WO2012057064A1 - セルロースゲルからなる培養基材、これを用いた固体培地及びこの培地を用いたセルラーゼ活性検定方法 - Google Patents
セルロースゲルからなる培養基材、これを用いた固体培地及びこの培地を用いたセルラーゼ活性検定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/22—Processes using, or culture media containing, cellulose or hydrolysates thereof
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- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/04—Determining presence or kind of microorganism; Use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides; Compositions containing a chemical indicator therefor
- C12Q1/045—Culture media therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
- C12N2533/70—Polysaccharides
- C12N2533/78—Cellulose
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
- G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
- G01N2333/924—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- G01N2333/942—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) acting on beta-1, 4-glucosidic bonds, e.g. cellulase
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a culture substrate for preparing a solid medium used for culturing microorganisms, a solid medium using the culture substrate, a method for producing the culture substrate, and the like.
- solid culture methods using agar or agarose as a solidifying agent have been used for solid culture methods such as microorganisms. This is because it has advantages such as easy production, easy identification of cultured microorganisms, and easy isolation of microorganisms. However, since these gels dissolve in extreme environments such as high temperature and extreme pH, the microorganisms that can be cultured are limited.
- Patent Document 1 International Publication WO2005 / 083056 discloses a porous cellulose gel structure in which cellulose is a skeleton part as a medium-solidifying component, the cellulose concentration is 0.01% or more, and the porosity is 50% or more.
- a solid medium containing cellulose gel as a body and a method for producing the same are described.
- cellulose is dispersed in a solvent (particularly an aqueous thiocyanate solution), dissolved by stirring and / or heating, and then gelled by cooling and / or solvent removal.
- this cellulose gel is made from unmodified cellulose, it has a strong resistance to heat, extreme pH, high salt concentration, solubility in water and organic solvents, and the like. Therefore, the produced cellulose gel medium does not dissolve the gel even in an environment called “extreme environment” in the microorganism culture region. Therefore, it is described that this medium can be used under a wider range of culture conditions where a conventional solid medium such as an agar medium could not be used.
- the solid medium using cellulose gel is softened and separated from water under conditions that are difficult to culture with a solid medium using agarose gel, gellan gum, or silica gel, for example, at a high temperature of 100 ° C. or under strongly acidic or strongly alkaline conditions. It has the excellent advantage that it can be cultivated without having to.
- Non-Patent Document 1 (Deguchi et al., Soft Matter, (2007), 3, 1170-1175), in order to prepare a cellulose gel medium suitable for microbial culture, the cellulose concentration is 2-3 wt. % Is optimal, and below 1% by weight the gel loses its physical strength and becomes very brittle, making it impossible to apply or disperse microorganisms.
- the present cellulose gel medium for cultivating microorganisms can be produced only in a very limited range.
- a cellulose gel having a cellulose concentration suitable as a solid medium in terms of physical strength and smoothness as described above is not transparent and white as in agar or agarose gel medium. Since most colonies of microorganisms are white, the visibility of the colonies is poor on the cellulose gel medium and is not suitable for observing colonies, but there is no room for selection to improve them.
- Cellulose gel medium is also useful for screening for cellulase-producing bacteria.
- screening for cellulase-producing bacteria has been performed by a method using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or the like, but the use of a cellulose gel medium has dramatically improved the screening efficiency compared to the conventional method.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- cellulose which is the material of the cellulose gel medium, is a direct substrate for cellulase, so when cellulose is degraded, it can be visually determined that cellulase-producing bacteria are present at that location. This is because the confirmation work is not required, and it is not necessary to prepare a replica for screening.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a cellulose gel culture substrate and a method for producing the same for improving the drawbacks of the conventional cellulose gel medium as described above, and producing a cellulose gel medium having good visibility of microbial colonies. To do.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a solid medium using this culture substrate.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a more rapid and efficient screening method for cellulase-producing microorganisms or cellulase activity.
- a culture substrate composed of a cellulose gel containing cellulose and water as a medium-solidifying component, wherein the cellulose is added to dimethylacetamide containing dimethylacetamide containing 8% (W / V) lithium chloride.
- a culture substrate characterized in that a solution dissolved at a concentration of 5 mg / mL has a viscosity at 26 ° C.
- a method for producing a cellulose gel culture substrate comprising the steps of adding solid thiocyanate and then dissolving cellulose by heating and lowering the temperature to solidify; [7] Cellulase production by the test microorganism, comprising the step of bringing the test microorganism or test sample into contact with the solid medium described in [5] and determining the presence or absence or degree of dissolution of the cellulose gel.
- a method for assaying cellulase activity of a test sample is provided.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention and the solid medium using the same have transparency (light transmittance) comparable to that of an agar medium, Visibility is dramatically improved, and colonies can be easily identified.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention and the solid medium using the same are physically strong, soluble, but have a low cellulose concentration and low gel density. All the advantageous features such as difficulty are retained. Therefore, it can be used in the same manner as a conventional cellulose gel medium for solid culture in an extreme environment such as various microorganisms.
