Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
  • H02J50/001—Energy harvesting or scavenging
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F03G5/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from muscle energy
  • F03G5/06—Devices for producing mechanical power from muscle energy other than of endless-walk type
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
  • H02J50/05—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using capacitive coupling
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
  • H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
  • H02J50/15—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using ultrasonic waves
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
  • H02J50/30—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using light, e.g. lasers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0045—Converters combining the concepts of switch-mode regulation and linear regulation, e.g. linear pre-regulator to switching converter, linear and switching converter in parallel, same converter or same transistor operating either in linear or switching mode
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
  • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
  • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
  • H02M3/06—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
  • H02M3/07—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps

Definitions

• the present disclosure is related generally to wireless energy sources for
• the present disclosure is related to wireless energy sources comprising energy harvesting and power management circuits for wireless power delivery to ingestible identifiers comprising an integrated circuit.
• ingestible identifiers such as an ingestible event marker (I EM)
• prescription medications are effective remedies for many patients when taken properly, e.g., according to instructions. Studies have shown, however, that on average, about 50% of patients do not comply with prescribed medication regimens. A low rate of compliance with medication regimens results in a large number of hospitalizations and admissions to nursing homes every year. In the United States alone, it has recently been estimated that the healthcare related costs resulting from patient non-compliance is reaching $100 billion annually.
• compositions are ingestible and/or digestible or partially digestible.
• Ingestible devices include electronic circuitry for use in a variety of different medical applications, including both diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
• Some ingestible devices such as lEMs made by Proteus Biomedical, Inc., Redwood City, California, typically do not require an internal energy source for operation.
• the energy sources for these lEMs are activated upon association with a target site of a body by the presence of a predetermined specific stimulus at the target site, e.g., liquid (wetting), time, pH, ionic strength, conductivity, presence of biological molecules (e.g., specific proteins or enzymes that are present in the stomach, small intestine, colon), blood, temperature, specific auxiliary agents (foods ingredients such as fat, salt, or sugar, or other pharmaceuticals whose co-presence is clinically relevant), bacteria in the stomach, pressure, light.
• a predetermined specific stimulus is a known stimulus for which the controlled activation identifier is designed or configured to respond by activation.
• a communication broadcasted by the energized ingestible identifier may be
• a receiver either inside or near the body, which may then record that the identifier, e.g., one that is associated with one or more active agents and pharmaceutical composition, has in fact reached the target site.
• a system comprises a control device and a wireless energy source electrically coupled to the control device.
• the wireless energy source comprises an energy harvester to receive energy at an input thereof in one form and to convert the energy into a voltage potential difference to energize the control device.
• a system comprises a control device for altering conductance, a wireless energy source electrically coupled to the control device, and a partial power source.
• the wireless energy source comprises an energy harvester to receive energy at an input thereof in one form and to convert the energy into a first voltage potential difference to energize the control device.
• the partial power source comprises a first material electrically coupled to the control device and a second material electrically coupled to the control device and electrically isolated from the first material. The first and second materials are selected to provide a second voltage potential difference when in contact with a conducting liquid.
• the control device alters the conductance between the first and second materials such that the magnitude of the current flow is varied to encode information.
• a system comprises a control device, a wireless energy source electrically coupled to the control device and a power source electrically coupled to the control device.
• the wireless energy source comprises an energy harvester to receive energy at an input thereof in one form and to convert the energy into a first voltage potential difference to energize the control device.
• the power source is electrically coupled to the control device and provides a second voltage potential difference to the control device.
• FIG. 1 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source and an identifier system for indicating the occurrence of an event.
• FIG. 2 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source, similar to the wireless energy source of FIG. 1 , and an identifier system for indicating the occurrence of an event.
• FIG. 3 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source, similar to the wireless energy sources of FIGS. 1 and 2, and an identifier system for indicating the occurrence of an event.
• FIG. 4 illustrates one aspect of a wireless energy source comprising an energy harvester and a power management circuit configured to harvest electromagnetic energy from the environment in the form of optical radiation.
• FIG. 5 illustrates one aspect of a system that employs an energy harvesting
• FIG. 6 illustrates one aspect of a system that employs an energy harvesting
• FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a vibration/motion system that may be
• FIG. 8 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source that comprises an energy harvester comprising an electrostatic energy conversion element to convert vibration/motion energy into electrical energy as described in connection with FIG. 7.
• FIG. 9 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source that comprises an energy harvester comprising a piezoelectric energy conversion element to convert vibration/motion energy into electrical energy as described in connection with FIG. 7.
• FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a piezoelectric type capacitor element of a wireless energy source that is configured to operate on the vibration/motion energy harvesting principle described in FIG. 7.
• FIG. 1 1 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source that comprises an energy harvester comprising an electromagnetic energy conversion element to convert vibration/motion energy into electrical energy as described in connection with FIG. 7.
• FIG. 12 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source that comprises an energy harvester comprising an acoustic energy conversion element.
• FIG. 13 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source comprising an energy harvester comprising a radio frequency energy conversion element.
• FIG. 14 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source comprising an energy harvester comprising a thermoelectric energy conversion element.
• FIG. 15 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a wireless energy source comprising an energy harvester comprising a thermoelectric energy conversion element similar to the element discussed in connection with FIG. 14.
• FIG. 16 illustrates one aspect of an ingestible product that comprises a system for indicating the occurrence of an event is shown inside the body.
• FIG. 17 A illustrates a pharmaceutical product shown with a system, such as an ingestible event marker or an ionic emission module.
• FIG. 17B illustrates a pharmaceutical product, similar to the product of FIG. 17A, shown with a system, such as an ingestible event marker or an identifiable emission module.
• FIG. 18 illustrates a more detailed diagram of one aspect of the systems of FIGS.
• FIG. 19 illustrates one aspect of a system comprising a sensor and in contact with the conducting fluid.
• FIG. 20 is a block diagram representation of a device described in connection with FIGS. 18 and 19.
• FIG. 21 illustrates another aspect of the systems of FIGS. 17A and 17B
• FIG. 22 illustrates one aspect of a system, similar to the system of FIG. 18, which includes a pH sensor module connected to a material, which is selected in
• FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of a pharmaceutical product supply chain
• FIG. 24 is schematic diagram of a circuit that may be representative of various aspects.
• the system may include other energy sources and may be activated in multiple other modes as described below.
• the wireless energy source may be activated in a wireless mode by an external source.
• the system may be activated in a galvanic mode by a chemical reaction by exposing the system to a conducting fluid.
• the identifier system may be activated by a stimulus from an external and/or an internal source for example, an Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG). The stimulus provides energy that can be harvested by the wireless energy source.
• IPG Implantable Pulse Generator
• the external stimulus may be provided by electromagnetic radiation in the form of light or radio frequency (RF), vibration, motion, and/or thermal sources.
• the system is energized and generates a signal that can be detected by external and/or internal devices in order to communicate information associated with the system to such devices.
• the system is operative to communicate information that can be used to conduct diagnostic tests on, verify operation of, detect presence of, and/or determine the functionality of the system.
• the system is operative to communicate a unique current signature associated with the system.
• the system includes dissimilar materials positioned on a framework such that when a conducting fluid comes into contact with the dissimilar materials, a voltage potential difference is created.
• the voltage potential difference and hence the voltage, is used to energize or power up control logic that is positioned within the framework.
• the potential difference causes ions or current to flow from the first dissimilar material to the second dissimilar material via the control logic and then through the conducting fluid to complete a circuit.
• the control logic is operative to control the conductance between the two dissimilar materials and, hence, controls or modulates the conductance.
• the control logic is capable of encoding information on a current signature.
• FIG. 1 illustrates one aspect of a system 10 comprising a wireless energy source
• the wireless energy source 1 1 energizes the control device in a wireless mode.
• the wireless energy source 1 1 comprises an energy harvester
• the wireless energy source may comprise a power management circuit 14 (shown in phantom to indicate that it is optional) for providing energy suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier system 16.
• the system 10 may be a tag, such as an electronic label associated with an article for the purpose of identifying the article, for example.
• the system 10 can be used in a variety of different applications, including as a component of an ingestible identifier, such as an IEM, e.g., pharma-informatics enabled pharmaceutical composition.
• the identifier system 16 comprises an in-body device that is operative when energized to communicate information to an external system located outside the body.
• the in-body device is operative to communicate information outside the body only when the wireless energy source is energized by an external energy source located outside the body.
• the system 10 does not contain a standalone internal energy source, such as a partial power supply (described hereinbelow), battery, or supercapacitor, for example, and is powered solely by a voltage potential (V V 2 ) generated by the wireless energy source 1 1 from the energy collected by the energy harvester 12 as disclosed herein.
• a standalone internal energy source such as a partial power supply (described hereinbelow), battery, or supercapacitor, for example, and is powered solely by a voltage potential (V V 2 ) generated by the wireless energy source 1 1 from the energy collected by the energy harvester 12 as disclosed herein.
• the energy harvester 12 may be optimized to accommodate the particular energy harvesting technique implemented by the system 10.
• the input to the energy harvester 12 can be driven or stimulated directly by a dedicated source to produce direct current power source, such as a battery in the form of a voltage potential suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier system 16 at the output of the energy harvester 12.
• the power management circuit 14 may be eliminated.
• the power management circuit 14 may employed to provide a voltage potential that is suitable for powering the circuits of the identifier system 16.
• the power management circuit 14 can adapt its input to the energy harvester 12 implemented by the system 10 and its output to the load, e.g., the identifier system 16.
• the power management circuit 14 may comprise some form of converter to convert the input voltage generated by the energy harvester 12 to a voltage potential suitable for operating the identifier system 16.
• the converter may be implemented in different configurations, DC-DC converters, charge pumps, boost converters, and rectifying AC-DC converters may be adapted for use in the power management circuit 14.
• the power management circuit 14 may comprise voltage regulator, buffer, and control circuits, among others.
• either the system 10 and/or the identifier system 16 may be
• the identifier system 16 may comprise an on-board random access memory (RAM).
