and 102B.
  • the shield portion 202 and the electrodes in reactors 100A and 100B can be separately biased, as described above.
  • the shield portion 202 and the cathode electrodes in reactors 100A and 100B can be biased and/or electrically connected. Such a configuration simplifies the circuitry required for operating device 200. That is, separate circuits are not required for biasing shield portion 202 and the cathode electrodes in reactors 100A and 100B. Further, since these portions are substantially adjacent to each other, a simpler wiring for these portions can be provided.
  • the reactors can share a common dielectric portion, where the dielectric portion includes a shield portion embedded or otherwise integrally formed within the common dielectric portion.
  • the shield portion can be formed in several ways.
  • the shield portion can be formed using a sheet or foil of electrically conductive material.
  • the sheet or foil can consist of a metal or metal alloy.
  • the various embodiments of the invention are not limited to shield portions consisting of metallic conductors. Rather, non-metallic conductors can also be used without limitation.
  • the various embodiments are not limited to solely a sheet-type or foil-type shield portions.
  • a perforated sheet or foil can also be used to provide the shield portion.
  • the electrically conductive materials of the shield portion can be arranged to form a mesh or screen.
  • a plurality of shield portions can be used, each coupled to a reference voltage.
  • FIG. 3A is a partially exploded view of device 300.
  • FIG. 3B is an assembled view of device 300.
  • device 300 includes a first reactor 302 and a second reactor 304.
  • Each of reactors 302 and 304 includes a discharge chamber 306, defined by a stack of layers.
  • the stack includes a first dielectric layer 308, a second dielectric layer 310, and a spacer layer 312 disposed between dielectric layers 308 and 310.
  • the stack of layers 308-312 can be formed using layers or sheets of dielectric materials, as described above with respect to FIG. 1.
  • layers 308-312 are configured to provide an enclosure.
  • dielectric layers 308 and 310 are configured to be substantially solid to provide upper and lower surfaces of such an enclosure.
  • the side surfaces of the enclosure are provided by the spacer layer 312.
  • spacer layer 312 includes an opening for defining the discharge chamber 306 between layers 308 and 312.
  • the volume of discharge chamber 306 can be varied. Accordingly, as described above, this opening size and thickness can be selected to adjust the amount of surface- and volume-streamers for the discharge chamber.
  • Gas flow into the discharge chamber 306 can be provided using an inlet 314 and an outlet 316.
  • the inlet 314 and the outlet 316 are shown as being incorporated into first dielectric layer 308.
  • inlet 314 and outlet 316 can be formed in any of layers 308-312.
  • the inlet 314 and outlet 316 of each of reactors 302 and 304 can be coupled to provide each serial or parallel communication of gases between the reactors 302 and 304. Such a communication can be provided using conduit or tubing portions (not shown).
  • gas communication between the reactors 302 and 304 is not limited to using conduit or tubing portions.
  • reactors 302 and 304 are in a stacked configuration, where a second dielectric layer 310 of reactor 302 faces a second dielectric layer 310 of reactor 304.
  • the reactors 302 and 304 can be configured to allow gas communication via respective ones of dielectric layer 310.
  • dielectric layer 310 in each of reactors 302 and 304 can include any arrangement of openings such that when reactors 302 and 304 are stacked on each other, the discharge chamber 306 of reactors 302 and 304 are in gas communication. Accordingly, the use of conduits can be limited for purposes of directing a gas in or out of device 300.
  • Electrodes 318 and 320 are referred to as anode and cathode electrodes, respectively, this is for illustrative purposes only. In the various embodiments of the invention, these roles can be reversed, as described above with respect to FIGs. 1A and IB.
  • cathode electrodes 320 are formed by providing an electrically conductive surfaces along two facing sides of discharge chamber 306. In particular, an electrically conductive material is disposed on portions of spacer 312, such that two facing and substantially parallel electrodes are formed within discharge chamber 306.
  • Anode electrode 318 is then formed using a wire extending across the opening in spacer layer 312, as shown in FIG. 3A.
  • the wire for anode electrode 318 is disposed in discharge chamber 306 so that it extends substantially parallel and between to the cathode electrodes 320 formed on spacer layer 312.
  • the wire is disposed in discharge chamber 306 to provide an electrode that is substantially equidistant from each of cathode electrodes 320. That is, in a substantially wire-to-plate relationship.
  • other relationships can be used in the various embodiments of the invention, as described above with respect to FIG. 1A and IB.
  • FIG. 3 shows a wire for forming anode electrode 318
  • the various embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard, as described above with respect to FIG. 1.