- the target microorganism in the screening of microorganisms, it is desirable that the target microorganism can be isolated quickly and accurately.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention and the solid medium using the same it is possible to further shorten the time. Can be screened. That is, the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention and the solid medium using the same do not require the production of replicas or separate assay for cellulase activity, and the presence or absence or strength of cellulase activity or recombinant cellulase activity of the isolated microorganism. Can be directly assessed visually on the medium.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention and the solid medium using the same have a gel density of about 1/7 to 1/2 as compared with the conventional cellulose gel medium, cellulase is degraded (cellulase). Activity) can be quickly and easily determined in a very short time. Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to efficiently search for cellulolytic microorganisms and determine the strength of enzyme activity.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention and the solid medium using the same have a wide selection range of cellulose raw materials, it can have any strength. It can be used for culture.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of molecular weight measurement by gel filtration of various celluloses.
- Panel (A) shows the molecular weight distribution and peak top molecular weight of each cellulose sample calculated from the calibration curve;
- Panel (B) shows the gel filtration pattern obtained by injecting each sample.
- the black thick line represents Sample 1
- the black thin line represents Sample 2
- the gray thick line represents Sample 3.
- the arrow represents the position of the peak top molecular weight of each sample.
- FIG. 2 shows a photograph of each culture substrate taken from above with a digital camera.
- Panel (A) is a culture substrate prepared using Sample 1 (cellulose concentration 3%);
- Panel (B) is Sample 2 (cellulose concentration 1%).
- FIG. 3 is a view showing a scanning electron micrograph of each culture substrate (magnification of 50,000 times).
- Panel (A) is sample 1 (cellulose concentration 3%); Panel (B) is sample 2 (cellulose concentration 1%); Panel (C) is a culture prepared using sample 3 (cellulose concentration 1%). It is a substrate.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the light transmittance of each culture substrate.
- Panel (A) represents the transmittance of the culture substrate prepared using 1% agar, sample 1 (1% and 3%), and sample 2 (0.5% and 1%), respectively.
- Panel (B) shows the transmittance of the culture substrate prepared using Samples 1 to 3 (all 1%).
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the stress measured for each culture substrate (cellulose concentration 1%). The arrow represents the maximum stress value.
- the gray thick line represents Sample 1
- the black thick line represents Sample 2
- the black thin line represents Sample 3.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of an E. coli growth test on a cellulose gel medium.
- Panel (A) is 1% agar
- Panel (B) is Sample 1 (3%)
- Panel (C) is Sample 2 (1%)
- Panel (D) is Sample 2 (0.5%) It is the photograph of the colony produced on the prepared culture medium.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the results of a growth test of Bacillus subtilis on a cellulose gel medium.
- Panel (A) is 1% agar
- Panel (B) is Sample 1 (3%)
- Panel (C) is Sample 2 (1%)
- Panel (D) is Sample 2 (0.5%) It is the photograph of the colony produced on the prepared culture medium.
- FIG. 10 is a view showing a photograph of a cellulose gel medium in which cellulose-degrading bacteria are grown.
- the cellulose concentration is optimally 2 to 3%, and if the cellulose concentration is reduced, the physical strength cannot be maintained, and it is said that the cellulose concentration is not suitable for use as a medium. Since the viscosity of the high molecular compound increases as the molecular weight increases, the use of cellulose having a high molecular weight, such as bacterial cellulose, can be considered from the viewpoint of enhancement of physical strength.
- the present inventors contrary to expectation, cannot produce a uniform medium because cellulose gel using such a large molecular weight cellulose at a low concentration causes unpredictable irregular shrinkage, The inventors have found that it is possible to produce a cellulose gel having sufficient strength even at a low concentration by using cellulose having a specific property that is not suitable for use, and completed the present invention.
- the cellulose used in the present invention may be derived from a microorganism or a plant, but a plant-derived cellulose is preferred.
- the molecular weight (peak top molecular weight) by gel filtration can be 115,000 to 1,100,000, preferably 115,000 to 550,000.
- the cellulose used in the present invention has a viscosity at 12 ° C. of 12 to 35 mPa ⁇ S of a solution dissolved in dimethylacetamide containing 8% (W / V) lithium chloride at a concentration of 2.5 mg / mL.
- 12 to 30 mPa ⁇ S are more preferred, and 12 to 27 mPa ⁇ S are particularly preferred.
- the cellulose concentration in the cellulose gel culture substrate and medium of the present invention can be as low as 0.1 to 1.8%, preferably 0.2 to 1.5%, most preferably 0.5. ⁇ 1%.
- the cellulosic gel of the culture substrate and medium of the present invention has a thickness of 2 mm ( ⁇ 0.1 mm) and a total light transmittance at a wavelength of 500 nm of 25% or more, preferably 30% or more and up to 100% at the maximum. .
- the total light transmittance is measured as follows: Using a spectrophotometer ("Beckman Coulter DU800" or equivalent device), in a transmittance measurement (T%) mode, a cellulose gel (thickness of about 2 mm (2 mm ⁇ 0) at a wavelength of 500 nm and in a petri dish .1 mm)). Let the permeability of the petri dish containing the culture substrate be a blank.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate basically consists of cellulose gel containing water (and its container).
- the cellulose gel culture substrate may contain a substance or solvent that dissolves in water, if necessary.
- optional components include organic solvents that dissolve in water (for example, polar organic solvents such as alcohol (methanol, ethanol, propanol, etc.) and acetone), components of various media such as pH adjusters and pigments, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention can be produced according to conventional methods described in Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 1, and the like, but can be preferably produced as follows.