• the identifier system 16 comprises control logic that is operative to modulate the voltage on a capacitor plate located on a top surface of the IC with respect to the substrate voltage of the IC to modulate the information to be communicated.
• the modulated voltage can be detected by a capacitively coupled reader (not shown).
• the identifier system 16 is operative to communicate information associated with the system 10.
• the information may be employed to functionally test and perform diagnostic tests on the system 10 as well as verify the operation of and detect the presence of the system 10.
• the identifier system 16 is operative to communicate a unique signature associated with the system 10.
• FIG. 2 illustrates one aspect of a system 20 comprising a wireless energy source 21 , similar to the wireless energy source 1 1 of FIG. 1 , and an identifier system 22 for indicating the occurrence of an event.
• the wireless energy source 21 energizes the control device in a wireless mode.
• the wireless energy source 21 comprises an energy harvester 12 to convert energy in one form received at an input thereof to energy in another form at an output thereof.
• the output energy is in the form of a voltage potential difference.
• the wireless energy source may comprise a power management circuit 14 (shown in phantom to indicate that it is optional) for providing energy suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier system 16.
• the system 20 comprises a hybrid energy source comprising the wireless energy source 1 1 and a partial power source in the identifier system 22.
• the wireless energy source 1 1 is electrically coupled to the control device 24 to supply power to the circuits of the identifier system 22
• the partial power source can be activated in galvanic mode when it comes into contact with a conductive fluid, which may comprise a conductive liquid, gas, mist, or any combination thereof.
• the wireless energy source 1 1 and the partial power source may be activated either individually or in combination.
• the system 20 may be operated in a wireless mode, a galvanic mode, or combinations thereof.
• the system 20 can be used in a variety of different applications, including as a component of an ingestible identifier, such as an IEM, e.g., pharma-informatics enabled pharmaceutical composition.
• the identifier system 22 comprises a control device 24 for altering conductance and a partial power source comprising a first conductive material 26 electrically coupled to the control device 24 and a second conductive material 28 electrically coupled to the control device and electrically isolated from the first material 26.
• the first and second conductive materials 26, 28 are selected to provide a voltage potential difference when in contact with a conducting fluid.
• the control device 24 alters the conductance between the first and second conductive materials 26, 28 such that the magnitude of the current flow is varied to encode information.
• the power management circuit 14 may be employed to adapt its input to the energy harvester 12 and its output to the load, e.g., the identifier system 22.
• the control device 24 comprises control logic that is operative in either wireless or galvanic modes to modulate the voltage on the first and second conductive materials 26, 28 to communicate information.
• modulated voltage can be detected by respective first and second capacitively coupled plates of a reader positioned externally of the system 20.
• the system 20 may comprise additional capacitive plates formed of similar or dissimilar conductive materials operative to communicate information associated with the system 20.
• FIG. 3 illustrates one aspect of a system 30 comprising a wireless energy source 31 , similar to the wireless energy sources 1 1 , 21 of FIGS. 1 and 2, and an identifier system 32 for indicating the occurrence of an event.
• the wireless energy source 31 energizes the control device in a wireless mode.
• the wireless energy source 31 comprises an energy harvester 12 to convert energy in one form received at an input thereof to energy in another form at an output thereof.
• the output energy is in the form of a voltage potential difference.
• the wireless energy source may comprise a power management circuit 14 (shown in phantom to indicate that it is optional) for providing energy suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier system 16.
• the system 30 can be used in a variety of different
• an ingestible identifier such as an IEM, e.g., pharma-informatics enabled pharmaceutical composition.
• the system 30 comprises a hybrid energy source
• the wireless energy source 31 comprising the wireless energy source 31 and an on-board power source 35 such as a micro-battery or supercapacitor.
• the wireless energy source 31 is coupled to the on-board power source 35 and can be employed to power the identifier system 30 in the wireless mode.
• the micro-battery may be a thin film integrated battery fabricated directly in IC packages in any shape or size.
• a thin-film rechargeable battery or a supercapacitor may be designed and
• the wireless energy source 31 may be employed for charging or recharging the battery or supercapacitor.
• the wireless energy source 31 can be employed to minimize energy drain of the on-board power source 35.
• the identifier system 32 comprises a control device 34 for altering conductance and a partial power source comprising a first capacitive plate 36 electrically coupled to the control device 34 and a second capacitive plate 38 electrically coupled to the control device and electrically isolated from the first capacitive plate 36.
• the control device 34 alters the conductance between the first and second capacitive plates 36, 38 such that the magnitude of the current flow is varied to encode information.
• the wireless energy source 31 is coupled to the control device 34 to supply power to the circuits of identifier system 32 separately from or in conjunction with the on-board power source 35. As discussed in reference to FIGS.
• the input of the power management circuit 14 may be adapted to the output of the energy harvester 12 and the output of the power management circuit 14 may be adapted to the load, e.g., the identifier system 32.
• the control device 34 comprises control logic that is operative to modulate a voltage on the first and second conductive plates 36, 38 to modulate the information to be communicated.
• the voltage modulated onto the first and second conductive plates 36, 38 can be detected by respective first and second capacitively coupled plates of a reader.
• the first and second capacitive plates 36, 38 may be formed of similar or dissimilar materials.
• the power management circuit 14 is
• the power management circuit 14 may be employed to regulate, boost, or condition the energy collected by the energy harvester 12 to provide a direct current power source, such as a battery, in the form of a voltage potential suitable for operating the circuits of the systems 16, 22, 32. It will be appreciated that any of the components or elements of the systems 16, 22, 32 can be used alone or in combination in other systems within the scope of the present disclosure. [050] In the various aspects of the systems 10, 20, 30 described in connection with FIGS. 1 -3, the energy harvester 12, power management circuit 14, and circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 can be integrated in a one or multiple ICs.
• the systems 10, 20, 30 are operable to indicate the occurrence of an event.
• the information communicated may be the same.
• the information may be communicated as a series of pulses at a rate of 10-20Hz and may be phase modulated at 1 kHz.
• the information may be encoded using a variety of techniques such as Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), Frequency Modulation (FM), Amplitude Modulation (AM), On-Off Keying, and PSK with On-Off keying.
• BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
• FM Frequency Modulation
• AM Amplitude Modulation
• On-Off Keying On-Off Keying
• PSK On-Off Keying
• the systems 10, 20, 30 and/or identifier systems 16, 22, 32 may comprise an on-board RAM.
• the information may comprise identification number, information contained in the on-board RAM such as
• the information may be communicated by modulating a voltage on a plate formed on a top surface of the IC with respect to the substrate voltage of the IC.
• a capacitively coupled reader can be used to detect the modulated voltage (shown in FIGS. 23, 24, for example).
• any of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 described in connection with respective FIGS. 1 -3 can be implemented to include an in-body device such as an I EM that can be energized in multiple modes and communicate information outside the body using multiple techniques.
• the I EM may be energized by deriving external (outside the body) potentials and internal (inside the body) potentials at different points in time and responding to such external and internal potentials by communicating to at least one external device located inside or partially inside or outside the body.
• the I EM may derive different levels of potentials through external and internal energizing elements (e.g., energy harvester comprising a wireless energy source, an internal galvanic energy system, a micro-battery, or supercapacitor) and communicating to an external device in response to such derived different levels of potentials.
• the I EM may derive energy from an external source and store the derived energy in a capacitor or supercapacitor, for example, where the IEM can employ the stored energy for communicating to an external device after a delay.
• the IEM can be energized by external or internal sources at different locations within the body such as, for example, esophagus, stomach, lower part of the intestine, colon, and so forth.
• the IEM may employ external and internal energy selectively to communicate to different external devices at different points in time.
• the IEM may communicate with different external devices e.g., a patch or other receivers placed in watches, necklaces or external locations. Examples of external devices that the IEM may communicate with are described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0312188 (Serial No. 12/673326) filed December 15, 2009 and entitled "Body-Associated Receiver and Method," U.S. Patent
• the IEM may only receive a control command for its activation from any external and/ or internal device while the IEM is energized by any of the modes discussed above.
• FIG. 4 illustrates one aspect of a wireless energy source 41 comprising an
• the energy harvester 12 comprises an optical energy conversion element such as a photodiode 42 configured to convert incoming radiant electromagnetic energy in the form of light 44 photons into electrical energy.
• the particular photodiode 42 may be selected to optimally respond to the wavelength of the incoming light 44, which can range from the visible spectrum to the invisible spectrum.
• radiant electromagnetic energy refers to light in the visible or invisible spectrum ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared frequency range.
• the photodiode 42 As shown in FIG. 4, as light 44 strikes the P-N junction of the photodiode 42, either a current or voltage is generated by the photodiode 42 depending on the mode of operation. In the referenced aspect, the photodiode 42 is reverse biased and a current / ' proportional to the amount of light 44 striking the photodiode 42 flows from the photodiode 42 into a charge pump 46 circuit.
• the charge pump 46 may be implemented in a variety of configurations. Essentially, a charge pump is a type of DC-DC converter that uses capacitors as energy storage elements to create a higher (boost) voltage power source.
• the charge pump 46 circuits are relatively simple and are capable of high efficiencies - as high as 90-95%, making them attractive solutions for voltage boosting applications.
• the charge pump 46 uses some form of switching device(s) to control the
• a first stage involves connecting a capacitor across a voltage to charge it up.
• the capacitor is disconnected from the original charging voltage and reconnected with its negative terminal to the original positive charging voltage. Because the capacitor retains the voltage stored across it (ignoring leakage effects) the positive terminal voltage is added to the original, effectively doubling the voltage.
• the pulsing nature of the higher voltage output can be typically smoothed by the use of an output capacitor.
• the charge pump 46 converts the current / ' generated by the photodiode 42 into an output voltage v 0 .
• the charge pump 46 may have any suitable number of stages to boost the input voltage to any suitable level.
• a control circuit 49 controls the operation of the switching device(s) to coordinate the connection of voltages to the capacitors of the charge pump 46 to generate an output voltage v 0 suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 of FIGS. 1 -3.