  • the structure for anode electrode 318 can vary. Rather, any configuration that results in a greater electric field density at or near the anode electrode 318, as compared to cathode electrodes 320, can be used in the various embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, one or more pin-like or blade-like structures can also be provided to form anode electrode 318.
  • the wire forming anode electrode 318 is shown as extending along the entire width or length of the opening in spacer layer 312, the various embodiments are not limited in this regard.
  • a wire or blade-type structure for anode electrode 318 can extend only along a portion of the opening.
  • a series of wires, pin-type structures, or blade-type structures can be used over a portion or the entire length or width of the opening in spacer layer 312.
  • a voltage can be applied to anode electrode 318 via a portion of the wire forming anode electrode extending through spacer layer 312.
  • spacer layer 312 or other portions of reactors 302 and 304 can be configured to include any type of connector structure for providing a voltage for anode electrode 318.
  • such structures can be disposed on or extend through one or more portions of any of layers 308, 310, and 312.
  • a voltage can be applied to cathode electrodes 320 via a portion of the electrically conductive surfaces extending to outer surfaces of spacer layer 312.
  • spacer layer 312 or other portions of reactors 302 and 304 can be configured to include any type of connector structure for providing a voltage for cathode electrodes 320.
  • dielectric isolation can be provided between the anode electrode 318 for reactors 302 and 304.
  • portions of dielectric layer 310 can extend along a length of anode outside the discharge chamber 306.
  • such structures can also be disposed on or can also extend through one or more portions of any of layers 308, 310, and 312.
  • a shield portion for the device 300 can be formed by providing an electrically conductive portion between inner dielectric layers 310 and thereafter connecting this shield portion to a reference or ground voltage, as described above.
  • a shield portion 322 is provided that is electrically connected to the cathode electrodes 320 of a corresponding one of reactors.
  • a single voltage can be provided for the shield portion 322 and cathode electrodes 320 for the reactors 302 and 304 in device 300.
  • the shield portion 322 and cathode portions 320 can be configured in each of reactors 302 and 304 so that the assembling of device 300 automatically electrically connects these portions in reactors 302 and 304.
  • shield portion 322 is disposed on an outer surface of second dielectric layer 310 in each of reactors 302 and 304.
  • the shield portion 322 of reactor 302 is placed in physical and electrical contact with the shield portion 322 of reactor 304.
  • the reference voltage can be a ground potential.
  • the reference voltage can be any voltage suitable for electrodes 320. That is, at least the voltage difference provided between electrodes 318 and 320 should be provided between electrode 318 and shield portion 322.
  • the connection between shield portion 322 and cathode electrodes 320 can be provided in various ways.
  • electrically conductive wires and/or any other types of electrically conductive elements or structures can be used to provide the connection.
  • this connection is provided by forming shield portion 322 and cathode electrodes 320 using a continuous electrically conductive portion, such as an electrically conductive foil or sheet.
  • foil or sheet can be configured as follows. First, a foil or sheet can be provided, with first and second ends that extend along the outer surface of second dielectric layer 310 that corresponds to at least discharge chamber 306.
  • the first end of the foil or sheet can be wrapped around a first side portion of spacer layer 312 and the second end can be wrapped around a second side portion of spacer layer 312 facing the first side portion.
  • a single electrically conductive portion, extending along the outer surface of each of reactors 302 and 304 defines both the shield portion 322 and cathode electrodes 320.
  • the shield portion 322 can optionally extend around each of reactors 302 and 304.
  • an additional shield portion 324 can be formed on an exterior surface of outer dielectric layer 308. In operation, the additional shield portion 324 can then be coupled to the cathode electrodes 320 and shield portion 322.
  • the additional shield portion 324 for reactors 302 and 304 can be formed by wrapping another foil or sheet around the assembled chambers, i.e., around the outer sides of layers 308 as well as around the sides of the chambers. In such a configuration, the foil defining additional shield portion 324 can be wrapped so as to make electrical contact with electrodes 320 on the sides of the chambers 302 and 304, and thus electrically couple shield portion 322 to shield portion 324.
  • Such a configuration provides improved performance, in particular as compared to a single reactor system, such as that described in FIGs. 1A and IB.
  • a test reactor was constructed in accordance with FIGs. 3A and 3B and with an additional shield portion 324 for reactors 302 and 304
  • the present inventor has found that the electrical power consumed in the plasma in such a system was 0.33 W.
  • the present inventors have found that electrical power consumed in the plasma was 0.028W in the case of a device configured in accordance with the single reactor configuration illustrated in FIGs. 1A and IB and having similar dimensions, a ⁇ 10x increase.
  • the voltage pulse was the same in the two cases, with a peak voltage value of -30 kV, and the pulse frequency -10 Hz was also the same.
