WO2012052941A1 - Polyazol-salz enthaltendes katalysatorträgermaterial, elektrochemischer katalysator und die herstellung einer gasdiffusionselektrode und einer membranelektrodeneinheit daraus - Google Patents
Polyazol-salz enthaltendes katalysatorträgermaterial, elektrochemischer katalysator und die herstellung einer gasdiffusionselektrode und einer membranelektrodeneinheit daraus Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012052941A1 WO2012052941A1 PCT/IB2011/054664 IB2011054664W WO2012052941A1 WO 2012052941 A1 WO2012052941 A1 WO 2012052941A1 IB 2011054664 W IB2011054664 W IB 2011054664W WO 2012052941 A1 WO2012052941 A1 WO 2012052941A1
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- catalyst
- polyazole
- catalytically active
- acid
- membrane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/8668—Binders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
- H01M4/8832—Ink jet printing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to catalyst material comprising at least one electrically conductive support material, at least one proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt and at least one catalytically active material, a process for the preparation of the catalyst material, a catalyst material preparable by the novel process, a catalyst ink containing at least a catalyst material according to the invention and at least one solvent, a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane and catalytically active layers comprising at least one catalyst material according to the present invention, a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) comprising a gas diffusion layer and a catalytically active layer containing at least one catalyst material according to the invention
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- MEA Membrane electrode unit
- Proton-conducting, ie acid-doped, polyazole membranes for use in PEM fuel cells are already known in the prior art.
- the basic polyazole films are generally doped with concentrated phosphoric acid and then act as proton conductors and separators in so-called polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells).
- PEM fuel cells polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Due to the excellent properties of the polyazole polymer, such polymer electrolyte membranes can be processed into membrane-electrode assemblies (MEA) and used at continuous operating temperatures above 100 ° C., in particular above 120 ° C., in fuel cells. These high steady-state operating temperatures allow the activity of the noble metal-based catalysts contained in the membrane-electrode assembly to be increased.
- a key factor in the performance and long-term stability of a membrane-electrode assembly containing an acid-doped proton-conducting polyazole membrane is the amount of acid present in the catalyst layer of the membrane-electrode assembly.
- the catalyst layer constituting the electrode of the membrane-electrode assembly contains a non-polar and hydrophobic polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), so that the amount of acid in the catalyst layer is small and causes problems by the hydrophobizing property of the catalyst layer in long-term operation can.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- DE 10 2004 063 457 A1 relates to a membrane electrode assembly with a fuel cell membrane, which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, wherein the fuel cell membrane is formed on the basis of an acid-impregnated polymer, wherein between the fuel cell membrane and the gas diffusion layers in each case at least one catalyst-containing Layer with a polymer additive is arranged so that water is held in the membrane-electrode assembly and / or the fuel cell membrane and / or acid is stored.
- the polymer additive of the catalyst-containing layer is selected from the group of polyazoles, in particular at least one component from the group of polybenzimidazoles, poly (pyridine), polybenzoxazole or mixtures thereof.
- the preparation of the catalyst layer or of electrodes containing this catalyst layer is effected by adding at least one preferably pulverulent catalyst material with a solvent, a pore-forming material and a polymer solution and processing it into an electrode paste in a substantially homogeneous mixed state.
- the catalyst material which is contained in the electrode paste, applied to the gas diffusion layer of a membrane-electrode assembly. From DE 10 2004 457 A1 it is not clear whether the polyazole present in the catalyst-containing layer is impregnated with acid or not, or which acid is suitable for doping the polyazole.
- WO 2006/005466 relates to gas diffusion electrodes having a plurality of gas-permeable, electrically conductive layers which comprise at least one gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer are constructed, wherein the catalyst layer comprises at least particles of an electrically conductive carrier material, and at least a portion of the particles carries an electrocatalyst and / or at least partially loaded with at least one porous proton-conducting polymer and this proton-conducting polymer at temperatures above the boiling point of water can be used.
- the loading with the proton-conducting polymer and formation of the porous structure is carried out according to WO 2006/005466 by means of the phase inversion method.
- particles of an electrically conductive support material for the catalyst layer loaded with at least one porous proton-conducting polymer are prepared by adding a suspension of catalyst black to a solution of polybenzimidazole. The catalyst black is loaded with 20% platinum.
- the catalyst layer is applied to a gas diffusion layer according to WO 2006/005466, and the obtained gas diffusion electrode is used to produce a membrane electrode assembly. In this case, impregnated with phosphoric acid gas diffusion electrodes are used.
- OE Kongstein et al. Energy 32 (2007) 418-422, relates to polymer electrolyte fuel cells based on polybenzimidazole membranes doped with acid, preferably phosphoric acid.
- the most suitable electrodes are prepared according to OE Kongstein et al. by spraying a dispersion of a catalyst into a solution of polybenzimidazole in dimethylacetamide.
- the catalyst layer is sprayed on a gas diffusion layer, and the obtained gas diffusion electrode is doped with phosphoric acid.
