WO2012057047A1 - Système d'imagerie par rayonnement - Google Patents

Système d'imagerie par rayonnement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012057047A1
WO2012057047A1 PCT/JP2011/074366 JP2011074366W WO2012057047A1 WO 2012057047 A1 WO2012057047 A1 WO 2012057047A1 JP 2011074366 W JP2011074366 W JP 2011074366W WO 2012057047 A1 WO2012057047 A1 WO 2012057047A1
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Prior art keywords
radiation
dose
ray
subject
dose detection
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PCT/JP2011/074366
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
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村越　大
岩切　直人
裕康 石井
拓司 多田
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富士フイルム株式会社
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
    • A61B6/484—Diagnostic techniques involving phase contrast X-ray imaging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4291—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the detector being combined with a grid or grating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/54—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/542—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis involving control of exposure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4035—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the source being combined with a filter or grating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4208—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector
    • A61B6/4233—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector using matrix detectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/44—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4429—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units
    • A61B6/4452—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units the source unit and the detector unit being able to move relative to each other
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/44—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4429—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units
    • A61B6/4464—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units the source unit or the detector unit being mounted to ceiling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a radiation imaging system.
  • X-rays are used as a probe for seeing through the inside of a subject because they have characteristics such as attenuation depending on the atomic numbers of elements constituting the substance and the density and thickness of the substance.
  • X-ray imaging is widely used in fields such as medical diagnosis and non-destructive inspection.
  • a subject In a general X-ray imaging system, a subject is placed between an X-ray source that emits X-rays and an X-ray image detector that detects an X-ray image, and a transmission image of the subject is captured.
  • each X-ray radiated from the X-ray source toward the X-ray image detector has characteristics (atomic number, density, thickness) of the substance constituting the subject existing on the path to the X-ray image detector. ), The light is incident on the X-ray image detector. As a result, an X-ray transmission image of the subject is detected and imaged by the X-ray image detector.
  • an X-ray image detector there is a flat panel detector (FPD: Flat Panel Detector) using a semiconductor circuit in addition to a combination of an X-ray intensifying screen and a film, a stimulable phosphor (accumulating phosphor), and so on. Widely used.
  • FPD Flat Panel Detector
  • automatic exposure is used to stabilize the density of the image obtained by the X-ray image detector with respect to the required exposure amount that varies depending on the subject, or to prevent excessive exposure of the subject due to excessive exposure. Control is taking place.
  • the automatic exposure control generally, the dose of X-rays transmitted through the subject is detected by a dose detector, and the X-ray irradiation is stopped when the dose detected by the dose detector reaches a preset threshold dose. .
  • the X-ray absorptivity becomes lower as a substance composed of an element having a smaller atomic number, and the difference in the X-ray absorptivity is small in a soft tissue or soft material of a living body. Therefore, a sufficient image density as an X-ray transmission image is obtained. There is a problem that (contrast) cannot be obtained. For example, most of the components of the cartilage part constituting the joint of the human body and the joint fluid in the vicinity thereof are water, and the difference in the amount of X-ray absorption between the two is small, so that it is difficult to obtain image contrast.
  • an X-ray phase for obtaining an image (hereinafter referred to as a phase contrast image) based on an X-ray phase change (angle change) by an object instead of an X-ray intensity change by an object.
  • Imaging research is actively conducted.
  • a first diffraction grating phase type grating or absorption type grating
  • a specific distance Talbot interference distance determined by the grating pitch of the first diffraction grating and the X-ray wavelength.
  • the second diffraction grating (absorption type grating) is disposed only downstream, and the X-ray image detector is disposed behind the second diffraction grating.
  • the Talbot interference distance is a distance at which X-rays that have passed through the first diffraction grating form a self-image due to the Talbot interference effect, and this self-image is between the X-ray source and the first diffraction grating. It is modulated by the interaction (phase change) between the arranged subject and the X-ray.
  • the X-ray Talbot interferometer detects moiré fringes generated by superimposing the first image of the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating, and obtains subject phase information by analyzing changes in the moiré fringes caused by the subject.
  • a fringe scanning method is known. According to this fringe scanning method, the second diffraction grating is substantially parallel to the surface of the first diffraction grating with respect to the first diffraction grating and substantially in the grating direction (strip direction) of the first diffraction grating.
  • a distribution (differential image of phase shift) is obtained, and a phase contrast image of the subject can be obtained based on this angular distribution.
  • Patent Document 1 describes that the above automatic exposure control is performed in the X-ray phase imaging by the fringe scanning method using the first and second diffraction gratings.
  • the dose detector for example, a combination of a phosphor and a photomultiplier tube, an ion chamber, or the like is used, and one of these light receiving portions is typically about 5 cm square.
  • the joint is exemplified as described above.
  • the gap (joint space) between the femur and the tibia in a normal knee joint is about 1 to 2 cm
  • the intervening cartilage part is about 3 to 7 mm, which is smaller than the size of the light receiving part. For this reason, even a bone forming a joint portion (a portion where X-ray absorption is relatively large) may be mixed in one light receiving portion.
  • the soft tissue overlap portion In one light receiving portion of the dose detector, when a soft tissue portion such as a cartilage portion having a low X-ray absorption capability and a hard tissue portion such as a bone having a high X-ray absorption capability coexist, the soft tissue overlap portion The incident dose increases, but they are integrated and detected without distinction in one light receiving unit. Therefore, according to the conventional automatic exposure control that stops X-ray irradiation when the dose detected by the dose detector reaches a preset threshold dose, an X-ray image detector that detects an X-ray image of a soft tissue The exposure amount is excessive for the pixel group. As a result, the pixel group corresponding to the soft tissue is saturated, and there is a possibility that image information of the soft tissue that is more interested in X-ray phase contrast imaging is lost.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above-described circumstances, and in a radiation imaging system that generates a radiation phase contrast image of a subject including a radiation high-absorption part and a low-absorption part in a region of interest, a radiation low-absorption part with higher interest.
  • An object of the present invention is to reliably obtain the image information.
  • a radiation imaging system that generates a radiation phase contrast image of a subject including a radiation high-absorption portion and a radiation low-absorption portion in a region of interest, and is disposed downstream of the subject in a traveling direction of radiation irradiated toward the subject. And a plurality of radiation detection elements that are distributed in a plane downstream of the subject and parallel to the image receiving surface of the radiation image detector, each detecting a dose of radiation incident thereon. , An element extraction unit for extracting at least one dose detection element on which the radiation transmitted through the low absorption unit is incident, and a control for controlling exposure based on the detected dose detected by the dose detection element extracted by the element extraction unit A radiation imaging system.
  • a plurality of dose detection elements are arranged in a distributed manner, a dose detection element on which radiation that has passed through the radiation low absorption part of the region of interest is extracted, and the dose detected by the extracted dose detection element is extracted.
  • FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an index projected on a subject in the radiation imaging system of FIG. 18.
  • FIG. 1 shows a configuration of an example of a radiation imaging system for explaining an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a control block of the radiation imaging system of FIG.
  • the X-ray imaging system 10 captures an image of the subject H in a sitting or lying position, and the figure shows an example in which the knee joint portion (subject) of the subject H is imaged in the sitting position. ing.
  • the X-ray imaging system 10 is disposed so as to face the bed 61 as a support table on which the subject H is placed, the X-ray source 11 that emits X-rays to the imaging part of the subject H, and the X-ray source 11.
  • the imaging unit 12 detects X-rays transmitted through the subject from the radiation source 11 and generates image data, and controls the exposure operation of the X-ray source 11 and the imaging operation of the imaging unit 12 based on the operation of the operator.
  • the console 13 is broadly classified into a console 13 that generates a phase contrast image by performing arithmetic processing on the image data acquired by the photographing unit 12.
  • the X-ray source 11 is held by an X-ray source holding device 14 suspended from the ceiling.
  • the X-ray source holding device 14 includes a carriage portion 14a configured to be movable in a horizontal direction (z direction) by a ceiling rail (not shown) installed on the ceiling, and a plurality of support column portions 14b connected in the vertical direction. It consists of.
