WO2012102610A1 - Production of catalytically active activated carbon - Google Patents
Production of catalytically active activated carbon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012102610A1 WO2012102610A1 PCT/NL2012/050038 NL2012050038W WO2012102610A1 WO 2012102610 A1 WO2012102610 A1 WO 2012102610A1 NL 2012050038 W NL2012050038 W NL 2012050038W WO 2012102610 A1 WO2012102610 A1 WO 2012102610A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- activated carbon
- nitrogen
- catalytically active
- charcoal
- containing compounds
- Prior art date
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011363 dried mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000001477 organic nitrogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- -1 nitrils Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920005550 ammonium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatinine Chemical compound CN1CC(=O)NC1=N DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- XNCOSPRUTUOJCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Biguanide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC(N)=N XNCOSPRUTUOJCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940123208 Biguanide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloramine Chemical compound ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005562 Glyphosate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- YSKUZVBSHIWEFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammelide Chemical compound NC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 YSKUZVBSHIWEFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MASBWURJQFFLOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammeline Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(O)=N1 MASBWURJQFFLOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OHJMTUPIZMNBFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N biuret Chemical compound NC(=O)NC(N)=O OHJMTUPIZMNBFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CNWSQCLBDWYLAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N butylurea Chemical compound CCCCNC(N)=O CNWSQCLBDWYLAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940109239 creatinine Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001913 cyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyphosate Chemical compound OC(=O)CNCP(O)(O)=O XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940097068 glyphosate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004005 nitrosamines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 23
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002802 bituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003476 subbituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical class O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006200 Glycyrrhiza glabra Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000303040 Glycyrrhiza glabra Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007836 KH2PO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004042 decolorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002050 diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019797 dipotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012847 fine chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019256 formaldehyde Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015203 fruit juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N glycyrrhizinic acid Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1C([C@H]2[C@]([C@@H]3[C@@]([C@@]4(CC[C@@]5(C)CC[C@@](C)(C[C@H]5C4=CC3=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)CC1)(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011874 heated mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011477 liquorice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000008057 potassium phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014101 wine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/8628—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/617—500-1000 m2/g
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/618—Surface area more than 1000 m2/g
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/10—Heat treatment in the presence of water, e.g. steam
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
- C01B13/0203—Preparation of oxygen from inorganic compounds
- C01B13/0211—Peroxy compounds
- C01B13/0214—Hydrogen peroxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
- C01B32/33—Preparation characterised by the starting materials from distillation residues of coal or petroleum; from petroleum acid sludge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/336—Preparation characterised by gaseous activating agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
- C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
- C07F9/3808—Acyclic saturated acids which can have further substituents on alkyl
- C07F9/3813—N-Phosphonomethylglycine; Salts or complexes thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/70—Non-metallic catalysts, additives or dopants
- B01D2255/702—Carbon
Definitions
- the invention is directed to a method for preparing catalytically active activated carbon, to catalytically active activated carbon obtainable by said method, and to the use of said catalytically active activated carbon.
- Activated carbon is a carbonaceous adsorbent with a high internal porosity, and hence a large internal surface area.
- Commercial activated carbon grades typically have an internal surface area of 500-1500 m 2 /g.
- two major product groups of activated carbon exist: i) powdered activated carbon (typically having a particle size of 1-200 ⁇ , and ii) granulated activated carbon (granulated or extruded) having a particle size in the 0.2-5 mm range.
- a proper activated carbon has a number of unique characteristics, which i.a. include a large internal surface area, dedicated (surface) chemical properties and good accessibility of internal pores.
- Micropores (having a diameter of less than 2 nm) generally contribute to the major part of the internal surface area. Macropores (having a diameter above 50 nm) and mesopores (having a diameter of 2-50 nm) can generally be regarded as the highways into the carbon particle, and are crucial for kinetics.
- the pore size distribution is highly important for the practical application; the best fit depends on the compounds of interest, the matrix (gas, liquid) and treatment conditions.
- the desired pore structure of an activated carbon product is attained by combining the right raw material and activation conditions.