- the catalyst layer contains a polybenzimidazole which according to WO 2006/005466, S. Seland et al. and OE Kongstein et al. is made proton conductive with phosphoric acid.
- the amount of acid in the catalyst layer is critical to the performance and long-term stability of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). Since the commonly used electrodes often contain nonpolar polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the amount of acid in the electrodes of the prior art in the catalyst layer is generally low and can be hydrophobized by the catalyst due to the non-polar polymer contained in the electrode Long-term operation lead to problems.
- MCA membrane-electrode assembly
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst material which provides good access of the reactants to the catalytically active species, e.g. For example, allows Pt, so that the catalyst material has a high activity.
- This object is achieved by containing a catalyst material
- polyphosphoric acid is to be understood as meaning commercial polyphosphoric acids.
- the polyphosphoric acids H n + 2 PnO 3n + i (n> 1) usually have a content, calculated as P 2 0 5 (azidimetric) of at least 83%.
- any electrically conductive carrier material known to those skilled in the art can be used as the electrically conductive carrier material.
- the electrically conductive carrier material is preferably a carbon-containing carrier material, preferably selected from carbon black, graphite, carbon fibers, activated carbon, carbon nanomers (nanotypes) and carbon foams. Very particular preference is given to using carbon black.
- the mean particle size of the primary particles of the electrically conductive carrier material, preferably carbon black is generally from 10 to 300 nm, preferably from 10 to 200 nm, particularly preferably from 10 to 150 nm.
- the BET surface area of the electrically conductive carrier material is generally from 10 to 3000 m 2 / g, preferably from 20 to 2500 m 2 / g, particularly preferably from 30 to 2000 m 2 / g.
- Proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt of an organic or inorganic acid should in principle be understood as meaning those polymers which, by incorporation of a doping agent, eg. B. a strong organic or inorganic acid capable of proton conduction. Preference is given to using phosphoric acid as dopant.
- the at least one proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt of an organic or inorganic acid is a polyazole salt which is insoluble in phosphoric acid.
- catalyst materials which have a proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on the abovementioned polyazole salt are less soluble in phosphoric acid than the corresponding polyazoles treated only with phosphoric acid, or do not dissolve at all in phosphoric acid or polyphosphoric acid.
- Electrode unit or fuel cell By using the polyazole salt of a proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer in the catalyst material, a dissolution of the polyazole into phosphoric acid can thus be avoided, whereby the long-term stability of the membrane-electrode assembly can be improved without reducing the performance of the membrane material produced by means of the catalyst material. Electrode unit or fuel cell.
- Suitable organic or inorganic acids for forming the polyazole salt are those acids which form polyazole salts which are insoluble in phosphoric acid.
- Such polyazole salts are, for example, the polyazole salts of the following inorganic and organic acids:
- Inorganic acids HN0 3 , sulfuric acid,
- Organic acids aliphatic or aromatic acids, which are preferably perfluorinated.
- Preferred organic and inorganic acids are selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated phenols, alcohols such as pentafluorophenol, perfluorinated phenyl, HN0 3, FS0 3 H, HP0 2 F 2, H 2 S0 3, HOOC-COOH, sulfonic acids such as CH 3 S0 3 H ,, perfluorinated sulfonic acids such as CF 3 SO 3 H, CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 H, etc, perfluorosulfonamides such as (CF 3 ) 2 SO 2 NH, (CF 3 CF 2 ) 2 SO 2 NH, (CF 3 CF 2 CF 2) 2 S0 2 NH, etc., Perfluorphosphonkla such as CF 3 P0 3 H 2, CF 3 CF 2 P0 3 H 2, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 P0 3 H 2, etc., and perfluoroalkylcarboxylic.
- sulfonic acids such as CH 3 S0 3 H
- organic and inorganic acids are pentafluorophenol, CH 3 SO 3 H, CF 3 SO 3 H, CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 H, (CF 3 ) 2 SO 2 NH, (CF 3 CF 2 ) 2 SO 2 NH, ( CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 ) 2 SO 2 NH 2 , CF 3 PO 3 H 2 , CF 3 CF 2 PO 3 H 2 and CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 PO 3 H 2 .
- the salt of pentafluorophenol is very particularly preferably used as the polyazole salt.
- polyazole salts of organic or inorganic acids can be used which have a lower pK s value (in water) than phosphoric acid, as long as the polyazole salts are insoluble in phosphoric acid.
- Phosphoric acid itself has a pK s value in water of 2.16.
- all inorganic and organic acids which have a pK s value in water are suitable of ⁇ 2.16 as long as the polyazole salts are insoluble in phosphoric acid.
- the inorganic and organic acids, which are stronger acids than phosphoric acid preferably have a pK s value of ⁇ 2.
- the polyazole salt used in the catalyst material according to the invention is preferably based on one or more polyazoles.