  • a motor (not shown) that changes the position of the X-ray source 11 in the vertical direction is provided on the carriage unit 14 a by expanding and contracting the column unit 14 b.
  • the X-ray source 11 is emitted from the X-ray tube 18 that generates X-rays according to the high voltage applied from the high voltage generator 16, and the X-ray tube 18.
  • the X-ray includes a collimator unit 19 including a movable collimator 19a that limits the irradiation field so as to shield a portion of the X-ray that does not contribute to imaging of the imaging region of the subject H.
  • the X-ray tube 18 is of an anode rotating type, and emits an electron beam from a filament (not shown) as an electron emission source (cathode) and collides with a rotating anode 18a rotating at a predetermined speed, thereby causing X-rays. Is generated.
  • the colliding portion of the rotating anode 18a with the electron beam becomes the X-ray focal point 18b.
  • the console 13 is provided with a control device 20 comprising a CPU, ROM, RAM and the like.
  • the control device 20 includes an input device 21 through which an operator inputs an imaging instruction and the content of the instruction, an arithmetic processing unit 22 that performs arithmetic processing on the image data acquired by the imaging unit 12 and generates an X-ray image, and X A storage unit 23 for storing line images, a monitor 24 for displaying X-ray images and the like, and an interface (I / F) 25 connected to each unit of the X-ray imaging system 10 are connected via a bus 26. .
  • the input device 21 for example, a switch, a touch panel, a mouse, a keyboard, or the like can be used.
  • an object type, an X-ray tube voltage corresponding to the object, or a dose detection unit to be described later X-ray imaging conditions such as a threshold dose with respect to the detected X-ray dose, imaging timing, and the like are input.
  • the monitor 24 is composed of a liquid crystal display or the like, and displays characters and X-ray images indicating subject types, X-ray imaging conditions, and the like under the control of the control device 20.
  • the imaging unit 12 is attached to the lower surface side of the top plate 62 of the bed 61 so as to face the X-ray source 11 through the imaging region.
  • the imaging unit 12 includes a flat panel detector (FPD) 30 formed of a semiconductor circuit, a first absorption type grating 31 and a second absorption type phase detector 31 for detecting phase change (angle change) of X-rays by an imaging part and performing phase imaging.
  • FPD flat panel detector
  • the absorption type grating 32 and the dose detection unit 35 are provided.
  • the imaging unit 12 changes the relative positional relationship of the second absorption type grating 32 with respect to the first absorption type grating 31 by translating the second absorption type grating 32 in the horizontal direction (x direction).
  • a scanning mechanism 33 is provided.
  • the scanning mechanism 33 is configured by an actuator such as a piezoelectric element, for example.
  • the FPD 30 is arranged so that the detection surface is orthogonal to the optical axis A of the X-rays emitted from the X-ray source 11.
  • the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 are disposed between the FPD 30 and the X-ray source 11.
  • the dose detection unit 35 is disposed between the first absorption type grating 31 and the FPD 30 and is located downstream of the subject and upstream of the second absorption type grating 32.
  • FIG. 3 shows the configuration of the radiation image detector of the radiation imaging system of FIG.
  • the FPD 30 as a radiological image detector includes an image receiving unit 41 in which a plurality of pixels 40 that convert X-rays into electric charges and store them in a two-dimensional array on an active matrix substrate, and an electric charge received from the image receiving unit 41.
  • a scanning circuit 42 that controls the readout timing, a readout circuit 43 that reads out the charges accumulated in each pixel 40, converts the charges into image data and stores them, and performs arithmetic processing on the image data via the I / F 25 of the console 13.
  • the scanning circuit 42 and each pixel 40 are connected by a scanning line 45 for each row, and the readout circuit 43 and each pixel 40 are connected by a signal line 46 for each column.
  • Each pixel 40 directly converts X-rays into electric charges by a conversion layer (not shown) such as amorphous selenium, and stores the converted electric charges in a capacitor (not shown) connected to an electrode below the conversion layer. It can be configured as a direct conversion type element.
  • Each pixel 40 is connected to a thin film transistor (TFT) switch (not shown), and the gate electrode of the TFT switch is connected to the scanning line 45, the source electrode is connected to the capacitor, and the drain electrode is connected to the signal line 46.
  • TFT thin film transistor
  • Each pixel 40 once converts X-rays into visible light with a scintillator (not shown) made of terbium activated gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 2 S: Tb), thallium activated cesium iodide (CsI: Tl), or the like. It is also possible to configure as an indirect conversion type X-ray detection element that converts the converted visible light into a charge by a photodiode (not shown) and accumulates it.
  • the X-ray image detector is not limited to an FPD based on a TFT panel, and various X-ray image detectors based on a solid-state imaging device such as a CCD sensor or a CMOS sensor can also be used.
  • the readout circuit 43 includes an integration amplifier circuit, an A / D converter, a correction circuit, and an image memory (all not shown).
  • the integrating amplifier circuit integrates the charges output from each pixel 40 via the signal line 46, converts them into a voltage signal (image signal), and inputs it to the A / D converter.
  • the A / D converter converts the input image signal into digital image data and inputs the digital image data to the correction circuit.
  • the correction circuit performs offset correction, gain correction, and linearity correction on the image data, and stores the corrected image data in the image memory.
  • correction processing by the correction circuit correction of X-ray exposure amount and exposure distribution (so-called shading) and pattern noise depending on FPD 30 control conditions (drive frequency and readout period) (for example, leak signal of TFT switch) May be included.
  • FIG. 4 shows an example of an index provided on the support base of the radiation imaging system of FIG.
  • the subject placed on the support base is indicated by a broken line
  • the X-ray irradiation field is indicated by a two-dot chain line.
  • An index 64 as an example of the index is an index corresponding to the knee joint portion, and is configured by a straight line drawn in the x direction drawn on the surface of the top plate 62, and includes a region of interest (femur and tibia) of the knee joint portion. , As well as the knee joint interposed therebetween) is placed along this index 64.
  • the size in the x direction and the y direction of the X-ray irradiation field 65 indicated by a two-dot chain line substantially coincides with the size in each direction of first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 described later, and the index 64 Are provided in the X-ray irradiation field 65.
  • FIG. 5 shows the configuration of the dose detection unit of the radiation imaging system of FIG.
  • a projected image obtained by projecting the subject onto the surface of the dose detection unit with the radiation focus as the viewpoint is indicated by a broken line.
  • the dose detection unit 35 has a plurality of dose detection elements 36 that convert incident X-rays into electric charges and output them. These dose detection elements 36 are two-dimensionally arranged in the xy direction within a plane parallel to the detection surface of the FPD 30 and are distributed over the entire X-ray irradiation field.
  • the pitch in the arrangement of the dose detection elements 36 in the xy direction is appropriately set at a pitch capable of detecting X-rays transmitted through each part of the region of interest of the subject.
  • the region of interest is the femur and tibia and the knee joint interposed therebetween, and the gap between the femur and the tibia (joint space) is 1 to 2 cm when normal. Since the joint space narrows when the cartilage portion of the knee joint is worn down, it is arranged at a pitch of several mm.
  • Each dose detection element 36 converts X-rays directly into electric charges by a conversion layer (not shown) such as amorphous selenium, and applies a bias voltage between a pair of electrodes sandwiching the conversion layer to generate in the conversion layer. It is configured as a direct conversion type X-ray detection element that collects the collected charges on one electrode. Note that, similarly to the pixel 40 of the FPD 30, it can be configured as an indirect conversion type X-ray detection element. However, unlike the pixel 40 in the FPD 30, each dose detection element 36 is connected to the readout circuit 37 without switching, and is configured to always output charges. The electric charges read from each dose detection element 36 are added for each element in the read circuit 37, thereby detecting the X-ray dose incident on each dose detection element 36.
  • a conversion layer not shown
  • a conversion layer such as amorphous selenium
  • the dose detection unit 35 further includes a controller 38 that controls the bias voltage applied between the pair of electrodes of each dose detection element 36 for each element, and selectively causes some dose detection elements 36 to function. It is configured to be able to.