• DC-DC converters can be either boost converters or charge pumps.
• most conventional DC-DC converters employ an external inductor.
• a voltage regulator 48 may optionally be coupled to the charge pump 46. The voltage regulator regulates the output voltage v 0 of the charge pump 46 and produces a regulated output voltage V relative to a substrate voltage V 2 .
• V V 2 The voltage potential (V V 2 ) is suitable to operate the circuits of any of the systems 16, 22, 32 of FIGS. 1 -3.
• the charge pump 46 may be replaced with any suitable voltage boosting circuit such as boost regulator, flyback, step-up (boost), or forward converter.
• the charge pump 46 may be replaced with a DC-DC converter type voltage boosting circuit.
• the photodiode 42 may be a conventional photodiode, PIN
• the photodiode may be a monolithic integrated circuit element fabricated using semiconductor materials such as Silicon (Si), Silicon Nitride (SiNi), Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs), among other semiconductor materials.
• the photodiode 42 may comprise a plurality of photodiodes connected in series and/or in parallel depending on the particular design and implementation.
• the photodiode 42 may be implemented with diodes or phototransistors.
• the photodiode 42 may be replaced with a photovoltaic cell that generates a voltage proportional to incident light 44 striking a surface thereof.
• a charge pump 46 circuit may be employed to boost the voltage output of the photovoltaic cell to a level suitable for operating the circuits of the identifier system 12, 22, 32.
• the photodiode 42 may be integrated with the IC portions of the systems 10, 20, 30, layered on the surface of the IC, or coated into a skirt or a current path extender portion of the IC.
• a light aperture may be formed on the system 10, 20, 30 IC to allow incident light 44 to strike the P-N junction of the photodiode 42.
• a MEMS process may used to shield other areas of the system 10, 20, 30 from incident light 44.
• a light source having a predetermined spectral composition and illumination level may be used to generate a light beam to strike the photodiode 42 element of the energy harvester 12 in a precise manner, such that a suitable voltage output is developed by the charge pump 46 directly.
• a source of vibration or motion energy may be employed to drive the energy harvester 12.
• a source of thermal energy can be employed to generate a temperature gradient, which can be converted to a suitable voltage potential.
• a source of RF energy having a predetermined frequency and power level may be used to generate an electromagnetic beam to drive an input element of the energy harvester 12, such as for example, a coil or antenna.
• FIG. 5 illustrates one aspect of a system 50 that employs an energy harvesting technique based on optical radiation.
• a light source 53 located remotely from the wireless energy source 51 includes a light emitting element 55 configured to emit light 54 at a predetermined wavelength and power level.
• the radiated light 54 is detected by an optical energy conversion element such as a photodiode 52, similar to the photodiode 42 of FIG. 4, of the energy harvester 12.
• the photodiode 52 is reverse biased and a current / ' (or voltage depending on the mode of operation) proportional to the amount of light 54 that strikes the photodiode 52 is converted to a voltage potential (V1 -V2) by the power management circuit 14 and is stored in a capacitor 57.
• the light emitting element 55 may be a light emitting diode (LED), laser diode, laser, or any source of radiant energy capable of generating light 54 at a wavelength (or frequency) and power level suitable for generating a suitable current / ' through the photodiode 52.
• the light emitting element 55 may be designed and implemented to generate light 54 of a wavelength in the visible and/or invisible spectrum including light 54 of a wavelength ranging from ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths.
• the light source 53 may be configured to radiate light of a single monochromatic wavelength.
• the light source 53 may comprise one or more light emitting elements 55 that, when energized by an electrical power source, may be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy in the visible spectrum as well as the invisible spectrum.
• the light source 53 may be configured to radiate light composed of a mix of a multiple monochromatic wavelengths.
• the visible spectrum is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (e.g., can be detected by) the human eye and may referred to as visible light or simply light.
• a typical human eye will respond to wavelengths in air from about 380nm to about 750nm.
• the visible spectrum is continuous and without clear boundaries between one color and the next. The following ranges may be used as an approximation of color wavelength:
• Green about 495nm to about 570nm
• Red about 620nm to about 750nm.
• the invisible spectrum i.e., non-luminous spectrum
• the invisible spectrum is that portion of the
• electromagnetic spectrum lies below and above the visible spectrum (e.g., below about 380 nm and above about 750nm).
• the invisible spectrum is not detectable by the human eye.
• Wavelengths greater than about 750nm are longer than the red visible spectrum and they become invisible infrared, microwave, and radio
• Wavelengths less than about 380nm are shorter than the violet spectrum and they become invisible ultra-violet, x-ray, and gamma ray electromagnetic radiation.
• the light emitting element 54 may be a source of radiant electromagnetic energy in the form of X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves.
• the energy harvester 12 may be designed and implemented to be compatible with the particular type of radiated electromagnetic energy emitted by the source 53.
• FIG. 6 illustrates one aspect of a system 60 that employs an energy harvesting technique based on modulated optical radiation.
• a light source 63 located remotely from the wireless energy source 61 includes a light emitting element 65, similar to the light emitting element 55 of FIG. 5, that emits light 64 at a predetermined wavelength and power level. The light 64 is modulated by the switch 66 and is radiated at the frequency of the control signal.
• the modulated light 64 is detected by an optical energy conversion element such as a photodiode 62, which is similar to the photodiode 52 of FIG. 5.
• An alternating current (AC) current / ' (or voltage depending on the mode of operation) proportional to the amount of light 64 that strikes the photodiode 62 is provided to an AC/DC converter 66, where it converted to a voltage potential (V1 -V2) and is stored in a capacitor 67.
• the frequency of the AC current / ' is substantially equal to the frequency of the control signal.
• information may be communicated from the system 60 by
• the photodiode 62 uses light 64 modulated by the switch 66 and radiated at the frequency of the control signal.
• information may be communicated from the system 60 by modulating the photodiode 62 with the light 64, which is radiated at the frequency of the control signal to the photodiode 62.
• a switch similar to the switch 66 may be placed in series with the photodiode 62 to modulate the photodiode with a control signal in order to
• FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a vibration/motion system 70 that may be
• the vibration/motion system 70 is a model useful for understanding the general concept of converting vibration or motion energy into electrical energy.
• Known transducer mechanisms for converting vibration/motion energy into electrical energy are electrostatic, piezoelectric, or electromagnetic.
• electrostatic transducers a polarized capacitor produces an AC voltage when the distance or overlap of two electrodes of a polarized capacitor changes due to the movement or vibration of one movable electrode relative to the other.
• piezoelectric transducers a voltage is generated when the vibrations or movement cause the deformation of a piezoelectric capacitor.
• electromagnetic transducers an AC voltage is developed across a coil (or an AC current is induced through the coil) when a movable magnetic mass is moved relative to the coil causing a change in magnetic flux.
• the vibration/motion system 70 comprises a transducer inserted in an inertial frame 71 .
• One portion of the transducer is fixed to the frame 71 and the other portion if free to move with the vibration/motion input.
• the frame 71 is coupled to the source of vibration or motion and the relative motion of the portions of the transducer moves in accordance with the laws of inertia.
• the system 70 depicted in FIG. 7 is made resonant by attaching a moveable mass 72 to a spring 74. In other aspects, a non-resonant system may be employed where no spring is used.
• An energy harvester based on the vibration/motion system 70 can be treated as a velocity damped mass 72 spring 74 system where Z(t) represents the motion of the mass 72, d ⁇ s a damper 76 coefficient due to air resistance, friction, and the like, K ⁇ s the spring 74 constant of the suspension, m is the moving mass 72, and Y(t) is the amplitude of the movement of the frame 71 in the Zdirection.
• Z(t) represents the motion of the mass 72
• m is the moving mass 72
• Y(t) is the amplitude of the movement of the frame 71 in the Zdirection.
• Electrostatic and piezoelectric vibration/motion based energy harvesters may be fabricated using micromachining processes such as a MEMS process.
• Electromagnetic energy harvesting devices may be fabricated using a combination of micromachining and mechanical tooling techniques when using large inductors (coils) with sufficient windings for efficient electromagnetic conversion, which may not necessarily be compatible with monolithic or planar microfabrication processes.
• small value inductors can be fabricated on integrated circuits using the same processes that are used to make transistors.
• Integrated inductors may be laid out in spiral coil patterns with aluminum interconnections. The small dimensions of integrated inductors, however, limit the value of the inductance that can be achieved in integrated coils.
• Another option is to use a "gyrator," which uses capacitors and active components to create electrical behavior similar to that of an inductor.
• FIG. 8 illustrates one aspect of a system 80 comprising a wireless energy source 81 that comprises an energy harvester 12 comprising an electrostatic energy conversion element to convert vibration/motion energy into electrical energy as described in connection with FIG. 7.
• the electrostatic energy conversion element of the energy harvester 12 converts vibration/motion energy into electrical energy using electrostatic energy conversion techniques.
• the energy harvester 12 transducer comprises an inertial frame 84 which contains a polarized capacitor 82 comprising a first electrode 82 a and a second electrode 82 b .
• the first capacitor electrode 82 a is connected to a movable element 86 (shown schematically as a spring with a spring constant K), which is free to move in response to a vibration/motion input Y(t).
• the motion of the first capacitor electrode 82a is represented by Z(t).
• the second electrode 82 b is fixed to the frame 84 and does not move relative thereto.
• the polarized capacitor 82 produces an AC current i(t) when the distance between the first and second electrodes 82 a , 82 b changes in response to the movement Z(t) or vibration of the first capacitor electrode 82 a .
• An AC/DC converter 86 of the power management circuit 14 converts the AC capacitor current i(t) into a voltage potential suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 of respective FIGS. 1 -3.
• the AC/DC converter comprises a rectifier circuit to rectify the AC input into a DC output.
• a DC-level shifter and voltage regulator circuit also may be included in the AC/DC converter 86 to provide a suitable voltage potential (V1 -V2) for the identifier systems 16, 22, 32.
• V1 -V2 suitable voltage potential
• the AC/DC converter 86 may employ diodes in the rectifier portion, higher efficiency can be achieved by substituting transistor switches for the diodes because transistors have a lower voltage drop and thus are conducive to a more efficient rectification.