- Polyazoles which are preferably used are polyazoles which contain recurring azole units of the general formula (I) and / or (II) and / or (III) and / or (IV) and / or (V) and / or (VI) and / or (VII) and / or (VIII) and / or (IX) and / or (X) and / or (XI) and / or (XIII) and / or (XIV) and / or (XV ) and / or (XVI) and / or (XVII) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (XXII) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (XXI) and / or (XXII): ⁇
- Ar are the same or different and represent a four-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- Ar 1 are the same or different and represent a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- Ar 2 are the same or different and are a bivalent or trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 3 are the same or different and are a trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear .
- Ar 4 are the same or different and represent a trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- Ar 5 are the same or different and represent a four-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- Ar 6 are the same or different and represent a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- Ar 7 are the same or different and are a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 8 are the same or different and are a trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear, same or are different and represent a di- or tri- or tetravalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 10 are the same or different and represent a divalent or trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 11 are the same or different and represent a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- X is identical or different and represents oxygen, sulfur or an amino group which bears a hydrogen atom, a group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably a branched or unbranched alkyl or alkoxy group, or an aryl group as a further radical,
- R is the same or different hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aromatic group and in formula (XX) is an alkylene group or an aromatic group, provided that R in formula (XX) is other than hydrogen, and n, m is an integer > 10, preferably> 100.
- Preferred aromatic or heteroaromatic groups are derived from benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane, diphenyldimethylmethane, bisphenone, diphenylsulfone, quinoline, pyridine, bipyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, tetrazine, pyrol, pyrazole, anthracene, benzopyrrole, benzotriazole, Benzooxathiadiazole, benzooxadiazole, benzopyridine, benzopyrazine, benzopyrazidine, benzopyrimidine, benzotriazine, indolizine, quinolizine, pyridopyridine, imidazolepyrimidine, pyrazinopyrimidine, carbazole, azeridine, phenazine, benzoquinoline, phenoxazine
- the substitution pattern of Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 and Ar 11 is arbitrary, in the case of phenylene, for example, Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 and Ar 11 are independently ortho, meta and para-phenylene. Particularly preferred groups are derived from benzene and biphenylene, which may be optionally substituted.
- Preferred alkyl groups are alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. Methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl and t-butyl groups.
- Preferred aromatic groups are phenyl or naphthyl groups.
- the alkyl groups and the aromatic groups may be monosubstituted or polysubstituted.
- Preferred substituents are halogen atoms, e.g. For example, fluorine, amino groups, hydroxy groups or CrC 4 alkyl groups, for. For example, methyl or ethyl groups.
- the polyazoles can in principle have different recurring units, which differ, for example, in their radical X. However, the respective polyazoles preferably have only the same radicals X in a recurring unit.
- the polyazole salt is based on a polyazole containing recurring azole units of the formula (I) and / or (II).
- the polyazoles used to form the polyazole salts are polyazoles containing recurring azole units in the form of a copolymer or a blend containing at least two units of the formulas (I) to (XXII) which differ from each other.
- the polymers can be present as block copolymers (diblock, triblock), random copolymers, periodic copolymers and / or alternating polymers.
- the number of repeating azole units in the polymer is preferably an integer> 10, particularly preferably> 100.
- polyazoles used to form the polyazole salt are polyazoles which comprise repeating units of the formula (I) in which the radicals X within the repeating units are identical.
- polyazoles on which the polyazole salts of the present invention are based are selected from the group consisting of polybenzimidazole, poly (pyridine), poly (pyrimidine), polyimidazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polyquinoxaline, polythiadiazole and poly ( tetrazapyren).
- the polyazole salt is based on a polyazole containing recurring benzimidazole units.
- the following are suitable polyazoles having recurring benzimidazole units:
- n and m are integers> 10, preferably> 100.
- the polyazole, on which the polyazole salt used according to the invention is based particularly preferably has repeating units of the following formulas (XXIII) and / or (XXIV) where n is an integer> 10, preferably> 100.
- the polyazoles on which the polyazole salt used according to the invention is based are distinguished by a high molecular weight. Measured as intrinsic viscosity, the molecular weight is at least 0.2 dl / g, preferably 0.8 to 10 dl / g, particularly preferably 1 to 10 dl / g.
- the conversion to eta i is carried out according to the above relationship, as described in "Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry", Volume IV, Starch, Academic Press, New York and London, 1964, page 127.
- Preferred polybenzimidazoles are, for. , Under the trade name Celazol ® PBI (PBI Performance Products Inc.) commercially available.
- the polyazole salts used in the catalyst material according to the invention are generally obtained by treating the abovementioned polyazoles, which have been dissolved in DMAc and / or in NMP and treated with catalysts, with at least one of the abovementioned inorganic or organic acids. This can be done by first doping the aforementioned polyazole-treated catalysts with phosphoric acid, then washing them with water until neutral, and then doping them with at least one of the abovementioned inorganic or organic acids in water or in phosphoric acid. However, it is also possible that with phosphoric acid doped polyazoles can be treated directly with the inorganic or organic acid.