- Activated carbon is commonly used in a wide variety of different applications. Some examples of applications are decolourisation of sugar and sweeteners, drinking water treatment, gold recovery, production of
- the activated carbon can perform one or more different functionalities including adsorption (through physical adsorption (Van der Waals forces) or chemisorption), reduction (e.g. removal of chlorine from water), catalysis (either as a catalyst or a carrier of a catalytic agent), carrier of biomass, carrier of chemicals (e.g. slow release applications) and colourant.
- adsorption through physical adsorption (Van der Waals forces) or chemisorption
- reduction e.g. removal of chlorine from water
- catalysis either as a catalyst or a carrier of a catalytic agent
- carrier of biomass e.g. slow release applications
- chemicals e.g. slow release applications
- the activated carbon For the activated carbon to be used as a catalyst it is of course required that the activated carbon has catalytic activity. In the art, several processes have been described for preparing catalytically active activated carbon.
- WO-A-99/58240 describes a process for the production of carbonaceous chars having catalytic activity.
- the method includes combining relatively small amounts of a nitrogen-containing compound with a nitrogen-poor carbonaceous feedstock, carbonising the mixture at
- An objective of the invention is to at least partly meet the aforementioned demand for a preparation process of catalytically active activated carbon in which a sustainable source of carbonaceous feedstock is used.
- a further objective of the invention is to provide a safe alternative to a process wherein ammonia is added to steam.
- Yet a further objective of the invention is to provide a method for producing catalytically active activated carbon starting from a carbonaceous feedstock, wherein the carbonaceous feedstock does not have to be subjected to a carbonising/oxidising step in said method.
- the invention is directed to a method for preparing catalytically active activated carbon comprising micropores, mesopores and macropores, said method comprising the steps of:
- said nitrogen-containing compounds comprising, next to a first nitrogen atom, at least two or more further heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, wherein said further heteroatoms have a lone pair;
- the process of the invention advantageously allows the preparation of a catalytically active activated carbon in a minimum of process steps starting from charcoal as a sustainable carbonaceous feedstock. It is highly advantageous that the process of the invention does not require the conventional carbonising/oxidising step. Thereby, the presently claimed method does not only have less process steps, but in addition allows saving investment costs relating to additional equipment that is required for carrying out this carbonising/oxidising conversion.
- charcoal as used in this application is meant to refer to the black residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood, sugar, bone char, or other substances in the absence of oxygen (see pyrolysis, char and biochar). In contrast to fossil coals (such as pit coal, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, brown coal, lignite coal, and anthracite coal), charcoal is sustainable. In an embodiment, the charcoal applied in the invention is wood char.
- wood char is meant to refer to the hard fibrous product that is formed when wood is at least partially pyrolised and/or thermochemically treated, or otherwise converted to carbon to some extent.
- activated carbon as used in this application is meant to refer to carbon materials having a predominantly amorphous character with a large surface area and a considerable porosity.
- catalytically active as used in this application in reference to a carbon is defined as having a hydrogen peroxide decomposition parameter ti/4 of 60 minutes or less using the hydrogen peroxide conversion test as described in the Examples.
- catalytically inactive as used in this application in reference to carbon is defined as having a t of more than 60 minutes using the hydrogen peroxide decomposition test as described in the Examples.
- the charcoal may be in the form of charcoal chunks, charcoal chips, charcoal powder, and/or any other form. From a practical point of view, it is preferred that the charcoal that is to be mixed with the one or more
- the catalytically active activated carbon that is obtained by the method of the invention comprises micropores, mesopores and macropores. It is well known to the person skilled in the art that micropores are defined by a pore diameter of less than 2 nm, mesopores are defined by a pore diameter in the range of 2-50 nm , while macropores are defined by a pore diameter of more than 50 nm (such as in the range of 50-1000 nm), see for instance Pure and Applied Chemistry 1985, 57(4), 603-619.