- Cellulose weighed to a desired concentration is added to a required amount of water calculated in advance and stirred to sufficiently disperse.
- Solid thiocyanate is added to this so that it may become 50% (W / W) or more, and after sufficiently stirring and mixing at room temperature, the cellulose is dissolved by heating and stirring.
- the heating temperature is about 90 ° C. to 100 ° C., and the heating time is about 10 to 30 minutes.
- This solution is dispensed into a predetermined container and solidified by cooling to form a cellulose gel.
- a culture substrate composed of water and cellulose gel is obtained.
- alcohol treatment and desalting are performed. Specifically, the alcohol treatment is performed by adding an alcohol (ethanol, methanol, etc.) equal to or higher than cellulose gel (final concentration 50% (V / V)) and shaking for several hours at room temperature. Can do.
- the desalting step can be performed, for example, by washing with water.
- the cellulose gel culture substrate produced as described above can be sterilized by a known method.
- the sterilization method high-pressure steam sterilization (typically about 121 to 20 minutes at 121 ° C.) is preferable.
- any shape and material such as various sizes of petri dishes (for preparing flat plate medium) and test tubes (for preparing slant medium etc.) can be used.
- the material is preferably transparent or translucent, and most preferably transparent (for example, glass, plastic, etc.).
- a solid medium can be produced by adding nutrient components to this culture substrate.
- the nutrient component is added to a culture substrate by adding a liquid medium (culture solution) having a double volume of the same volume as the cellulose gel volume and replacing the water in the gel to obtain a single concentration. It can be contained in the material.
- a nutrient component any one can be selected according to the purpose of use from various media of known formulations or those obtained by adding or removing any component based on them.
- microorganisms that can be cultured using the culture substrate and culture medium of the present invention are very diverse. These microorganisms include conventionally known bacteria, fungi, archaea, etc. that can grow under standard conditions, in extreme environments such as high temperature, extreme pH, and high salt concentration, or in the presence of organic solvents, etc. It can also be used to isolate unknown microorganisms that inhabit special environments.
- Cellulose constituting the cellulose gel is an original substrate for cellulase. Therefore, unlike the conventional agar medium or cellulose-containing agarose gel medium, the cellulose medium has an advantage that cellulase degrading activity can be directly visually confirmed on the medium. Since the degradation rate of cellulose gel by cellulase depends on the density of cellulose, the presence or absence of cellulase activity can be easily visually discerned by using a low-density gel using low-concentration cellulose. it can. In the cellulose gel culture substrate and the medium of the present invention, the amount of cellulose per unit volume can be reduced to about 1/7 to 1/2 of the conventional cellulose gel plate. Occurring and cellulase activity detection and activity intensity can be observed quickly and easily. Therefore, the medium of the present invention is particularly suitable for screening for cellulase activity or its strength in addition to the culture of various microorganisms as described above.
- An example of the screening method is as follows.
- an NB (Nutrient broth) medium or the like is used as a medium, and diluted to about 1/2 to 1/100 of the medium concentration normally used.
- This medium is infiltrated into the cellulose gel culture substrate of the present invention to prepare a screening medium.
- a sample for example, a piece of wood, a stem, a leaf, etc. are collected, washed with sterilized water, dried on a filter paper, etc., and subjected to cutting or the like as necessary, and left directly in the medium. .
- the finely cut sample is suspended in sterilized water and then applied to the medium.
- This medium is allowed to stand in an incubator and cultured at a constant temperature within a temperature range of 20 ° C.
- Sample 1 Molecular Weight Measurement by Gel Filtration of Cellulose Samples
- Sample 2 trade name “Serish”, manufactured by Daicel Chemical
- Example 3 bacterial cellulose
- Samples 1 and 2 are plant-derived cellulose. Sample 1 is equivalent to that used in the experiments described in Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1.
- each cellulose sample 150 mg was dispersed in 100 mL of pure water, and the mixture was shaken and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours or more on a shaker (rotation speed: 140 rpm, Takasaki Scientific Instruments; the same applies below). Suction filtration using filter paper was performed, and the collected cellulose sample was redispersed in 100 mL of acetone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and washed by shaking and stirring on a shaker at room temperature for 24 hours or more.
- the solution was removed by suction filtration using filter paper, and then washed with dimethylacetamide (DMAc, Wako Pure Chemical Industries). That is, the cellulose sample was redispersed in 100 mL of DMAc, and the mixture was shaken and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours or more on a shaker.
- DMAc dimethylacetamide
- molecular weight markers polyethylene glycol (PEG, Kanto Chemical) of various molecular weights and polyethylene oxide (PEO, Kanto Chemical) were added to DMAc containing 1% LiCl so that the final concentration was 0.5 mg / mL.
- the sizes of the molecular weight markers were 900,000, 580,000, 270,000, 190,000, 100,000, 43,000, 21,000, 6,000, 4,000, thousand, six hundred, four hundred and two hundred. After preparing the molecular weight marker, it was allowed to stand at 40 ° C. until PEG and PEO were dissolved, and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was collected.
- HPLC analysis was performed as follows. As the analysis model, the product name “Waters 2e2695” manufactured by Waters was used as the HPLC main body, and the product name “differential refractometer 2414” manufactured by Waters was used as the detector.