  • the increase in power is due to corresponding increase in current flowing through the discharge gap during the pulse when the shield portion extends around the discharge chambers.
  • the coupling between the first and second reactors is reduced or eliminated by providing a shield portion therebetween.
  • the various embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard.
  • the principal difficulty in generating plasma in two adjacent chambers is the induction of charges on a dielectric surface of a reactor adjacent to another reactor in which plasma is being formed.
  • another embodiment of the invention involves forming plasma in adjacent chambers, without a shield portion therebetween, that fails to induce charges on neighboring dielectric layers.
  • another aspect of the invention provides for plasma formation using a staggered-discharge approach. That is, the adjacent reactors are configured such that the discharge for forming plasma in a first reactor and the discharge for forming plasma in a second, adjacent chamber reactor occur in non- overlapping portions. This is conceptually illustrated with respect to FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 4 is a partial cross-section diagram of another exemplary configuration for a gas treatment device 400 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a stacked arrangement of two of reactor 100 (reactors 100A and 100B), where the cross section shown in FIG. 4 is a portion of the cross-section along cutline 2— 2 in FIG. 1 for each of reactors 100A and 100B.
  • Each of reactors 100A and 100B are configured substantially similar to reactor 100 in FIG. 1.
  • the partial cross-section of device 400 shows the top and bottom dielectric portions 104A and 104B for each of reactors 100A and 100B, respectively, that defines respective ones of discharge chambers 102A and 102B.
  • the decoupling between reactors 100 is provided by staggering the portions of each discharge chamber in device 400 that are to be discharged.
  • the electrodes 110 and 112 in each discharge chamber 102 can be configured such that when device 200 is assembled, the electrodes that are being biased at the same time do not substantially overlap.
  • the electrodes associated with an upper portion 402 in a first reactor 100 and the electrodes associated with a lower portion 404 in a second reactor 100 are configured to provide a plasma in portions "A" and "B" in device 200.
  • any charges induced in an adjacent discharge chamber not induced in a portion of the discharge chamber associated with generation of plasma.
  • overlapping portions can be provided by controlling a timing of discharges in device 400.
  • the timing associated with biasing of the electrodes for these portions can be controlled so that only non-overlapping portions are biased at the same time.
  • only one set of electrodes, associated with non-overlapping portions are concurrently biased.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic of an exemplary diesel fuel powered system 500 configured in accordance with an embodiment.
  • some minor components such as valves, pumps, electrical wiring, and control systems, to name a few, are not shown for ease of illustration.
  • System 500 includes an engine 502, powered using diesel fuel from a fuel reservoir 504.
  • the system 500 includes an engine air inlet 506 for providing air to engine 502 and an engine exhaust outlet 508 for directing exhaust gas from engine 502.
  • the engine exhaust outlet 508 can be connected to an exhaust system 510 for treating the exhaust gas from engine 502.
  • Exhaust system 510 can include an inlet portion 512, an outlet portion 514, and a NOx removal reactor 516 therebetween, such as a hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (H-SCR) reactor, a NOx adsorbent, or a combination of both.
  • the inlet portion 512 can include a diesel particulate filer (DPF) 518 and an oxidation catalyst 520 to remove particulates, CO, and to oxidize NO to N0 2 .
  • exhaust system, 510 can include a reforming system 522.
  • the reforming system 522 can include a water source 524, a diesel fuel source 504, a first heat exchanger 526, a gas treatment device 528, and a recycling system 530.
  • the recycling system 530 can include a treated gas collection line 532 feeding a second heat exchanger 534, which in turns feeds a reactant supply line 536 coupled to the inlet portion 512 and a recycle supply line 538 coupled to the first heat exchanger 526.
  • System 500 operates as follows. Initially, engine 502 begins to operate. That is fuel from fuel source 504 and air (via air inlet 506) are fed into engine 502 and engine 502 produces exhaust gas at outlet 508. The operation of such engines is well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and will not be described here. The exhaust gas then propagates through exhaust system 510 for treatment.
  • the exhaust gas can pass through DPF 518 and oxidation catalyst 520 to remove particulates, CO, and to oxidize NO to N0 2 .
  • the exhaust gas can be combined with volatile PO-HC and H 2 produced by the reforming system 522 to be utilized in the H-SCR process for reduction of NOx.
  • the PO-HC and H 2 can be used to regenerate the adsorbent material.
  • the reforming system 522 operates as follows to produce volatile PO-HC and H 2 .
  • liquid diesel fuel from fuel source 504 and water from water source 524 is transferred to first heat exchanger 526.