- the pore size distribution of the catalytically active activated carbon can, for example, be determined by nitrogen adsorption isotherm (for micropores and mesopores, see Barrett et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 373-380) and mercury porosimetry (for
- the invention is clearly distinguished from carbon molecular sieves, such as described in EP-A-0 729 783, which have a highly uniform and highly narrow pore size distribution (Cazorla-Amoros et al., Langmuir 1998, 14, 4589-4596). In this way carbon molecular sieves have a pore size
- the mixture obtained in after mixing the charcoal with the one or more nitrogen-containing compounds is catalytically inactive.
- the nitrogen-containing compounds can for instance be selected from the group consisting of one or more nitrogen-containing compounds selected from the group consisting of urea, N-butylurea, biuret, 2-cyanoguanidine, guanidine, biguanide, cyanuric acid, creatinine, ammeline, ammelide, hexamethylenetetramine, melamine, ammonium lignosulphonate, and derivatives thereof.
- a preferred nitrogen-containing compound is urea.
- the amount of the nitrogen-containing compound(s) in the mixture can be selected such that the amount of nitrogen atoms is in the range of 0.1-8 wt.% based on the total weight of the charcoal, such as in the range of 1-7 wt.%, or 2-5 wt.%. If the applied amount of nitrogen-containing compound(s) is less than an amount corresponding to 0.1 wt.% of nitrogen atoms based on the total weight of the charcoal, then insufficient catalytic activity will achieved. On the other hand, very high amounts of nitrogen-containing compound(s) will lead to undesirable high costs.
- Mixing of the charcoal and the nitrogen-containing compound can be performed by impregnation, stirring, or the like. Such mixing methods are well-known to the person skilled in the art.
- the mixing may involve dissolving of solid nitrogen-containing compounds in a suitable solvent (such as water) prior to impregnation of charcoal.
- Mixing can suitably be performed at a temperature between ambient and about 100 °C.
- the mixing time can vary widely and may range from 1 second to 10 hours.
- the obtained mixture is dried. Drying may be carried out in a conventional oven, a belt dryer, fluidised bed dryer, rotary dryer or the like. Drying is typically performed at temperatures in the range of 70-200 °C. The mixture can be dried for a time of 10 minutes to 10 hours.
- the moisture content of the mixture is preferably reduced to a value of 10 wt.% or less based on total weight of the mixture, preferably a value of 5 wt.% or less, such as in the range of
- the dried mixture of charcoal and one or more nitrogen-containing compounds is subjected to steam activation.
- steam activation the dried mixture is activated, i.e. a higher internal surface area and pore volume is created, and the mixture becomes catalytically active at the same time.
- the mixture does not show catalytic activity after a heat treatment.
- the dried mixture entering the steam activation in step iii) of the method of the invention is catalytically inactive.
- the mixture of charcoal with the one or more organic nitrogen-containing compounds is not carbonised before being subjected to steam activation.
- Carbonisation in this respect is defined as a process by which solid residues with increasing content of the element carbon are formed from organic material usually by pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere (Marsh et al., Activated Carbon, 2006, Elsevier Ltd.). Typically, carbonisation involves a temperature of 400 °C or more.
- Steam activation of carbon is a well-known process step. On a small scale, steam activation can be realised by introducing steam into an oven with the heated mixture of charcoal and nitrogen-containing compound(s). On a larger scale, e.g. in a commercial continuous process, the mixture of charcoal and nitrogen-containing compound(s) can be introduced separate from steam into a furnace or kiln operating at the desired activation temperature.
- the mixture of charcoal and nitrogen-containing compound(s) is activated at a temperature in the range of 600-1200 °C, preferably a
- the extent of activation of an activated carbon can be expressed with the burn-off, defined as the weight percentage of material lost due to the carbon gasification process.
- the burn-off is determined by measuring the carbon yields when charcoal is submitted to heat treatments in inert gas and in steam activation gases. The burn-off is calculated by dividing the difference in yields of the heat treatment in inert gas and in steam activation gases, with the yield in inert gas.
- the steam activation step preferably results in a burn-off in the range of 10-80 wt.%, preferably in the range of 20-60 wt.%.
- the steam activation period and the steam dosing rate allow control over the pore size distribution that is obtained and thereby tuning the internal surface area of the catalytically active activated carbon obtained.
- the catalytically active activated carbon is preferably cooled in the reaction gases of the steam activation step.