- the column is manufactured by Tosoh Corporation under the trade name “TSKgelHSuperAWM-H” (particle diameter 9 ⁇ m, 6.0 mm ID ⁇ 15 cm) ⁇ 2, Tosoh Corporation under the trade name “Guard Column: SuperSKW-H” (4.6 mm ID ⁇ 3.5 cm) was used.
- the flow rate was 0.6 mL / min, and DMAc containing 1% LiCl was used as the eluent.
- the sample injection volume was set to 50 ⁇ L, and the column temperature was set to 40 ° C.
- the differential refractometer was set to polarity (+) and Res (1 s).
- Panel (A) represents the molecular weight distribution and peak top molecular weight of each cellulose sample calculated from the calibration curve.
- Sample 1 had a peak top molecular weight of about 100,000
- sample 2 had a peak top molecular weight of 440,000
- sample 3 had a peak top molecular weight of 2.5 million.
- Panel (B) is a diagram showing a pattern of gel filtration obtained by injecting each sample, and is data used to create panel (A).
- the vertical axis represents the signal intensity obtained from the differential refractometer, and the horizontal axis represents the retention time.
- cellulose gel culture substrate 3-1 Cellulose Gel Culture Substrate Using Sample 1
- a cellulose culture substrate having a cellulose concentration of 3% was prepared as follows. Distilled water was added to commercially available calcium thiocyanate (Kanto Chemical) to prepare an aqueous calcium thiocyanate solution so that the final concentration was 57% (W / W) or more. 3 g of cellulose of Sample 1 was added to 100 mL of this calcium thiocyanate solution and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours or more. After 15 mL of the obtained suspension was dispensed into a plastic petri dish having an inner diameter of 8.4 cm, cellulose was dissolved by heating at 120 ° C. for 1 minute. The petri dish was allowed to stand at 4 ° C. for 2 hours, then moved to room temperature, an equal amount or more of methanol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added, and the mixture was shaken for 2 hours using a shaker.
- methanol Wako Pure Chemical Industries
- the petri dish was placed in a container filled with tap water, and desalted while flowing water. After 2 hours or more have passed, the tap water is replaced with distilled water, and the electrical conductivity in the desalting vessel is measured using a conductivity meter (TWIN COMPACT METER, HORIBA), and the electrical conductivity is 10 ⁇ S. Desalination was completed when the pressure became less than / cm.
- the desalted cellulose gel was transferred to a container such as a glass petri dish or a heat-resistant petri dish, and autoclaved at 121 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- a cellulose gel culture substrate having a cellulose concentration of 1% was prepared in the same manner as described above except that the amount of cellulose in Sample 1 was changed to 1 g.
- the petri dish was placed in a container filled with tap water, and desalted while flowing water. After 2 hours or more have passed, the tap water is replaced with distilled water, and the electrical conductivity in the desalting vessel is measured using a conductivity meter (TWIN COMPACT METER, HORIBA), and the electrical conductivity is 10 ⁇ S. Desalination was completed when the pressure became less than / cm.
- the desalted cellulose gel was transferred to a container such as a glass petri dish or a heat-resistant petri dish, and autoclaved at 121 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- a cellulose gel culture substrate having a cellulose concentration of 0.5% was prepared in the same manner as described above except that the amount of cellulose in Sample 2 was changed to 0.5 g.
- FIG. 2 shows a photograph of each culture substrate prepared as described above taken with a camera from above.
- Panel (A) uses sample 1 (cellulose concentration 3%), and panel (B) uses sample 2 (cellulose concentration 1%).
- the culture substrate using Sample 1 was clearly opaque and white, whereas the culture substrate using Sample 2 was transparent.
- each culture substrate prepared above was observed using a fine structure scanning electron microscope (model number JSM-6700F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) (magnification 50,000 times). The results are shown in FIG. Panel (A) uses sample 1 (cellulose concentration 3%), and panel (B) uses sample 2 (cellulose concentration 1%). Panel (C) is a culture substrate prepared using Sample 3 (cellulose concentration 1%). From the electron micrographs, it was confirmed that all the culture substrates formed a network structure having cellulose as a skeleton part made of nanofibers, and were porous structures having large voids.
- a spectrophotometer (“Beckman Coulter DU800”) is used, and the transmittance measurement (T%) mode is used at wavelengths from 300 nm to 800 nm.
- the cellulose gel in the petri dish was scanned.
- the thickness of each cellulose gel was about 2 mm (2 mm ⁇ 0.1 mm), and the permeability of the petri dish containing the culture substrate was used as a blank.
- the transmittance of the cellulose gel was evaluated by a measured value at a wavelength of 500 nm. For comparison, the same measurement was performed on a culture substrate using 1% agar (Shimizu Foods, trade name “Taiyo-Agar, BMM-5”).
- Panel (A) represents the transmittance of 1% agar, Sample 1 (1% and 3%), Sample 2 (0.5% and 1%).
- Panel (B) represents the transmittance of samples 1 to 3 (all are 1%).
- the transmittance at a wavelength of 500 nm is 45.8% (SD ⁇ 4.2) at a cellulose concentration of 1% and 74.0% (SD ⁇ 1 at a cellulose concentration of 0.5% in the culture substrate using the sample 2. 3).