  • the group of dose detection elements 36 to be selected is specified based on the subject type input on the console 13.
  • the control device 20 (see FIG. 2) of the console 13 stores a pattern of the dose detection element 36 used for each subject type, and the dose detection element 36 to be used based on the pattern corresponding to the input subject type. Is sent to the controller 38.
  • the controller 38 controls application of a bias voltage to each dose detection element 36 based on this control signal, and causes the designated group of dose detection elements 36 to function.
  • the group of dose detection elements 36 selected according to the subject type is located at the position overlapping the index of the same subject type provided on the surface of the top plate 62 of the bed 61 with the X-ray focal point 18b as the viewpoint. It overlaps with the region of interest of the subject arranged along. Since the index is provided on the top plate 62, it is easy to align the region of interest of the subject with the selected group of dose detection elements 36.
  • the dose detection unit 35 is a dose detection element 36 that overlaps the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest of the subject with the X-ray focal point 18b as a viewpoint, in other words, among the selected group of dose detection elements 36, in other words, an X-ray.
  • the dose detection element 36 on which the X-rays transmitted through the low absorption part enter is extracted.
  • the region of interest is the femur and tibia and the knee joint interposed between them, and the X-ray absorption capacity of the cartilage part and joint fluid constituting the knee joint is between the knee joint. It is lower than the X-ray absorption ability of the femur and tibia sandwiched between the two.
  • the intensity of X-rays transmitted through the knee joint (X-ray low absorption part) is higher than the intensity of X-rays transmitted through the femur and tibia (X-ray high absorption part). Therefore, in the readout circuit 37, the detected dose of each dose detection element 36 of the selected group of dose detection elements 36 (the group of dose detection elements 36 surrounded by a two-dot chain line A in the figure) is compared, and the detected dose is calculated. The largest dose detection element 36 is extracted as a dose detection element 36 that overlaps the knee joint.
  • the detected dose of the dose detection element 36 that is located away from the subject and directly receives X-rays is the highest.
  • the non-interesting region of the subject includes an X-ray low absorption part
  • the detection dose of the dose detection element 36 overlapping therewith is equivalent to the detection dose of the dose detection element 36 overlapping the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest. It is also assumed that However, since a group of dose detection elements 36 that overlaps the region of interest is selected in advance and the dose detection elements 36 that are outside the region of interest are not functioning, the dose detection element that overlaps the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest based on the detected dose When extracting 36, the dose detection element 36 outside the region of interest has no effect.
  • the dose detection unit 35 sends a signal indicating that the threshold dose has been reached to the control device 20 when the detected dose of the extracted dose detection element 36 has reached the threshold dose input by the console 13. Receiving this signal, the control device 20 sends a control signal instructing to stop the irradiation of X-rays to the X-ray source control unit 17, and the X-ray control unit 17 receiving this control signal sends the control signal to the X-ray tube 18.
  • the high voltage generator 16 is controlled to stop the supply of power. Thereby, X-ray irradiation is stopped.
  • the dose detection element 36 that overlaps the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest of the subject is extracted, and exposure control is performed based on the extracted detection dose of the dose detection element 36. Is called. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain appropriate exposure for the group of pixels 40 of the FPD 30 that detects the X-ray image of the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest. For example, when imaging both knee joints and joints of a plurality of fingers, there are a plurality of regions of interest. In this case, a threshold dose is set for the detected dose of the dose detection element 36, and the threshold is set.
  • the dose detection element 36 By extracting the dose detection element 36 exceeding the dose, the dose detection element 36 corresponding to the X-ray low absorption part of each region of interest can be extracted. In that case, exposure control may be performed based on the maximum detected dose of the plurality of dose detection elements 36 extracted.
  • 6 and 7 show the configuration of the imaging unit of the radiation imaging system of FIG.
  • the first absorption-type grating 31 includes a substrate 31a and a plurality of X-ray shielding portions 31b arranged on the substrate 31a.
  • the second absorption type grating 32 includes a substrate 32a and a plurality of X-ray shielding portions 32b arranged on the substrate 32a.
  • the substrates 31a and 32a are both made of an X-ray transparent member such as glass that transmits X-rays.
  • Each of the X-ray shielding portions 31b and 32b is in one direction in a plane orthogonal to the optical axis A of the X-rays emitted from the X-ray source 11 (in the illustrated example, the y direction orthogonal to the x direction and the z direction). It is comprised by the linear member extended
  • a material of each X-ray shielding part 31b, 32b a material excellent in X-ray absorption is preferable, and for example, a heavy metal such as gold or platinum is preferable.
  • These X-ray shielding portions 31b and 32b can be formed by a metal plating method or a vapor deposition method.
  • the X-ray shielding part 31b has a predetermined interval d 1 with a constant period (lattice pitch) p 1 in a direction (x direction) orthogonal to the one direction in a plane orthogonal to the optical axis A of the X-ray. It is arranged in a space.
  • X-ray shielding portion 32b in the plane orthogonal to the optical axis A of the X-ray, in the direction predetermined period (x-direction) (grating pitch) p 2 perpendicular to the one direction, from each other a predetermined distance They are arranged with d 2 in between.
  • the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 do not give a phase difference to incident X-rays but give an intensity difference, they are also called amplitude gratings.
  • the slit portions may not be voids, and the voids may be filled with an X-ray low-absorbing material such as a polymer or a light metal.
  • the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 are configured to geometrically project the X-rays that have passed through the slit portion regardless of the presence or absence of the Talbot interference effect. Specifically, by setting the distances d 1 and d 2 to a value sufficiently larger than the peak wavelength of X-rays emitted from the X-ray source 11, most of the X-rays included in the irradiated X-rays are slit at the slit portion. It is configured to pass through without being diffracted while maintaining straightness. For example, when tungsten is used as the rotary anode 18a described above and the tube voltage is 50 kV, the peak wavelength of the X-ray is about 0.4 mm. In this case, if the distances d 1 and d 2 are about 1 to 10 ⁇ m, most of the X-rays are geometrically projected without being diffracted at the slit portion.
  • the X-ray emitted from the X-ray source 11 is not a parallel beam but a cone beam having the X-ray focal point 18b as a light emission point, and therefore a projected image projected through the first absorption grating 31 (hereinafter referred to as a projection image).
  • the projection image is referred to as a G1 image) and is enlarged in proportion to the distance from the X-ray focal point 18b.
  • the grating pitch p 2 of the second absorption type grating 32 is determined so that the slit portion substantially coincides with the periodic pattern of the bright part of the G1 image at the position of the second absorption type grating 32.
  • the grating pitch p 2 is determined so as to satisfy the relationship of the following formula (1).
  • the distance L 2 from the first absorption type grating 31 to the second absorption type grating 32 is limited to the Talbot interference distance determined by the grating pitch of the first diffraction grating and the X-ray wavelength.
  • the imaging unit 12 of the present X-ray imaging system 10 has a configuration in which the first absorption grating 31 projects incident X-rays without diffracting, and the G1 image of the first absorption grating 31 is the first. because at every position of the rear absorption type grating 31 similarly obtained, the distance L 2, can be set independently of the Talbot distance.
  • the imaging unit 12 does not constitute a Talbot interferometer, but the Talbot interference distance Z when it is assumed that X-rays are diffracted by the first absorption type grating 31 is the first absorption type grating.
  • the grating pitch p 1 of 31, the grating pitch p 2, X-ray wavelength of the second absorption-type grating 32 (peak wavelength) lambda, and using the positive integer m, is expressed by the following equation (2).
  • Expression (2) is an expression that represents the Talbot interference distance when the X-ray irradiated from the X-ray source 11 is a cone beam. “Atsushi Momose, et al., Japan Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 47, No. 10, October 2008, page 8077 ”.
  • Talbot distance Z by the following equation (4) and in the case of X-rays emitted from the X-ray source 11 can be regarded as substantially parallel beams, the distance L 2, the value of the range that satisfies the following equation (5) Set to.