- polyazole salts obtained in this way are distinguished by the fact that they dissolve substantially less in phosphoric acid or polyphosphoric acid than the corresponding polyazoles which are not based on the stated polyazole salts.
- the treatment of the polyazoles with the at least one inorganic or organic acid is carried out - as mentioned above - generally in water or in phosphoric acid. Usually, the treatment is carried out at room temperature.
- the amount of inorganic or organic acid is at least equal to the stoichiometric amount necessary to form the polyazole salts from the corresponding polyazoles. For example, a slight excess of inorganic or organic acid is used.
- the catalytically active material used may be any of the catalytically active materials conventionally used in fuel cells.
- the catalytically active material is a material selected from metals of the Pt group (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os and Ru), silver and gold.
- the catalytically active material is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir and Ru.
- Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir and Ru are examples of the catalytically active material.
- These substances can also be used in the form of alloys with one another.
- these substances can also be used in alloys with base metals, preferably selected from Cr, Zr, Ni, Co and Ti. Particular preference is given to using Pt as the catalytically active material.
- the catalytically active materials are preferably used in the form of particles, which particularly preferably have a weight-average particle size of 0.5 to 100 nm, very particularly preferably 0.75 to 20 nm and particularly preferably 1 to 10 nm, the mean particle size being Particle diameter is to be understood.
- the noble metal content of the catalyst material according to the invention is generally 0.1 to 10 mg / cm 2 , preferably 0.2 to 6.0 mg / cm 2 , particularly preferably 0.2 to 3.0 mg / cm 2 , after application of the Inventive catalyst material in the form of a catalyst layer. These values can be determined by elemental analysis of a flat sample.
- a further subject of the present invention is a method for producing the catalyst material according to the invention by mixing the at least one electrically conductive carrier material with the at least one proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt and at least one precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material or the at least one catalytic material itself.
- the mixing of the abovementioned components for the preparation of the catalyst material according to the invention can be carried out in any manner known to those skilled in the art.
- a preferred process relating to this process variant comprising the steps (i), (ii) and (iii) is mentioned below.
- the at least one electrically conductive carrier material to be mixed first with the at least one precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material or the at least one catalytically active material itself, forming a corresponding supported catalyst.
- the preparation of suitable supported catalysts is known to the person skilled in the art.
- This supported catalyst can then be mixed with the proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole and converted with an acid to a polyazole salt used according to the invention.
- the mixing can be carried out in any manner known to those skilled in the art. Suitable methods for this second variant are, for. In WO 2006/005466, OE Kongstein et al., Energy 32 (2007) 418 to 422 and F.
- the weight ratio between the electrically conductive support material (in the dry state) and the proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt (also in the dry state) mentioned below in step (i) of the preferred process corresponds to that in the preferred process according to the invention said weight ratio.
- Suitable precursor compounds of the at least one catalytically active material are those described below with respect to step (ii) of the preferred inventive composition. driving said precursor compounds. These can be reduced to the at least one catalytically active material according to step (iii) of the preferred process according to the invention mentioned below.
- the catalyst material according to the invention is prepared by a process comprising the following steps:
- step (iii) in the case when in step (ii) at least one precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material is applied, converting the at least one precursor compound into the at least one catalytically active material by reduction.
- the contacting of the at least one electrically conductive carrier material with the at least one proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt is generally carried out in the presence of a solvent.
- a solvent This is usually a solvent in which the polymer based on a polyazole is soluble, while the at least one electrically conductive carrier material terial is not soluble therein, but in the form of a suspension.
- Suitable solvents are, for example, selected from the group consisting of dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and mixtures thereof.
- Nitrogen-containing solvents are particularly preferably used as solvents, with dimethylacetamide and N-methylpyrrolidone being very particularly preferred.
- the weight ratio between the electrically conductive carrier material (in the dry state) and the proton-conducting polymer based on a polyazole salt (also in the dry state) is generally from 70:30 to 99: 1, preferably from 80:20 to 95: 5.
- step (i) of the process according to the invention can be carried out according to all methods known to the person skilled in the art.
- a solution of the at least one polymer based on a polyazole in at least one of the abovementioned solvents is mixed with the abovementioned electrically conductive support material and the polymer is converted into the polyazole salt with an inorganic or organic acid.
- the mixing can be done in any known to the expert device, for. B. using a ball mill and / or under the action of ultrasound.
- Step (i) of the process according to the invention is generally carried out at temperatures of 20 to 200 ° C, preferably 20 to 150 ° C, particularly preferably 20 to 100 ° C.
- atmospheric pressure or elevated pressure are performed.
- step (i) of the process according to the invention is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
- step (i) the solution or suspension of the electrically conductive carrier material and of the proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt obtained according to step (i) is used directly without further workup in step (ii) of the process according to the invention.
- step (ii) it is also possible to completely or at least partially remove solvent from the mixture obtained in step (i) before carrying out step (ii).