- the transmittance of Sample 2 with a cellulose concentration of 0.5% was comparable to that of agar.
- the culture substrate using Sample 1 uses 12.5% (SD ⁇ 1.0) at 3% cellulose concentration, 51.4% (SD ⁇ 4.0) at 1% cellulose concentration, and uses Sample 3.
- the cellulose concentration was 23.0% (SD ⁇ 2.0) at 1%.
- the stress of each culture substrate was measured.
- the measurement result of the cellulose concentration of 1% is shown in FIG.
- the maximum stress values are 0.14 ⁇ 0.08 N for the culture substrate prepared using Sample 1, 0.47 ⁇ 0.07 N for the culture substrate prepared using Sample 2, and Sample 3 It was 0.23 ⁇ 0.02N in the culture substrate using the above.
- Sample 2 with a cellulose concentration of 0.5% it was 0.14 ⁇ 0.00N
- Sample 1 with a cellulose concentration of 3% it was 0.88 ⁇ 0.04N. It was shown that the cellulose gel produced by Sample 2 has a higher stress value than the cellulose gel produced by Samples 1 and 3 having the same concentration.
- Tensile strength The tensile strength of each culture substrate was measured. Tensile strength was measured by using a rheometer CR-500DX-SII manufactured by Sun Science Co., Ltd. as follows. A test specimen (thickness 2 mm ⁇ 0.1 mm) was prepared by cutting a gel sample of each culture substrate into a dumbbell shape having a width of 1 cm and a length of 3 cm. The test piece was set on a measuring machine, the sample stage was moved at a speed of 0.42 mm / 1 second, and the force required for cutting and the tensile distance when the gel was cut were measured.
- the test piece of sample 1 having a cellulose concentration of 1% could not be placed on the measuring machine due to insufficient strength and could not be measured.
- the culture substrate produced with the cellulose concentration of 1% of the sample 2 required less cutting force than the culture substrate produced with the cellulose concentration of 3% of the sample 1, but the tensile distance was the cellulose concentration of the sample 1 of 3 % Was about twice as large as the culture substrate prepared. This has shown that the culture base material produced using the sample 2 is a gel excellent in the elasticity.
- Pre-culture of the fungi was performed using a soy soy blood agar medium (sheep) no. 2 (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical) at 37 ° C. for 18-24 hours by aerobic culture.
- the obtained colonies were collected and suspended in a physiological saline that had been autoclaved at 121 ° C. for 20 minutes to prepare a bacterial solution of McFarland # 0.5. Further, this bacterial solution was diluted 50,000 times with sterilized physiological saline. 50 ⁇ L of the bacterial solution was inoculated into each assay solid medium and spread evenly with a congeal bar.
- Panel (A) is agar medium (1%)
- panel (B) is sample 1 (3%)
- panel (C) is sample 2 (1%)
- panel (D) is sample 2 (0.5%)
- the photographs taken from above of the colonies generated in the medium are respectively shown.
- the colonies on the medium using the sample 2 were easily visible as in the agar medium.
- E. coli showed the same growth in any solid medium (panel (E)).
- Pre-culture of the fungi was performed using a soy soy blood agar medium (sheep) no. 2 (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical) at 37 ° C. for 18-24 hours by aerobic culture.
- the obtained colonies were collected and suspended in a physiological saline that had been autoclaved at 121 ° C. for 20 minutes to prepare a bacterial solution of McFarland # 0.5.
- this bacterial solution was diluted 10,000 times with sterilized physiological saline.
- 50 ⁇ L of the bacterial solution was inoculated into each assay solid medium and spread evenly with a congeal bar.
- the culture was performed by aerobic culture at 35 ° C. for 18 hours.
- Panel (A) is agar medium (1%)
- panel (B) is sample 1 (3%)
- panel (C) is sample 2 (1%)
- panel (D) is sample 2 (0.5%)
- the photographs taken from above of the colonies generated in the medium are respectively shown.
- the colonies on the medium using the sample 2 were easily visible as in the agar medium.
- E. coli showed the same growth in any solid medium (panel (E)).
- Panel (A) is agar medium (1%)
- panel (B) is sample 1 (3%)
- panel (C) is sample 2 (1%)
- panel (D) is sample 2 (0.5%)
- the photographs taken from above of the colonies generated in the medium are respectively shown.
- the colonies on the medium using the sample 2 were easily visible as in the agar medium.
- E. coli showed the same growth in any solid medium (panel (E)).
- S. degradans DSM 17024 was used as a culture test strain using 5-4 cellulase-producing bacteria .
- As the medium for the assay ammonium sulfate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added to a double concentration of Daigo artificial seawater SP solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) to 2 mM, and then autoclaved at 121 ° C for 20 minutes. Using. Add 15 mL of the test liquid medium to the various culture substrates prepared as described above, and shake for 2 hours with a shaker (Tytec) to infiltrate the culture substrate, so that the concentration of water in the culture substrate is 1 ⁇ . The medium was replaced with a liquid having the same composition.
- the culture substrate used was a culture substrate prepared using Sample 1 (cellulose concentration 3%) and Sample 2 (cellulose concentration 1%).