• a capacitor 87 smoothes the output voltage and acts as an energy storage device.
• FIG. 9 illustrates one aspect of a system 90 comprising a wireless energy source 91 that comprises an energy harvester 12 comprising a piezoelectric energy conversion element to convert vibration/motion energy into electrical energy as described in connection with FIG. 7.
• the piezoelectric energy conversion element of the energy harvester 12 transducer mechanism converts vibration/motion energy into electrical energy using
• the energy harvester 12 transducer comprises an inertial frame 94 which contains a piezoelectric capacitor 92
• the piezoelectric transducer 92 produces an AC voltage v(t) when the piezoelectric capacitor 92 deforms in response to the vibration/motion input Y(t).
• the power management circuit 14 comprises an AC/DC converter 96, similar to the AC/DC converter 86 of FIG. 8, to convert the AC voltage v(t) at its input into a voltage potential at its output that is suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 of respective FIGS. 1 -3.
• a capacitor 97 smoothes the output voltage and acts as an energy storage device.
• FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a piezoelectric type capacitor 100 element of a wireless energy source that is configured to operate on the vibration/motion energy harvesting principle described in FIG. 7.
• the piezoelectric capacitor 100 comprises a body 102, which acts as the inertial frame, and a cantilever 104 having one end fixed to the body 102 and a second end that is free to move in response to a vibration/motion input Y(t).
• the cantilever 104 may be designed and implemented to have a predetermined spring constant.
• the cantilever 104 comprises a thin layer of piezoelectric material 106 formed on a surface thereof.
• an AC voltage V(t) develops across the electrodes 108 a and 108b.
• the AC voltage can be converted to a suitable DC voltage potential by an AC/DC converter similar to the AC/DC converters 86, 96 of respective FIGS. 8 and 9.
• FIG. 1 1 illustrates one aspect of a system 1 10 comprising a wireless energy
• source 1 1 1 that comprises an energy harvester 12 comprising an electromagnetic energy conversion element to convert vibration/motion energy into electrical energy as described in connection with FIG. 7.
• the electromagnetic energy conversion element of the energy harvester 12 transducer mechanism converts vibration/motion energy into electrical energy using
• the energy harvester 12 transducer comprises an inertial frame 1 14 which contains a fixed coil 1 12 (e.g., inductor) and a movable magnetic mass 1 14 (e.g., magnet).
• the magnetic mass 1 14 has a first end fixed to a spring element 1 16 and a free second end.
• An AC current i(t) (or voltage depending on the particular implementation) is generated by the coil 1 12 when the movable magnetic mass 1 14 moves relative to the fixed coil 1 12 and causes a change in magnetic flux.
• an AC voltage v(t) develops across the coil 1 12 when the movable magnetic mass 1 14 moves relative to the coil 1 12 and causes a change in magnetic flux.
• the magnetic mass 1 14 may be fixed and the coil 1 12 may be movable.
• An AC/DC converter 1 similar to the AC/DC converter 86, 96 of respective FIGS. 8 and 9, converts the AC current i(t) or voltage v(t) at its input into a voltage potential at its output that is suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 of respective FIGS. 1 -3.
• a capacitor 1 1 7 smoothes the output voltage and acts as an energy storage device.
• FIG. 12 illustrates one aspect of a system 120 comprising a wireless energy
• a piezoelectric transducer 128 is configured to detect acoustic waves 127 generated by an acoustic source 122.
• the acoustic source 122 comprises an oscillator and a speaker 126.
• the oscillator 124 drives the speaker 126 at a predetermined frequency. The frequency may be in the audible frequency band or in the ultrasonic energy band depending on the design and implementation of the system 120.
• the piezoelectric transducer 128 detects the acoustic waves 127 generated by the acoustic source 122. A voltage develops across the piezoelectric transducer 128 proportional to the acoustic pressure incident upon the piezoelectric transducer 128. The voltage is converted by the power management circuit 14 to a voltage potential suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 of respective FIGS. 1 -3. As described in connection with FIGS. 8, 9, and 1 1 , the power management circuit 14 may be an AC/DC converter. A capacitor 129 smoothes the output voltage and acts as an energy storage device.
• FIG. 13 illustrates one aspect of a system 130 comprising a wireless energy source 131 comprising an energy harvester 12 comprising a RF energy conversion element.
• the RF energy conversion element of the energy harvester 12 converts RF energy into electrical energy.
• the energy harvester 12 comprises an antenna 132 to receive RF energy.
• the power management circuit 14 comprises an RF converter 134 coupled to the input antenna 132.
• the RF converter 134 converts RF radiation received by the input antenna 132 to a voltage v 0 .
• the voltage v 0 is provided to a voltage regulator 136 to regulate the output voltage potential (V1 -V2).
• a capacitor 138 is coupled to the output of the voltage regulator 136.
• the capacitor 138 smoothes the output voltage and acts as an energy storage device.
• An RF source 133 is configured to generate an RF waveform.
• An oscillator 135 can be used to generate the frequency of the RF waveform.
• the output of the oscillator 135 is coupled to an amplifier 137, which determines the power level of the RF waveform.
• the output of the amplifier 137 is coupled to an output antenna 139, which generates an electromagnetic beam to drive the input antenna 132 of the energy harvester 12.
• the input antenna 132 may be an integrated circuit antenna.
• FIG. 14 illustrates one aspect of a system 140 comprising a wireless energy source 141 comprising an energy harvester 12 comprising a thermoelectric energy conversion element.
• thermoelectric energy harvesting may be based on the Seebeck effect. In other aspects, thermoelectric energy harvesting may be based on the Peltier effect.
• the thermoelectric energy conversion element of the energy harvester 12 converts thermal energy into electrical energy.
• the energy harvester 12 comprises a thermocouple 142 - a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a
• thermocouple 142 can be used for converting heat energy into electric energy. Any junction of dissimilar metals will produce an electric potential related to temperature. Thermocouples are junctions of specific alloys which have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperature and voltage. Different alloys may be used for different temperature ranges. Where the measurement point is far from the measuring wireless energy harvester 12, an intermediate connection can be made by extension wires.
• the power management circuit 14 comprises a charge pump 144, similar to the charge pump 46 of FIG. 4.
• the charge pump 144 boosts the voltage v t produced by the junction of the thermocouple 142 and produces an output voltage v 0 .
• the charge pump 144 may have any suitable number of stages to boost the input voltage to a suitable level.
• a control circuit 146 controls the operation of the switching device(s) that controls the connection of voltages to the capacitors of the charge pump 144 to generate the output voltage v 0 .
• the output voltage v 0 is provided to a voltage regulator 148 to regulate the output voltage V1 to a voltage that is suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 of FIGS. 1 -3.
• a capacitor 149 smoothes the output voltage and acts as an energy storage device. Any suitable thermal source (e.g., hot or cold) can be used to drive the system 140.
• FIG. 15 illustrates one aspect of a system 150 comprising a wireless energy
• thermoelectric energy conversion element of the energy harvester 12 converts thermal energy into electrical energy.
• the energy harvester 12 comprises a thermopile 152 - an electronic device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy.
• a thermopile 152 comprises multiple thermocouples connected in series. In other aspects, the thermocouples may be connected in parallel.
• the thermopile 152 generates an output voltage v t that is proportional to a local temperature difference or temperature gradient.
• the power management circuit 14 comprises a charge pump 154, similar to the charge pump 144 of FIG. 14.
• the charge pump 154 boosts the voltage v t produced by the thermopile 152 and produces an output voltage v 0 .
• a control circuit 156 controls the operation of the switching device(s) that controls the connection of voltages to the capacitors of the charge pump 154 to generate the output voltage v 0 .
• the output voltage v 0 is provided to a voltage regulator 158 to regulate the output voltage V1 to a voltage that is suitable to operate the circuits of the identifier systems 16, 22, 32 of FIGS. 1 -3.
• a capacitor 159 smoothes the output voltage and acts as an energy storage device. Any suitable thermal source (e.g., hot or cold) can be used to drive the system 150.
• the system 20 of FIG. 2 comprises a wireless energy source 21 and an identifier system 22 for indicating the occurrence of an event.
• the system 20 comprises a hybrid energy source comprising a wireless energy source 1 1 and a partial power source in the identifier system 22 that can be activated when the first and second conductive materials 26, 28 provide a voltage potential difference when in contact with a conducting fluid, which may comprise a conductive liquid, gas, mist, or any combinations thereof, to indicate an event.
• a conducting fluid which may comprise a conductive liquid, gas, mist, or any combinations thereof, to indicate an event.
• the event may be marked by activating the wireless energy source 21 or by contact between the conducting fluid and the system 20, more particularly, contact between the identifier system 22 and the conducting fluid.
• the system 20 may be used with a pharmaceutical product and the event that is indicated is when the product is taken or ingested.
• the term "ingested” or “ingest” or “ingesting” is understood to mean any introduction of the system 20 internal to the body.
• ingesting includes simply placing the system 20 in the mouth all the way to the descending colon.
• the term ingesting refers to any instant in time when the system is introduced to an environment that contains a conducting fluid. Another example would be a situation when a non-conducting fluid is mixed with a conducting fluid.
• the system 20 would be present in the non-conduction fluid and when the two fluids are mixed, the system 20 comes into contact with the conducting fluid and the system is activated.
• Yet another example would be the situation when the presence of certain conducting fluids needed to be detected. In such instances, the presence of the system 20, which would be activated within the conducting fluid could be detected and, hence, the presence of the respective fluid would be detected.
• the system 20 is used with a product 164 that is ingested by a living organism.
• the product 164 that includes the system 20 is taken or ingested, the system 20 comes into contact with the conducting body fluid.
• the presently disclosed system 20 comes into contact with the body fluid, a voltage potential is created and system 20 is activated.
• a portion of the power source is provided by the device, while another portion of the power source is provided by the conducting fluid, which is discussed in detail below.