- the activated carbon can, for instance, be cooled to a temperature of 250 °C or less.
- the catalytically active activated carbon may be provided in powder form or in granules.
- the activated carbon can be milled accordingly to the desired particle size range.
- granules can be prepared by breaking and sieving the catalytically active activated carbon to the right particle size range.
- mixtures of fine charcoal particles and nitrogen-containing compound(s) can be shaped prior to activation by the inclusion of one or more binders. After activation, the resulting shaped catalytically active activated carbon particles may be used as such in the application, or they may be crushed and/or sieved in a more suitable particle size range.
- Such shaping procedures using binders allows the preparation of shaped particles which may be advantageous, e.g. in gas phase applications.
- Suitable binder materials include molasses, starch, chitosan, alginate, cellulose acetate, formaldehydes, ammonium lignosulphonate, as well as inorganic binder materials such as bentonite.
- the binder can, for instance, be introduced during the step of mixing the charcoal with the nitrogen-containing compound.
- a preferred binder is ammonium lignosulphonate, because it can serve at the same time as a binder and as a nitrogen-containing compound.
- the nitrogen-containing compounds can have a molecular weight of 525 g/mol or less.
- Binder nitrogen-containing compounds can, for example, have a molecular weight in the range of 250-525 g/mol, such as in the range of 300-525 g/mol.
- Non-binder nitrogen-containing compounds can, for example, have a molecular weight of 150 g/mol or less, such as 130 g/mol or less or in the range of 50-130 g/mol.
- the catalytically active activated carbon obtainable by the method of the invention has unique properties, not only because of the charcoal starting material, but also due to the meticulously chosen combination of process steps.
- the invention is directed to a catalytically active activated carbon obtainable by the method of the invention.
- the catalytically active activated carbon of the invention preferably has a catalytic activity (expressed as a hydrogen peroxide conversion parameter ti/4 using the hydrogen peroxide decomposition test as described in the Examples) of 60 minutes or less, preferably 45 minutes or less, such as in the range of 1-30 minutes.
- the catalytically active activated carbon obtainable by the method of the invention typically has a packed density (for granules: apparent density (ASTM D2854-89) and for powders: tamped density (DIN ISO 787.11)) of 550 g/1 or less, such as in the range of 200-550 g/1. This is in contrast to
- the catalytically active activated carbon of the invention has a high internal surface area.
- the internal surface area is preferably 500 m 2 /g or more, as determined by a nitrogen isotherm combined with a BET calculation method according to ASTM D 3663. More preferably, the internal surface area is in the range of 750-2000 m 2 /g, such as in the range of 900-2000 m 2 /g, most preferably in the range of 905-1500 m 2 /g.
- a measure for the micropore volume of activated carbons can be established by measuring the Iodine Number according to ASTM D4607-94. A higher value for the Iodine Number corresponds to a higher micropore volume.
- the iodine number of the catalytically active activated carbon of the invention is preferably in the range of 400-2000 mg/g as determined by ASTM D4607-94, more preferably in the range of 400-1500 mg/g, even more preferably in the range of 800-1500 mg/g.
- the activated carbon particles can have an average particle size in the range of 1-150 ⁇ , preferably in the range of 2-100 ⁇ .
- the average particle sizes can be determined by laser diffraction analysis.
- the granules can have an average particle size in the range of 0.2-5 mm, preferably in the range of 0.5-4 mm, and more preferably in the range of 0.8-3 mm.
- the granules may have any suitable shape, such as disks, spheres, cubes, pellets, briquettes etc.
- the catalytically active activated carbon of the invention can be used in a wide variety of catalytic applications.
- the catalytically active activated carbon can act as a catalyst for gas phase application (e.g. NO x removal and SO x oxidation), and for liquid phase applications (e.g. peroxide destruction, chloramine removal, and glyphosate production).
- gas phase application e.g. NO x removal and SO x oxidation
- liquid phase applications e.g. peroxide destruction, chloramine removal, and glyphosate production
- the invention is directed to the use of the catalytically active activated carbon of the invention as a catalyst in gas phase or liquid phase applications.