- Preparation of the culture medium for preculture of bacteria was performed according to the following procedure. 1.87 g of Marine broth (Becton Dickinson & Company) was dissolved in 50 mL of distilled water and stirred well with a magnetic stirrer. A 1% cellobiose (MP ⁇ ⁇ bio.) Solution in distilled water was separately prepared. Marine Broth and cellobiose solution were autoclaved at 121 ° C. for 20 minutes and cooled to room temperature, and then, Marine broth was filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m membrane filter in a clean bench. 300 ⁇ L of the cellobiose solution was added to 3 mL of Marine broth and stirred well with a vortex mixer.
- glycerol-preserved bacterial solution 50 to 100 ⁇ L of glycerol-preserved bacterial solution was dropped into 3 mL of the preculture medium prepared as described above, mixed, and then aerobically cultured at 30 ° C. for 20 to 24 hours to preculture the bacteria.
- the pre-cultured bacterial solution was diluted with Marine broth solution that had been autoclaved at 121 ° C for 20 minutes to give McFarland # 0.5, and the bacterial solution was further diluted 100 to 500 times with Marine broth solution.
- 50 ⁇ L of the bacterial solution was inoculated into each assay solid medium and spread evenly with a congeal bar.
- the culture was performed at 30 ° C. by aerobic culture.
- Panels (A), (C), and (E) are media for sample 1 (cellulose concentration 3%); panels (B), (D), and (F) are samples 2 (cellulose concentration 1%). Panels (A) and (B) are photographs for 48 hours, and (C) to (F) are photographs showing the surface of the medium after 72 hours of cultivation (panels (A), (B), (E) and (F) )).
- Panel (A) is the medium of sample 1
- panel (B) is the medium of sample 2.
- the size of the hole after 7 days was 1.3 mm for the sample 2 medium, and 0.4 mm for the sample 1 medium.
- the degradation rate of the cellulose medium by S. degradans was faster in the sample 2 medium than in the sample 1 medium, and it was shown that the presence of degrading bacteria can be confirmed quickly and easily.
- the transmittance at a wavelength of 500 nm increased with decreasing molecular weight and viscosity (Tables 3 and 4).
- sample 3 it was already known that when the culture substrate was prepared using untreated cellulose, the gel contracted (Table 1), but this contraction increased the density of the cellulose and inevitably transmitted light. The rate drops.
- the culture substrate prepared using cellulose after the ball mill treatment has a relative volume% approaching 100% as the treatment time increases. That is, the cellulose density of the cellulose gel decreased with an increase in the treatment time, and the shrinkage of the culture substrate was suppressed accordingly.
- the transmittance reached its maximum when the ball mill treatment time was 30 hours.