  • the liquid diesel fuel and the water can be transferring using a fuel pump 540 and a water pump 542, respectively.
  • the various embodiments are not limited in this regard and a system relying on gravity can also be used.
  • the heat exchanger 526 is in contact with or at least partially disposed in the inlet portion 512.
  • the heat present in the exhaust gas typically > 100° C
  • the first heat exchanger 526 can be contained entirely within inlet portion 512.
  • the first gas can then be directed into gas treatment device 528.
  • the gas treatment device can be configured in accordance with any of the configurations in FIGs. 1-4. However, the configuration in FIGs. 2-4 will generally provide a more efficient and compact arrangement for gas treatment device 528. Operation of gas treatment device 528 results in at least some of the hydrocarbons in the vaporize diesel fuel to be converted to volatile PO-HC and H 2 , thus resulting in a second gas to be formed that includes the volatile PO-HC and H 2 , as well as any non-reacted vaporized diesel fuel and steam.
  • the gas treatment system 528 can also be in contact with or at least partially disposed in the inlet portion 512.
  • the gas treatment system 528 can be contained entirely within inlet portion 512.
  • the second gas produced by gas treatment device 528, can then be directed from gas treatment device 528 to the second heat exchanger 534 in recycling system 530 via gas collection line 532.
  • the second gas is then cooled in second heat exchanger 534 using air or any other gas to reduce the temperature of the second gas below 100° C and cause condensation of at least a portion of the diesel fuel and steam remaining in the second gas.
  • a third gas primarily volatile PO-HC and H 2 and a liquid mixture of diesel fuel and water are produced.
  • the liquid mixture can be redirected into the first heat exchanger 526 via recycle supply line 538, where it can be re-vaporized and subsequently retreated using gas treatment device 528.
  • the third gas can be concurrently redirected into inlet portion 512, to combine with the exhaust gas prior to reactor 516.
  • the system and method described above is particularly advantageous because it utilizes existing infrastructure, i.e., fuel tank 504 for providing fuel to engine 502, surplus heat of the exhaust gas to vaporize the liquid diesel fuel and water, and electrical power required for the gas treatment device 528 can be generated by an alternator or other electrical power generating device already present in the system.
  • existing infrastructure i.e., fuel tank 504 for providing fuel to engine 502
  • surplus heat of the exhaust gas to vaporize the liquid diesel fuel and water, and electrical power required for the gas treatment device 528 can be generated by an alternator or other electrical power generating device already present in the system.
  • configurations in accordance with the various embodiments provide steam reforming that allows higher concentrations of hydrocarbons to be treated without fire hazard and without cock or wax deposition on electrodes.
  • the inclusion of steam allows for concentrations up to 20%.
  • steam reforming yields more hydrogen from water vapors in addition to the hydrogen coming from hydrocarbons by reactions such as the following: C n H m + nH 2 0 ⁇ nCO + (n + (W2))H 2 , and 2H 2 0 + CO ⁇ H 2 +C0 2 .
  • the present configuration also produces plasma in gas phase which is different from arc discharges directly in liquid fuels.
  • Such arc discharges in liquids are close to thermal plasma, where energy wastage as heat loses is a problem.
  • Such discharges also generally result in cracking of diesel fuel that produces many solid carbon particles and light hydrocarbons along with hydrogen.
  • the solid carbon needs to be filtered out continually from the fuel as they are electrically conductive particles that interfere with the plasma process.
  • PO-HC is not produced in this process as there is no source of oxygen in the system. As a result additional filtering and processing would be needed, as compared to the system and methods described above.
  • FIG. 6 illustrating a system including a gas treatment device 602, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, and supporting electrical circuitry.
  • a high voltage pulse can be applied to device 602.
  • the pulse can be formed using a capacitive discharge circuit or an inductive discharge circuit.
  • the pulse forming element can be single or multiple capacitors 656, where one of them could be used to change the polarity of the pulse. It can also be combinations of capacitors and inductors, which form a pulse forming circuit, or cables and other pulse forming lines.
  • the pulse forming element can be an inductor or a combination of inductors and capacitors, which form a pulse forming circuit, or combinations thereof.
  • the capacitive storage elements are charged by a power supply 650, either through a resistor 655 or in a pulsed mode through an inductor.
  • the switch In the case of capacitive discharges, the switch must be a closing switch, e.g. a spark gap switch 625 or any other high power closing switch.
  • the switch should be preferably controllable, e.g.
  • the switch In case of a an inductive storage system, the switch needs to be an opening switch.
  • the circuit also contains resistors which are placed in parallel 655 or in series to the load ,the reactor 602.