- the partial or complete removal of the solvent or solvent mixture by any method known in the art, for. Example, by removal of solvent at elevated temperature and / or reduced pressure (a pressure below atmospheric pressure), for. B. in a rotary evaporator, falling film evaporator or by spray drying.
- the electrically conductive carrier material treated with the proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt is mixed with a precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material or the catalytically active material itself.
- a precursor compound of catalytically active material is mixed with the carrier material treated according to step (i).
- Suitable methods of mixing are known to those skilled in the art. Usually, the mixing takes place in the presence of a solvent. In this case, if the solvent was not or only partially removed after step (i), it may be the same solvent used in step (i) of the process according to the invention. However, if the solvent has been completely removed in step (i) of the process according to the invention, it is also possible to use a different solvent or solvent mixture for the mixture in step (ii) than in step (i).
- step (ii) of the process according to the invention the same solvents are suitable which have already been mentioned above with respect to step (i) of the process according to the invention.
- the application of the precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material is carried out-as already mentioned above-generally by mixing the at least one precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material with the electrically conductive carrier material treated according to step (i).
- the mixing can be carried out according to all methods known to those skilled in the art, eg. B. by stirring and / or the application of ultrasound, or the use of ball mills or dispersing, z. B. according to the rotor / stator principle.
- At least one salt or complex of the metal of the at least one catalytically active material are suitable, suitable metals already mentioned above.
- it is at least one halogen-free salt or at least one halogen-free complex, wherein the at least one salt or the at least one complex are particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of ammonium salts, nitrates, nitrosyl nitrates, nitrite complexes, amine complexes and mi of it.
- Pt (II) nitrate is particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of ammonium salts, nitrates, nitrosyl nitrates, nitrite complexes, amine complexes and mi of it.
- Pt (II) nitrate is particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of ammonium salts, nitrates, nitrosyl nitrates, nitrite complexes, amine complexes and mi of it.
- the weight ratio of the precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material to the electrically conductive carrier material used as carrier material according to step (i) is arbitrary.
- catalysts are produced with 10-80% noble metal loading on carbon.
- the catalytically active material instead of at least one precursor bond of the at least one catalytically active material, the catalytically active material itself can be applied.
- the abovementioned solvents and the above-mentioned mixing methods can be used.
- the weight ratio of electrically conductive carrier material and catalytically active material used in step (i) is arbitrary.
- catalysts are prepared with 10-80 wt .-% noble metal loading on carbon.
- the application of the catalytically active material can be carried out by all methods known in the art, for. B. by vapor deposition or electrochemical deposition.
- Step (ii) of the process according to the invention is generally carried out at temperatures of 40 to 100 ° C, preferably 50 to 90 ° C, particularly preferably 60 to 85 ° C.
- Step (ii) may be performed at any pressure, e.g. B. at atmospheric pressure or elevated pressure.
- step (ii) is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
- step (ii) of the process according to the invention the preferred solvent used can be completely or at least partially removed.
- the solvent-containing mixture obtained in step (ii) is used directly in step (iii).
- a complete or partial removal of the solvent can be carried out by any method known to the skilled person, for. B. at elevated temperature and / or a pressure below normal pressure, for example in a rotary evaporator, falling film evaporator or by spray drying.
- Step (Iii) converting the at least one precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material into the catalytically active material by reduction Step (iii) of the process according to the invention is only used if in step (ii) at least one precursor compound of the at least one catalytically active material is used. If the catalytically active material itself is used in step (ii), step (iii) is omitted.
- step (iii) can be carried out by all methods known to the person skilled in the art. Usually, the reduction takes place electrochemically or chemically. The reduction ensures that the at least one catalytically active material is deposited on the electrically conductive carrier material treated according to step (i) with at least one proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt.
- the reduction in step (iii) is carried out by chemical reduction of the precursor compounds of the at least one catalytically active material. If the precursor compounds of the at least one catalytically active material are present as complexes, then in one embodiment in step (iii) a cleavage of these complexes can take place before the reduction of the corresponding metal cations. Suitable methods and / or reagents are known to the person skilled in the art. As reducing agent, in step (iii) of the process according to the invention, it is generally possible to use all suitable reducing agents known to the person skilled in the art, which are capable of converting the precursor compounds of the catalytically active material into the catalytically active material itself. Suitable reducing agents may, for. B. be liquid or gaseous.
- a reducing agent is used in step (iii) of the process according to the invention which is miscible with the solvents used in step (ii).
- At least one alcohol is preferably used as the reducing agent.
- Ethanol is particularly preferably used as a reducing agent.
- Other suitable reducing agents are for.
- step (iii) is carried out such that the mixture obtained in step (ii) is mixed either with at least one of the solvents already mentioned above in step (i), if in step (ii) the solvent has been completely removed, or the mixture obtained in step (ii) is used directly in the solvent or solvent mixture used in step (ii), and the reducing agent is contacted in gaseous form, in dispersion or in solution, with the precursor compound to be reduced.