  • the X-ray shielding portions 31b and 32b preferably shield (absorb) X-rays completely in order to generate a periodic pattern image with high contrast.
  • the materials having excellent X-ray absorption properties gold, platinum, etc.
  • the X-ray shielding portion 31b, the respective thicknesses h 1, h 2 of 32b it is preferable to increase the thickness much as possible.
  • the tube voltage of the X-ray tube 18 is 50 kV, it is preferable to shield 90% or more of the irradiated X-rays.
  • the thicknesses h 1 and h 2 are 30 ⁇ m or more in terms of gold (Au). It is preferable that
  • the X-rays irradiated from the X-ray source 11 are cone beams
  • the thicknesses h 1 and h 2 of the X-ray shielding portions 31b and 32b are too thick, the X-rays incident obliquely enter the slit portion.
  • vignetting occurs, and the effective visual field in the direction (x direction) perpendicular to the extending direction (strand direction) of the X-ray shielding portions 31b and 32b becomes narrow. Therefore, in view of the field of view secured to define the upper limit of the thickness h 1, h 2.
  • the thicknesses h 1 and h 2 are geometric shapes shown in FIG. From the scientific relationship, it is necessary to set so as to satisfy the following expressions (6) and (7).
  • the effective visual field length V in the x direction is 10 cm.
  • the thickness h 1 may be 100 ⁇ m or less and the thickness h 2 may be 120 ⁇ m or less.
  • an intensity-modulated image is formed by superimposing the G1 image of the first absorption-type grating 31 and the second absorption-type grating 32 and is captured by the FPD 30. .
  • the pattern period p 1 ′ of the G1 image at the position of the second absorption grating 32 and the substantial grating pitch p 2 ′ (substantial pitch after production) of the second absorption grating 32 are manufacturing errors. Some differences occur due to or placement errors. Among these, the arrangement error means that the substantial pitch in the x direction changes due to the relative inclination and rotation of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 and the distance between the two changes. I mean.
  • the period T of the moire fringes is expressed by the following equation (8).
  • the arrangement pitch P in the x direction of the pixels 40 needs to be at least not an integral multiple of the moire period T, and it is necessary to satisfy the following equation (9) (where n Is a positive integer).
  • the arrangement pitch P of the pixels 40 of the FPD 30 is a value determined by design (generally about 100 ⁇ m) and is difficult to change, the magnitude relationship between the arrangement pitch P and the moire period T is adjusted. Adjusts the positions of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 and changes the moire period T by changing at least one of the pattern period p 1 ′ and the grating pitch p 2 ′ of the G1 image. It is preferable to do.
  • FIG. 8 shows a method of changing the moire cycle T.
  • the moire period T can be changed by relatively rotating one of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 around the optical axis A.
  • a relative rotation mechanism 50 that rotates the second absorption grating 32 relative to the first absorption grating 31 relative to the optical axis A is provided.
  • the substantial grating pitch in the x direction changes from “p 2 ′” ⁇ “p 2 ′ / cos ⁇ ”.
  • the moire cycle T changes (FIG. 8A).
  • the change of the moire period T is such that either one of the first and second absorption type gratings 31 and 32 is relatively centered about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis A and along the y direction. It can be performed by inclining.
  • a relative tilt mechanism 51 that tilts the second absorption type grating 32 relative to the first absorption type grating 31 about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis A and along the y direction is provided.
  • the second absorption type grating 32 is inclined by the angle ⁇ by the relative inclination mechanism 51, the substantial lattice pitch in the x direction changes from “p 2 ′” ⁇ “p 2 ′ ⁇ cos ⁇ ”.
  • the moire cycle T changes (FIG. 8B).
  • the moire period T can be changed by relatively moving one of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 along the direction of the optical axis A.
  • the second absorption type grating 32 is changed so as to change the distance L 2 between the first absorption type grating 31 and the second absorption type grating 32.
  • a relative movement mechanism 52 that relatively moves along the direction of the optical axis A is provided.
  • the G1 image of the first absorption type grating 31 projected onto the position of the second absorption type grating 32.
  • the pattern cycle of “p 1 ′” ⁇ “p 1 ′ ⁇ (L 1 + L 2 + ⁇ ) / (L 1 + L 2 )” changes, and as a result, the moire cycle T changes (FIG. 8C).
  • imaging unit 12 is not the Talbot interferometer as described above, since the distance L 2 can be freely set, moire by changing the distance L 2 as relative movement mechanism 52 A mechanism for changing the period T can be suitably employed.
  • the change mechanism (relative rotation mechanism 50, relative tilt mechanism 51, and relative movement mechanism 52) of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 for changing the moiré period T is constituted by an actuator such as a piezoelectric element. Is possible.
  • the moire fringes detected by the FPD 30 are modulated by the subject H.
  • This modulation amount is proportional to the angle of the X-ray deflected by the refraction effect by the subject H. Therefore, the phase contrast image of the subject H can be generated by analyzing the moire fringes detected by the FPD 30.
  • FIG. 9 shows one X-ray refracted according to the phase shift distribution ⁇ (x) of the subject H in the x direction.
  • Reference numeral 55 indicates an X-ray path that travels straight when the subject H is not present. The X-ray that travels along the path 55 passes through the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 and enters the FPD 30. To do.
  • Reference numeral 56 indicates an X-ray path refracted and deflected by the subject H when the subject H exists. X-rays traveling along this path 56 are shielded by the second absorption type grating 32 after passing through the first absorption type grating 31.
  • phase shift distribution ⁇ (x) of the subject H is expressed by the following equation (11), where n (x, z) is the refractive index distribution of the subject H, and z is the direction in which the X-ray travels.
  • the G1 image projected from the first absorptive grating 31 to the position of the second absorptive grating 32 is displaced in the x direction by an amount corresponding to the refraction angle ⁇ due to refraction of X-rays at the subject H. become.
  • This amount of displacement ⁇ x is approximately expressed by the following equation (12) based on the small X-ray refraction angle ⁇ .
  • the refraction angle ⁇ is expressed by Expression (13) using the X-ray wavelength ⁇ and the phase shift distribution ⁇ (x) of the subject H.
  • the displacement amount ⁇ x of the G1 image due to the refraction of X-rays at the subject H is related to the phase shift distribution ⁇ (x) of the subject H.
  • the amount of displacement ⁇ x is expressed by the following equation with the phase shift amount ⁇ of the signal output from each pixel 40 of the FPD 30 (the phase shift amount of the signal of each pixel 40 with and without the subject H): It is related as shown in (14).
  • phase shift amount ⁇ of the signal of each pixel 40 the refraction angle ⁇ is obtained from the equation (14), and the differential amount of the phase shift distribution ⁇ (x) is obtained using the equation (13).
  • a phase shift distribution ⁇ (x) of the subject H that is, a phase contrast image of the subject H can be generated.
  • the phase shift amount ⁇ is calculated using a fringe scanning method described below.
  • the fringe scanning method imaging is performed while one of the first and second absorption type gratings 31 and 32 is translated in a stepwise manner relative to the other in the x direction (that is, the phase of both grating periods is changed). Shoot while changing).
  • the second absorption type grating 32 is moved by the scanning mechanism 33 described above, but the first absorption type grating 31 may be moved.
  • the moire fringes move, and the translation distance (the amount of movement in the x direction) is one period of the grating period of the second absorption type grating 32 (grating pitch p 2 ). (Ie, when the phase change reaches 2 ⁇ ), the moire fringes return to their original positions.
  • Such a change in moire fringes is obtained by photographing the moire fringes with the FPD 30 while moving the second absorption grating 32 by an integer of the grating pitch p 2, and from each of the photographed plural fringe images, The signal is acquired and processed by the processing unit 22 to obtain the phase shift amount ⁇ of the signal of each pixel 40.
  • FIG. 10 schematically shows how the second absorption grating 32 is moved by the scanning pitch (p 2 / M) obtained by dividing the grating pitch p 2 into M (an integer of 2 or more).
  • the initial position of the second absorption grating 32 is the same as the dark part of the G1 image at the position of the second absorption grating 32 when the subject H is not present.