• an ingestible product 164 that comprises a system for indicating the occurrence of an event is shown inside the body.
• the system comprises a wireless energy source comprising an energy harvester and a power management circuit as described above for wireless power delivery to electronic components of the system.
• the product 164 is configured as an orally ingestible pharmaceutical formulation in the form of a pill or capsule. Upon ingestion, the pill moves to the stomach. Upon reaching the stomach, the product 164 is in contact with stomach fluid 168 and undergoes a chemical reaction with the various materials in the stomach fluid 168, such as hydrochloric acid and other digestive agents.
• the system is discussed in reference to a pharmaceutical environment. The scope of the present disclosure, however, is not limited thereby.
• the product 164 and system according to the present disclosure can be used in any environment where a conducting fluid is present or becomes present through mixing of two or more components that result in a conducting liquid.
• a pharmaceutical product 170 is shown with a system 172, such as an IEM or also known as an ionic emission module.
• the system 172 is similar to the system 20 of FIG. 2.
• the systems 10 and 30 of respective FIGS. 1 and 3 may be substituted for the system 20 of FIG. 2.
• Any of these systems 10, 20, 30 may comprise one or more than one of the wireless energy sources 51 , 61 , 81 , 91 , 1 1 1 , 121 , 131 , 141 , 151 of respective FIGS. 4-6, 8-9, and 1 1 -15 described herein for activating the system 172 in wireless mode.
• the product 170 can be a capsule, a time-release oral dosage, a tablet, a gel cap, a sub-lingual tablet, or any oral dosage product that can be combined with the system 172.
• the product 170 has the system 172 secured to the exterior using known methods of securing micro-devices to the exterior of pharmaceutical products.
• Example of methods for securing the micro-device to the product is disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 /142,849 filed on Jan. 6, 2009 and entitled “HIGH-THROUGHPUT PRODUCTION OF INGESTIBLE EVENT MARKERS” as well as U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61 /177,61 1 filed on May 12, 2009 and entitled “INGESTIBLE EVENT MARKERS COMPRISING AN IDENTIFIER AND AN INGESTIBLE COMPONENT," where the disclosure of each is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the system 172 comes into contact with body liquids and the system 172 is activated. In galvanic mode, the system 172 uses the voltage potential difference to power up and thereafter modulates conductance to create a unique and identifiable current signature. Upon activation, the system 172 controls the conductance and, hence, current flow to produce the current signature.
• the system 172 comprises a wireless energy source comprising any one of the wireless energy harvesters and power management circuits according to any one of the various aspects described herein.
• the system 172 may be energized by the wireless energy source without activating the system 172 with a conductive fluid.
• the activation of the system 172 may be delayed for various reasons
• the system 172 may be coated with a shielding material or protective layer. The layer is dissolved over a period of time, thereby allowing the system 172 to be activated when the product 170 has reached a target location.
• a pharmaceutical product 174 similar to the product 170 of FIG. 17A, is shown with a system 176, such as an I EM or an identifiable emission module.
• the system 176 of FIG. 17B is similar to the system 20 of FIG. 2.
• the systems 10 and 30 of respective FIGS. 1 and 3 may be substituted for the system 20 of FIG. 2. Any of these systems 10, 20, 30 may comprise a wireless energy source described herein.
• the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the environment to which the system 176 is introduced.
• the system 176 can be enclosed in a capsule that is taken in addition to/independently from the pharmaceutical product.
• the capsule may be simply a carrier for the system 176 and may not contain any product.
• the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the shape or type of product 174.
• the product 174 can be a capsule, a time-release oral dosage, a tablet, a gel capsule, a sub-lingual tablet, or any oral dosage product.
• the product 174 has the system 176 positioned inside or secured to the interior of the product 174.
• the system 176 is secured to the interior wall of the product 176.
• the content of the gel capsule is a nonconducting gel-liquid.
• the system 176 is coated with a protective cover to prevent unwanted activation by the gel capsule content. If the content of the capsule is a dry powder or microspheres, then the system 176 is positioned or placed within the capsule. If the product 174 is a tablet or hard pill, then the system 176 is held in place inside the tablet. Once ingested, the product 174 containing the system 176 is dissolved.
• the system 176 comes into contact with body liquids and the system 176 is activated.
• the system 176 may be positioned in either a near-central or near-perimeter position depending on the desired activation delay between the time of initial ingestion and activation of the system 176.
• a central position for the system 176 means that it will take longer for the system 176 to be in contact with the conducting liquid and, hence, it will take longer for the system 176 to be activated. Therefore, it will take longer for the occurrence of the event to be detected.
• the system 176 comprises a wireless energy source (e.g., 51 , 61 , 81 , 91 , 1 1 1 , 121 , 131 , 141 , 151 of respective FIGS. 4-6, 8-9, and 1 1 -15) comprising any one of the wireless energy harvesters and power management circuits according to any one of the various aspects described herein.
• a wireless energy source e.g., 51 , 61 , 81 , 91 , 1 1 1 1 , 121 , 131 , 141 , 151 of respective FIGS. 4-6, 8-9, and 1 1 -15
• the system 176 may be energized by the wireless energy source without activating the system 176 with a conductive fluid.
• the capsule, time-release oral dosage, tablet, hard pill, gel capsule, sub-lingual tablet, or any oral dosage product, non-conducting gel-liquid, protective cover coating, dry powder or microspheres should be selected such that they are compatible with the energy harvesting mechanism being employed.
• an optically transparent aperture may be provided in the product 174 in order for the system 176 to operate properly. It will be appreciated that the optically transparent aperture may not be required if the product 174 is coated with an optically transparent gel, or other coating.
• system 180 the systems 172 and 176 of FIGS. 17A and 17B, respectively, are shown in more detail as system 180.
• the system 180 can be used in association with any pharmaceutical product, as mentioned above, to determine when a patient takes the pharmaceutical product.
• the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the environment and the product that is used with the system 180.
• the system may be activated either in wireless mode by the wireless energy source, in galvanic mode by placing the system 180 within a capsule and the placing the capsule within the conducting fluid, or a combination thereof. The capsule would then dissolve over a period of time and release the system 180 into the conducting fluid.
• the capsule would contain the system 180 and no product.
• Such a capsule may then be used in any environment where a conducting fluid is present and with any product.
• the capsule may be dropped into a container filled with jet fuel, salt water, tomato sauce, motor oil, or any similar product.
• the capsule containing the system 180 may be ingested at the same time that any pharmaceutical product is ingested in order to record the occurrence of the event, such as when the product was taken.
• the system 180 may be energized in wireless mode by the wireless energy source without activating the system 180 in galvanic mode by exposing the system to a conductive fluid.
• the system 180 may be energized in galvanic mode only by exposing the system 180 to a conductive fluid or may be energized in both wireless and galvanic modes.
• the system 180 may be activated in combination in the wireless mode and galvanic mode.
• the system 180 is operative to communicate information associated with the system 180. The information may be used for diagnosing, verifying the operation of, detecting the presence of, and testing the functionality of the system 180.
• the system is operative to communicate a unique signature associated with the system 180.
• the system 180 is activated in galvanic mode.
• the system 180 controls conductance to produce a unique current signature that is detected, thereby signifying that the pharmaceutical product has been taken.
• the system controls modulation of capacitive plates to produce a unique voltage signature associated with the system 180 that is detected.
• the system 180 includes a framework 182.
• the framework 182 is a chassis for the system 180 and multiple components are attached to, deposited upon, or secured to the framework 182.
• a digestible material 184 is physically associated with the framework 182.
• the material 184 may be chemically deposited on, evaporated onto, secured to, or built- up on the framework all of which may be referred to herein as "deposit" with respect to the framework 182.
• the material 184 is deposited on one side of the framework 182.
• the materials of interest that can be used as material 184 include, but are not limited to: Cu or Cul.
• the material 184 is deposited by physical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, or plasma deposition, among other protocols.
• the material 184 may be from about 0.05 to about 500 ⁇ thick, such as from about 5 to about 100 ⁇ thick.
• the shape is controlled by shadow mask deposition, or photolithography and etching. Additionally, even though only one region is shown for depositing the material, each system 180 may contain two or more electrically unique regions where the material 184 may be deposited, as desired.
• digestible material 186 is deposited, such that materials 184 and 186 are dissimilar.
• the different side selected may be the side next to the side selected for the material 184.
• the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the side selected and the term "different side" can mean any of the multiple sides that are different from the first selected side.
• the shape of the system is shown as a square, the shape may be any geometrically suitable shape.
• the materials 184 and 186 are selected such that they produce a voltage potential difference when the system 180 is in contact with conducting liquid, such as body fluids.
• the materials of interest for material 186 include, but are not limited to: Mg, Zn, or other electronegative metals.
• the material 186 may be chemically deposited on, evaporated onto, secured to, or built-up on the framework. Also, an adhesion layer may be necessary to help the material 186 (as well as material 184 when needed) to adhere to the framework 182. Typical adhesion layers for the material 186 are Ti, TiW, Cr or similar material.
• Anode material and the adhesion layer may be deposited by physical vapor deposition, electrodeposition or plasma deposition.
• the material 186 may be from about 0.05 to about 500 ⁇ thick, such as from about 5 to about 100 ⁇ thick.
• the materials 184 and 186 can be any pair of materials with different electrochemical potentials. Additionally, in the aspects wherein the system 180 is used in-vivo, the materials 184 and 186 may be vitamins that can be absorbed. More specifically, the materials 184 and 186 can be made of any two materials appropriate for the environment in which the system 180 will be operating. For example, when used with an ingestible product, the materials 184 and 186 are any pair of materials with different electrochemical potentials that are ingestible. An illustrative example includes the instance when the system 180 is in contact with an ionic solution, such as stomach acids.
• Suitable materials are not restricted to metals, and in certain aspects the paired materials are chosen from metals and non-metals, e.g., a pair made up of a metal (such as Mg) and a salt (such as CuCI or Cul).
• a metal such as Mg
• a salt such as CuCI or Cul
• any pairing of substances-metals, salts, or intercalation compounds-with suitably different electrochemical potentials (voltage) and low interfacial resistance are suitable.