- the contacting takes place in general by mixing. Suitable mixing methods are known to the person skilled in the art.
- step (iii) of the process according to the invention is carried out at temperatures of generally from 40 to 100.degree. C., preferably from 50 to 90.degree. C., particularly preferably from 60 to 85.degree.
- the pressure in step (iii) of the process according to the invention is generally arbitrary, preferably step (iii) is carried out at atmospheric pressure or elevated pressure, more preferably at atmospheric pressure.
- the reducing agent is generally used in excess relative to the precursor compound to be reduced.
- step (iii) of the process according to the invention the solvent used in step (iii) is completely removed.
- the removal of the solvent can be carried out by all methods known to those skilled in the art, for example at elevated temperature and / or a pressure below atmospheric pressure, for. B. in a rotary evaporator, falling film evaporator or by spray drying. In this case, the desired catalyst material is obtained.
- step (iii) If the catalytically active material itself is used in step (ii), step (iii) is omitted and the material obtained after step (ii) is completely freed of the solvent used in step (ii).
- a catalyst material according to the invention is obtained, which is characterized in that the catalytically active material is readily accessible to the reactants and not from that based on polyazole salts Polymer is covered.
- a high activity of the catalytically active material is achieved.
- the treatment of the support material with the proton-conducting polymer based on a polyazole salt ensures that the phosphoric acid used as dopant of the polyazole salt-based proton-conducting membrane is homogeneously distributed in the catalyst layer and prevents acid loss during cell operation or decreased.
- the catalyst material obtained according to the process of the invention differs in addition to the feature in that the catalyst material according to the invention contains at least one polyazole salt of an inorganic or organic acid - from the catalyst material obtained according to the prior art, wherein the catalyst material comprising support material and catalytically active species is treated with a polyazole-based polymer.
- a further subject of the present invention is therefore a catalyst material preparable by the preferred process according to the invention comprising the steps (i), (ii) and (iii).
- this catalyst material has the advantage that the catalytically active surface of the catalyst material is not covered by a proton-conducting, acid-doped polymer based on a polyazole salt, thus ensuring a high catalytic activity of the catalyst material.
- the catalyst material according to the invention or inventively prepared serves for the formation of catalyst layers, in particular catalyst layers in catalyst-coated membranes (CCM), gas diffusion electrodes (GDE), and membrane electrode assemblies (MEA).
- CCM catalyst-coated membranes
- GDE gas diffusion electrodes
- MEA membrane electrode assemblies
- the catalyst layer is generally not self-supporting, but is usually applied to the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and / or the proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane.
- GDL gas diffusion layer
- part of the catalyst layer can diffuse, for example, into the gas diffusion layer and / or the membrane, whereby transition layers form. This can be z. B. also lead to the fact that the catalyst layer can be considered as part of the gas diffusion layer.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer made up of the catalyst material according to the invention in a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM), gas diffusion electrode (GDE) or membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is generally from 1 to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably from 5 to 500 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 10 to 300 ⁇ . This value represents an average value that can be determined by measuring the layer thickness in the cross-section of images that can be obtained with a light microscope or a thickness gauge.
- the application of the catalyst material according to the invention or produced according to the invention to a polymer electrolyte membrane for producing a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) or to a gas diffusion layer (GDL) for producing a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) can be carried out according to all methods known to the person skilled in the art. drive done.
- the application of the catalyst material by means of a catalyst ink, which contains at least one inventive catalyst material and at least one solvent.
- Another object of the present invention is therefore a catalyst ink containing at least one inventive catalyst material or at least one catalyst material prepared according to the invention and at least one solvent, wherein the solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of water, monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, N-containing solvents, Glycols, glycol ether alcohols and glycol ethers, more preferably selected from propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and water.
- the solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of water, monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, N-containing solvents, Glycols, glycol ether alcohols and glycol ethers, more preferably selected from propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methylpyrrolidon
- the catalyst ink according to the invention may contain further additives. These may be wetting agents, leveling agents, defoamers, pore formers, stabilizers, pH modifiers, rheological additives and other substances.
- the catalyst ink according to the invention contains from 1 to 30% by weight, preferably from 2 to 25% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 20% by weight, of the catalyst material of the invention or of the catalyst material prepared according to the invention and from 70 to 99% by weight. -%, Preferably 75 to 98 wt .-%, particularly preferably 80 to 95 wt .-% of the at least one solvent. The total amount of catalyst material and solvent gives 100 wt .-%.
- the additives are - based on the total amount of the catalyst material - generally in an amount of 0.5 to 15 parts by weight, preferably 0.5 to 12.5 parts by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight. Parts used.
- the at least one catalyst material is generally dispersed in the catalyst ink of the invention in the at least one solvent.
- the preparation of the catalyst ink is generally carried out by contacting the at least one catalyst material with the at least one solvent and optionally the abovementioned additives.