  • x is a coordinate in the x direction of the pixel 40
  • a 0 is the intensity of the incident X-ray
  • An is a value corresponding to the contrast of the signal value of the pixel 40 (where n is a positive value). Is an integer).
  • ⁇ (x) represents the refraction angle ⁇ as a function of the coordinate x of the pixel 40.
  • arg [] means the extraction of the declination, and corresponds to the phase shift amount ⁇ of the signal of each pixel 40. Accordingly, the refraction angle ⁇ (x) is obtained by calculating the phase shift amount ⁇ of the signal of each pixel 40 from the M signal values obtained at each pixel 40 based on the equation (17).
  • FIG. 11 shows a signal of one pixel of the radiation image detector that changes with the fringe scanning.
  • the M signal values obtained in each pixel 40 periodically change with a period of the grating pitch p 2 with respect to the position k of the second absorption grating 32.
  • a broken line in FIG. 11 indicates a change in the signal value when the subject H does not exist, and a solid line in FIG. 11 indicates a change in the signal value when the subject H exists.
  • the phase difference between the two waveforms corresponds to the phase shift amount ⁇ of the signal of each pixel 40.
  • the phase shift is obtained by integrating the refraction angle ⁇ (x) along the x-axis.
  • a distribution ⁇ (x) is obtained.
  • the above calculation is performed by the calculation processing unit 22, and the calculation processing unit 22 stores the phase contrast image in the storage unit 23.
  • the y coordinate in the y direction of the pixel 40 is not taken into consideration. However, by performing the same calculation for each y coordinate, a two-dimensional phase shift distribution ⁇ (x , Y).
  • the above calculation is performed by the calculation processing unit 22, and the calculation processing unit 22 stores the calculated phase shift distribution ⁇ (x, y) in the image storage unit 23 as a phase contrast image.
  • the change of the M signal values of each pixel 40 for calculating the phase shift amount ⁇ needs to be brought about by the scanning of the second absorption type grating 32.
  • the X-ray irradiation dose irradiated from the X-ray source 11 to the imaging unit 12 is required to be substantially constant during imaging.
  • the dose detection element 36 used for the above-described exposure control is disposed between the first absorption type grating 31 and the second absorption type grating 32, and the second absorption type grating 32. 32 upstream. Therefore, the G1 image on the light receiving surface of the dose detection element 36 does not move even by scanning of the second absorption grating 32, and the dose of X-rays incident on the dose detection element 36 is constant. Therefore, the time until the dose detected by the dose detection element 36 reaches the above threshold dose is constant between imagings, and variations in irradiation dose between imagings are prevented.
  • the G1 image formed by the X-rays that have passed through the first absorption type grating 31 is overlapped with the second absorption type grating 32 so that the image receiving surface of the FPD 30 downstream of the second absorption type grating 32. On the top, moire fringes are formed.
  • the dose detection element 36 is located upstream of the second absorption type grating 32, and the G1 image on the light receiving surface of the dose detection element 36 does not have moire fringes, and its pattern period is the first absorption.
  • the order is ⁇ m.
  • the size of the light receiving surface of the dose detection element 36 can be in the order of mm in relation to the arrangement pitch.
  • a large number of bright and dark portions in the G1 image are overlapped on the light receiving surface of the dose detection element 36, and these are integrated and detected. Is done. Accordingly, the first absorption type grating 31 is scanned in place of the second absorption type grating 32, and the G1 image is moved along with the scanning of the first absorption type grating 31.
  • the X-ray dose is almost constant. Therefore, the irradiation time of X-rays until the dose detected by the dose detection element 36 reaches the above threshold dose is substantially constant between imaging, and variation in irradiation dose between imaging is prevented.
  • the above-described fringe scanning and phase contrast image generation processing is automatically performed after the imaging instruction is given by the operator from the input device 21, and the respective units are linked and operated based on the control of the control device 20.
  • the phase contrast image of the subject H is displayed on the monitor 24.
  • a plurality of dose detection elements 36 are arranged in a distributed manner, and the dose detection element 36 on which X-rays transmitted through the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest enter.
  • exposure control based on the dose detected by the extracted dose detection element 36 makes it possible to perform appropriate exposure for the group of pixels 40 that detect the X-ray image of the X-ray low absorption part. Become. Thereby, in X-ray phase imaging, it is possible to reliably obtain image information of an X-ray low absorption part that is more interesting.
  • moire fringes due to the superposition of the G1 image and the second absorption type grating 32 are arranged by disposing the dose detection element 36 upstream of the second absorption type grating 32.
  • the dose can be detected without being affected. Thereby, appropriate exposure control can be performed and a highly accurate X-ray phase contrast image can be generated.
  • the photographing unit 12 can be downsized (thinned).
  • the present X-ray imaging system 10 has been described as imaging the subject placed between the X-ray source 11 and the first absorption grating 31, the subject is in contact with the first absorption grating 31 and the first absorption grating 31. Even if it is located between two absorption gratings 32, the projected image (G1 image) of the first absorption grating 31 formed at the position of the second absorption grating 32 is deformed by the subject. . Therefore, even in this case, the moiré fringes modulated due to the subject can be detected by the FPD 30, that is, a phase contrast image of the subject can be obtained by the above-described principle. Since the subject is irradiated with X-rays whose dose is almost halved by the shielding by the first absorption grating 31, the exposure amount of the subject can be reduced to about half.
  • the X-ray imaging system 10 performs a fringe scan on the projection image of the first grating to calculate the refraction angle ⁇ . Therefore, both the first and second gratings are absorption type. Although described as being a lattice, the present invention is not limited to this. As described above, the present invention is also useful when the refraction angle ⁇ is calculated by performing fringe scanning on the Talbot interference image. Therefore, the first grating is not limited to the absorption type grating but may be a phase type grating.
  • the method of analyzing the moire fringes formed by superimposing the X-ray image of the first grating and the second grating is not limited to the above-described fringe scanning method. For example, “J. Opt. Soc. Am. .72, No. 1 (1982) p. 156 ", and various methods using moire fringes, such as a method using Fourier transform / inverse Fourier transform, are also applicable.
  • the X-ray imaging system 10 has been described as one that stores or displays an image of the phase shift distribution ⁇ as a phase contrast image, as described above, the phase shift distribution ⁇ is a phase determined from the refraction angle ⁇ .
  • the differential amount of the shift distribution ⁇ is integrated, and the differential amount of the refraction angle ⁇ and the phase shift distribution ⁇ is also related to the phase change of the X-ray by the subject. Therefore, an image having the refraction angle ⁇ as an image and an image having the differential amount of the phase shift ⁇ are also included in the phase contrast image.
  • phase differential image (a differential amount of the phase shift distribution ⁇ ) may be created from an image group acquired by photographing (pre-photographing) in the absence of a subject.
  • This phase differential image reflects the phase unevenness of the detection system (including phase shift due to moire, grid nonuniformity, refraction of the dose detector, etc.).
  • a phase differential image is created from a group of images acquired by shooting (main shooting) in the presence of a subject, and the phase differential image obtained by pre-shooting is subtracted from this to correct phase irregularity in the measurement system.
  • a phase differential image can be obtained.
  • FIG. 12 shows a method of extracting a dose detection element that overlaps with a low-absorption part of a region of interest of a subject regarding a modification of the radiation imaging system of FIG.
  • the dose detection element 36 that is outside the region of interest may affect the extraction of the dose detection element 36 that overlaps the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest.
  • the X-ray low-absorption part of the region of interest is selected without previously selecting the group of dose detection elements 36 that overlap the region of interest of the subject. Is extracted. Since other configurations are the same as those of the X-ray imaging system 10 described above, description thereof will be omitted.
  • the region of interest (the femur and tibia, and the knee joint interposed between them) of the knee joint that is the subject is configured by a straight line extending in the x direction drawn on the surface of the top plate 62 of the bed 61.
  • the row 36y of the dose detection elements 36 arranged in the y direction is sequentially scanned, and the detection dose is preset.
  • a dose detection element 36 smaller than the threshold dose is specified for each column.