• Materials and pairings of interest include, but are not limited to, those reported in TABLE 1 below.
• one or both of the metals may be doped with a non- metal, e.g., to enhance the voltage potential created between the materials as they come into contact with a conducting liquid.
• Non-metals that may be used as doping agents in certain aspects include, but are not limited to: sulfur, iodine, and the like.
• the materials are copper iodine (Cul) as the anode and
• Electrodes As the cathode. Aspects of the present disclosure use electrode materials that are not harmful to the human body.
• Copper salts Copper salts: iodide, chloride, bromide, sulfate, formate, (other anions possible)
• Fe 3+ salts e.g. orthophosphate
• a current path is formed through the conducting fluid between material 184 and 186.
• a control device 188 is secured to the framework 182 and electrically coupled to the materials 184 and 186.
• the control device 188 includes electronic circuitry, for example control logic that is capable of controlling and altering the conductance between the materials 184 and 186.
• the voltage potential created between the materials 184 and 186 provides the power for operating the system as well as produces the current flow through the conducting fluid and the system 180.
• the system 180 operates in direct current mode.
• the system 180 controls the direction of the current so that the direction of current is reversed in a cyclic manner, similar to alternating current.
• the control device 188 controls the path for current flow between the materials 184 and 186 . Completion of the current path allows for the current to flow and in turn a receiver, not shown, can detect the presence of the current and recognize that the system 180 has been activate and the desired event is occurring or has occurred.
• the two materials 184 and 186 are similar in function to the two electrodes needed for a direct current power source, such as a battery.
• the conducting liquid acts as the electrolyte needed to complete the power source.
• the completed power source described is defined by the physical chemical reaction between the materials 184 and 186 of the system 180 and the surrounding fluids of the body.
• the completed power source may be viewed as a power source that exploits reverse electrolysis in an ionic or a conduction solution such as gastric fluid, blood, or other bodily fluids and some tissues.
• the environment may be something other than a body and the liquid may be any conducting liquid.
• the conducting fluid may be salt water or a metallic based paint.
• the two materials 184 and 186 are shielded from the two materials 184 and 186 .
• the complete power source or supply is one that is made up of active electrode materials, electrolytes, and inactive materials, such as current collectors, packaging.
• the active materials are any pair of materials with different electrochemical potentials. Suitable materials are not restricted to metals, and in certain aspects the paired materials are chosen from metals and non-metals, e.g., a pair made up of a metal (such as Mg) and a salt (such as Cul).
• a metal such as Mg
• a salt such as Cul
• any pairing of substances-metals, salts, or intercalation compounds -- with suitably different electrochemical potentials (voltage) and low interfacial resistance are suitable.
• electrode materials are chosen to provide for a voltage upon contact with the target physiological site, e.g., the stomach, sufficient to drive the system of the identifier.
• the voltage provided by the electrode materials upon contact of the metals of the power source with the target physiological site is 0.001 V or higher, including 0.01 V or higher, such as 0.1 V or higher, e.g., 0.3 V or higher, including 0.5 volts or higher, and including 1 .0 volts or higher, where in certain aspects, the voltage ranges from about 0.001 to about 10 volts, such as from about 0.01 to about 10 V.
• the materials 184 and 186 provide the voltage potential to activate the control device 188.
• the control device 188 can alter conductance between the first and second materials 184 and 186 in a unique manner.
• the control device 38 is capable of controlling the magnitude of the current through the conducting liquid that surrounds the system 180. This produces a unique current signature that can be detected and measured by a receiver (not shown), which can be positioned internal or external to the body.
• non-conducting materials, membrane, or “skirt” are used to increase the "length" of the current path and, hence, act to boost the conductance path, as disclosed in the U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/238,345 entitled, ⁇ - BODY DEVICE WITH VIRTUAL DIPOLE SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION" filed
• skirt shown in portion at 185 and 187, respectively, may be associated with, e.g., secured to, the framework 182.
• Various shapes and configurations for the skirt are
• the system 180 may be surrounded entirely or partially by the skirt and the skirt maybe positioned along a central axis of the system 180 or off-center relative to a central axis.
• the scope of the present disclosure as claimed herein is not limited by the shape or size of the skirt.
• the materials 184 and 186 may be separated by one skirt that is positioned in any defined region between the materials 184 and 186.
• the system 180 also comprises a wireless energy source 183 for activating the system 180 in wireless mode.
• the system 183 may be energized in wireless mode, galvanic mode, or a combination thereof.
• the wireless energy source 183 is similar to the wireless energy source 21 and more particularly to the wireless energy source 41 of FIG. 4.
• the wireless energy source 183 may be implemented as any one of the wireless energy sources 51 , 61 , 81 , 91 , 1 1 1 , 121 , 131 , 141 , 151 of respective FIGS. 4-6, 8-9, and 1 1 -15.
• the wireless energy source 183 comprises an energy harvester and power management circuit configured to harvest energy from the environment using optical radiation techniques as described in connection with FIG. 4.
• the energy harvester comprises a photodiode configured to convert incoming radiant electromagnetic energy in the form of light photons into electrical energy.
• the particular photodiode may be selected to optimally respond to the wavelength of the incoming light, which can range from the visible spectrum to the invisible spectrum.
• radiant electromagnetic energy refers to light in the visible or invisible spectrum ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared frequency range.
• a charge pump DC-DC converter boosts the voltage level suitable to operate the control device 188 and activate the system in a wireless mode. Once activated, the control device 188 modulates the voltage on the capacitive plate elements formed by the first material 184 and the second material 186 to
• the modulated voltage can be detected by a capacitively coupled reader (not shown).
• a system 190 which is similar to the system 180 of FIG. 18 with the addition of a sensor 199 element coupled to the control device, is shown in an activated state and in contact with conducting liquid.
• the system 180 is grounded through ground contact 194.
• the system 180 also includes a sensor module 199, which is described in greater detail in connection with Fig. 20.
• Ion or current paths 192 are established between the first material 184 to the second material 186 and through the conducting fluid in contact with the system 180.
• the voltage potential created between the first and second materials 184 and 186 is created through chemical reactions between the first and second materials 184/186 and the conducting fluid.
• the surface of the first material 184 is not planar, but rather an irregular surface. The irregular surface increases the surface area of the material and, hence, the area that comes in contact with the conducting fluid.
• the term mass as used herein refers to protons and neutrons that form a substance.
• mass refers to protons and neutrons that form a substance.
• One example includes the instant where the material is CuCI and when in contact with the conducting fluid, CuCI becomes Cu (solid) and CI- in solution. The flow of ions into the conduction fluid is depicted by the ion paths 192.
• the rate of ionic exchange and, hence the ionic emission rate or flow is controlled by the control device 188.
• the control device 188 can increase or decrease the rate of ion flow by altering the conductance, which alters the impedance, between the first and second materials 184 and 186.
• the system 180 can encode information in the ionic exchange process.
• the system 180 uses ionic emission to encode information in the ionic exchange.
• the control device 188 can vary the duration of a fixed ionic exchange rate or current flow magnitude while keeping the rate or magnitude near constant, similar to when the frequency is modulated and the amplitude is constant. Also, the control device 188 can vary the level of the ionic exchange rate or the magnitude of the current flow while keeping the duration near constant. Thus, using various combinations of changes in duration and altering the rate or magnitude, the control device 188 encodes information in the current flow or the ionic exchange. For example, the control device 188 may use, but is not limited to any of the following techniques namely, Binary Phase-Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Modulation (FM), Amplitude Modulation (AM), On-Off Keying, and PSK with On-Off Keying.
• PSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
• FM Frequency Modulation
• AM Amplitude Modulation
• On-Off Keying On-Off Keying
• the various aspects disclosed herein comprise electronic components as part of the control device 188.
• Components that may be present include but are not limited to: logic and/or memory elements, an integrated circuit, an inductor, a resistor, and sensors for measuring various parameters.
• Each component may be secured to the framework and/or to another component.
• the components on the surface of the support may be laid out in any convenient configuration. Where two or more components are present on the surface of the solid support, interconnects may be provided.
• the system 180 controls the conductance between the
• the system is capable of encoding information in the ionic exchange and the current signature.
• the ionic exchange or the current signature is used to uniquely identify the specific system.
• the system 180 is capable of producing various different unique exchanges or signatures and, thus, provides additional information.
• a second current signature based on a second conductance alteration pattern may be used to provide additional information, which information may be related to the physical environment.
• a first current signature may be a very low current state that maintains an oscillator on the chip and a second current signature may be a current state at least a factor of ten higher than the current state associated with the first current signature.
• FIG. 20 is a block diagram representation of the device 188 described in
• the device 188 includes a control module 201 , a counter or clock 202, and a memory 203. Additionally, the device 188 is shown to include a sensor module 206 as well as the sensor module 199, which was referenced in FIG. 19.
• the control module 201 has an input 204 electrically coupled to the first material 184 (FIGS. 18, 19) and an output 205 electrically coupled to the second material 186 (FIGS. 18, 19).
• the control module 201 , the clock 202, the memory 203, and the sensor modules 206/199 also have power inputs (some not shown).
• the power for each of these components is supplied by the voltage potential produced by the chemical reaction between the first and second materials 184 and 186 and the conducting fluid, when the system 190 is in contact with the conducting fluid. In another aspect, the power for each of these
• the control module 201 controls the conductance through logic that alters the overall impedance of the system 190.
• the control module 201 is electrically coupled to the clock 202.
• the clock 204 provides a clock cycle to the control module 201 . Based upon the programmed characteristics of the control module 201 , when a set number of clock cycles have passed, the control module 201 alters the
• the control module 201 is also electrically coupled to the memory 203. Both the clock 202 and the memory 203 are powered by the voltage potential created between the first and second materials 184 and 186.
• control module 201 is electrically coupled to and in
• the sensor module 206 is part of the control device 188 and the sensor module 199 is a separate component. In alternative aspects, either one of the sensor modules 206 and 199 can be used without the other.