- the molecular weight and viscosity are reduced by treatment for 5 to 43 hours, and the physical properties of the culture substrate prepared are within the range of this molecular weight reduction (or viscosity reduction). It became clear that it does not affect (transmittance, stress, density). However, with respect to the cellulose of Sample 2 treated for 91 hours, the physical properties of the prepared culture substrate were very brittle.
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Abstract
Description
〔1〕 培地固化成分としてセルロースと水とを含有するセルロースゲルからなる培養基材であって、前記セルロースが、当該セルロースを8%(W/V)塩化リチウムを含有するジメチルアセトアミド中に2.5mg/mLの濃度で溶解した溶液の26℃における粘度が12~35mPa・Sであるものであることを特徴とする、培養基材;
〔2〕 前記セルロースゲルの厚さ2mmの波長500nmでの光線透過率が、25%以上である、前記〔1〕記載の培養基材;
〔3〕 前記セルロースのゲルろ過によるピークトップ分子量が、115,000~1,100,000である、前記〔1〕又は〔2〕記載の培養基材;
〔4〕 容器に収容されている、前記〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれか1項記載の培養基材;
〔5〕 前記セルロースゲルが栄養成分を含む前記〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれか1項記載の培養基材からなることを特徴とする固体培地;
〔6〕 8%(W/V)塩化リチウムを含有するジメチルアセトアミド中に2.5mg/mLの濃度で溶解した溶液の26℃における粘度が12~35mPa・Sであるセルロースを水に分散させ、固形チオシアン酸塩を添加した後、セルロースを加熱溶解させ、温度を下げて固化させる工程を含むことを特徴とする、セルロースゲル培養基材の製造方法;
〔7〕 前記〔5〕記載の固体培地に被検微生物又は被検試料を接触させ、セルロースゲルの溶解の有無又は程度を判定する工程を含むことを特徴とする、被検微生物によるセルラーゼ産生又は被検試料のセルラーゼ活性の検定方法、が提供される。
分光光度計(「ベックマン・コールター DU800」又は同等の機器)を使用し、透過率測定(T%)モードにて、波長500nmで、シャーレに収容されたセルロースゲル(厚さ約2mm(2mm±0.1mm))を測定する。培養基材を収容したシャーレの透過率をブランクとする。
セルロース試料として、商品名「Avicel」、Merck社製(「試料1」)、商品名「セリッシュ」、ダイセル化学製(「試料2」)、及びバクテリアセルロース(BC)(「試料3」)を使用した。試料1及び2は、植物由来セルロースである。なお、試料1は、特許文献1及び非特許文献1において記載された実験において使用されたものと同等である。
セルロース溶液の粘度測定は、エー・アンド・デイ社製音叉振動式粘度計(SV-10A)を使用して行った。各セルロース試料を、8% LiClを含むDMAcに2.5mg/mLの濃度で溶解させ、26℃で粘度を測定した。粘度計の較正は、水及び粘度計校正用標準液(日本グリース、JS-100)を使用して行った。26℃での水及び標準液の粘度値は0.9及び54.0 mPa・Sである。
3-1 試料1を用いたセルロースゲル培養基材
セルロース濃度3%のセルロース培養基材を、以下のようにして作製した。
市販のチオシアン酸カルシウム(関東化学)に蒸留水を添加し、終濃度が57%(W/W)以上になるようにチオシアン酸カルシウム水溶液を調製した。このチオシアン酸カルシウム溶液100mLに対し、試料1のセルロース3gを添加し、室温で3時間以上攪拌した。得られた懸濁液を内径8.4cmのプラスチック製シャーレに15mLずつ分注した後、120℃、1分間の加熱によりセルロースを溶解した。シャーレを4℃で2時間静置した後、室温に移し、等量以上のメタノール(和光純薬工業)を添加して、振とう機を使用して2時間振とうした。
脱塩したセルロースゲルをガラスシャーレ又は耐熱性シャーレ等の容器に移し、121℃で20分間高圧蒸気滅菌した。
また、試料1のセルロース量を1gとした以外は上記と同様にして、セルロース濃度1%のセルロースゲル培養基材を作製した。
試料2のセルロース1 gに対し29.7 mLの水の割合になるように、セルロースと水とを混合し、ビーカー中で十分に攪拌(10分間以上)した。チオシアン酸カルシウム(4水和物、関東化学)の終濃度が50%(W/W)になるよう固形のチオシアン酸カルシウムを添加し、全量100mLとなった液を室温で3時間以上攪拌した。その後、この溶液を90℃程度で10分間攪拌し、内径8.4cmのプラスチック製シャーレに15mLずつ分注後、120℃、1分間の加熱によりセルロースを溶解させた。この加熱処理後、4℃で2時間冷却し、室温の等量以上のエタノール(純正化学)を添加し、室温で2時間振とう処理をした。
脱塩したセルロースゲルをガラスシャーレ又は耐熱性シャーレ等の容器に移し、121℃で20分間高圧蒸気滅菌した。
また、試料2のセルロース量を0.5gとした以外は上記と同様にして、セルロース濃度0.5%のセルロースゲル培養基材を作製した。
上記3-2と同様の方法にしたがって、試料3を用いたセルロース濃度1%のセルロースゲル培養基材を作製した。
4-1 外観
図2に、上記のようにして作製した各培養基材を、上からカメラにて撮影した写真を示す。パネル(A)は試料1(セルロース濃度3%)、パネル(B)は試料2(セルロース濃度1%)を用いたものである。
試料1を用いた培養基材は明らかに不透明で白色であるのに対し、試料2を用いた培養基材は透明性を有していた。
走査型電子顕微鏡(型番JSM-6700F、日本電子製)を用いて上記で作製した各培養基材の構造を観察した(倍率50,000倍)。結果を図3に示す。パネル(A)は試料1(セルロース濃度3%)、パネル(B)は試料2(セルロース濃度1%)を用いたものである。パネル(C)は、試料3(セルロース濃度1%)を用いて作製した培養基材である。
電子顕微鏡写真により、いずれの培養基材もナノファイバー化したセルロースを骨格部分とした網目構造を形成しており、大きな空隙を有する多孔質の構造体であることが確認された。
培養基材の透明性をさらに評価するために、分光光度計(「ベックマン・コールター DU800」)を使用し、透過率測定 (T%)モードにて300nm~800nmまでの波長でシャーレ内のセルロースゲルをスキャンした。セルロースゲルの厚さはいずれも約2mm(2mm±0.1mm)であり、培養基材を収容したシャーレの透過率をブランクとした。セルロースゲルの透過率は波長500nmでの測定値にて評価した。比較のため、1%寒天(清水食品、商品名「Taiyo-Agar, BMM-5」)を用いた培養基材についても同様に測定した。