  • the group of dose detection elements 36 specified here is a dose detection element that overlaps the femur or tibia, which is an X-ray high absorption part, and is arranged in a row (or multiple rows) in the x direction.
  • the knee joint is interposed between the opposing femur and tibia, so that the dose detection element overlapping the knee joint exists in the group of dose detection elements 36 identified above. To do. Therefore, in each column 36x in the x direction in which the group of dose detection elements 36 specified above is arranged, a dose detection element 36 having a detected dose larger than the threshold dose is extracted. Thereby, the dose detection element 36 overlapping the knee joint is extracted.
  • FIG. 13 shows another example of a radiation imaging system for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the second absorption type grating 32 is provided independently of the FPD 30, but the X-ray image detector itself has the second absorption type grating 32 or an equivalent configuration. You may do it.
  • the second absorption type grating can be eliminated by using an X-ray image detector having a configuration disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-133823.
  • This X-ray image detector is a direct conversion type X-ray image detector including a conversion layer that converts X-rays into electric charges, and a charge collection electrode that collects electric charges converted in the conversion layer,
  • the charge collecting electrode 121 of the pixel 120 is configured by arranging a plurality of linear electrode groups 122 to 127 formed by electrically connecting linear electrodes arranged at a constant period so that their phases are different from each other. Has been.
  • the pixels 120 are two-dimensionally arranged at a constant pitch along the x direction and the y direction, and each pixel 120 has a charge collection for collecting the charges converted by the conversion layer that converts the X-rays into charges.
  • An electrode 121 is formed.
  • the charge collection electrode 121 includes first to sixth linear electrode groups 122 to 127, and the phase of the arrangement period of the linear electrodes of each linear electrode group is shifted by ⁇ / 3.
  • the phase of the first linear electrode group 122 is 0, the phase of the second linear electrode group 123 is ⁇ / 3, the phase of the third linear electrode group 124 is 2 ⁇ / 3, The phase of the fourth linear electrode group 125 is ⁇ , the phase of the fifth linear electrode group 126 is 4 ⁇ / 3, and the phase of the sixth linear electrode group 127 is 5 ⁇ / 3.
  • the relationship between 1 ′ and the arrangement pitch P of the pixels 120 in the x direction is similar to the second absorption grating 32 of the X-ray imaging system 10 described above, and the period T of the moire fringes represented by the equation (8). Therefore, it is necessary to satisfy the formula (9), and it is preferable to satisfy the formula (10).
  • each pixel 120 is provided with a switch group 128 for reading out the charges collected by the charge collecting electrode 121.
  • the switch group 128 includes TFT switches provided in the first to sixth linear electrode groups 121 to 126, respectively.
  • the second absorption type grating 32 is not required from the imaging unit 12, and moreover, a plurality of phases are acquired by one imaging. Since a striped image of the component can be acquired, physical scanning for striped scanning becomes unnecessary, and the scanning mechanism 33 can be eliminated. Thereby, it is possible to reduce the cost and further reduce the thickness of the photographing unit.
  • the structure of the charge collecting electrode may be replaced with another structure described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-133823.
  • FIG. 14 shows another example of a radiation imaging system for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
  • This X-ray imaging system 70 differs from the above-described X-ray imaging system 10 in that the dose detection unit 35 is disposed behind the FPD 30, that is, downstream of the subject and downstream of the second absorption grating 32.
  • the X-ray imaging system 70 extracts the dose detection element 36 that overlaps the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest of the subject, and uses the detected dose of the extracted dose detection element 36 for exposure control.
  • the exposure control method is different from the X-ray imaging system 10 described above. Since other configurations are the same as those of the X-ray imaging system 10 described above, description thereof will be omitted.
  • FIG. 15 shows an imaging flow in the radiation imaging system of FIG.
  • the dose detection element that overlaps the X-ray low absorption part of the region of interest of the subject Exposure control is performed based on the dose detected by 36.
  • the exposure time required for the first photographing is obtained. Based on this, exposure control is performed.
  • the control device 20 sends a control signal instructing the start of X-ray irradiation to the X-ray source control unit 17.
  • the X-ray control unit 17 that has received this control signal controls the high voltage generator 16 so as to start supplying power to the X-ray tube 18. Thereby, X-ray irradiation is started (step S1).
  • the dose detector 35 sends a signal indicating that the threshold dose has been reached to the control device 20 when the detected dose of the extracted dose detector 36 reaches the threshold dose input by the console 13 (step S2). .
  • the control device 20 sends a control signal instructing to stop the irradiation of X-rays to the X-ray source control unit 17, and the X-ray control unit 17 receiving this control signal sends it to the X-ray tube 18.
  • the high voltage generator 16 is controlled to stop the supply of power. Thereby, X-ray irradiation is stopped (step S3).
  • the control device 20 sends an exposure time T 0 required for the first imaging, that is, a control signal that instructs the X-ray source controller 17 to stop irradiation after sending a control signal that instructs the X-ray source controller 17 to start X-ray irradiation. Is measured and stored.
  • the control device 20 sends a control signal instructing the start of X-ray irradiation to the X-ray source control unit 17.
  • the X-ray control unit 17 that has received this control signal controls the high voltage generator 16 so as to start supplying power to the X-ray tube 18. Thereby, X-ray irradiation is started (step S4).
  • the moire fringes move with the scanning of the second absorption grating 32, and the light receiving surface of the dose detection element 36 located downstream of the second absorption grating 32 and the moire fringes.
  • the dose incident on the light receiving surface of the dose detection element 36 changes according to the degree of overlap with the dark portion. Therefore, the time required for the dose detected by the dose detection element 36 to reach the above threshold dose in each of the second and subsequent imaging is the same as the threshold dose detected by the dose detection element 36 in the first imaging. It differs from the exposure time T 0 taken to reach. Therefore, also in each imaging after the second time, when the exposure control is performed based on the detected dose of the dose detection element 36, the exposure time varies between imagings, and as a result, the irradiation dose varies.
  • the control device 20 measures the elapsed time T after sending a control signal instructing the X-ray source control unit 17 to start X-ray irradiation, and the elapsed time T is stored in the first time.
  • a control signal for instructing to stop X-ray irradiation is sent to the X-ray source control unit 17 (step S5).
  • the X-ray control unit 17 that has received this control signal controls the high voltage generator 16 so as to stop the supply of power to the X-ray tube 18. Thereby, X-ray irradiation is stopped (step S6).
  • exposure control is performed based on the detected dose of the extracted dose detection element 36 in the first imaging, and the first imaging is performed in the second and subsequent imaging.
  • X-ray refraction at an object upstream of the second absorption grating 32 is caused by the object.
  • the dose detector 35 is disposed on the back of the FPD 30, and is located downstream of the second absorption grating 32. X-ray refraction by the dose detector 35 is not detected, but only X-ray refraction by the subject is detected. Thereby, a highly accurate X-ray phase contrast image of the subject can be generated.
  • X_line 18 is supplied by the opening / closing of the collimator 19 while the supply of electric power continues.
  • the irradiation and stop of the line may be switched, or a disk-shaped (or slit-shaped) shutter plate in which openings and shields are alternately formed is provided at the exit of the X-ray source 11, and this is irradiated with X-rays.
  • X-ray irradiation and stop may be switched by rotating (or translating) so as to be synchronized with the timing. According to this, it is possible to keep the X-ray tube 18 in a stable state and more reliably prevent variations in irradiation dose.
  • the dose detector 35 can be disposed between the second absorption type grating 32 and the FPD 30. Further, the X-ray image detector itself may have a configuration equivalent to that of the dose detection unit 35. As a specific aspect, an X-ray image detector having a configuration disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-130058 is disclosed. Thus, the dose detector 35 can be eliminated. As shown in FIG. 16, the X-ray image detector includes a plurality of pixels (photoelectric conversion elements) 47 for detecting a dose, and a plurality of pixels 47 for detecting a dose separately from the plurality of pixels 40 for capturing moire fringes. Includes a readout circuit 48 connected without switching.