• the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the structural or functional location of the sensor modules 206 or 199.
• any component of the system 190 may be functionally or structurally moved, combined, or repositioned without limiting the scope of the present disclosure.
• the sensor modules 206 or 199 can include any of the following sensors: temperature, pressure, pH level, and conductivity.
• the sensor modules 206 or 199 gather information from the environment and communicate the analog information to the control module 201 .
• the control module then converts the analog information to digital information and the digital information is encoded in the current flow or the rate of the transfer of mass that produces the ionic flow.
• the sensor modules 206 or 199 gather information from the environment and convert the analog information to digital information and then communicate the digital information to control module 201 . In the aspect shown in FIG.
• the sensor module 199 is shown as being electrically coupled to the first and second materials 184 and 186 as well as the control device 188.
• the sensor module 199 is electrically coupled to the control device 188 at connection 204.
• the connection 204 acts both as a source for power supply to the sensor module 199 and a communication channel between the sensor module 199 and the control device 188.
• FIG. 21 in another aspect, the systems 170 and 174 of FIGS.
• the system 210 includes a framework 212.
• the framework 212 is similar to the framework 182 of FIG. 18.
• a digestible or dissolvable first material 214 is deposited on a portion of one side of the framework 212.
• another digestible second material 216 is deposited, such that the first and second materials 214 and 216 are
• material 214 and 216 are selected such that they form a voltage potential difference when in contact with a conducting liquid, such as body fluids.
• a current path 192 is formed through the conducting liquid between first and second material 214 and 216.
• a control device 218 is secured to the framework 212 and electrically coupled to the first and second materials 214 and 216.
• the control device 218 includes electronic circuitry that is capable of controlling part of the conductance path between the first and second materials 214 and 216.
• the first and second materials 214 and 216 are separated by a non-conducting skirt 219.
• Various examples of the skirt 219 are disclosed in U.S.
• control device 218 When the control device 218 is activated or powered up, either in wireless mode or galvanic mode, the control device 228 can alter conductance between the materials 214 and 216. Thus, the control device 218 is capable of controlling the magnitude of the current through the conducting liquid that surrounds the system 210. As described with respect to system 180 of FIG. 18, a unique current signature that is associated with the system 210 can be detected by a receiver (not shown) to mark the activation of the system 210. In order to increase the length of the current path the size of the skirt 219 is altered. The longer the current path, the easier it may be for the receiver to detect the current.
• the system 210 also comprises a wireless energy source 213 for activating the system 210 in wireless mode.
• the system 210 may be energized in wireless mode, galvanic mode, or a combination thereof.
• the wireless energy source 213 is similar to the wireless energy source 21 of FIG. 2 and more particularly to the wireless energy source 41 of FIG. 4.
• the wireless energy source 213 may be implemented as any one of the wireless energy sources 51 , 61 , 81 , 91 , 1 1 1 , 121 , 131 , 141 , 151 of respective FIGS. 4-6, 8-9, and 1 1 -15.
• the wireless energy source 213 comprises an energy harvester and power management circuit configured to harvest energy from the environment using optical radiation techniques as described in connection with FIG. 4.
• the energy harvester comprises a photodiode configured to convert incoming radiant electromagnetic energy in the form of light photons into electrical energy.
• the particular photodiode may be selected to optimally respond to the wavelength of the incoming light, which can range from the visible spectrum to the invisible spectrum.
• radiant electromagnetic energy refers to light in the visible or invisible spectrum ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared frequency range.
• a charge pump DC-DC converter boosts the voltage level suitable to operate the control device 218 and activate the system in a wireless mode. Once activated, the control device 218 modulates the voltage on the capacitive plate elements formed by the first material 214 and the second material 216 to communicate information associated with the system 210.
• the modulated voltage can be detected by a capacitively coupled reader (not shown).
• a system 220 similar to the system 180 of FIG. 18, includes a pH sensor module 221 connected to a material 229, which is selected in accordance with the specific type of sensing function being performed.
• the pH sensor module 221 is also connected to the control device 228.
• the material 229 is electrically isolated from the material 224 by a non-conductive barrier 223.
• the material 229 is platinum.
• the pH sensor module 221 uses the voltage potential difference between the materials 224/226.
• the pH sensor module 221 measures the voltage potential difference between the material 224 and the material 229 and records that value for later comparison.
• the pH sensor module 221 also measures the voltage potential difference between the material 229 and the material 226 and records that value for later comparison.
• the pH sensor module 221 calculates the pH level of the surrounding environment using the voltage potential values.
• the pH sensor module 221 provides that information to the control device 228.
• the control device 228 varies the rate of the transfer of mass that produces the ionic transfer and the current flow to encode the information relevant to the pH level in the ionic transfer, which can be detected by a receiver (not shown).
• the system 220 can determine and provide the information related to the pH level to a source external to the environment.
• control device 228 can be programmed in advance to output a pre-defined current signature.
• system can include a receiver system that can receive programming information when the system is activated.
• clock 202 and the memory 203 of FIG. 20 can be combined into one device.
• the system 220 also comprises a wireless energy source 231 for activating the system 220 in wireless mode.
• the system 220 may be energized in wireless mode, galvanic mode, or a combination thereof.
• the wireless energy source 231 is similar to the wireless energy source 21 of FIG. 2 and more particularly to the wireless energy source 41 of FIG. 4.
• the wireless energy source 231 may be implemented as any one of the wireless energy sources 51 , 61 , 81 , 91 , 1 1 1 , 121 , 131 , 141 , 151 of respective FIGS. 4-6, 8-9, and 1 1 -15.
• the wireless energy source 231 comprises an energy harvester and power management circuit configured to harvest energy from the environment using optical radiation techniques as described in connection with FIG. 4.
• the energy harvester comprises a photodiode configured to convert incoming radiant electromagnetic energy in the form of light photons into electrical energy.
• the particular photodiode may be selected to optimally respond to the wavelength of the incoming light, which can range from the visible spectrum to the invisible spectrum.
• radiant electromagnetic energy refers to light in the visible or invisible spectrum ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared frequency range.
• a charge pump DC-DC converter boosts the voltage level suitable to operate the control device 228 and activate the system in a wireless mode. Once activated, the control device 228 modulates the voltage on the capacitive plate elements formed by the first material 229 and the second material 224 to communicate information associated with the system 220. The modulated voltage can be detected by a capacitively coupled reader (not shown).
• system 220 may also include one or other electronic components.
• Electrical components of interest include, but are not limited to: additional logic and/or memory elements, e.g., in the form of an
• FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of a pharmaceutical product 237 supply chain management system 230.
• the supply chain management system 230 is designed to manage the supply of a pharmaceutical product 237 comprising a system 239, such as an IEM or an ionic emission module comprising a wireless energy source in accordance with the various aspects of the wireless energy sources described herein.
• the system 239 is representative of the systems 180, 190, 188, 210, 220 of respective FIGS. 18-22.
• the pharmaceutical product 237 comprises a wireless energy source similar to the wireless energy source 21 of FIG. 2 and more particularly to a wireless energy source 41 of FIG. 4.
• the wireless energy source may be implemented as any one of the wireless energy sources 51 , 61 , 81 , 91 , 1 1 1 , 121 , 131 , 141 , 151 of respective FIGS. 4-6, 8-9, and 1 1 -15.
• the supply chain management system 230 is used to probe the pharmaceutical product 237 in a wireless mode to energize the system 239 and conduct diagnostic tests, verify operation, detect presence, and determine functionality of the
• system 239 when energized, is operative to communicate a unique current signature associated with the pharmaceutical product 237 to a computer system 236 to determine the validity or invalidity of the pharmaceutical product 237 based on information communicated.
• the supply management system 230 comprises an optical energy source 232 such as a laser, for example, capable of generating an optical beam 234 to activate the wireless energy source and probe system 239.
• an optical energy source 232 such as a laser, for example, capable of generating an optical beam 234 to activate the wireless energy source and probe system 239.
• a capacitive coupling device comprising first and second capacitive plates 238a, 238b detect information communicated by the system 239.
• the information detected by the capacitive plates 238 a , 238b is provided to a computer system 236, which determines the validity or invalidity of the pharmaceutical product 237. In this manner, various supply chain or other pursuits may be accomplished.
• the products include, for example, IV bags, syringes, lEMs, and similar devices, as disclosed and described in: PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US1886/016370 published as WO/1886/1 16718; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US1887/082S63 published as WO/1888/0S2136; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US1887/02422S published as WO/1888/063626; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US1887/0222S7 published as WO/1888/066617; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US1888/0S284S published as WO/1888/09S183; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US1888/0S3999 published as
• PCT/US1888/0S6299 published as WO/1888/1 12S78; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US1888/0777S3 published as WO 1889/042812; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US09/S3721 ; PCT Patent Application Serial No.
• nonconformance e.g., one or more conductive materials is absent, incorrectly configured.
• an I EM such as system 239 configured inside the pharmaceutical product 237 with excipient is completely packaged up and tested via the optical energy source 232 probe to ensure, for example, the I EM is still functioning and doing so in a way that is non-contacting or perhaps contacting and uses optical probing to energize the I EM and capacitive coupling to detect the information communicated by the I EM by non-contacting capacitive plates.
• a first probing capacitive plate 238 a is coupled to a first metal or material on one side of the framework of the I EM and a second probing capacitive plate 238b is coupled to a second metal or material on another side of the framework of the I EM.
• the pharmaceutical product 237 may be coated with something to keep it stable and such a coating may likely be a non-conductive material.
• Various ways to capacitively couple the system 237 may be accomplished, e.g., metal, metal pads.
• first and second capacitive plates 238 a , 238 b are capacitively coupled to corresponding first and second materials formed on the framework of the system 237.
• FIG. 24 is schematic diagram of a circuit 250 that may be representative of
• the first and second capacitive plates 238 a , 238 b are coupled to the input of a sensing amplifier 252.
• the output of the amplifier 252 is provided to the computer system 236.
• the optical energy source 232 such as a laser, for example, energizes the system 239 with an optical beam 234.