一方、試料1を用いた培養基材では、セルロース濃度3%で12.5%(SD±1.0)、セルロース濃度1%で51.4%(SD±4.0)、試料3を用いた培養基材では、セルロース濃度1%で23.0%(SD±2.0)であった。
各培養基材の応力測定を行った。応力の測定は、サン科学社製レオメーター CR-500DX-SIIを使用して、以下のように行った。直径3mmの感圧軸を使用し、1mm/6秒の速度で試料台を移動させ、感圧軸がセルロースゲル(直径6.6~8.4cm×厚さ2mm±0.1mm)表面に接してから1mm押し込むまでの応力の変化をモニターした(n=3)。最大応力は、感圧軸を1mm押し込んだ時に測定された。
試料2で作製したセルロースゲルは同濃度の試料1及び3で作製したセルロースゲルと比較して応力値が高いことが示された。
各培養基材の引張り強度を測定した。引張り強度の測定はサン科学社製レオメーター CR-500DX-SIIを使用して、以下のようにして行った。各培養基材のゲル試料を幅1cm、長さ3cmのダンベル状に切り抜いた試験片(厚さ2mm±0.1mm)を用意した。試験片を測定機にセットし、試料台を0.42mm/1秒の速度で移動させ、切断に要した力とゲルが切断した時の引張り距離を測定した。
微生物培養に関連する操作は、滅菌済みの器具及び溶液等を用いて、全て無菌的に行った。
5-1 大腸菌を使用した培養試験
菌株として、E. coli ATCC 25922を使用した。検定用培地としては普通ブイヨン培地(極東製薬工業)を用いた。上記のように作製した各種培養基材に、121℃、20分で高圧蒸気滅菌済みの2倍濃度の検定用液体培地を15mL加え、シェーカー(タイテック)にて2時間振とうすることにより、培養基材に浸透させ、培養基材中の水を1倍濃度の培地組成の液体に置換した。2時間後、シャーレ内に余った培地をアスピレータで吸引除去し、クリーンベンチ内で10分間乾燥させた後、検定用固定培地として使用した。
菌株として、B. subtilis ATCC 6633を使用した。検定用培地としては普通ブイヨン培地(極東製薬工業)を用いた。上記のように作製した各種培養基材に121℃、20分で高圧蒸気滅菌済みの2倍濃度の検定用液体培地を15mL加え、シェーカー(タイテック)にて2時間振とうすることにより、培養基材に浸透させ、培養基材中の水を1倍濃度の培地組成の液体に置換した。2時間後、シャーレ内に余った培地をアスピレータで吸引除去し、クリーンベンチ内で10分間乾燥させた後、検定用固定培地として使用した。
菌株として、C. albicans ATCC 10231を使用した。検定用培地としてはサブローブドウ糖培地(極東製薬工業)を用いた。上記のように作製した各種培養基材に121℃、20分で高圧蒸気滅菌済みの2倍濃度の検定用液体培地を15mL加え、シェーカー(タイテック)にて2時間振とうすることにより、培養基材に浸透させ、培養基材中の水を1倍濃度の培地組成の液体に置換した。2時間後、シャーレ内に余った培地をアスピレータで吸引除去し、クリーンベンチ内で10分間乾燥させた後、検定用固定培地として使用した。
菌株として、S. degradans DSM 17024を使用した。検定用培地としては2倍濃度のダイゴ人工海水SP溶液(和光純薬工業)に2 mMとなるように硫酸アンモニウム(和光純薬工業)を添加し、121℃、20分で高圧蒸気滅菌したものを用いた。上記のように作製した各種培養基材に検定用液体培地を15mL加え、シェーカー(タイテック)にて2時間振とうすることにより、培養基材に浸透させ、培養基材中の水を1倍濃度の培地組成の液体に置換した。2時間後、シャーレ内に余った培地をアスピレータで吸引除去し、クリーンベンチ内で10分間乾燥させた後、検定用固定培地として使用した。使用した培養基材は、試料1(セルロース濃度3%)及び試料2(セルロース濃度1%)を用いて作製した培養基材であった。
試料2及び試料3を用い、遠藤貴士著「ボールミル処理による非晶セルロースの調製」(Cellulose Commun., 13 (2): 80-84, 2006)を参考として、種々の分子量のセルロース試料を調製した。
ボールミル容器(体積1L)へ試料2のセルロース原料を10g入れ、0、5、18、30、43、91時間、ボールミル処理を行った。同様に、試料3のセルロース試料については、0、5、18、30、43時間、ボールミル処理を行った。
Claims (7)
- 培地固化成分としてのセルロースと水とを含有するセルロースゲルからなる培養基材であって、前記セルロースが、当該セルロースを8%(W/V)塩化リチウムを含有するジメチルアセトアミド中に2.5mg/mLの濃度で溶解した溶液の26℃における粘度が12~35mPa・Sであるものであることを特徴とする、培養基材。
- 前記セルロースゲルの厚さ2mmの波長500nmでの光線透過率が、25%以上である、請求項1記載の培養基材。
- 前記セルロースのゲルろ過によるピークトップ分子量が、115,000~1,100,000である、請求項1又は2記載の培養基材。
- 容器に収容されている、請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載の培養基材。
- 前記セルロースゲルが栄養成分を含む請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の培養基材からなることを特徴とする固体培地。
- 8%(W/V)塩化リチウムを含有するジメチルアセトアミド中に2.5mg/mLの濃度で溶解した溶液の26℃における粘度が12~35mPa・Sであるセルロースを水に分散させ、固形チオシアン酸塩を添加した後、セルロースを加熱溶解させ、温度を下げて固化させる工程を含むことを特徴とする、セルロースゲル培養基材の製造方法。
- 請求項5記載の固体培地に被検微生物又は被検試料を接触させ、セルロースゲルの溶解の有無又は程度を判定する工程を含むことを特徴とする、被検微生物によるセルラーゼ産生能力又は被検試料のセルラーゼ活性の検定方法。
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JP2015136318A (ja) * | 2014-01-22 | 2015-07-30 | 国立大学法人 筑波大学 | 細胞培養用デバイス |
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EP2634241A1 (en) | 2013-09-04 |
US9139861B2 (en) | 2015-09-22 |
EP2634241A4 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
JPWO2012057064A1 (ja) | 2014-05-12 |
JP5907883B2 (ja) | 2016-04-26 |
US20130323768A1 (en) | 2013-12-05 |
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