  • the electric charges read from each pixel 47 are added for each element in the reading circuit 48, thereby detecting the X-ray dose incident on each pixel 47. Further, a controller (not shown) for controlling the bias voltage applied between the pair of electrodes of these pixels 47 for each element is further provided so that some of the pixels 47 can selectively function. To do.
  • FIG. 17 shows another example of a radiation imaging system for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the X-ray imaging system 100 differs from the X-ray imaging system 10 of the first embodiment in that a multi-slit 103 is provided in the collimator unit 102 of the X-ray source 101. Since other configurations are the same as those of the X-ray imaging system 10 described above, description thereof will be omitted.
  • the focal point of the X-ray focal point 18b when the distance from the X-ray source 11 to the FPD 30 is a distance (1 m to 2 m) set in a general hospital imaging room, the focal point of the X-ray focal point 18b.
  • the blur of the G1 image due to the size (generally about 0.1 mm to 1 mm) is affected, and there is a possibility that the image quality of the phase contrast image is lowered. Therefore, it is conceivable to install a pinhole immediately after the X-ray focal point 18b to effectively reduce the focal spot size. However, if the aperture area of the pinhole is reduced to reduce the effective focal spot size, the X-ray focal point is reduced. Strength will fall.
  • the multi-slit 103 is disposed immediately after the X-ray focal point 18b.
  • the multi-slit 103 is an absorption type grating (third absorption type grating) having a configuration similar to that of the first and second absorption type gratings 31 and 32 provided in the imaging unit 12, and is in one direction (y direction).
  • the extended X-ray shielding portions are periodically arranged in the same direction (x direction) as the X-ray shielding portions 31b and 32b of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32.
  • the multi-slit 103 is intended to form a large number of small-focus light sources (dispersed light sources) arranged at a predetermined pitch in the x direction by partially shielding the radiation emitted from the X-ray focal point 18b. .
  • the lattice pitch p 3 of the multi-slit 103 needs to be set so as to satisfy the following formula (18), where L 3 is the distance from the multi-slit 103 to the first absorption-type lattice 31.
  • the above formula (18) indicates that the projection image (G1 image) of the X-rays emitted from the respective point light sources dispersedly formed by the multi slit 103 by the first absorption type grating 31 is the position of the second absorption type grating 32. This is a geometric condition for matching (overlapping).
  • the grating pitch p2 of the second absorption grating 32 is determined so as to satisfy the relationship of the following equation (19).
  • the G1 images based on the plurality of point light sources formed by the multi-slit 103 are superimposed, thereby improving the image quality of the phase contrast image without reducing the X-ray intensity. be able to.
  • the multi slit 103 described above can be applied to any of the X-ray imaging systems described above.
  • FIG. 18 shows another example of a radiation imaging system for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the above-described X-ray imaging system 10 has been described as aligning the region of interest with the index provided on the top plate 62 of the bed 61, it may be difficult to align the region of interest with the index.
  • the knee joint is the region of interest, the knee joint is farther from the midline than the part on the midline (the line passing through the center of the body when viewed from the front), such as the spine. It is difficult for a subject who is difficult to place a knee joint as an index in the center of the top board.
  • the spine is used as the region of interest, the index is covered with a wide chest and abdomen and is difficult to confirm. Therefore, it is difficult to match the spine to the index.
  • the X-ray imaging system 80 projects an index overlapping the group of dose detection elements 36 selected according to the subject type onto the subject with visible light.
  • the collimator unit 19 is provided with a visible light source 81, and the collimator 19a forms a visible light irradiation field that substantially matches the X-ray irradiation field.
  • a light-shielding body (not shown) that forms an index is provided at the exit of the collimator unit 19, and a projected image of the light-shielding body serves as an index.
  • the photographing unit 12 is supported separately from the top plate 62 of the bed 61, and the top plate 62 is configured to be capable of translational movement in the x direction and the y direction. Since other configurations are the same as those of the X-ray imaging system 10 described above, description thereof will be omitted.
  • FIG. 19 shows an example of an index projected on the subject in the radiographic system of FIG.
  • a line 64x extending in the x direction as an index and a line 64y extending in the y direction are projected onto the subject.
  • the line 64x overlaps the group of dose detection elements 36 selected according to the knee joint (the group of dose detection elements 36 surrounded by a two-dot chain line A in FIG. 5), and the line 64y indicates the selected dose detection element. It overlaps with a virtual center line extending in the y direction through the center of the group of 36 groups.
  • These lines 64x and 64y can be formed, for example, by providing a wire as a light shield at the exit of the collimator unit 19 and projecting it with light from the visible light source 81 in the collimator unit 19.
  • the region of interest of the subject (the femur and tibia and the knee joint interposed therebetween) is located along the line 64x and the knee joint is located at the intersection of the line 64x and the line 64y.
  • the top plate 62 is appropriately translated in the x and y directions by the means. Thereby, the region of interest is aligned with the selected group of dose detection elements 36.
  • the present X-ray imaging system 80 it is possible to easily align the region of interest with respect to the selected group of dose detection elements 36 without burdening the subject to change the limb position.
  • the laser beam is projected on a to-be-photographed object, providing a laser light source and a polygon mirror in the collimator unit 19, and rotating a polygon mirror and scanning a laser beam.
  • an indicator may be formed.
  • the X-ray source 11 and the imaging unit 12 are translated to move the region of interest within the X-ray irradiation field. It is also possible to align the area and the index.
  • FIG. 20 shows another example of a radiation imaging system for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the phase contrast image obtained by the fringe scanning is an X-ray refraction component in the periodic array direction (x direction) of the X-ray shielding portions of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32.
  • the refractive component in the extending direction (y direction) of the X-ray shielding part is not included. For this reason, there is a portion that cannot be depicted depending on the shape and orientation of the subject H. For example, when the direction of the load surface of the articular cartilage is matched with the y direction, it is considered that the peripheral tissue of the cartilage (such as tendons and ligaments) having a shape perpendicular to the load surface is insufficiently depicted.
  • the peripheral tissue of the cartilage such as tendons and ligaments
  • the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 are centered on a virtual line (X-ray optical axis A) orthogonal to the center of the grating surface of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32. It is also possible to provide a lattice rotation mechanism 105 that rotates integrally from the first direction and sets the second direction to generate a phase contrast image in each of the first direction and the second direction. Is preferred.
  • the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 are rotated by 90 °, and the first direction and the second direction are orthogonal to each other. As long as the two directions intersect, the rotation angle of the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32 is not limited to 90 °. Further, the grating rotating mechanism 105 may be configured to rotate only the first and second absorption type gratings 31 and 32 separately from the FPD 30, or the first and second absorption type gratings 31. , 32 and the FPD 30 may be rotated together.
  • the multi-slit 103 when the multi-slit 103 is provided, the multi-slit 103 and the collimator 109 or the radiation source formed integrally with them is rotated so that the rotation coincides with the first and second absorption gratings 31 and 32. .
  • generation of phase contrast images in the first and second orientations using the grating rotation mechanism 105 can be applied to any of the X-ray imaging systems described above.
  • FIG. 21 shows the configuration of the calculation unit of another example of the radiation imaging system for explaining the embodiment of the present invention.
  • phase contrast image a high-contrast image (phase contrast image) of an X-ray weakly absorbing object that has been difficult to draw
  • an absorption image is referred to corresponding to the phase contrast image.
  • it is effective to supplement the portion that could not be represented by the absorption image with the information of the phase contrast image by superimposing the absorption image and the phase contrast image by appropriate processing such as weighting, gradation, and frequency processing.
  • capturing an absorption image separately from the phase contrast image makes it difficult to superimpose images due to the shift in the shooting position between the phase contrast image capture and the absorption image capture. Increasing the burden on the subject.
  • the small-angle scattered image can express tissue properties resulting from the fine structure inside the subject tissue, and is expected as a new expression method for image diagnosis in the fields of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
  • this X-ray imaging system uses an arithmetic processing unit 190 that can generate an absorption image and a small-angle scattered image from a plurality of images acquired for a phase contrast image.