• the controller then modulates a voltage on the first and second materials of the system 239.
• the modulated voltage 254 is detected by the capacitive plates 238 a , 238b, amplified by the amplifier 252, and provided to the computer system 236, which may conduct diagnostic tests on the system 239, verify operation of the system 239, detect the presence of the system 239 in the
• the computer system 236 receives a unique current signature associated with the pharmaceutical product 237. Overall, the computer system 236 determines the validity or invalidity of the pharmaceutical product 237 based on the information communicated during the probing process.
• the capacitive coupling device may be used with any devices designed and implemented with a wireless energy source, e.g., IEM or similar devices which may be DC source devices that are modified for interoperability, e.g., a device having a rectifier in place to provide a stable voltage on the chip, the impedance of which may be modulated.
• a wireless energy source e.g., IEM or similar devices which may be DC source devices that are modified for interoperability, e.g., a device having a rectifier in place to provide a stable voltage on the chip, the impedance of which may be modulated.
• the capacitive plates 238 a , 238 b may be integrated or
• One or more pharmaceutical products 237 having an IEM or similar device may be introduced into, e.g., manually, via automated means, and the I EM is probed by the capacitive plates in the tube when the wireless energy source of the system 239 is energized by the probing source 232 (FIG. 23).
• a method of testing a pharmaceutical product 237 having a first conductive region and a second conductive region is provided.
• the pharmaceutical product 237 is introduced into a capacitive coupling device.
• the wireless energy source within the system 239 of the pharmaceutical product 237 is probed by a source to energize the system 239.
• a first capacitive plate of the capacitive coupling device is capacitively coupled to the first conductive region of the system 239 and a second capacitive plate of the capacitive coupling device is capacitively coupled to the second conduction region of the system 239.
• a computer system 236 is coupled to the capacitive device.
• the computer system 236 comprises a data storage element to store data associated with the information stored in the system 239.
• a programmable device may be communicatively associated with the capacitive coupling device to receive, communicate, data and/or information derived by the capacitive coupling device.
• the capacitive coupling device may communicate, e.g., wireless, wired, to the computer system 236, which may include a database and display device for further storage, display, manipulation. In this manner, an individual datum, data, large volumes of date, may be processed for various purposes.
• One such purpose may be, for example, to track pharmaceuticals in a supply chain application, e.g., during a manufacturing process such as a tablet pressing or other process, during a pharmacy verification process, during a pharmacy prescription process.
• Various processes may be complementary, incorporated.
• One such example is validation through reading the number. If it is valid, e.g., readable, the tablet is accepted. If not, the tablet is rejected.
• a pharmaceutical product having an IC chip, e.g., IEM with a skirt, such as skirts 185, 187 of system 180 shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, for example.
• the pill is coated with a non-conductive or fairly impervious coating (as shown) and the pill itself comprises a non-conductive medicine powder.
• a region e.g., a cone-shaped region, for example, comprises a conductive material, e.g., small particles or grains of conductive material intermixed with other
• the region is converted into a conductive region.
• graphite and other conductive materials may be used, e.g., one part in ten, five parts in ten, such that the region is conductive.
• Other materials and compositions are possible, e.g., a gel or liquid capsule having conductive particles therein.
• the conductive material(s) may include various materials and form factors, as well as combinations thereof, e.g., variously sized particles, wires, metal films, threads.
• the conductive particles may be integrated or formed via a variety of methods and proportions.
• an IEM or similar device is embedded or otherwise mechanically associated with a "doughnut-shaped" powder and the hole formed therein is filled or otherwise associated with the conductive particles, to form the conductive region.
• the size, area, volume, locations or other parameters of the conductive regions may vary to the extent the functionality described herein may be carried out.
• a close proximity between the capacitive coupling device and IEM or similar device may facilitate or promote privacy aspects.
• certain related devices may include, for example, a circuit with a Schottky diode in parallel with a CMOS transistor that is timed to be opened and closed, opened up. Other circuit designs and modifications are possible.
• the ingestible circuitry includes a coating layer.
• the purpose of this coating layer can vary, e.g., to protect the circuitry, the chip and/or the battery, or any components during processing, during storage, or even during ingestion.
• a coating on top of the circuitry may be included.
• coatings that are designed to protect the ingestible circuitry during storage, but dissolve immediately during use For example, coatings that dissolve upon contact with an aqueous fluid, e.g. stomach fluid, or the conducting fluid as referenced above.
• protective processing coatings that are employed to allow the use of processing steps that would otherwise damage certain components of the device.
• the product needs to be diced.
• the dicing process can scratch off the dissimilar material, and also there might be liquid involved which would cause the dissimilar materials to discharge or dissolve.
• a protective coating on the materials prevents mechanical or liquid contact with the component during processing can be
• the coating may be an environmentally sensitive coating, e.g., a temperature or pH sensitive coating, or other chemically sensitive coating that provides for dissolution in a controlled fashion and allows one to activate the device when desired. Coatings that survive the stomach but dissolve in the intestine are also of interest, e.g., where one desires to delay activation until the device leaves the stomach.
• An example of such a coating is a polymer that is insoluble at low pH, but becomes soluble at a higher pH.
• pharmaceutical formulation protective coatings e.g., a gel cap liquid protective coating that prevents the circuit from being activated by liquid of the gel cap.
• the coating may be optically sensitive coating that provides for dissolution in a controlled fashion and allows one to activate the device when desired.
• Coatings that survive the stomach but dissolve in the intestine are also of interest, e.g., where one desires to delay activation until the device leaves the stomach.
• An example of such a coating is a polymer that is insoluble at low pH, but becomes soluble at
• transparent or an optically transparent aperture may be formed in the coating to allow optical radiation to reach the photodiode element of the wireless energy source.
• Identifiers of interest include two dissimilar electrochemical materials, which act similar to the electrodes (e.g., anode and cathode) of a power source.
• the reference to an electrode or anode or cathode are used here merely as illustrative examples.
• the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the label used and includes the aspect wherein the voltage potential is created between two dissimilar materials.
• reference is made to an electrode, anode, or cathode it is intended as a reference to a voltage potential created between two dissimilar materials.
• a potential difference that is, a voltage
• the electrodes As a result of the respective oxidation and reduction reactions incurred to the two electrode materials.
• a voltaic cell, or battery can thereby be produced.
• such power supplies are configured such that when the two dissimilar materials are exposed to the target site, e.g., the stomach, the digestive tract, a voltage is generated.
• one or both of the metals may be doped with a nonmetal, e.g., to enhance the voltage output of the battery.
• a nonmetal e.g., to enhance the voltage output of the battery.
• Non-metals that may be used as doping agents in certain aspects include, but are not limited to: sulfur, iodine and the like.
• a system comprising:
• the wireless energy source electrically coupled to the control device, the wireless energy source comprising an energy harvester to receive energy at an input thereof in one form and to convert the energy into a voltage potential difference to energize the control device.
• an optical energy conversion element to receive optical energy at the input of the energy harvester and to convert the optical energy into electrical energy
• a vibration/motion energy conversion element to receive vibration/motion energy at the input of the energy harvester and to convert the vibration/motion energy into electrical energy
• an acoustic energy conversion element to receive acoustic energy at the input of the energy harvester and to convert the acoustic energy into electrical energy, comprises a radio frequency energy conversion element to receive radio frequency energy at the input of the energy harvester and to convert the radio frequency energy into electrical energy,
• thermo energy conversion element to receive radio thermal energy at the input of the energy harvester and to convert the thermal energy into electrical energy.
• first and second materials are selected to provide a second voltage potential difference when in contact with a conducting liquid.
• control device alters the conductance between the first and second materials such that the magnitude of the current flow is varied to encode information.
• a power source electrically coupled to the control device, the power source to provide a second voltage potential difference to the control device.
• System including a framework, upon which framework a first and a second digestible material is arranged, whereby upon contact with a bodily fluid a potential difference results between the two digestible materials, so that a current path is formed between the two digestible materials.
• a pharmaceutical product supply chain management system comprising the system according to any of the preceding clauses.
• a capacitive coupling device for testing a system according to any of the preceding clauses comprising a pharmaceutical product.
• a method of testing a pharmaceutical product comprising the steps of associating the product with a system according to any of the clauses 1 -23, and introducing the system into a capacitive coupling device.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
• Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)
• Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
• Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
• Measuring And Recording Apparatus For Diagnosis (AREA)
• Transceivers (AREA)
• Transmitters (AREA)
• Prostheses (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)
• Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
• Endoscopes (AREA)

Priority Applications (13)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=46383825

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (15)

Cited By (11)

Families Citing this family (85)

Citations (4)

Family Cites Families (14)

• 2011
  • 2011-12-23 CN CN201180067268.1A patent/CN103348560B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2011-12-23 JP JP2013547597A patent/JP2014507922A/ja active Pending
  • 2011-12-23 UA UAA201309403A patent/UA109691C2/uk unknown
  • 2011-12-23 US US13/976,348 patent/US20130328416A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2011-12-23 KR KR1020137019927A patent/KR20130135292A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2011-12-23 EP EP11854211.7A patent/EP2659569A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2011-12-23 CA CA2823254A patent/CA2823254A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2011-12-23 RU RU2013135446/07A patent/RU2013135446A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2011-12-23 SG SG2013050695A patent/SG191788A1/en unknown
  • 2011-12-23 MX MX2013007643A patent/MX2013007643A/es active IP Right Grant
  • 2011-12-23 AU AU2011352305A patent/AU2011352305B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2011-12-23 SG SG10201602432QA patent/SG10201602432QA/en unknown
  • 2011-12-23 BR BR112013018756A patent/BR112013018756A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2011-12-23 WO PCT/US2011/067258 patent/WO2012092209A2/en active Application Filing
  • 2011-12-28 TW TW100149049A patent/TWI552476B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
• 2013
  • 2013-06-28 ZA ZA2013/04839A patent/ZA201304839B/en unknown
  • 2013-11-14 ZA ZA2013/08525A patent/ZA201308525B/en unknown

Patent Citations (4)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events