  • the pulse is generated by closing the switch 625, or in the case of an inductive circuit, opening a switch. This pulse was applied to high voltage electrode node 657 (i.e., the anode electrode), while counter electrode node 658 (i.e., the cathode electrode and/or shield portions) was grounded (i.e., coupled to ground node 653).
  • a control system 660 can be provided to monitor and control the various elements in system 600.
  • Other components can also be provided, such as resistor 654 for providing a voltage divider for measuring voltage.
  • the pulse duration preferably is short enough to prevent the occurrence of a transition from streamer to arc.
  • FIG. 7 there is provided a detailed block diagram of a computing device 700 which can be implemented as control system 660. Although various components are shown in FIG. 7, the computing device 700 may include more or less components than those shown in FIG. 7. However, the components shown are sufficient to disclose an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • the hardware architecture of FIG. 7 represents only one embodiment of a representative computing device for controlling a jointed mechanical device.
  • computing device 700 includes a system interface 722, a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 706, a system bus 710, a memory 716 connected to and accessible by other portions of computing device 700 through system bus 710, and hardware entities 714 connected to system bus 710. At least some of the hardware entities 714 perform actions involving access to and use of memory 716, which may be any type of volatile or non-volatile memory devices.
  • memory 716 can include, for example, magnetic, optical, or semiconductor based memory devices.
  • the various embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard.
  • computing system can include a user interface 702.
  • User interface 702 can be an internal or external component of computing device 700.
  • User interface 702 can include input devices, output devices, and software routines configured to allow a user to interact with and control software applications installed on the computing device 700.
  • Such input and output devices include, but are not limited to, a display screen 704, a speaker (not shown), a keypad (not shown), a directional pad (not shown), a directional knob (not shown), and a microphone (not shown).
  • user interface 702 can facilitate a user-software interaction for launching software development applications and other types of applications installed on the computing device 700.
  • System interface 722 allows the computing device 700 to communicate directly or indirectly with the other devices, such as an external user interface or other computing devices.
  • computing device can include hardware entities 714, such as microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and other hardware.
  • the hardware entities 714 can also include a removable memory unit 716 comprising a computer- readable storage medium 718 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 720 (e.g., software code) configured to implement one or more of the methodologies, procedures, or functions described herein.
  • the instructions 720 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the memory 716 and/or within the CPU 706 during execution thereof by the computing device 700.
  • the memory 716 and the CPU 706 also can constitute machine-readable media.
  • computer-readable storage medium 718 is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single storage medium, the term "computer-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions.
  • the term “computer-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions.
  • “computer-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure.
  • System interface 722 can include a network interface unit configured to facilitate communications over a communications network with one or more external devices.
  • a network interface unit can be provided for use with various communication protocols including the IP protocol.
  • Network interface unit can include, but is not limited to, a transceiver, a transceiving device, and a network interface card (NIC).
  • NIC network interface card

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur des systèmes et sur des procédés de traitement d'un gaz d'échappement chauffé, y compris des hydrocarbures. Un procédé comprend l'utilisation d'un premier gaz comprenant un mélange gazeux de carburant diesel vaporisé et de vapeur d'eau et le traitement du premier gaz à l'aide d'au moins une décharge par effet couronne comprenant une combinaison de flux pour transformer le premier gaz en un deuxième gaz comprenant des hydrocarbures volatils, partiellement oxydés (PO-HC), et de l'hydrogène gazeux (H2), la combinaison de flux comprenant principalement des flux de surface. Le procédé comprend également l'extraction d'au moins une partie du carburant diesel vaporisé et de la vapeur d'eau du deuxième gaz pour former un troisième gaz et l'envoi d'une combinaison du troisième gaz et du gaz d'échappement dans un réacteur de réduction des oxydes d'azote (NOx).
PCT/US2012/024249 2011-02-08 2012-02-08 Système et procédé de traitement de gaz avec des agents réducteurs générés à l'aide du reformage à la vapeur de carburant diesel WO2012109308A2 (fr)

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JP2013553509A JP2014515798A (ja) 2011-02-08 2012-02-08 ディーゼル燃料の水蒸気改質を使用して生成された還元剤によってガスを処理するためのシステムおよび方法
EP12745346.2A EP2673480A2 (fr) 2011-02-08 2012-02-08 Système et procédé de traitement de gaz avec des agents réducteurs générés à l'aide du reformage à la vapeur de carburant diesel
US13/960,463 US20130318947A1 (en) 2011-02-08 2013-08-06 System and method for treatment of gases with reducing agents generated using steam reforming of diesel fuel

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US11890398B2 (en) 2022-02-17 2024-02-06 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Meshchaninov Air cleaning device
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