  • the absorption image generation unit 192 generates an absorption image by averaging pixel data I k (x, y) obtained for each pixel with respect to k, calculating an average value, and forming an image as shown in FIG. To do.
  • the average value may be calculated by simply averaging the pixel data I k (x, y) with respect to k. However, when M is small, the error increases, so that the pixel data I k ( After fitting x, y) with a sine wave, an average value of the fitted sine wave may be obtained.
  • the generation of the absorption image is not limited to the average value, and an addition value obtained by adding the pixel data I k (x, y) with respect to k can be used as long as the amount corresponds to the average value.
  • an absorption image may be created from an image group acquired by photographing (pre-photographing) in the absence of a subject.
  • This absorption image reflects the transmittance unevenness of the detection system (including information such as the transmittance unevenness of the grid and the influence of the absorption of the dose detector). Therefore, a correction coefficient map for correcting the transmittance unevenness of the detection system can be created from this image.
  • Absorption of the subject in which an absorption image is created from a group of images obtained by shooting in the state of the subject (main shooting), and the above-described correction coefficient is applied to each pixel, thereby correcting the transmittance unevenness of the detection system. An image can be obtained.
  • the small angle scattered image generation unit 193 generates a small angle scattered image by calculating and imaging the amplitude value of the pixel data I k (x, y) obtained for each pixel.
  • the amplitude value may be calculated by obtaining the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the pixel data I k (x, y).
  • M is small
  • the error increases, so that the pixel data After fitting I k (x, y) with a sine wave, the amplitude value of the fitted sine wave may be obtained.
  • the generation of the small-angle scattered image is not limited to the amplitude value, and a dispersion value, a standard deviation, or the like can be used as an amount corresponding to the variation centered on the average value.
  • an absorption image and a small angle scattered image are generated from a plurality of images acquired for the phase contrast image of the subject. No deviation occurs, and the phase contrast image can be satisfactorily superimposed with the absorption image or the small-angle scattered image.
  • the radiation used in the present invention is not limited to X-rays, and X rays such as ⁇ rays and ⁇ rays can be used. It is also possible to use radiation other than lines.
  • the present specification describes a radiation imaging system that generates a radiation phase contrast image of a subject including a radiation high-absorption portion and a radiation low-absorption portion in a region of interest, and is irradiated toward the subject.
  • a radiation image detector disposed downstream of the subject in the traveling direction of the radiation, and distributed in a plane downstream of the subject and parallel to the image receiving surface of the radiation image detector, each incident
  • An imaging unit including a plurality of radiation detection elements for detecting a dose of radiation to be extracted, an element extraction unit for extracting at least one dose detection element on which the radiation transmitted through the low absorption unit is incident, and the element extraction unit And a control unit that controls exposure based on a detected dose detected by the dose detection element.
  • the element extraction unit extracts a dose detection element on which radiation transmitted through the low radiation absorption unit is incident based on a detection dose of each dose detection element.
  • the radiation imaging system disclosed in the present specification further includes a selection unit that preselects a dose detection element group on which radiation transmitted through the region of interest is incident, and the element extraction unit includes the dose detection element group.
  • the dose detection element on which the radiation transmitted through the low radiation absorption portion enters is extracted from
  • the selection unit stores a pattern of the dose detection element group for each subject type, and the dose detection element group is based on a pattern corresponding to the subject. Is selected in advance.
  • the radiographic system disclosed in this specification includes a support base that supports the subject, and the support base has an index that overlaps the dose detection element group for each subject type from the viewpoint of the radiation focus.
  • the radiation imaging system disclosed in the present specification further includes a projection unit that projects an index that overlaps the dose detection element group onto the subject with visible light with a radiation focus as a viewpoint.
  • the radiation field, the projection unit, the imaging unit, and the subject move relatively so that the index is projected onto the region of interest.
  • the element extraction unit extracts a dose detection element having the maximum detected dose from the plurality of dose detection elements.
  • the element extraction unit extracts a dose detection element having a detection dose larger than a preset threshold value from the plurality of dose detection elements.
  • the low radiation absorption unit is interposed between the two high radiation absorption units facing each other, and the element extraction unit includes the plurality of dose detection elements.
  • the element extraction unit includes the plurality of dose detection elements. Among these, a dose detection element having a detection dose that is smaller than a preset threshold and that is larger than the threshold is extracted.
  • the control unit when there are a plurality of dose detection elements extracted by the element extraction unit, the control unit is based on the maximum value of the detected dose of these dose detection elements. Control exposure.
  • the imaging unit includes a first grating disposed upstream or downstream of the subject and a radiation image formed by radiation that has passed through the first grating.
  • a grating pattern having a period substantially coincident with a pattern period of the grating and placed at a plurality of relative positions different from each other in phase with respect to the radiation image, and the radiation image detector is modulated by the subject The radiation image masked by the lattice pattern is detected.
  • the lattice pattern is a second lattice
  • the imaging unit moves either the first lattice or the second lattice.
  • a scanning mechanism for placing the second grating at the plurality of relative positions with respect to the radiation image.
  • the radiological image detector includes a conversion layer that converts radiation into electric charges, and a charge collection electrode that collects electric charges converted in the conversion layer, for each pixel.
  • the charge collection electrode includes a plurality of linear electrode groups having a period substantially matching the pattern period of the radiation image, and the plurality of linear electrode groups are arranged so that their phases are different from each other.
  • the lattice pattern is constituted by each of the plurality of linear electrode groups.
  • the plurality of dose detection elements are arranged upstream of the lattice pattern, and the control unit is placed at the relative positions where the lattice patterns are different from each other.
  • the exposure is continued until the detected dose of the dose detection element extracted by the element extraction unit reaches a preset threshold value.
  • the plurality of dose detection elements are arranged downstream of the lattice pattern, and the control unit is placed at the relative positions where the lattice patterns are different from each other.
  • exposure is continued until the detected dose of the dose detection element extracted by the element extraction unit reaches a preset threshold value. Exposure is continued until the exposure time required in the second photographing step elapses.
  • the imaging unit further includes a rotation mechanism that integrally rotates at least the first grating and the grating pattern around the axis of the radiation field.
  • the radiation imaging system disclosed in this specification calculates a distribution of refraction angles of radiation incident on the radiation image detector from a radiation image acquired by the radiation image detector, and distributes the refraction angle distribution. And a calculation unit for generating a radiation phase contrast image of the subject.
  • a plurality of dose detection elements are arranged in a distributed manner, a dose detection element on which radiation that has passed through the radiation low absorption part of the region of interest is extracted, and the dose detected by the extracted dose detection element is extracted.

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Abstract

Un système d'imagerie par rayonnement générant des images radiologiques par contraste de phase d'un objet contenant des zones à forte absorption de rayonnement et des zones à faible absorption de rayonnement dans une région d'intérêt permet d'obtenir de manière fiable des informations d'image pour les zones à faible absorption de rayonnement, qui sont les plus intéressantes. Le système d'imagerie par rayonnement (10),qui génère des images radiologiques par contraste de phase d'un objet contenant des zones à forte absorption de rayonnement et des zones à faible absorption de rayonnement dans une région d'intérêt, comprend : une unité d'imagerie (12) comprenant un détecteur d'images de rayonnement (30) disposé en aval de l'objet dans le sens de déplacement du rayonnement appliqué à l'objet, et des éléments de détection de rayonnement multiples (36) qui sont situés en aval de l'objet et disposés de manière à être dispersés sur un plan parallèle à une surface réceptrice d'images du détecteur d'image de rayonnement, chaque élément de détection détectant la dose de rayonnement incident ; une unité d'extraction d'élément (37) qui extrait au moins un élément de détection de dose exposé au rayonnement qui a traversé les zones de faible absorption ; et une unité de commande (20) qui contrôle l'exposition sur la base de la dose détectée par l'élément de détection de dose et extraite par l'élément d'extraction d'élément.
PCT/JP2011/074366 2010-10-28 2011-10-21 Système d'imagerie par rayonnement WO2012057047A1 (fr)

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