- the present invention furthermore relates to the use of the catalyst material according to the invention for producing a catalyst ink comprising at least one catalyst material and at least one solvent.
- Suitable catalyst Rials and solvents and optionally suitable additives have already been mentioned above.
- Another object of the present invention is the use of the inventive catalyst ink for producing a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM), a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) or a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), wherein the above-mentioned catalyst-coated membranes, gas diffusion electrodes and membrane Electrode units are preferably used in polymer electrolyte fuel cells or in the PEM electrolysis.
- CCM catalyst-coated membrane
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- the catalyst ink is generally applied in homogeneously dispersed form to the catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) ion-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane or gas diffusion layer (GDL) ) applied to a gas diffusion electrode.
- the preparation of a homogeneously dispersed ink can by known to those skilled auxiliaries, for. Example by means of high-speed stirrer, ultrasound or ball mills.
- the application of the homogeneously dispersed catalyst ink to the polymer electrolyte membrane or the gas diffusion layer can be effected by means of various techniques known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable techniques are for. As printing, spraying, knife coating, rolling, brushing, brushing, and screen printing.
- the resulting catalyst layer containing the catalyst material according to the invention or prepared by applying the catalyst ink according to the invention is dried after application.
- Suitable drying methods are known to the person skilled in the art. Examples are hot air drying, infrared drying, microwave drying, plasma processes and combinations of these processes.
- a further subject matter of the present invention is a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane which has an upper side and a lower side, wherein a catalytically active layer is applied to both the upper side and the lower side, containing at least one Inventive catalyst material or at least one catalyst material prepared according to the inventive method.
- CCM catalyst-coated membrane
- Suitable polymer electrolyte membranes for the catalyst-coated membrane are known in principle to the person skilled in the art. Particularly suitable are proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on polyazole. Suitable polyazole polymers for the preparation of the corresponding membranes are those described above with regard to the cataract lysatormaterials called proton-conducting, acid-doped polymers based on polyazole. These polymer electrolyte membranes are generally prepared by adding an acid, e.g. For example, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, more preferably phosphoric acid, made proton conductive.
- an acid e.g. For example, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, more preferably phosphoric acid, made proton conductive.
- a polymer electrolyte membrane comprising phosphoric acid as the electrolyte based on a polyazole salt of an organic or inorganic acid, wherein the polyazole salt (i) is insoluble in phosphoric acid and / or (ii) a lower pK s - Has value as phosphoric acid.
- Suitable polyazole salts correspond to the polyazole salts present in the catalyst material of the invention, wherein the polyazole salts used in the catalyst material and the polymer electrolyte membrane may be the same or different.
- the polymer electrolyte membranes are generally prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g. Example, by casting, spraying or knife coating a solution or dispersion containing the components used to prepare the polymer electrolyte membrane on a support.
- Suitable carriers are all customary carrier materials known to the person skilled in the art, eg. As plastic films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films or polyethersulfone films, polyimide films, or metal strip, wherein the membrane can then be detached from the carrier material.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane used in the catalyst-coated membranes (CCM) according to the invention generally has a layer thickness of 20 to 2000 ⁇ m, preferably 30 to 1500 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 50 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- Another object of the present invention is a gas diffusion electrode (GDE), comprising a gas diffusion layer (GDL) and a catalytically active layer containing at least one inventive catalyst material or a catalyst material prepared according to the invention.
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- Flat, electrically conductive and acid-resistant structures are usually used as gas diffusion layers. These include, for example, graphite fiber papers, carbon fiber papers, graphite fabrics and / or papers made conductive by the addition of carbon black. Through these layers, a fine distribution of the gas or liquid flows is achieved.
- gas diffusion layers can be used which contain a mechanically stable support material, which with at least one electrically conductive material, for.
- a mechanically stable support material which with at least one electrically conductive material, for.
- carbon for example carbon black
- particularly suitable support materials include fibers, for example in the form of nonwovens, papers or fabrics, in particular carbon fibers, glass fibers or fibers containing organic polymers, for example propylene, polyester (polyethylene terephthalate), polyphenylene sulfide or polyether ketones. Further details on such diffusion layers can be found, for example, WO 97/20358.
- the gas diffusion layers preferably have a thickness in the range from 80 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, very particularly 150 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m. Furthermore, the gas diffusion layers favorably have a high porosity. This is preferably in the range of 20% to 80%.
- the gas diffusion layers may contain conventional additives. These include u. a. Fluoropolymers, for example polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and surface-active substances.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the gas diffusion layer may be constructed of a compressible material.
- a compressible material is characterized by the property that the gas diffusion layer can be pressed without loss of its integrity by pressure to at least half, preferably to at least one third of its original thickness. This property generally includes gas diffusion layers of graphite fabric and / or paper made conductive by carbon black addition.
- the catalytically active layer in the gas diffusion electrode according to the invention contains the catalyst material according to the invention or the catalyst material prepared according to the invention.