- urea is used as the nitrogen-containing compound.
- Urea serves as a representative example for the range of nitrogen-containing compounds defined in claim 1.
- a sample of wood char was broken and sieved to obtain particles in the sieve range 2-30 mm.
- the sized material was split in three equal portions.
- a first portion was first dried at 120 °C for 180 minutes.
- the dried sample was activated with steam by introducing the dried product in a rotary kiln kept at 1050 °C in a gas flow containing steam and nitrogen. After 5 hours the activated carbon was removed from the rotary kiln and cooled down to near room temperature in the same gas flow.
- the resulting comparative sample was labeled ⁇ .
- the second and third portions were impregnated with an aqueous urea solution containing 67 g urea/1 by submerging the wood char particles in the solution for several hours. Subsequently, the impregnated wood char was separated from the solution and dried at 120 °C for 180 minutes. Both portions impregnated dried product were heat treated in a rotary kiln kept at 1050 °C. A first impregnated dried portion was heat treated in the kiln in a gas flow containing steam and nitrogen for 5 hours, whereas the second impregnated dried portion was heat treated in a gas flow containing only nitrogen for 5 hours. The heat treated samples were removed from the rotary kiln and cooled down to near room temperature without changing the composition of the gas flow. The impregnated dried sample submitted to heat treatment in nitrogen was labeled comparative sample 'B', and the impregnated dried sample submitted to steam activation conditions was labeled inventive sample 'C.
- the Iodine Number of comparative samples ⁇ and 'B', and inventive sample ' were 655 mg/1, 30 mg/1 and 935 mg/1, respectively, as determined according to ASTM D4607-94.
- the nitrogen iso BET surface area of the samples ⁇ ', ' ⁇ ', and ⁇ ' were 905 m 2 /g, 94 m 2 /g and 995 m 2 /g,
- micropores pores less than 1 nm in radius
- mesopores pores between 1 and 25 nm in radius
- the ash content of the carbon samples was determined according to ASTM D 2866 (sample A' 2.54 %, sample 'B' 2.61 %, and sample ⁇ ' 2.54 %).
- the measurement of the apparent density (ASTM D 2854-89) for sample A', 'B', and ' gave values of 222 g/1, 310 g/1, and 246 g/1, respectively.
- the established burn-off after the activation procedure of samples ⁇ , 'B', and ' were found to be 53 %, 0 % and 37 %, respectively.
- the catalytic activity parameter tm of inventive sample 'C was found to be 45 minutes. Comparative samples 'A' and 'B' showed no catalytic activity, i.e. the values for tm were more then 60 minutes. These values show that only catalytic activity was measured for the sample subjected to the procedure according this invention.
- the hydrogen peroxide conversion rate parameter tm is defined as the time in minutes until a total gas volume of 1.75 liter has been generated in the reaction vessel.
- the parameter tm is used as a measure for the catalytic activity of powdered activated carbon. In order to establish tm for granular activated carbons, granular carbons are milled to powder before the test.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
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CN201280016073.9A CN103547364A (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-25 | Production of catalytically active activated carbon |
MX2013008576A MX2013008576A (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-25 | Production of catalytically active activated carbon. |
JP2013551932A JP2014506529A (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-25 | Production of activated carbon with catalytic activity |
US13/980,617 US9174205B2 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-25 | Production of catalytically active activated carbons |
EP12703614.3A EP2667966A1 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-25 | Production of catalytically active activated carbon |
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EP11151941.9 | 2011-01-25 | ||
EP11151941A EP2478957A1 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2011-01-25 | Production of catalytically active activated carbon |
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US (1) | US9174205B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2478957A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2014506529A (en) |
CN (1) | CN103547364A (en) |
AR (1) | AR085035A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
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CN103547364A (en) | 2014-01-29 |
US20140037536A1 (en) | 2014-02-06 |
MX2013008576A (en) | 2013-09-06 |
EP2478957A1 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
US9174205B2 (en) | 2015-11-03 |
JP2014506529A (en) | 2014-03-17 |
AR085035A1 (en) | 2013-08-07 |
EP2667966A1 (en) | 2013-12-04 |
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