- the catalytically active layer is applied to the gas diffusion electrode by means of the catalyst ink according to the invention mentioned above.
- the method of applying the catalyst ink to the gas diffusion electrode corresponds to the method of applying the catalyst ink to the catalyst-coated membrane described in detail above.
- a further subject of the present invention is a membrane electrode unit comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane which has an upper side and a lower side, wherein a catalytically active layer is applied to both the upper side and the lower side, comprising at least one according to the invention or According to prepared catalyst material, and on the respective catalytically active layer in each case a gas diffusion layer is applied.
- Suitable polymer electrolyte membranes are the polymer electrolyte membranes mentioned above with respect to the catalyst-coated membrane.
- Suitable gas diffusion layers are the gas diffusion layers mentioned above with regard to the gas diffusion electrode according to the invention.
- the preparation of the membrane-electrode units according to the invention is known to the person skilled in the art.
- the various constituents of the membrane-electrode assembly are superimposed and interconnected by pressure and temperature, usually at a temperature of 10 to 250 ° C, preferably 20 to 200 ° C, and at a pressure of generally 1 to 500 bar, preferably 3 to 200 bar, is laminated.
- An advantage of the membrane-electrode assemblies according to the present invention is that they allow operation of a fuel cell at temperatures above 120 ° C. This applies to gaseous and liquid fuels such as hydrogen-containing gases, the z. B. in an upstream reforming of hydrocarbons are produced.
- oxidant can be z.
- oxygen or air can be used.
- membrane-electrode assemblies according to the invention is that when operating above 120 ° C with pure platinum catalysts, d. H. without a further alloying component, have a high tolerance to carbon monoxide. At temperatures of 160 ° C z. B. be more than 1% carbon monoxide contained in the fuel gas, without resulting in a significant reduction in the performance of the fuel cell.
- membrane electrode units according to the invention that by using the catalyst material according to the invention in the catalytically active layer of the membrane-electrode assembly an increase in the three-phase interfaces, a good and homogeneous distribution of acid in the catalyst layer, a reduction or avoidance of acid loss during cell operation and increased long-term stability can be achieved.
- the membrane-electrode assemblies according to the invention can be operated in fuel cells without the fuel gases and the oxidants despite the possible high operating temperatures do not need to be moistened.
- the fuel cell is still stable and the membrane does not lose its conductivity. This simplifies the entire fuel cell system and brings additional cost savings, since the management of the water cycle is simplified. Furthermore, this also improves the method at temperatures below 0 ° C. of the fuel cell system.
- the membrane-electrode assemblies of the present invention further allow the fuel cell to be easily cooled to room temperature and below, and then put back into service without sacrificing performance.
- the membrane-electrode assemblies according to the present invention show a high long-term stability.
- fuel cells can be provided, which also have a high long-term stability.
- the membrane electrode assemblies according to the invention have excellent temperature and corrosion resistance and a comparatively low gas permeability, especially at high temperatures. A decrease in the mechanical stability and the structural integrity, in particular at high temperatures, is reduced or avoided in the membrane-electrode assemblies according to the invention.
- membrane-electrode assemblies according to the invention can be produced inexpensively and easily.
- Another object of the present invention is a fuel cell containing at least one membrane-electrode unit according to the invention. Suitable fuel cells and their components are known in the art.
- the fuel cell according to the invention also has a high long-term stability.
- the fuel cell according to the invention over long periods, for. B. more than 5000 hours, are operated continuously at temperatures of more than 120 ° C with dry reaction gases without a noticeable performance degradation is detected.
- the achievable power densities are high even after such a long time.
- Another object of the present invention is the use of the catalyst material according to the invention or the catalyst material according to the invention for the preparation of the catalytically active layers of a membrane electrode assembly.
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DE112011103532T DE112011103532A5 (de) | 2010-10-21 | 2011-10-19 | Polyazol-Salz enthaltendes Katalysatorträgermaterial, elektrochemischer Katalysator und die Herstellung einer Gasdiffusionselektrode und einer Membranelektrodeneinheit daraus |
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CN1510776A (zh) * | 2002-12-25 | 2004-07-07 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种采用折叠式电极的电池装置 |
CN1667407A (zh) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-14 | 广州市中敏仪器有限公司 | 全固态二氧化碳电化学传感器 |
WO2009146924A1 (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2009-12-10 | Reinz-Dichtungs-Gmbh | Method for the production of an electrochemical cell |
-
2011
- 2011-10-19 DE DE112011103532T patent/DE112011103532A5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-10-19 WO PCT/IB2011/054664 patent/WO2012052941A1/de active Application Filing
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CN1510776A (zh) * | 2002-12-25 | 2004-07-07 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种采用折叠式电极的电池装置 |
CN1667407A (zh) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-14 | 广州市中敏仪器有限公司 | 全固态二氧化碳电化学传感器 |
WO2009146924A1 (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2009-12-10 | Reinz-Dichtungs-Gmbh | Method for the production of an electrochemical cell |
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